请输入您要查询的英文单词：

　

单词 sub-
释义

sub-prefix

Some degree of stress is usually maintained on this prefix, though primary stress is most commonly retained by a subsequent element. Stress placement is determined by a range of factors, but noun forms are more likely than other parts of speech to have primary stress on this prefix; see e.g. 2a(c).
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin sub-.
Etymology: < classical Latin sub-, use as prefix of sub (preposition) under, close to, up to, towards < the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit upa- , ancient Greek ὑπο- hypo- prefix. Compare under- prefix1.Formal variation in Latin. Before the consonants m and r , Latin sub- was frequently assimilated, as sum- , sur- (see e.g. summon n., surrogate n. and adj.), and before c , f , g , and p it was almost invariably assimilated, as suc- , suf- , sug- , sup- (see e.g. succeed v., suffer v., suggest n., suppose n.). Variation is illustrated by e.g. classical Latin subfuscus beside suffuscus (see subfusc adj.), subrogātus subrogate adj. beside surrogātus surrogate adj. A by-form subs- (compare abs- , variant of ab- ab- prefix) was normally reduced to sus- in certain compounds with words having initial c , p , t , e.g. suscipere , suspendere , sustinēre (see susception n., suspend v., sustain v.). Before sp- the prefix becomes su- , as in suspicere , suspīciō , suspirāre (see suspect v., suspicion n., suspire v.). Uses in Latin. The principal meanings found in different formations in Latin are: (i) ‘Beneath’ (i.e. in prepositional relation to the noun implied in the second element), in adjectives, e.g. subaquaneus (see subaquaneous adj.), subdiālis subdial adj., subterrāneus (see subterraneous adj.; compare subterranean adj.). Similarly in verbs, e.g. classical Latin subiugāre subjugate v., post-classical Latin subhastare (see subhastation n.). (ii) ‘Underneath, below, down, low, lower’, with adverbial force, prefixed to adjectives, verbs, and participles, e.g. subaerātus having copper underneath (see subaerated adj.), subiacēns subjacent adj., subscrībere subscribe v., subsīdere subside v., substernere to strew or spread underneath (see substrate v.), subtendere subtend v., subcavāre to hollow out underneath. Hence with the sense ‘in or into subjection’, as in e.g. subdere to bring under, subdue, subicere subject v. (iii) (Of persons) ‘subordinate, subsidiary, secondary’, in nouns, e.g. post-classical Latin subdoctor sub-doctor n., subdiaconus subdeacon n., subballivus sub-bailiff n., submagister submaster n., subprior subprior n. (iv) ‘Near to’, in adjectives, e.g. classical Latin suburbānus suburban n. and adj., subalpīnus subalpine adj. (v) ‘Incompletely, imperfectly, partially’, in adjectives (with an adjective or participle as second element), e.g. classical Latin subabsurdus somewhat absurd, subobscūrus subobscure adj., subacidus subacid adj.; especially frequent in scientific Latin, as in subaequalis subequal adj., subsessilis subsessile adj. (see also the many parallels cited at sense 4a(c)). Also in verbs, e.g. classical Latin subaccūsāre to accuse somewhat, subīrascī subirasce v. (vi) ‘Secretly, covertly’, in verbs, e.g. classical Latin subaudīre subaud v., subintrōdūcere subintroduce v., subornāre suborn v. (vii) ‘From below, up, (hence) away’, in verbs, e.g. classical Latin subdūcere (see subduce v. and subduct v.), subsistere subsist v., subvertere subvert v. (viii) ‘In place of another’, in verbs, e.g. classical Latin subdere to put in place of another (see subdit adj.), substituere substitute v. (ix) ‘In addition, by way of or as an addition’, in verbs, e.g. classical Latin subiungere subjoin v., subnectere subnect v. (x) In mathematics, compounded with adjectives expressing ratio, sub- denotes a ratio the opposite of that expressed by the radical element, as in classical Latin subduplus subduple adj., subtriplus subtriple adj., post-classical Latin submultiplus submultiple adj. This use is modelled (in post-classical Latin) on that of ancient Greek ὑπο- , as in Hellenistic Greek ὑποδιπλάσιος , post-classical Latin subduplus . Ratios of this kind were called in Hellenistic Greek ὑπόλογοι , the opposite πρόλογοι , ὑπο- apparently expressing the notion of ‘proportion of lesser inequality’. (There is another arithmetical use of the Greek and Latin prefixes that is not reflected in English, as exemplified by Byzantine Greek ὑπότριτος , post-classical Latin subtertius , lit. ‘a third less’, i.e. denoting a ratio ⅔ : 1, i.e. 2 : 3.) In post-classical Latin and scientific Latin adjectival formations in sub- are sometimes used elliptically as nouns in the names of muscles, membranes, etc., e.g. subclavius subclavius n., subscapularis subscapularis n., subanconeus subanconeus n. (and hence, in vernacular languages, subcrureus n., submucosa n., subserosa n.). Development in French. At an early stage in the development of the western Romance languages, the reflex of classical Latin sub- was largely replaced by the reflex of classical Latin subtus under. In French, inherited words with the reflex of classical Latin sub- all show remodelling with the reflex of classical Latin subtus , Old French souz- , sous- (French sous- : see sous- prefix). However, learned borrowings from Latin have sub- from early in the documented history of Old French (e.g. suborner suborn v., substance , subversion ), and from at least the 14th cent. onwards remodelling in sub- (or sometimes soub- or soubs- , soubz- ) is found in words that earlier showed sous- , e.g. subprieur (compare sousprieur ) subprior n., Anglo-Norman subtaxour sub-taxer and subvicaire sub-vicar (compare sense 2b); compare also variants of sousmetre cited at submit v. For the variants suth- , south- found in a small number of formations in Anglo-Norman, see discussion at south-bailie n. History within English. Found in Old English in the Latin borrowing subdeacon n. (Compare also subumbrale noted in the etymology of subucula n.) Further borrowings and adaptations of words from French and Latin are found from the early Middle English period onwards. In many cases the word is seldom if ever apprehended as a compound in English, whether the prefix occurs in an assimilated form (as e.g. succeed v., suffer v., suppose v.) or not (as e.g. subject n., suborn v., subscription n., subsist v., substance n.). Analogy with borrowed words in sub- in which the function of the prefix is clearer led early to new formations within English, including new formations with bases not of Latin or French origin. Such cases are found from at least the 15th cent., although they become frequent only from the latter half of the 18th cent.
1.
a. In prepositional relation to the noun constituting or implied in the second element, with the sense ‘situated, existing, or occurring under, below, or at the bottom of’.
(a) Prefixed to adjectives (and derived adverbs and nouns).
(i) Esp. in general scientific use.
(1)
subarboreal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɑːˈbɔːrɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɑrˈbɔriəl/
chiefly Ecology situated, occurring, or (esp. of animals and plants) living under a canopy of trees.
ΚΠ
1864 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 182 (table) Raniformes... Subarboreal. Hylambates.
1910 H. de V. Stacpoole Pools of Silence x. 83 You felt yourself going down hill, down, down, and then you knew you were at the bottom of a sub-arboreal valley by the deeper stagnation of the air.
2006 P. Dunne Pete Dunne's Essent. Field Guide Compan. 660/2 Because of its subarboreal habits, observers are most often alerted to the bird's presence by its very simple and oriole-like song.
subcrustal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkrʌstl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkrəst(ə)l/
Geology situated or taking place beneath the crust of the earth.
ΚΠ
1884 Science 7 Mar. 292/2 The queries arise..whether, after general incrustation, the crustal arrest of radiation must not have speedily diminished sub-crustal influence to such an extent that climate depended chiefly on solar radiation.
1898 Geogr. Jrnl. Nov. 545 Volcanic outflow of subcrustal molten matter.
1954 J. F. Kirkaldy Gen. Princ. Geol. xv. 220 Numerous theories.., the most important being those invoking either contraction of the Earth's surface, the development of sub-crustal currents or continental drift.
1990 P. Kearey & F. J. Vine Global Tectonics xi. 259 The Trough was initiated when a crack in the subcrustal lithosphere developed and asthenospheric material rose and spread laterally at the crust-mantle interface.
subfluvial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈfluːvɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈfluviəl/
situated or extending under a river; situated or found on the bed of a river.
ΚΠ
1827 Q. Oriental Mag. 7 xiv. Science p. 11 In this latter clay the foundations of the lower or subfluvial embouchure were constructed.
1863 N. Hawthorne Our Old Home II. 134 Making the subfluvial avenue [viz. the Thames tunnel] only a little gloomier than a street of upper London.
1930 Jrnl. Geol. (Chicago) 38 397 The southern part of this subfluvial gravel deposit lies south of the ravine subsequently trenched in the middle of the old channel.
1995 S. Schama Landscape & Memory Introd. 4 The smell..sharp and moldy as if it exuded from some vast subfluvial fungus growing in the primeval sludge.
2000 Technol. & Culture 41 684 The idea of a subfluvial cable arose out of concern for security. The Ottoman government made preparations for a cable in the bed of the Tigris, believing that it would be less liable to human interruption.
sublacustrine adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbləˈkʌstrʌɪn/
,
/ˌsʌbləˈkʌstrɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbləˈkəstrən/
situated or lying at the bottom of a lake.
ΚΠ
1825 Let. 6 Sept. in Edinb. New Philos. Jrnl. 1 (1826) 164 One of the monsters [sc. lake trout] might take a fancy to drag the fisherman to his sublacustrine abodes.
1859 C. Thirlwall Remains (1878) III. 203 The prevailing notion of the sublacustrine domains is, that they are full of countless treasures.
1919 D. W. Johnson Shore Processes iv. 186 The typical shoreline of emergence is the coastal plain shoreline, resulting from the emergence of a submarine or sublacustrine plain.
2002 Jrnl. Coastal Res. 18 639 (caption) Map of Lake Tahoe showing shore drift directions, locations of sublacustrine canyon heads, steep offshore escarpments, [etc.].
subnubilar adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈnjuːbᵻlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈn(j)ubələr/
rare situated beneath the clouds.
ΚΠ
1860 J. W. Dawson Archaia ii. 46 The every-day observation of the most unlettered man who treads the fields..must convince him that there is no sub-nubilar solid sphere.
1928 R. A. Knox Ess. Satire Introd. 33 The citizens of Athens, so the plot [of Aristophanes' The Birds] runs, take wings to themselves and set out to build a bird city, remote from the daily instance of this subnubilar world.
suboceanic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbəʊʃɪˈanɪk/
,
/ˌsʌbəʊsɪˈanɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌoʊʃiˈænɪk/
situated, originating from, or taking place beneath the ocean or its surface.
ΚΠ
1837 Morning Post 5 Aug. On dit that the Marquis is gone to seek for the establishment of Tom Steel's theory, that there is a sub-oceanic passage between the Maelstrom and the Gulf of Bothnia.
1858 Rep. Brit. Assoc. i. 22 Suboceanic and subaerial volcanic ejecta.
1923 Jrnl. Geol. (Chicago) 31 607 Several things must be borne in mind in regard to sub-oceanic diastrophism.
1998 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 22 June 8 The moment you start reading Gary Kinder's spellbinding story of a suboceanic treasure hunt..you know that the searchers are eventually going to hit it very big.
subphotospheric adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbfəʊtəˈsfɛrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌfoʊdəˈsfɛrɪk/
Astronomy located, occurring, or produced beneath the photosphere of the sun or other star.
ΚΠ
1885 A. M. Clerke Pop. Hist. Astron. ii. iv. 250 The inconceivable heat of the sub-photospheric regions.
1903 I. Kaufman Origin & Econ. Energy in Universe ii. v. 341 If our theory be correct and the spots be openings in the photosphere caused by eruptions brought about by the sub-photospheric heat.
2007 M. J. Aschwanden in L.-A. McFadden et al. Encycl. Solar Syst. (ed. 2) iv. 76/2 The observational manifestation of subphotospheric convection is the granulation pattern.
subsuperficial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbsuːpəˈfɪʃl/
,
/ˌsʌbsjuːpəˈfɪʃl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌsupərˈfɪʃ(ə)l/
situated or taking place below the surface, or below an uppermost layer.
ΚΠ
1750 T. Short New Observ. Bills of Mortality 14 Their Situation, Air, and Water, are all good, though they differ in their subsuperficial Strata.
1899 Smithsonian Rep. 230 The superficial and subsuperficial temperatures.
1990 Prog. Pathol. 21 887/2 Most neoplastic cells, whether benign or malignant, tend to differentiate towards these sub-superficial urothelial cells.
2003 Estuarine, Coastal & Shelf Sci. 57 1147/2 The summer pycnocline does not allow nutrients to flow from the subsuperficial to superficial layers.
subturbary adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈtəːb(ə)ri/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈtərb(ə)ri/
now rare located beneath an area of turf or peat.
ΚΠ
1846 R. Owen Brit. Fossil Mammals 512 The sub-turbary shell-marl in various localities in Ireland.
1902 W. G. Wood-Martin Traces Elder Faiths Ireland I. ii. 62 The bones of this deer..when recovered from subturbary deposits and exposed to the air, are apt to crack in the direction of the long axis.
† subundane adj. [ < sub- prefix + classical Latin unda wave (see und n.) + -ane suffix2] Obsolete rare growing beneath the waves.
ΚΠ
1849 D. Landsborough Pop. Hist. Brit. Seaweeds 18 With bright festoons of gayer, gentler algues, Subundane drapery.
(2) In ad hoc formations. Also in figurative use, with the sense ‘under the control of’.
† subconsulary adj. Obsolete rare under consular government.
ΚΠ
1655 H. L'Estrange Reign King Charles 55 In subconsulary Rome, Athens or Sparta.
† subferulary adj. [ < sub- prefix + ferula n. + -ary suffix1] Obsolete rare under school discipline.
ΚΠ
1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον 187 If it occurred..that a pretender to a place in any French University, having in his tenderer yeers been subferulary to some other kind of schooling, should enter in competition with another aiming at the same charge and dignity [etc.].
† subruinan adj. Obsolete rare existing or issuing from below ruins.
ΚΠ
1850 W. Howitt Country Year-bk. 183 What is that sound! A subterranean, or subruinan voice?
† subscalarian n. Obsolete rare a person who sleeps in rooms situated under stairs.
ΚΠ
1790 W. Cowper Let. 28 Feb. (1982) III. 352 As to yourself, whom I know to be a Subscalarian or a man that sleeps under the stairs.
† subtegulaneous adj. [ < classical Latin subtēgulāneus ( < sub- sub- prefix + tēgula tile (see tegula n.) + -āneus : see -aneous suffix) + -ous suffix] Obsolete rare under the roof or eaves.
ΚΠ
1656 T. Blount Glossographia Subtegulaneous, that is under the eaves or roofs of houses.
1878 N. Amer. Rev. 127 163 This subtegulaneous solitude.
(ii) Anatomy, Zoology, and Botany. Forming adjectives with the sense ‘located or occurring under, beneath, or behind the part, organ, or tissue expressed by the second element, or on its inferior or ventral aspect’.
subabdominal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbəbˈdɒmᵻnl/
,
/ˌsʌbabˈdɒmᵻnl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəbˈdɑmən(ə)l/
,
/ˌsəbˌæbˈdɑmən(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1829 J. Phillips Illustr. Geol. Yorks. I. iii. 76 Small crustaceous animals, having the general appearance of the genus astacus, but with attenuated fore-legs, and slender sub-abdominal processes.
1923 H. S. Pratt Man. Land & Fresh Water Vertebr. Animals U. S. 109 Ventral fins consist of 1 spine and 1 or 2 rays and subabdominal in position.
2003 Crustaceana 76 569 Individuals of U[ca] pugilator ≤ 8.0 mm were sexed reliably using chelal and subabdominal structures.
subacromial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbəˈkrəʊmɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəˈkroʊmiəl/
[after French sous-acromial (1830 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1832 Lancet 15 Dec. 356/1 With the dry bones it was evident the subacromial dislocation induced the elongation of the arm.
1910 G. G. Davis Appl. Anat. 255 Separating the greater tuberosity from the deltoid muscle, the acromion process, and coraco-acromial ligament, is the large subacromial bursa.
2009 Physical Therapy Sport 10 45/1 Compression of tissues in the subacromial space has historically been theorised as the pathological mechanism responsible for SI [= subacromial impingement].
subanal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈeɪnl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈeɪn(ə)l/
[after scientific Latin subanalis (1816 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1821 London Med. Repository 15 309 Mammæ [in Cetaceæ] two, pectoral, or sub-anal.
1959 T. T. Macan Guide Freshwater Invertebr. Animals 55 Sub-anal plates wider than long.
2005 Jrnl. Paleontol. 79 1078/2 Well-developed, keel-shaped subanal rostrum.
subaponeurotic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbapə(ʊ)njᵿˈrɒtɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌæpoʊˌn(j)ʊˈrɑdɪk/
[after either French sous-aponévrotique (1815 or earlier) or French sous-aponeurotique (1819 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1827 Q. Periscope Pract. Med. Jan. in Medico-chirurg. Rev. 6 191 (heading) Wounds of the scalp, with or without sub-aponeurotic inflammation.
1955 R. Macintosh & M. Ostlere Local Analgesia Head & Neck vii. 62 The submuscular space of the upper lid, therefore, is in continuity with the subaponeurotic layer of the scalp.
2008 Early Human Devel. 84 509/1 In this case, haemorrhage may be extracranial (cephalohematomas, subaponeurotic) or intracranial (subdural).
subarchesporial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɑːkᵻˈspɔːrɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɑrkəˈspɔriəl/
ΚΠ
1892 Proc. Royal Soc. 1891–2 50 267 While the archesporium increases largely with age, neither the stalk of the sporangium nor the sub-archesporial tissue increases greatly in bulk.
1905 D. H. Campbell Struct. & Devel. Mosses & Ferns xiii. 502 The tapetum bounding the lower part of the archesporium is derived from the cushion-like group of cells below it, to which Bower gives the name ‘sub-archesporial pad’.
1992 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 79 573/2 (caption) Megaspores of M[azocarpon] oedipternum had a thick subarchesporial pad covering the proximal face.
subastragaloid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbəˈstraɡəlɔɪd/
,
/ˌsʌbəˈstraɡl̩ɔɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəˈstræɡəˌlɔɪd/
ΚΠ
1857 J. E. Erichsen Sci. & Art Surg. (ed. 2) iii. 36 The Subastragaloid amputation is another mode of disarticulating the foot.
1932 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 12 Mar. 481/1 The sub-astragaloid joint in the erect position is in almost unstable equilibrium.
2008 Clin. Orthopaedics 466 7/1 The subastragaloid and mediotarsal joints are the most frequent offenders.
subauricular adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɔːˈrɪkjᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɔˈrɪkjələr/
,
/ˌsəbˌɑˈrɪkjələr/
ΚΠ
1822 J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 187 Subauricular tooth in the larger valve.
1939 Jrnl. Mammalogy 20 352 Ears dusky, edged with white, the subauricular white spots conspicuous.
1994 K. Maxwell Sex Imperative xii. 178 The active ingredient of the pronghorn's subauricular gland is isovaleric acid.
subcaecal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsiːkl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsik(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1839 Medico-chirurg. Trans. 22 61 There was extensive chronic disease of the cæcum, without any morbid change in the subcæcal tissue.
1915 Internat. Jrnl. Surg. 28 46/1 We find the appendix buried in a subcecal pouch.
2008 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 68 140/1 Similarly the position of the appendix was judged as retrocecal, pelvic, subcecal, preileal, or postileal.
subcalcarine adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkalkərʌɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkælkəˌraɪn/
ΚΠ
1885 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 12 352 Gyres, mainly or partly mesal. Callosal,..postcalcarine, subcalcarine, subcollateral, hippocampal, uncus, subiculum.
1909 S. Mather Anat. & Physiol. Nerv. Syst. ii. i. 31 The subcalcarine convolution lies below the cuneus, from which it is separated by the calcarine fissure.
2000 A. R. Damasio & H. Damasio in K. Emmorey & H. Lane Signs Lang. Revisited xxv. 479 We have found that damage to the occipital and subcalcarine portions of the left and right lingual gyri..causes a condition called achromatopsia.
subcerebellar adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbsɛrᵻˈbɛlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌsɛrəˈbɛlər/
ΚΠ
1886 Amer. Jrnl. Insanity 42 507 (title) A case of sub-cerebellar sarcoma.
1939 K. Goldstein Organism iv. 149 Cerebellar co-innervation of the sub-cerebellar motor mechanisms particularly favors the flexor and adduction movements.
2000 Brain Res. Rev. 34 150/1 The layer from the Purkinje cells inward to the subcerebellar white matter is the granular layer.
subcoracoid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkɒrəkɔɪd/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkɔːrəkɔɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkɔrəˌkɔɪd/
[after French sous-coracoïdien (1832 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1832 Lancet 15 Dec. 356/2 A female, aged 45, of weak muscle, but of high stature, came to the consultation, presenting also a sub-coracoid luxation.
1957 J. C. Adams Outl. Fractures v. 89 In most cases the humeral head comes to lie in the infraclavicular fossa just below the coracoid process; hence the term subcoracoid dislocation often used to describe this injury.
2000 Amer. Jrnl. Roentgenol. 174 1377 We describe the MR anatomy of the subcoracoid bursa and findings associated with subcoracoid effusion.
subcranial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkreɪnɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkreɪniəl/
ΚΠ
1841 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 55 124 Third Class. Subcranial.—In this variety the blood is extravasated between the dura mater and the cranium.
1876 Quain's Elements Anat. (ed. 8) II. 738 Subcranial, Facial, or Pharyngeal Plates or Arches.
1992 G. Swift Ever After iii. 27 Who has heard of the Rawlinson Forceps, to which George..gave his name, and on whose sub-cranial purpose I would rather not dwell.
2006 Jrnl. Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg. 34 405 Since Joram Raveh introduced the concept of a subcranial approach in 1978 it has been used in the treatment of lesions extending into the anterior cranial fossa.
subdermoid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈdəːmɔɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈdərˌmɔɪd/
[after French sous-dermoïde (1822 or earlier)] now rare or disused
ΚΠ
1829 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 4 41 The latter is abscess in the sub-dermoid cellular tissue.
1904 Proc. 39th Ann. Session Homeopathic Med. Soc. Ohio 1903 65 Patient today, now five months, shows very slight marks, the subdermoid tissue being completely healed.
subdiaphragmatic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdʌɪəfrə(ɡ)ˈmatɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌdaɪəfrə(ɡ)ˈmædɪk/
[after French sous-diaphragmatique (1802 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1823 tr. G. Andral in London Med. Repository 19 248 (title) Researches on the pathological anatomy of the digestive canal, considered in its sub-diaphragmatic portion.
1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxviii. 764 There are two causes for these sub-diaphragmatic abscesses.
2007 Stroke 38 1442 Because the cause of brain infarction is unknown in up to 39% of patients, the discovery of subdiaphragmatic visceral infarction..in this context is important.
subdiscal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈdɪskl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈdɪsk(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1855 R. Owen Lect. Compar. Anat. Invertebr. Animals (ed. 2) ix. 168 Prof. E. Forbes states that he has paralysed one side of a Rhizostoma..by removing with a scalpel the subdiscal fibrous bands of that half.
1902 Proc. Zool. Soc. 2 272 A sub-discal series of internervular spots and dashes.
2008 Clin. Biomechanics 23 859 (title) Stress distribution in the intervertebral disc correlates with strength distribution in subdiscal trabecular bone in the porcine lumbar spine.
subectodermal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɛktə(ʊ)ˈdəːml/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɛktəˈdərm(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1884 Mem. Mus. Compar. Zoöl. 9 iii. 44 Spindle-shaped nucleated cellular elements are scantily present in the homogeneous sub-ectodermal layer.
1888 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 28 381 The cutaneous muscles arise from the subectodermal fibrous network.
1968 J. Bouillon in M. Florkin & B. T. Scheer Chem. Zool. II. ii. i. 133 The nervous system is composed of a subectodermal diffuse nervous net covering the subumbrella, the manubrium, the oral lobes and the tentacles.
2001 Science 19 Oct. 596/1 These neuronal cells remained subectodermal and again made aberrant connections.
subectodermic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɛktə(ʊ)ˈdəːmɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɛktəˈdərmɪk/
[probably after French sous-ectodermique (1874 or earlier)] rare
ΚΠ
1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 784 A sub-ectodermic plexus of ganglion cells in the subumbrella.
1992 Developmental Biol. 152 30/1 A piece of mouse subectodermic (distal) mesoderm expressing Hox-7.1 is grafted at a more proximal position.
subendocardial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɛndə(ʊ)ˈkɑːdɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɛndəˈkɑrdiəl/
,
/ˌsəbˌɛndoʊˈkɑrdiəl/
ΚΠ
1846 London Med. Gaz. 3 192/1 There is, however, occasionally observed considerable thickening and rigidity of the sub-endocardial fibrous tissue at this spot.
1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxii. 573 The heart muscle often shows extreme pallor, thickly spotted with subendocardial and subpericardial petechial hæmorrhages.
2010 Medicine 38 492/1 As the heart dilates, ventricular wall tension, myocardial energy and oxygen consumption..increase while sub-endocardial blood flow decreases.
subendostylar adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɛndə(ʊ)ˈstʌɪlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɛndəˈstaɪlər/
,
/ˌsəbˌɛndoʊˈstaɪlər/
ΚΠ
1893 Nature 20 July 265/2 The space so marked is the sub-endostylar cœlomic space.
1893 Athenæum 2 Dec. 774/1 The subendostylar cœlom.
2008 Cell Stem Cell 3 461/2 Our study establishes the anterior ventral region of the endostyle, which includes adhering blood cells from the subendostylar sinus, as a special stem cell niche.
subendothelial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɛndə(ʊ)ˈθiːlɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɛndəˈθiliəl/
,
/ˌsəbˌɛndoʊˈθiliəl/
[compare French sous-endothélial (1869 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1872 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 12 150 The subendothelial plasmatic canal-cells are in connection with those of the fascia proper.
1954 G. R. Cameron & E. P. Abraham in H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. vii. 159 The amyloid shows a most interesting localisation in the subendothelial tissues of capillaries and tiny arterioles of certain organs.
2007 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 18604/1 This interaction allows the firm attachment required before entry of monocytes into the subendothelial space.
subepidermal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɛpᵻˈdəːml/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɛpəˈdərm(ə)l/
[compare French sous-épidermoïde (1815 or earlier) and sous-épidermique (1821 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 113/2 Tragacanth..exudes..from punctures made by insects, or more probably by a subepidermal fungus.
1853 Pharm. Jrnl. & Trans. 13 17 The sub-epidermal cellular tissue.
1952 J. A. Ramsay Physiol. Approach Lower Animals vii. 109 In all the echinoderms a subepidermal nerve net is very much in evidence.
2001 G. W. Rouse & F. Pleijel Polychaetes iii. 27/1 In some cases the statocysts are subepidermal and have no outside connection.
subepidermic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɛpᵻˈdəːmɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɛpəˈdərmɪk/
[after French sous-épidermique (1821 or earlier)] now chiefly Botany
ΚΠ
1827 Lancet 18 Aug. 617/2 The distinctive character between the variolous and varioloid eruptions is found in the absence of suppuration, and in the superficial and subepidermic situation of the pustules.
1912 B. Miall tr. J. H. Fabre Social Life Insect World xviii. 266 A sub-epidermic tunnel along which the grub works its way.
2001 Englera No. 23. 33 The subepidermic cell layers are usually collapsing during achene maturity.
subepithelial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɛpᵻˈθiːlɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɛpəˈθiliəl/
ΚΠ
1846 W. H. Walshe Nature & Treatm. Cancer i. iii. 53 Fourthly, the sub-epithelial surface of the skin.
1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxiv. 629 Tuberculosis of the larynx..begins as sub-epithelial tubercles.
2009 Jrnl. Immunol. 182 3660 HRV [sc. human rhinoviruses] can be detected in the subepithelial layer of bronchial mucosa from infected subjects by in situ hybridization.
subfalcial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈfalʃl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈfælʃ(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1868 R. Owen On Anat. Vertebr. III. xxviii. 134 On the falcial surface of the frontal lobe the most constant fissures are two that affect a longitudinal course; the upper one..is the ‘falcial’..; the parallel one below is the ‘subfalcial’.
1889 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 121 The presence of a subfalcial sinus.
1977 Current Probl. Cancer 1 6 Subfalcial herniation refers to displacement of the cingulate gyrus beneath the edge of the midline falx cerebri.
2009 Biomaterials 30 53/2 At autopsy, the brain weight was 1780 g. There were signs of transtentorial and subfalcial herniation.
subfascial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈfaʃɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈfæʃ(i)əl/
ΚΠ
1826 B. Travers Inq. Constit. Irritation iii. 209 If the distention be not relieved..the limb partakes of the inflammation, which extends along the fascia and subfascial cellular membrane.
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. IV. 601 Its source, a degenerate gland, is not only subcutaneous, but subfascial also, that is, under the deep cervical fascia.
1910 S. Sisson Text-bk. Vet. Anat. 212 Bursæ occur in certain situations between the fascia and underlying structures (subfascial bursæ).
2001 Clin. Infectious Dis. 32 953/1 Subfascial ligation of perforating veins, by use of minimally invasive techniques, is a new treatment modality.
subfrontal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈfrʌntl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈfrən(t)l/
[after French sous-frontal (1819 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1831 H. McMurtrie tr. P. A. Latreille in G. Cuvier Animal Kingdom IV. 305 The antennae are received into a sub-frontal cavity.
1843 New World 8 Apr. 407/2 My impression was, that its proprietor had..protruded the subfrontal rotundity further [into a rouge-pot] than was intended.
1919 A. P. Brubaker Text-bk. Human Physiol. (ed. 6) xxiii. 585 The sub-frontal convolution or gyre winds around the pre-sylvian branch of the fissure of Sylvius in the anterior and inferior portion of the frontal lobe.
2010 Operative Techniques Otolaryngol. 21 39/2 The subfrontal approach begins with a coronal incision performed from preauricular crease to preauricular crease.
subgenital adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈdʒɛnᵻtl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈdʒɛnəd(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1862 Boston Jrnl. Nat. Hist. 7 417 In Periplaneta the sub-genital plate does not extend so far backward as the supraänal.
1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 785 The membranes come to lie at the bottom of subgenital cavities or lemnia.
1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) xii. 170 The determining character at the end of the abdomen distinguishing the male is the subgenital plate.
2008 Jrnl. Orthoptera Res. 17 322/2 (caption) Male's abdomen reaches almost to female's subgenital plate.
subgenual adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈdʒɛnjʊəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈdʒɛnjəwəl/
[after German subgenual (1881 or earlier)]
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [adjective] > of leg(s)
subgenual1891
1891 H. M. Bernard & M. Bernard tr. A. Lang Text-bk. Compar. Anat. I. vi. 473 (caption) So-called sub-genual chordotonal organ [Ger. Sogenanntes subgenuales Chordotonalorgan] in the tibia of the middle leg of Isopteryx apicalis.
1935 R. E. Snodgrass Princ. Insect Morphol. xvii. 527 Proximally, below the ‘knee’, is a large fan-shaped subgenual organ.
2002 M. D. Greenfield Signalers & Receivers iv. 157 Ensiferan Orthoptera..bear tympanal ears in the subgenual region of the forelegs.
subgingival adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdʒɪnˈdʒʌɪvl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈdʒɪn(d)ʒᵻvl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌdʒɪnˈdʒaɪv(ə)l/
,
/ˌsəbˈdʒɪndʒəv(ə)l/
[after French sous-gingival (1864 or earlier)]
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > [adjective] > gum
gingival1669
subgingival1867
1867 N.Y. Med. Jrnl. 4 402 This tissue is vascular, and has been designated sub-gingival mucous tissue.
1962 G. C. Blake & J. R. Trott Periodontol. x. 97 Fine sickle scalers are used for subgingival scaling.
1979 R. A. D. Williams & J. C. Elliott Basic & Appl. Dental Biochem. xii. 224 Dental plaque covers the tooth (supragingival plaque) and extends over the tooth surface of the gingival pocket (subgingival plaque).
2001 FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 196 129 M[ethanobrevibacter] oralis was found to be the predominant archaeon in the subgingival dental plaque.
subglenoid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɡliːnɔɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɡliˌnɔɪd/
[after French sous-glenoïdien (1838 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1848 Provinc. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 20 Sept. 529/1 Dr. Goyraud divides dislocations of the humerus in an essay on this subject, as follows:..Species...3. Sub-glenoid.
1910 J. A. C. Macewen Surg. Anat. 385 Generally the head does not remain in the subglenoid position, but is drawn forwards and inwards by the pectoralis major, so as to rest under the coracoid.
2007 Radiography 13 222/2 Plain film radiographs taken at time of presentation to A&E demonstrated a sub glenoid, anterior dislocation of the humerus.
subglottal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɡlɒtl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɡlɑd(ə)l/
[probably after French sous-glottique (1834 or earlier)]
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > speech organs > types of speech organ > [adjective] > glottis
glottic1839
subglottal1844
glottal1846
glottidean1859
superglottal1867
supraglottal1871
1844 Dublin Jrnl. Med. Sci. 25 160 It was a specimen of laryngitis of the form denominated subglottal by Cruveilhier.
1932 W. L. Graff Lang. & Langs. i. 33 Even if we assume that the subglottal force of expiration is the same.., on leaving the larynx its strength is..weakened.
2000 J. Sundberg in J. Potter Cambr. Compan. Singing xix. 235 The pressure just below the glottis, the subglottal pressure, provides the driving force of the voice.
subgular adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɡjuːlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɡ(j)ulər/
[after scientific Latin subgularis (1808 or earlier); compare post-classical Latin subgulare sweetbread (attested in an inscription)]
ΚΠ
1829 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom VII. 76 Guiana Goatsucker... Fulvous, spotted and streaked with reddish; a white subgular moon.
1914 A. H. Wright N. Amer. Anura 8 In these tree-frogs, as in the toad, the males are distinguished by a viscid subgular pouch which in some forms may help the male to retain his hold of the female.
2005 Herpetologica 61 300/2 Vocal sac single, median subgular.
subhaemal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈhiːml/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈhim(ə)l/
rare
ΚΠ
1872 G. M. Humphry Observ. Myology 8 The Cryptobranch is continued from the interior of the pelvis beneath the hæmal arches of the tail where it blends with the subhæmal septum.
2005 Proc. Linn. Soc. New S. Wales 126 233/2 Cowralepis... Posteriorly they [sc. vertebrae] deepen to support the caudal fin and were supplemented ventrally by an additional row of sub-haemal elements.
subhepatic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbhᵻˈpatɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbhəˈpædɪk/
[after French sous-hépatique (1801 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1824 C. Coffyn & G. Calvert tr. X. Bichat Gen. Anat. I. 725 I have frequently compared the tissue of the gland in the arm-pit affected by a cancer in the breast,..with the sub-hepatic glands [Fr. glandes sous-hépatiques], also tumefied in cases of steatoma.
1944 Jrnl. Paleontol. 18 551/2 Surface of subhepatic and pterygostomian region covered with fine granules.
2003 Techniques Coloproctol. 7 103/1 Four rubber drains were placed inside the abdomen to drain subhepatic, suprahepatic, splenic and recto-uterine locations.
subhymenial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbhʌɪˈmiːnɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌhaɪˈminiəl/
[after French sous-hyménial ( J. H. Léveillé 1837, in Ann. des sci. nat.: Bot. 8 330)]
ΚΠ
1842 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 9 234 We observe sometimes the rudiment of an excipulum, sometimes merely a layer of cells, named by some subhymenial tissue, Lév., by others placentary stratum.
1906 G. Massee Text-bk. Fungi 350 There is also an absence of a subhymenial layer, that is, a compactly interwoven zone of hyphae situated between the lower vegetative hyphae of the sporophore and the hymenium.
2006 Mycologia 98 765/2 The majority of subhymenial cells contained two nuclei, and we have rarely observed one or three.
subhyoid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈhʌɪɔɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈhaɪˌɔɪd/
[after French sous-hyoïdien (1823 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1833 Lancet 27 July 554/1 It is, moreover, as if bisected by the omo-hyoid towards the middle of the sub-hyoid region.
1906 C. F. Marshall tr. R. Sabouraud Elem. Man. Regional Topogr. Dermatol. 252 An epithelioma of the tip of the tongue or the lip affects the sub-hyoid gland.
1911 W. L. Ballenger Dis. Nose, Throat & Ear (ed. 3) xxx. 563 Subhyoid pharyngotomy for the removal of malignant neoplasms of the larynx is rarely used.
2006 Jrnl. Vertebr. Paleontol. 26 167/1 Sub-thyroid and sub-hyoid air sacs are found along the midline.
subintestinal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɪnˈtɛstᵻnl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbᵻnˈtɛstən(ə)l/
[after French sous-intestinal (1828 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1852 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1851 177 In the majority of Annelids the intestinal system of vessels consists of four longitudinal trunks: one dorsal, which may be called dorso-intestinal; one ventral, which may be distinguished as the sub-intestinal; and two lateral.
1908 F. R. Lillie Devel. of Chick 367 A distinct subintestinal vein extends forward from the root of the tail at the stage of ninety-six hours to the posterior intestinal portal.
2008 Jrnl. Cell Biol. 181 389/1 In control [sc. zebrafish] embryos, the endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity labeled the major cerebral and axial vessels as well as the subintestinal vessels.
sublabial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈleɪbɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈleɪbiəl/
[after French sous-labial (1825 in the passage translated in quot. 1830)]
ΚΠ
1830 J. W. Sterling tr. A. A. L. M. Velpeau Treat. Surg. Anat. I. i. 99 This membrane..scarcely supports more than a small pencillous cluster [of hairs], which is placed in the sub-labial fossette [Fr. dans la fossette sous-labiale].
1903 H. J. Stiles tr. T. Kocher Text-bk. Operative Surg. 87 The nasal cavities may be exposed without injury to the facial nerve by an incision from the sublabial mucous aspect.
1921 Nat. Hist. 21 93/1 These [sc. the poison glands of the Gila monster] are a transformed sublabial gland, in contradistinction to the poison gland of snakes.
2009 Jrnl. Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg. 37 85/2 We recommend complete surgical excision [of nasolabial cysts] using a sublabial approach as the treatment of choice.
sublaryngeal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbləˈrɪn(d)ʒɪəl/
,
/ˌsʌblarᵻnˈdʒiːəl/
,
/ˌsʌblarn̩ˈdʒiːəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌlɛrənˈdʒiəl/
[compare French sous-laryngien (1833 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1869 Proc. Zool. Soc. 141 The thin walls seemed but a continuation or duplicature inwards of the sublaryngeal fibro-mucous tissue or membrane.
1901 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1 281 The sub-laryngeal pouch is essentially a cæcal diverticulum of the ventral wall of the larynx, between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages.
1949 A. Koestler Insight & Outlook 391 A continuous flow of physiological processes, involving..sublaryngeal movements (inner speech).
2010 Jrnl. Phonetics 38 12/1 The sub-laryngeal airways are known to have three natural frequencies (for adult speakers) in the principle frequency range for vowels.
subloral adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈlɔːrəl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈlɔːrl̩/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈlɔrəl/
ΚΠ
1885 L. Stejneger Results Ornithol. Explor. (Bull. U.S. National Mus. No. 29) i. 207 Mustache, subloral region, the feathers bordering the naked eye-space, and a postocular streak slaty black.
1972 Wilson Bull. 84 467 The forehead, malar area, auriculars and sides are rich medium brown, darker in the subloral area.
2009 M. Brazil Birds E. Asia 370/1 Lores, subloral patch, narrow forehead band..black.
submammary adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈmam(ə)ri/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈmæm(ə)ri/
[after French sous-mammaire (1803 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1822 London Med. & Physical Jrnl. 47 21 A case of cerebral affection, one of articular rheumatism, a third of epigastralgia, a fourth of submammary pain with dyspnœa..have all been conducted to a salutary termination..by the application of fire.
1913 Cheyne & Burghard's Man. Surg. Treatm. (new ed.) V. xiv. 165 Acute abscesses may form deep in the breast and spread into the cellular tissue beneath it..; these give rise to the acute sub-mammary abscess.
2002 Brit. Jrnl. Plastic Surg. 55 488/1 The relative risk to the overlying breast tissue from submammary versus submuscular placement of the implant is unknown.
submandibular adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbmanˈdɪbjᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌmænˈdɪbjələr/
[after French sous-mandibulaire (1831 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1842 L. Jenyns in C. Darwin Zool. Voy. H.M.S. Beagle IV. 110 Of the submandibular pairs [of barbules], the exterior reach one-third beyond the insertion of the pectorals.
1955 R. Macintosh & M. Ostlere Local Analgesia Head & Neck i. 19 Some of the fibres of this branch are secretomotor to the submandibular and sublingual gland.
2006 Vaccine 24 4048/2 Other clinical signs of disease [sc. equine influenza] are myalgia, inappetance and enlarged submandibular lymph nodes.
submastoid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈmastɔɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈmæˌstɔɪd/
[after French sous-mastoïdien (1821 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1830 J. W. Sterling tr. A. A. L. M. Velpeau Treat. Surg. Anat. I. i. 25 Lastly, the sub-mastoid branch from the cervical plexus [Fr. la sous-mastoïdienne du plexus cervical].
1921 F. B. Noyes Text-bk. Dental Histol. & Embryol. (ed. 3) xiv. 189 Their efferents empty into the superior glands of the submastoid group after traversing the superior insertion of that muscle.
2007 Techniques Vascular & Interventional Radiol. 10 99/2 The submastoid or retroparotid approach is suitable for carotid sheath lesions when the carotid vessels are displaced medially by the lesion.
submeningeal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbmᵻˈnɪn(d)ʒɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbməˈnɪn(d)ʒiəl/
[after French sous-méningien (1829 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1853 J. Miller Pract. Surg. (new ed.) ii. 24 The collection of blood may be subaponeurotic, subpericranial, or submeningeal.
1921 Neurol. Bull. 3 184/2 Two of the cases showed intraventricular and submeningeal hemorrhage.
2007 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 18626/1 Intravital imaging allowed a maximal penetration depth of 80 μm, covering the meningeal areas and the submeningeal parenchyma.
submuscular adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈmʌskjᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈməskjələr/
[after French sous-musculaire (1821 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1829 T. Hodgkin Catal. Prepar. Anat. Mus. Guy's Hosp. ii. vi. §1815 (table) Portion of Stomach..induration and thickening of the Submuscular Cellular Membrane.
1957 J. C. Adams Outl. Fractures vi. 210 In most cases a bone-grafting operation is recommended, a cortical slab graft..being screwed to the lateral (submuscular) surface of the bone.
2009 Breast 18 117/2 A submuscular prosthesis or mastopexy can be performed at a later date if required.
† subnervian adj. [ < sub- prefix + nerve n. + -ian suffix, after French sous-nervien (1881 or earlier)] Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1882 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 9 411 Although we know the origin of the subnervian canal [Fr. canal sous-nervien], at least so far as Pyrosoma is concerned, we have said nothing of its functions.
1896 F. E. Beddard in Cambr. Nat. Hist. II. xiii. 356 The dorsal vessel is also contractile, but not the ventral, or, when it occurs, the subnervian.
subneural adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈnjʊərəl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈnjʊərl̩/
,
/ˌsʌbˈnjɔːrəl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈnjɔːrl̩/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈn(j)ʊrəl/
ΚΠ
1852 A. Cayley in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1851 186 The great subneural trunk, which in this worm is both systemic and branchial, must distribute blood of composition intermediate between venous and arterial.
1940 G. S. Carter Gen. Zool. Invertebr. xvi. 326 Substances similar to some pituitary secretions of the vertebrates have been found in the subneural gland of tunicates.
2008 Neuron 58 848/2 Changeux showed that such mRNA probes were restricted to subneural nuclei in young adult chicks, neatly compartmentalized within the muscle fiber.
subnodal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈnəʊdl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈnoʊd(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1857 Entomologist's Ann. 53 Æ[schnina] borealis is easily recognized because it is the only one of which the subnodal sector is simple, and not bifurcate at the end.
1924 Bot. Gaz. 77 32 The subnodal portion of the stem, subtending each verticil of leaves, is strongly thickened and angular.
2008 Jrnl. Electrocardiol. 41 356/1 In the absence of a His-bundle recording, the exact site of AV block (AV nodal or subnodal) cannot be determined.
suboesophageal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbᵻsɒfəˈdʒiːəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəˌsɑfəˈdʒiəl/
ΚΠ
1832 R. Owen Mem. Pearly Nautilus 37 In Sepia also, the nerves of the arms are derived from the anterior subœsophageal ganglions.
1964 J. Z. Young Model of Brain xv. 257 The anterior suboesophageal mass forms an unknown feature of the whole system.
2010 R. W. Matthews & J. R. Matthews Insect Behav. ii. 50 When the subesophageal ganglion is removed along with the protocerebrum..the mantis becomes permanently immobile.
† suboesophagean adj. [after French sous-œsophagien (1820 or earlier)] Obsolete
ΚΠ
1831 H. McMurtrie tr. P. A. Latreille in G. Cuvier Animal Kingdom III. 225 The first ordinary or sub-œsophagean [Fr. sous-œsophagien] ganglion, gives off, according to him, four pairs of nerves.
1858 W. Clark tr. J. van der Hoeven Handbk. Zool. II. 59 Branchiæ open internally in a subœsophagean tube.
suboral adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɔːrəl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈɔːrl̩/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɔrəl/
[after French suboral (1817 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1823 H. Mayo Anat. & Physiol. Comm. II. 137 It would appear, from the following description, by M. Cuvier..that the suboral ganglion has an equal right to be considered equivalent to a medulla oblongata.
1937 Science 25 June 609/2 Matthews's method of hypophysectomy involved a sub-oral route.
2005 Invertebr. Biol. 124 349/1 Most zooids of both forms have an asymmetrically oriented suboral avicularium.
† subostracal adj. [ < sub- prefix + ancient Greek ὄστρακον shell (see ostracean adj. and n.) + -al suffix1; compare pro-ostracal adj. at pro-ostracum n. Derivatives] Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1883 E. R. Lankester in Encycl. Brit. XVI. 675/2 In Sepia, a thin plate-like ‘sub-ostracal’ or (so-called) dorsal cartilage.
subpallial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈpalɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpæljəl/
,
/ˌsəbˈpæliəl/
ΚΠ
1846 J. Alder & A. Hancock Monogr. Brit. Nudibranchiate Mollusca II. Fam. 3, Pl. 2 Distinguished..by the form of their tentacles, the want of a sub-pallial ridge on the sides of the back, and the free arborescent nature of their branchiæ.
1925 Lancet 8 Aug. 274/2 Tremor is an involuntary movement belonging to the old motor system (infra-cortical, subpallial).
1947 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 232 445 In certain Patellacea and in the Loricata subpallial sensory streaks in the pallial grooves may have the same function.
2006 Biol. Bull. 211 110/2 The mistaken belief that the avian telencephalon consisted mostly of hypertrophied basal ganglia, derived from subpallial tissue.
subpeduncular adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpᵻˈdʌŋkjᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbpəˈdəŋkjələr/
ΚΠ
1815 J. Gordon Syst. Human Anat. I. 211 The sub-peduncular Lobule of the Cerebellum.
1952 Copeia No. 2. 108/1 The sub-peduncular streak is absent or very diffuse.
2006 Jrnl. Chem. Neuroanat. 32 163/2 Most of the region delineated by these boundaries falls within the oral pontine reticular formation.., and it also includes the subpeduncular tegmental nucleus.
subpelvic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈpɛlvɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpɛlvɪk/
[after French sous-pelvien (1803 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1825 Philadelphia Jrnl. Med. & Physical Sci. 2 161 The sub-pelvic muscles are covered by a perineal aponeurosis, which encloses them between it and the internal pelvic aponeurosis.
1908 A. Hrdlička Physiol. & Med. Observ. Indians ix. 159 The legs and thighs get smaller in both sexes, the latter so that they no longer touch in their upper fourth in the median line, but leave a marked subpelvic space.
2000 Pediatric Nephrol. 14 758 Hematuria and proteinuria were initially attributed to a suspected poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis..and high-grade subpelvic ureteral stenosis.
subpericranial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpɛrɪˈkreɪnɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌpɛrəˈkreɪniəl/
ΚΠ
1834 Periscope Jan. in Medico-chirurg. Rev., & Jrnl. Pract. Med. 20 241/1 It [sc. a hydatid tumor] was somewhat flattened on its surface, and felt like those large sub-pericranial wens, which used to be called ‘talpæ’.
1910 G. G. Davis Appl. Anat. 3 The subpericranial tissue is so scanty and loose, particularly in infancy, that it readily allows the pericranium to be raised and effusions to occur beneath.
2010 Jrnl. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg. 68 1741/1 Subpericranial dissection of the flap was then performed with periosteal elevators, taking care to not injure or perforate the flap.
subpetrosal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpɛˈtrəʊsl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌpɛˈtroʊs(ə)l/
now rare
ΚΠ
1853 Descriptive Catal. Osteol. Series Mus. Royal Coll. Surgeons II. 663 The subpetrosal sinus, which terminates at the entocondyloid foramen.
1905 A. H. Andrews in Pract. Med. Series III. 182 M. Laurens..has studied abscesses of the bone secondary to lesions of the ear, which may be suboccipital, subpetrosal and even occur along the vertebral column.
1931 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 74 470 The arachnoidal villi occur most frequently in the superior longitudinal sinus,..the subpetrosal sinus, and the venae meningiae mediae.
subphrenic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈfrɛnɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈfrɛnɪk/
ΚΠ
1839 V. Flood Surg. Anat. Arteries 96 Its terminating branches are lost in supplying the diaphragm and in anastomosis with the subphrenic branches of the abdominal aorta.
1976 F. R. Hartman in M. S. Bergmann & F. R. Hartman Evol. Psychoanalytic Technique iii. 45 He finally developed a subphrenic abscess from which he died with continual hiccoughs on December 25, 1925.
2010 World Jrnl. Gastroenterol. 16 4494 The symptoms and signs of a subphrenic effusion are often obscure.
subpleural adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈplʊərəl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈplɔːrəl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈplʊərl̩/
,
/ˌsʌbˈplɔːrl̩/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈplʊrəl/
[after French sous-pleural (1823 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1830 Periscope June in Medico-chirurg. Rev., & Jrnl. Pract. Med. 13 248/2 The lungs, though covered with rather more sub-pleural black spots and reticulations than usual, were yet very healthy.
1862 H. W. Fuller On Dis. Chest 173 The sub-pleural cellular tissue is injected and œdematous.
1965 F. Gerrard Macgregor's Struct. Meat Animals (ed. 2) iii. 66 The anterior end of the thoracic cavity is blocked with a thick pad of sub-pleural fat, the ‘Throat Fat’.
2010 Clin. Radiol. 65 642/2 In the thorax, granulomas are typically distributed along the lymphatics in the bronchovascular bundle, interlobular septa, major fissures and subpleural regions.
subpreputial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpriːˈpjuːʃl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌpriˈpjuʃ(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1708 J. Marten Treat. Venereal Dis. (ed. 6) v. 371 The first of which, use it [sc. Circumcision] out of cleanliness, and to prevent Diseases, which the detention of the Mucus of the Subpreputial Glands which ouze thro' might breed in those hot Countries.
1849 Southern Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 5 329 They are frequently occasioned by uncleanness, the sub-preputial secretions becoming rancid and corrosive.
1908 F. Kreissl Urogenital Therapeutics iv. 184 If the ulcer is subpreputial it is important to cover it with a thin film of cotton in order to keep the prepuce separated from the glans.
2004 Epidemiology 15 647/1 Subpreputial moisture contains lysozyme, an enzyme that attacks HIV, so the foreskin could have a protective effect.
subpubic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈpjuːbɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpjubɪk/
[after French sous-pubien (1801 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1821 Medico-chirurg. Rev., & Jrnl. Med. Sci. 2 265 Baron Larrey prefers the lateral; or, as he terms it, the sub-pubic operation, performed with the knife alone, and not the gorget.
1866 T. H. Huxley in S. Laing Pre-hist. Remains Caithness 94 The sub-pubic arch.
1916 J. C. Edgar Pract. Obstetr. (ed. 5) 437 There comes a time when, the occiput having passed under the subpubic ligament and being partially born, the shoulders attempt to enter the pelvis with the head.
2003 G. King & P. Wilson Fate Romanovs xix. 424 Female pelvises are of a greater width than those of a male, with a wider subpubic angle.
subpyloric adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpʌɪˈlɒrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌpaɪˈlɔrɪk/
ΚΠ
1842 Penny Cycl. XXIII. 83/2 The solid work..of this organ [sc. the stomach] is much less complicated than in the decapods, and is reduced nearly exclusively to the subpyloric portion.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 166/2 The gastric glands, draining the stomach (these are divided into coronary, sub-pyloric and retropyloric groups).
2002 European Jrnl. Surg. Oncol. 28 443 (title) The subpyloric space: an important surgical and radiologic feature in pseudomyxoma peritonei.
subradular adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈradjᵿlə/
,
/ˌsʌbˈradʒᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈrædʒələr/
ΚΠ
1877 T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Invertebrated Animals viii. 488 The subradular membrane is continued into a longer or shorter sac.
1904 Zool. Jahrbücher: Anat. 20 405 Several other Solenogastres as figured by various authors also appear to have subradular sensory areas.
2001 Progress Neurobiol. 63 386/1 The chitinous radular teeth are secreted by the subradular membrane, which is continuous with the epithelial lining of the oral cavity.
subretinal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈrɛtᵻnl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈrɛtn̩l/
[after French sous-rétinien (1837 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1848 W. H. Walshe in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. 134/2 The submucous tissue of the gall-bladder; the subserous of the pleura..; the subretinal.
1953 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 53 1317/2 The applicator tip does not enter the subretinal space.
2001 D. Holland et al. in W. Barfield & T. Caudell Fund. Wearable Computers xxv. 758 This result calls into question a host of issues and research needs regarding the biocompatibility of subretinal implants.
subscrotal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈskrəʊtl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈskroʊd(ə)l/
[after French sous-scrotal (1815 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1848 Lancet 22 Jan. 89/2 The pain is then more acute and superficial; there is more fever..; the subscrotal cellular tissue gets involved.
1948 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 5 646/1 Ten days after therapy challenge was made with the homologous (Nichols) strain [of Treponema pallidum] by the same subscrotal route.
2002 D. Worthington St. Vincent's Manhattan xxvi. 428 The [bicycle] seat had no subscrotal contact area.
subsphenoidal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbsfᵻˈnɔɪdl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbsfiˈnɔɪd(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1831 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom IX. 290 The sub-sphenoidal foss is a little sunk, but it is not limited by the clinoid apophyses.
1931 Lancet 4 Apr. 787/1 He correlates this with the widening of the brain and shortening of the snout, the bone advancing forward from its original subsphenoidal position.
2011 Quaternary Res. 75 699/1 The base of the skull, particularly the subsphenoidal region, has undergone some postmortem deformation.
substernal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈstəːnl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈstərn(ə)l/
[after French sous-sternal (1803 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1823 London Med. Repository 19 422 The substernal lymphatic glands were likewise blue.
1947 S. H. Bartley & E. Chute Fatigue & Impairment in Man v. 76 The initial symptoms [of hyperoxic anoxia] in man are nausea, substernal pain, and flushing of the face.
2000 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 25 May 37/3 The astonishing pace of this period seemed to foster recurrent chest infections and ‘sub-sternal tension, a warning..of too high pressure’.
substigmatal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈstɪɡmətl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈstɪɡməd(ə)l/
now rare
ΚΠ
1859 E. D. Cope in Jrnl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 4 131 The skin is finely shagreened and is marked by a stigmatal and substigmatal line.
1902 I. M. Eliot & C. G. Soule Caterpillars & their Moths 224 Some of the larvæ were green through all the stages, and in the last one had a yellow substigmatal ridge.
1989 Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 115 153 Forewing usually hyaline to lightly blackish infuscated with a dark substigmatal spot.
subsylvian adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsɪlvɪən/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsɪlviən/
[ < sub- prefix + Sylvian adj.2]
ΚΠ
1868 R. Owen On Anat. Vertebr. III. xxviii. 123 A narrow undulated ‘subsylvian’ fold.
1910 Gray's Anat. (ed. 18) 918 The sylvian point marks the conjunction of the main portion of the sylvian fissure with its basisylvian part as well as one or two rami. These rami are (1) the presylvian ramus and (2) the subsylvian ramus.
2005 Neuroscience 135 603/1 The subsylvian cortex, corresponding to the parietotemporal areas, was devoid of SMI-32 immunoreactivity.
subsynovial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbsʌɪˈnəʊvɪəl/
,
/ˌsʌbsᵻˈnəʊvɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbsəˈnoʊviəl/
[after French sous-synovial (1816 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1826 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 26 363 The subsynovial cellular tissue was strongly injected and swelled.
1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xv. 380 Lipomata occur..sometimes in intermuscular fascia, subsynovial and subserous tissues.
2006 Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 58 245/1 Under inflammatory conditions, the endothelium of the sub-synovial capillaries becomes leaky.
subtegumental adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbtɛɡjᵿˈmɛntl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌtɛɡjəˈmɛn(t)l/
ΚΠ
1840 H. E. Schedel in A. Tweedie Syst. Pract. Med. I. 399 When successive eruptions appear, the skin and even the subtegumental membrane become thickened.
1906 C. S. Sherrington Integrative Action Nerv. Syst. ix. 335 An irregular diffuse subtegumental layer of unstriped muscle-tissue.
2010 Trends Parasitol. 26 434/2 A prominent area of future interest in reference to this technique is the sub-tegumental cells of the adult schistosomes.
subtentacular adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbtɛnˈtakjᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌtɛnˈtækjələr/
[after French sous-tentaculaire (1839 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 122/1 Body hemispherical, subconical, or even semi-elliptical, furnished on its circumference with foliaceous subtentacular lobes.
1877 T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Invertebrated Animals ix. 586 The subtentacular and cœliac canals.
1999 Biol. Bull. 196 8/1 Variation was maximal in the basal and subtentacular regions of the body column during this interval.
subungual adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈʌŋɡwəl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈʌŋɡjʊəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈənɡ(jə)wəl/
[after French sous-unguéal (1827 in the passage translated in quot. 1833)]
ΚΠ
1833 W. B. Dickinson tr. P. Rayer Treat. Dis. Skin 357 In icterus, the nails have sometimes a yellow appearance; they are black in subungual ecchymosis [Fr. noirs dans les ecchymoses sous-unguéales].
1947 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 6 Dec. 902/2 The nails of fingers and toes were brittle and showed much subungual proliferation.
2000 M. A. Goldstein & M. C. Goldstein Boys into Men vii. 89 But blood may still form under the toenail, a condition known as subungual hematoma, particularly when playing a sport like soccer or tennis.
subunguial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈʌŋɡwɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈənɡwəl/
[ < sub- prefix + unguis n. + -ial suffix, after French sous-unguéal (see subungual adj.)] rare
ΚΠ
1853 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 9) Subunguial, belonging to parts under the nail;—as subunguial exostosis.
1991 Infection Control & Hosp. Epidemiol. 12 656/1 An orange stick was used to clean the subunguial areas.
subvaginal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbvəˈdʒʌɪnl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈvædʒən(ə)l/
[after French sous-vaginal (1836 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1841 Med. Examiner 4 781/2 The various peculiar discharges, the anal and vesical symptoms..might occur in their totality without that relaxation of the subvaginal cellular tissue.
1948 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 8 May 880/2 Rodger differentiates bleeding into the sheaths and subvaginal and intraneural haemorrhages.
2006 P. J. Eifel et al. Gynecol. Cancer vi. 69 (table) Stage II. The carcinoma [of the vagina] has involved the subvaginal tissues but has not extended onto the pelvic wall.
subventral adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈvɛntr(ə)l/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈvɛntrəl/
[compare post-classical Latin subventralis (6th cent.)]
ΚΠ
1831 H. McMurtrie tr. G. Cuvier Animal Kingdom II. 73 Subventral and subcaudal plates, simple [Fr. plaques simples sous le ventre et sous la queue], as in Boa, Crotalus, &c.
1926 W. Yorke & P. A. Maplestone Nematode Parasites Vertebr. 2 The subventral muscle fields exhibit one polymyarian sublateral area.
2010 Current Opinion Plant Biol. 13 442/2 In situ hybridization revealed that some of these genes are expressed in the subventral or dorsal pharyngeal gland cells [of nematodes].
subventricular adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbvɛnˈtrɪkjᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌvɛnˈtrɪkjələr/
ΚΠ
1880 Brain 3 164 Lesions of sub-ventricular origin.
1945 M. Sherman Intelligence & its Deviations viii. 142 Gross cerebral hemorrhage and subventricular hematomas may occur in these infants in spite of relatively normal deliveries.
2000 New Scientist 18 Nov. 11/3 He then took stem cells from the subventricular zone of the monkeys' brain, added some growth factors, and injected them back into the affected region.
(iii) Geology. Forming nouns denoting and adjectives designating strata that lie beneath (and are hence earlier than) the system of rocks specified, as sub-Cambrian adj. and n., sub-Cretaceous adj. and n., sub-Devonian adj. and n., sub-Wealden adj. and n., etc. Cf. earlier sub-Carboniferous adj.
ΚΠ
1833 Rep. 1st & 2nd Meetings Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1831–2 376 The rectification..of the previous arrangement of the subcretaceous sands has brought to light in the Weald of Kent a fresh water formation..between these sands and the subadjacent Purbeck limestone.
1841 Lit. Gaz. 27 Nov. 769/1 The Subsilurian or upper Cambrian.
1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) II. ix. 172 The riddle of the rocks has been read from sub-cambrian depths.
1872 in Rec. Sub-Wealden Explor. (1878) 6 The thickness of the Sub-Wealden strata in France and Belgium.
1907 Jrnl. Geol. (Chicago) 15 664 At about 3 miles west of the granite line on the south side of West Creek, Mr. Woolsey measured the following section of sub-Triassic strata.
1935 Geografiska Ann. 17 337 The sub-Devonian unconformity is the most conspicuous structural break in the region.
1967 Proc. Geologists' Assoc. 78 36 The sub-Wealden erosion surface must have been convex-upwards, sagging continuously into the basin.
2005 K. Lidmar-Bergström & J.-O. Näslund in M. Seppälä Physical Geogr. Fennoscandia (2008) i. 11/1 Kaolinitic saprolite remnants are still preserved within the exhumed sub-Cretaceous and sub-Jurassic hilly terrain in south Sweden.
(b) Botany and Anatomy. Forming nouns denoting a part or layer located under the part denoted by the second element.See also subcutis n., subumbrella n., etc.
† subencephalon n. [after German Subencephalon (1880 or earlier)] Obsolete rare Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II Subencephalon, Krause's name for combined medulla oblongata, pons Varolii, and corpora quadrigemina.
subhymenium n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbhʌɪˌmiːnɪəm/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌhaɪˌminiəm/
ΚΠ
1852 J. H. Balfour Class Bk. Bot. I. iv. 314 The cells forming the hymenium and subhymenium are marked A.
1900 G. F. Atkinson Stud. Amer. Fungi: Mushrooms ii. 9 Toward the outside of the trama the cells branch into short cells, which make a thin layer. This forms the subhymenium.
2006 Mycologia 98 707/2 Two hymenial palisades often emerge in opposite directions from a single, shared subhymenium.
† subtesta n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1816 P. Keith Syst. Physiol. Bot. I. i. i. 253 The interior integument, which Gærtner has not designated by a proper name, but which I shall call the Subtesta, lines the integument or Testa.
b. In adverbial relation to the second element, with the sense ‘underneath, below’.
(a) Prefixed to adjectives.
sub-concealed adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbkənˈsiːld/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbkənˈsild/
ΚΠ
a1734 R. North Examen (1740) iii. vi. 430 To do it with Address, and subconcealed Artifice.
1908 M. J. McLeod Comfortable Faith 185 The creative forces in life are like leaven, noiseless, invisible, underneath, sub-concealed.
1973 A. Diakonoff South Asiatic Olethreutini 387 Terminal segment very short, sub-concealed.
sub-contained adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbkənˈteɪnd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbkənˈteɪnd/
ΚΠ
1713 W. Cheselden Anat. Humane Body iii. i. 91 For the Illustration of the sub-contain'd Parts.
1914 E. C. Savidge Philos. of Radio-activity ix. 82 We have all the sub-contained processes..between the outer orbits and the intra-orbital forces.
† subdented adj. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1797 Encycl. Brit. I. 365/1 The argo with a subdented carina, which is found in the Mediterranean and Indian oceans.
1836 B. H. Smart Walker Remodelled Subdented, indented beneath.
(b) Prefixed to verbs.
(i)
subtwine v.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈtwʌɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈtwaɪn/
ΚΠ
1908 Daily Chron. 25 July 1/4 A push-button subtwined in a bower of red roses.
(ii)
† subumbrage v. Obsolete transitive to cast a shadow over.
ΚΠ
1581 R. Sempill Complaint vpon Fortoun (single sheet) Xerxes quhose..Schippis subumbragit all the seyis on breid.
(c) Prefixed to nouns derived from verbs.
sublineation n.
Brit. /ˌsʌblɪnɪˈeɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌlɪniˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
the action of writing or drawing a line below something; something written or drawn in this way.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > writing > written character > punctuation > [noun] > underlining
sublineation1651
underscoring1751
underlineation1814
underlining1838
underscore1901
1651 A. Boate Let. in R. Parr Life J. Usher (1686) Coll. cclxiv. 564 He hath made use of..Sublineation in lieu of Asterisks.
1846 G. Raymond Mem. R. W. Elliston (ed. 2) II. vi. 136 Sundry portraits..were placarded about the town, with the sub-lineation, ‘The Bohemian’.
1951 M. I. Baym French Educ. Henry Adams iv. 71 Renan's expression of this idea apparently appealed to Adams, as his sublineation of it in his copy of Feuilles détachées indicates.
subpunctuation n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpʌŋ(k)tʃʊˈeɪʃn/
,
/ˌsʌbpʌŋ(k)tjʊˈeɪʃn/
,
/ˈsʌbpʌŋ(k)tʃʊˌeɪʃn/
,
/ˈsʌbpʌŋ(k)tjʊˌeɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌpəŋ(k)(t)ʃuˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˈsəbˌpəŋ(k)(t)ʃuˌeɪʃ(ə)n/
the action or an act of making dots or other small marks underneath text, typically to indicate error or cancellation.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > writing > written character > punctuation > [noun]
pointing1440
distinction1552
punctuation1593
punctation1617
interpunctiona1631
stopping1728
interpunctuation1827
subpunctuation1891
1891 W. Peterson in tr. Quintilian Institutionis Oratoriae: Liber Decimus Introd. p. lxvii The subpunctuation of these letters by the second hand by the Bambergensis.
1908 H. Hall Stud. Eng. Off. Hist. Doc. 384 Confession of a blunder by the process of subpunctuation must have been particularly distasteful to a mediaeval scribe.
1997 Eng. Hist. Rev. 112 592 Part of word cancelled by subpunctuation.
† subundation n. Obsolete the action of being flooded with water.
ΚΠ
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum at Banckes Banckes defensyue againste subundation called Seabanckes.
c. In adjectival relation to nouns, designating lower or underlying position.
(a) Forming nouns denoting a storey, room, or architectural feature of the same type as the second element and situated beneath it. See also sub-shelf n.Often also with the implication of being subsidiary or secondary, as in sense 2a(b).
(i)
sub-basement n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈbeɪsm(ə)nt/
,
/ˈsʌbˌbeɪsm(ə)nt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈbeɪsmənt/
,
/ˈsəbˌbeɪsmənt/
ΚΠ
?1776 S. Weston Viaggiana 158 It is a round basement, on a square subbasement, remarkably entire, of Tiburtine stone.
1782 Archaeologia 6 74 The projection of this whole subasement..is twenty-one feet beyond the base of the columns.
1904 Westm. Gaz. 26 Apr. 5/1 Underneath, in the basement and sub-basement, were many thousands of gallons of wines and spirits.
2004 New Yorker 26 July 98/3 He then had them returned to their cages in the sub-basement of the Old Executive Office Building.
subcellar n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌsɛlə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsɛlər/
ΚΠ
1844 Family of Seisers I. xii. 113/1 Cooks of both genders, who operate..in the vaults and sub-cellars of the great Crash and City Hotels.
1921 J. C. Lincoln Galusha the Magnificent xi. 199 The elevator..continued to go to the very subcellar.
2001 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 5 Nov. b9/1 The theater..has sub-cellars, and the performers have dressing rooms in one of the basements.
sub-hall n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbhɔːl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌhɔl/
,
/ˈsəbˌhɑl/
ΚΠ
1781 Universal Mag. Aug. 96/2 The entrance into the basement story is from Silver-street, from which we enter into a sub-hall, 34 feet by 35.
1887 Dict. Archit. (Archit. Publ. Soc.) Sub-hall, the place in the lower story under the hall or chief entrance, which last was usually on the first floor.
1961 G. F. Chadwick Wks. Sir J. Paxton vii. 190 The sub-hall is lined with Caen stone and paved with Sicilian and Rouge Royal marbles.
2000 C. Christie Brit. Country House in 18th Cent. 182 At the foot of the great staircase was the sub-hall.
sub-pier arch n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpɪər ˈɑːtʃ/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌpɪ(ə)r ˈɑrtʃ/
rare
ΚΠ
1835 R. Willis Remarks Archit. Middle Ages vii. 94 Sometimes the sub-pier-arch rests on a pilaster instead of a half shaft.
sub-plinth n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbplɪnθ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌplɪnθ/
ΚΠ
1728 W. Halfpenny Magnum in Parvo iv. 10 This Pedestal is always plain, and work'd without any Moulding, and, indeed, is no more than a Sub-Plinth.
1845 J. H. Parker Gloss. Terms Archit. (ed. 4) I. 44 A second or sub-plinth under the Norman base.
1996 Proc. Royal Irish Acad. C. 96 249 (caption) Reconstructed section of the base and sub-plinth.
subsill n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbsɪl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsɪl/
ΚΠ
1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. §867 The oak gate-posts are kept firm in their places, by the underground braces, to the subsills.
1995 G. Nash Do-it-yourself Housebuilding vii. 149/2 Drive the sill proper into place, and nail it to the king studs and the subsill.
(ii)
subfloor n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbflɔː/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌflɔr/
a floor or layer of flooring used as a base for another.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > floor > [noun] > types of
parlour floor1441
causey1481
pediment1747
working floor1747
parquet1814
parquet floor1819
subfloor1838
straight-joint floor1842
parquet flooring1845
working floor1850
dallage1856
nightingale floor1914
open floor1932
floating floor1934
1838 Morning Chron. 26 Oct. 3/3 A sub-floor, covered on both sides with cement, was placed under the flooring of the upper portion of the building.
1929 W. C. Huntington Building Constr. vi. 264 This type of construction is greatly superior to that which rests the studs on a sole plate placed on top of the sub-floor.
2010 Ideal Home May 103/2 Carpets and ‘floating’ floors (laminate or engineered) that are not attached to the subfloor can be laid on any surface.
(b) Forming nouns denoting an item of underclothing. Cf. under- prefix1 2b(a). Now rare.
sub-armour n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌɑːmə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɑrmər/
ΚΠ
1858 Gentleman's Mag. July 13 The Hauberk of chain-mail is worn..not..as the principal defence..but as a sub-armour.
subtrousers n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌtraʊzəz/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌtraʊzərz/
ΚΠ
1890 Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 11 July Four inches of white canvass subtrousers was exposed between his pantaloons, spring-bottoms and shoe-tops.
† subvestment n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1802 S. T. Coleridge Lett. (1895) 394 The diaper subvestments of the young jacobin.
1865 Trans. Essex Archæol. Soc. 3 211 The sub-vestments in the Ravenna mosaics and those in which the attendant clergy are vested have usually been described as albs, with wider sleeves than those of later times.
(c) Forming nouns denoting a lower or deeper part of the second element. See also subsoil n.
subflush n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbflʌʃ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌfləʃ/
rare
ΚΠ
1899 Atlantic Monthly 83 759/1 A certain subflush of overripe color beneath the dusky skin.
(d) Chiefly Anatomy and Zoology.
(i) Forming nouns denoting the underside or lowest part or point of the organ or part denoted by the second element.See also subface n. 2, subfacies n. 1.
† subilium n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1891 Cent. Dict. Subilium, an inferior section of the ilium, supposed to correspond to the subscapula.
(ii) Forming nouns denoting a sulcus or gyrus (of the cerebral cortex) that is partly or completely concealed by an overlapping convolution. See subgyre n. 1, subfissure n. 2.
(e) [After subsoil n.] Agriculture and Horticulture. Forming nouns denoting a machine, process, etc., used in or relating to the cultivation of subsoil. See also subcultivation n. 1, sub-plough n.
sub-pulveration n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpʌlvəˈreɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌpəlvəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/
rare
ΚΠ
1856 J. C. Morton Cycl. Agric. (new ed.) I. 22 The amelioration of clay soils by drainage and subpulveration.
1866 C. W. Hoskyns Occas. Ess. 111 The well-known results of drainage and subpulveration.
sub-pulverizer n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈpʌlvərʌɪzə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpəlvəˌraɪzər/
rare
ΚΠ
1843 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 4 469 Sub-Pulverizers.—Under this or some synonymous title a variety of implements was exhibited, of greater or less merit.
1856 J. C. Morton Cycl. Agric. (new ed.) II. 647/2 Subsoil ploughs..are merely stirrers of the under soil, and might more properly be termed sub-pulverizers.
(f) Forming nouns denoting something situated or existing underground. See also subpopulation n. 2, sub-railway n. 2, subway n.
sub-crossing n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌkrɒsɪŋ/
,
/ˈsʌbˌkrɔːsɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkrɑsɪŋ/
,
/ˈsəbˌkrɔsɪŋ/
an underground crossing (originally beneath a railway); a subway.
ΚΠ
1864 Athenæum 22 Oct. 530/3 If it be not found convenient to have sub-crossings, surely light iron bridges would answer the purpose.
1908 Street Railway Jrnl. 11 Jan. 38 It can be readily appreciated with what difficulties the company would have to contend in excavating for a sub-crossing.
2002 Pasadena (Calif.) Star-News (Nexis) 20 Feb. The County Supervisors rescinded the provision to use such funds for subways or subcrossings.
d. Music. In adjectival relation to nouns, designating lowness of pitch.
(a) Forming nouns denoting an interval below a particular note and of the same degree as that expressed by the second element. See also subdiapason n.
subdiapente n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdʌɪəˈpɛnti/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌdaɪəˈpɛnti/
[compare post-classical Latin subdiapentis, adjective (14th cent. in British sources)]
ΚΠ
1631 E. Bevin Briefe Instr. Art of Musicke 25 Canon subdiapente.
1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music Sub, a Latin preposition, corresponding with the Greek word Hypo, the Italian Sotto, the French Dessous, and the English Below. This word is frequently used in musical treatises in conjunction with the Greek names of the intervals, as Sub-Diapason, Sub-Diapente, Sub-Diatessaron, &c.
1853 J. Hawkins's Gen. Hist. Music (new ed.) II. ciii. 505/2 Following at the stated distances of a crochet, a minim..in the..diapente and subdiapente.
1947 Musical Times July 224/1 Years ago we attempted now and then to write a canon at the fifth below, but never knew that it was a subdiapente.
subdiatessaron n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdʌɪəˈtɛs(ə)rɒn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌdaɪəˈtɛs(ə)rən/
,
/ˌsəbˌdaɪəˈtɛsəˌrɑn/
[compare post-classical Latin subdiatessaris, adjective (14th cent. in British sources)]
ΚΠ
1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music Sub, A Latin preposition..used in musical treatises in conjunction with the Greek names of the intervals, as Sub-Diapason, Sub-Diapente, Sub-Diatessaron, &c.
1853 J. Hawkins's Gen. Hist. Music (new ed.) II. ciii. 505/2 Following at the stated distances of a crochet, a minim..in the diatessaron and subdiatessaron.
1947 Music & Lett. 28 27 The first two canons are in ‘super diatessaron’.., the next one in ‘sub diatessaron’ (canon at the fourth below).
(b) Forming nouns denoting a note lying the same distance below the tonic as that expressed by the second element (which lies above it), as subdominant n.1, submediant n. Cf. sense 3c.
(c) Forming nouns denoting an organ stop sounding a note which is an octave below the second element. See also sub-bass n., sub-octave n. Cf. contra- prefix 4.
subbourdon n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈbʊəd(ə)n/
,
/ˌsʌbˈbɔːd(ə)n/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈbʊrdən/
ΚΠ
1862 Morning Post 26 May 2/2 The sub-bourdon is 32 feet long, and there are upwards of 70 pipes in all.
1987 Musical Times Dec. 715/1 The 32' Sub Bourdon is astonishingly effective as stopped 32's go. In certain parts of the building it can even sound like a very quiet quarter-length 32' reed.
sub-contra octave n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˌkɒntrə ˈɒktɪv/
,
/ˌsʌbˌkɒntrə ˈɒkteɪv/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌkɑntrə ˈɑktəv/
,
/ˌsəbˌkɑntrə ˈɑkˌteɪv/
ΚΠ
1876 Proc. Musical Assoc. (2nd Sess., 1875–6) 3 4C=16 vib means C in the Sub-Contra Octave, or double under-accented or under-lined Great Octave.
1956 H. Shanet Learn to read Music (new ed.) App. 168 For the extremely low notes of the Contra Octave and Sub-contra Octave, a similar method is used to avoid some of the leger lines.
2.
a. In adjectival relation to nouns, designating a person or thing of lesser, subsidiary, secondary, or minor importance or size.
(a) Prefixed to nouns denoting people or animals. Cf. sense 2b(a).
sub-antichrist n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈantɪkrʌɪst/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈænˌtaɪˌkraɪst/
,
/ˌsəbˈæn(t)iˌkraɪst/
,
/ˌsəbˈæn(t)əˌkraɪst/
rare
ΚΠ
1641 J. Milton Reason Church-govt. 22 These two maine reasons of the Prelats..are the very wombe for a new subantichrist to breed in.
1818 J. Bentham Church-of-Englandism 161 This newly commissioned Antichrist with his three Sub-Antichrists.
sub-beau n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbbəʊ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌboʊ/
ΚΠ
a1692 T. Shadwell Volunteers (1693) Dram. Pers. sig. A4v Sir Timothy Kastril. An ugly sub-Beau..that lives a lazy Dronish Coxcombly Life, writing Billet Doux.
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Sub-beau, or Demibeau, a wou'd-be-fine.
1966 J. Kerouac Big Sur xxiv. 134 Cody gets me to be a sub-beau for his beauties.
sub-deity n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌdeɪᵻti/
,
/ˈsʌbˌdiːᵻti/
,
/ˌsʌbˈdeɪᵻti/
,
/ˌsʌbˈdiːᵻti/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌdiədi/
,
/ˈsəbˌdeɪədi/
,
/ˌsəbˈdiədi/
,
/ˌsəbˈdeɪədi/
ΚΠ
a1629 T. Goffe Careles Shepherdess (1656) i. i. 14 It awes Not mortalls only, but makes other powers Sub-Deities to thine.
1820 T. Mitchell in tr. Aristophanes Comedies I. 44 Some of the epithets applied to this sub-deity [sc. Phales].
1997 T. Pynchon Mason & Dixon 628 Dress'd as a Chinese Sub-Deity.
sub-devil n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌdɛvl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌdɛv(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1574 J. Studley in tr. J. Bale Pageant of Popes v. f. 101v As then Pope Alexander played the incarnate deuill against the Emperour, so did Becket rage like a subdeuill against the kinge in England.
1809 W. Irving Hist. N.Y. I. iii. ii. 129 Five schepens, who officiated as scrubs, sub-devils, or bottle-holders to the burgermeesters.
1888 S. P. Spreng Life & Labors John Seybert xix. 392 How the old fellow must chase about, and order the little sub-devils around right and left.
2001 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 29 Aug. 15 The Daily Mail would love Chris Morris and his Brass Eye sub-devils to be childless, drug-taking cynics.
sub-fool n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbfuːl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌful/
rare
ΚΠ
1680 T. Shadwell Woman-captain i Scarce any one is such a Fool, but he has a sub-Fool that he can laugh at.
1968 J. Berryman His Toy, His Dream, His Rest 174 Let there in their offices sub-fools With sub-fools interfere.
† sub-fornicator n. Obsolete Apparently an isolated use.
ΚΠ
1680 J. Dryden Kind Keeper v. i. 61 Happily arriv'd, i'faith, my old Sub-fornicator.
sub-god n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbɡɒd/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɡɑd/
ΚΠ
1709 W. Reeves tr. Justin Martyr et al. Apol. I. xi. 215 The supreme God has too much Business upon his Hands to manage as it shou'd be, without some Sub-gods to assist him.
1899 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 20 31 A sub-god or arch-angel.
1995 M. K. Booker Flann O'Brien, Bakhtin, & Menippean Satire iv. 60 Perhaps ‘God’ is merely the sub-God of some greater God, and so on.
sub-hero n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌhɪərəʊ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌhɪroʊ/
,
/ˈsəbˌhiroʊ/
ΚΠ
1816 Literary Panorama Apr. 49 So the author most politely styles the sub-heroes of his song.
1904 Atlantic Monthly Jan. 134/2 I saw the noble-hearted sub-hero pacing the stage.
2006 C. Pritchard Mental Health Social Work 15 The president in question was the pre-Christian Emperor Marcus Aurelius..the subhero in the modern film Gladiator.
† sub-jack n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1649 T. Wodenote Hermes Theologus xlii. 68 Saucy Sub-Jacks possessed of the preferments of the Learned and Ancient.
1811–12 S. T. Coleridge Notebks. (2002) III. 4134 Punicè, that is, in the Carthaginian dialect, a Sub-Jack, or Hop-Jack.
sub-pimp n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbpɪmp/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌpɪmp/
rare
ΚΠ
1697 J. Dennis Plot & no Plot v. 63 They are my Sub-pimps, and pick up a penny under me.
1982 N.Y. Mag. 22 Feb. 53/1 He also has a coterie of four sub-pimps, who make no sense at all except as chorus boys.
sub-ruler n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌruːlə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌrulər/
ΚΠ
1673 R. Baxter Let. in Answer to Mr. Dodwell 82 Doth it follow that your Church Monarch can..rule them without any sub-rulers?
1861 Daily News 5 Oct. 5/4 These mudirs..are..taken into the service of the Turkish government as sub-rulers over districts.
2003 Derby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 20 Feb. 10 Athelfaeda..was sub-ruler of Mercia.
sub-sycophant n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsɪkəf(ə)nt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈsɪkəfant/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsɪkəfənt/
,
/ˌsəbˈsɪkəˌfænt/
rare
ΚΠ
1742 R. North & M. North Life F. North 271 The Earl of Sunderland, Jeffries, and their Sub-Sycophants.
1932 A. Hirschfeld Manhattan Oases 78 Sycophantic real estate men who like to be seen with theatrical people; sub-sycophants, and Joe Russell.
† sub-shark n. Obsolete Apparently an isolated use.
ΚΠ
1817 J. Bentham Plan Parl. Reform Introd. 170 Dependance on an essentially insatiable shark with his sub-sharks.
† sub-vice antichrist n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1589 T. Cooper Admon. People of Eng. 102 Antichristian Prelates, Petie Antichrists, Subuice-Antichrists &c. as some..doe tearme them.
sub-villain n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌvɪlən/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌvɪlən/
ΚΠ
1674 J. Dryden et al. Notes Empress of Morocco sig. A3 His King, his two Empresses, his Villain, and his Sub-villain, nay his Heroe have all a certain natural cast of the Father.
1840 T. B. Macaulay in Edinb. Rev. Jan. 352 The villain or sub-villain of the story.
1996 R. Teixeira in T. Schafer & J. Faux Reclaiming Prosperity 331 There is little evidence that the average voter wants a story with multiple qualifications and sub-villains.
sub-worker n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌwəːkə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌwərkər/
ΚΠ
1666 R. South Serm. preached at Lambeth-Chappel 5 It is a glorious thing to have been the Recoverer and Repairer of a decayed Intellect, and a Sub-worker to Grace, in freeing it from some of the inconveniences of Original sin.
1853 Princeton Rev. Jan. 97 They will find their place as the sub-workers, or the gleaners, of the golden harvest.
1912 H. C. Rowland Closing Net i. vii. 114 Ivan would be the more dangerous enemy, having all manner of sub-workers.
2002 Express (Nexis) 19 Oct. 53 Stone had to be delivered half a mile from quarry to pyramid... This required another legion of sub-workers.
(b) Prefixed to concrete nouns.
(i)
† subcast n. [compare cast n. 18] Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1827 G. Higgins Celtic Druids 59 One of the very first subcasts from the Asiatic hive.
subconstellation n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbkɒnstᵻˌleɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkɑnstəˌleɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica v. xix. 262 If thereby be meant the Pleiades, or subconstellation upon the back of Taurus. View more context for this quotation
1871 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 102 79 Each of the four sub-constellations has its own special nomenclature in the two series of letters of the Latin alphabet.
1903 C. A. Young Lessons Astron. (rev. ed.) ii. 45 The constellation is so large that for convenience it has recently been divided into four sub-constellations.
2001 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 7 Dec. r1 In this outing, there's clearly no shortage of big stars—George Clooney, Julia Roberts, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, plus a sub-constellation of Andy Garcia, Don Cheadle, [etc.].
sub-creek n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbkriːk/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkrik/
ΚΠ
1890 Let. Secretary Agric. 368 in Executive Documents U.S. Senate Mineral Spring Sub Creek.
1982 Crocodiles (Internat. Union for Conservation of Nature & Nat. Resources) 130 A large river system may have multiple signatures, one for its mainstream and different signatures for its creeks and subcreeks.
sub-crest n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbkrɛst/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkrɛst/
ΚΠ
1830 J. S. Macaulay Treat. Field Defilement 21 It will generally happen that the plane or planes of the sub-crests will intersect the surface of the earth.
1911 Bull. Dept. Geol. (Univ. Calif.) 28 Feb. 116 There is no evidence of stream erosion on any side of this particular sub-crest.
2000 Advertiser (Adelaide) (Nexis) 15 Apr. m38 Finally we..saw, along the sub-crests of the mountain, a series of stone cairns.
submaster key n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbmɑːstə kiː/
,
/ˌsʌbˈmɑːstə kiː/
,
/ˈsʌbmastə kiː/
,
/ˌsʌbˈmastə kiː/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌmæstər ˌki/
,
/ˌsəbˈmæstər ˌki/
ΚΠ
1820 New Monthly Mag. Dec. 684/1 Key, sub-master key, and grand-master key.
1916 Archit. & Building June 108/1 Each department has a sub master key which operates all the locks in that department.
2001 M. A. Wanko Safe Schools vi. 106 Develop a system of grandmaster, master, and submaster keys.
sub-pagoda n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbpəˌɡəʊdə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbpəˌɡoʊdə/
rare
ΚΠ
1895 Outing 26 55/2 The serried ranks of sub-pagodas in this strange, holy city.
sub-piston n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌpɪst(ə)n/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌpɪst(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1880 Appletons' Cycl. Appl. Mech. II. 616 The same plan of cushioning is also applied to the sub-pistons which operate the valve.
1900 G. D. Hiscox Horseless Vehicles 66 When the ports in the sub-piston close.
2001 Cryogenics 41 422/1 (caption) Superfluid shock test tube facility: (1) MO-main valve; (2) high-pressure chamber; (3) sub-piston; (4) main-piston.
subproduct n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌprɒdʌkt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌprɑdək(t)/
ΚΠ
1860 Sci. Amer. 28 Jan. 68/1 Among the sub-products which are obtained in the manufacture of illuminating gas, there is..coal tar.
1924 W. L. Thorp Integration Industr. Operation xv. 207 An apparently simple product, such as a pair of shoes, represents the coming together of a considerable number of subproducts, including leather cut stock, toe caps,..laces, thread, shoe boxes, etc.
1995 A. M. Ruskin What Every Engineer should know about Project Managem. (ed. 2) ii. 45 Subproducts may be physical or informational, and may include tooling, staff, and so on.
2004 Belfast News Let. (Nexis) 10 Jan. 35 Mexico suspended imports of live animals and beef products and subproducts of bovine origin from the United States.
sub-storeroom n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌstɔːruːm/
,
/ˈsʌbˌstɔːrʊm/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌstɔrˌrum/
,
/ˈsəbˌstɔrˌrʊm/
ΚΠ
1868 in 21st Rep. State Prisons of N.Y. (1869) 85 A meat cellar, sub-storeroom and storekeeper's office were created in close proximity.
1889 Scribner's Mag. Aug. 216/1 Distributions are made daily among the substore-rooms.
1922 Factory Apr. 405/1 A sub-storeroom was established in a room adjacent to the point in the factory where the manufacturing process is begun.
(ii)
sub-affluent n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌaflʊənt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌæfluənt/
Physical Geography a minor tributary stream; a tributary of a tributary; cf. affluent n. 2.
ΚΠ
1853 Friend's Rev. 4 June 601/1 It gives rise to both of the main and numerous sub-affluents of the Columbia river.
1872 E. E. Frewer tr. J. Verne Meridiana v. 43 The Kuruman..increased by the waters of a sub-affluent, the Moschona.
1950 Imago Mundi 7 76 32 affluents and sub-affluents are attributed to the most important Portuguese tributary of the Tagus.
1986 M. Mainguet in F. El-Baz & M. H. A. Hassan Physics Desertification 232 These pleistocene dunes have dammed most of the affluents and subaffluents of the middle-east Niger River.
subfolder n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌfəʊldə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌfoʊldər/
a folder contained within another folder; (Computing) such a folder in a graphical user interface; cf. subdirectory n. 2.
ΚΠ
1903 System Aug. 162/1 An administration matter, in which creditors' claims are being sent in, may have a sub-folder for claims with a number assigned to each creditor.
1975 C. B. Lazarus et al. Automation of Scheduling of Room Functions Diagnostic Radiol. Departm. II. v. 316 SUB—sum of codes of subfolders present (after processing).
1984 Testimony of Willis Ware in net.legal (Usenet newsgroup) 10 Jan. I can organize the messages by folders and subfolders so that the system becomes a comprehensive automated filing and information retrieval system.
1995 InfoWorld Sept. 18 33/3 The folder is a subfolder of C:\\Windows\\Desktop.
2010 B. Tako Clutter Clearing Choices xvii. 132 My large folder might be ‘Insurance’ and within it could be sub-folders for the house, auto, and life insurance.
submenu n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌmɛnjuː/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌmɛnju/
Computing (in a graphical user interface) a secondary or subsidiary menu; spec. a menu which is accessed from another menu.
ΚΠ
1981 Adv. Engin. Software 3 68/1 In this case ON blinks, a ‘sub-menu’ is displayed and only when key word DONE of the sub-menu is hit does ON become steady and the sub-menu switch off.
1994 CD-ROM World Apr. 94/1 Looking for a certain feature buried in some obscure submenu could drive a person batty.
2008 W. Wang My New Mac iii. 26 To open a submenu, place your mouse over the command and wait for the submenu to pop up.
subnotebook n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌnəʊtbʊk/
,
/ˌsʌbˈnəʊtbʊk/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌnoʊtˌbʊk/
,
/ˌsəbˈnoʊtˌbʊk/
Computing a type of small and light laptop computer (cf. notebook n. 2); frequently attributive.
ΚΠ
1990 PC World Aug. 69/1 How low can you go in size? ‘Don’t look for ‘sub-notebooks’, major suppliers respond. Since the Osborne 1 first popularized computer schlepping, vendors have been trying to stuff a full-function computer into an ever-smaller box.
2001 Kiplinger's Personal Finance Sept. 30/3 Subnotebook computers are half the size of standard laptops and weigh a fraction as much.
2008 Maximum PC May 9/3 Intel nicknamed the subnotebook computers ‘netbooks’, emphasizing their built-in wireless Internet connectivity.
(c) Prefixed to abstract nouns.
(i)
sub-cause n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbkɔːz/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkɔz/
,
/ˈsəbˌkɑz/
ΚΠ
1675 R. Baxter Catholick Theol. iii. xii. 39 God is the cause of all differences without any diversity in himself... But there are many sub causes that are a reason of the determination.
1806 T. Clarkson Portraiture Quakerism I. viii. 158 Novels, or public dances, are only the sub-causes, or the occasions of calling forth the passions in question.
2001 Oil & Gas Jrnl. (Nexis) 1 Jan. 48 Predefined subcauses (e.g., design error, erosion, lightning, maintenance, other weld, repair clamp, other/unknown).
sub-consideration n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbkənsɪdəˌreɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbkənˌsɪdəˌreɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1959) V. 70 This part hath also two branches..in the first branch, there will be two twiggs, two sub-considerations.
1843 W. H. Gillespie Necessary Existence of God (new ed.) iii. 64 We either can, or we can not, have considerations and sub-considerations without end.
1998 Denver Post (Nexis) 18 Jan. f4 In reality, there are several volatile variables (with sub-considerations) rolling around like loose cannons.
sub-flavour n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌfleɪvə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌfleɪvər/
ΚΠ
1849 S. T. Wallis Glimpses of Spain viii. 94 Garlic had grown decidedly less popular, and was subsiding fast..into a well disguised sub-flavor.
1901 Cent. Mag. Aug. 573/2 There was mingled with her rapture a subflavor of discontent.
2006 Arkansas Democrat-Gaz. (Little Rock) (Nexis) 14 Apr. (Weekend section) We didn't encounter any actual nuts, but the sauce had a sort of nutty sub-flavor.
sub-intent n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbɪnˌtɛnt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbᵻnˌtɛnt/
ΚΠ
1855 R. Browning Before viii, in Men & Women II. 17 Sage provisos, sub-intents, and saving-clauses.
1920 W. de Morgan Old Man's Youth xlii. 489 I think I succeeded in speaking in the empressé way which advertises a sub-intent of this particular sort.
sub-limitation n.
Brit. /ˈsʌblɪmᵻˌteɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌlɪməˌteɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1776 Trial of Elizabeth Duchess Dowager of Kingston 59 Upon this he makes many Limitations; upon all of which he adds, amongst others, this Sublimitation [etc.].
1840 T. De Quincey Style in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 14/2 The secondary exceptions to the exceptions, the limitations and the sublimitations, descend seriatim, by a vast scale of dependencies.
2009 D. B. Wallace Granville Sharp's Canon Introd. 21 The database can be conveniently lumped into two categories: texts and structures, each of which has its own sub-limitations.
sub-malady n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌmalədi/
,
/ˌsʌbˈmalədi/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌmælədi/
,
/ˌsəbˈmælədi/
ΚΠ
1891 ‘S. C. Scrivener’ Our Fields & Cities 150 Both these scourges [sc. scrofula and dyspepsia], with the groups of families of sub-maladies which grow in their wake.
2006 P. R. Geisler Higher Educ. at Crossroads 201 Dysacademia, and its many sub-maladies.
subproblem n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌprɒbləm/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌprɑbləm/
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > [noun] > a difficulty > part of a greater difficulty
subproblem1645
1645 T. Urquhart Trissotetras sig. O4v Subproblems, is the same with subordinate problems, or problemets.
1873 Atlantic Monthly Dec. 763/2 The reader will remember the principal sub-problems into which we have seen the total question resolve itself.
1907 W. James Mem. & Stud. (1911) x. 236 So the great problem splits into two sub-problems.
2002 M. Sipper Machine Nature xi. 180 The design process continues in a top-down fashion, breaking the big problem down into smaller and smaller subproblems.
sub-question n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌkwɛstʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˈsʌbˌkwɛstjən/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkwɛstʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˈsəbˌkwɛʃtʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1675 T. Tully Let. to R. Baxter 27 There remaines yet one small sub-question.
1813 Amer. Law Jrnl. 4 567 The sub-question relative to the organization of the Senate.
1882 Chicago Med. Rev. 15 May 235/2 The question naturally falls into several sub-questions.
2004 M. Jeucken Sustainability in Finance xi. 353 The main research question and the first sub-question are dealt with after first discussing the other three sub-questions.
sub-reason n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌriːzn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌriz(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1659 T. Lushington Recantation Serm. in Resurrection Rescued 78 The reason of this Conjecture is [etc.]..The sub-reason is [etc.].
1895 W. Prall Civic Christianity v. 74 There is another, a subreason..why we should interest ourselves in the reformation of criminals.
2008 S. Almond Not that you Asked 147 That's really a very small sub-reason, though.
sub-rule n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbruːl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌrul/
ΚΠ
1838 W. P. Powell Simplified Lat. Gram. Pref. p. xv It will probably be found advisable for the leading rules to be learned first,..before the learner proceed to the sub-rules.
1908 E. Holmes Creed of Buddha iv. 105 In the attempt to define correctness with perfect accuracy, rules and sub-rules spring up in rank profusion.
2008 M. Kingwell Concrete Reveries ii. 32 The basic rule of walking in New York is:..don't break stride. (The sub-rules..include keep right, no sudden stopping, get off the phone, [etc.]).
sub-security n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbsᵻˌkjʊərᵻti/
,
/ˈsʌbsᵻˌkjɔːrᵻti/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbsəˌkjʊrədi/
ΚΠ
1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. II. iii. viii. 150 These were mentioned as so many sub-securities for correctness and completeness.
sub-story n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌstɔːri/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌstɔri/
ΚΠ
1842 J. O'Donovan in tr. Banquet of Dun Na N-Gedh Introd. p. xvi The four higher orders of the poets, namely, the Ollamh, Anruth, Cli, and Cano, were obliged to have seven times fifty chief stories and twice fifty sub-stories to repeat for kings and chieftains.
1888 Spectator 30 June 910/2 There is a sub-story dealing mainly with the amours of a disreputable young woman.
2010 Sun (Nexis) 29 Mar. 6 An enjoyable flick about the band's tour of Australia, intertwined with a substory of a young journalist desperate to get an in-depth interview with the group.
subsubstantiality n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbsəbstanʃɪˈalᵻti/
,
/ˌsʌbsəbstɑːnʃɪˈalᵻti/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbsəbˌstæn(t)ʃiˈælədi/
Apparently an isolated use.
ΚΠ
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xiv. [Oxen of the Sun] 374 Entweder transsubstantiality oder consubstantiality but in no case subsubstantiality.
subtask n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbtɑːsk/
,
/ˈsʌbtask/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌtæsk/
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > undertaking > [noun] > an undertaking > thing(s) to be done > a (difficult) task > a secondary task
after-taska1617
subtask1912
1912 U.S. Naval Inst. Proc. 38 1224 To each of these ‘rôles’ or sub-tasks is assigned a suitable portion of the force.
1961 Communications ACM 4 438/2 A request, by a task, to call in and execute a subtask.
1982 Sci. Amer. Jan. 123/2 The several concurrent processes can be different subtasks of a single program.
2009 Capital (Annapolis, Maryland) (Nexis) 17 July a8 Volunteers who want to come by at their convenience and take responsibility for a particular sub-task or project.
sub-theme n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbθiːm/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌθim/
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > topic, subject-matter > materials of topic > [noun] > minor
by-question1603
subtopic1817
sub-theme1880
1880 M. W. Hazeltine Brit. & Amer. Educ. iii. 42 Topics are..paleontology, zoology, and botany, as sub-themes under biology.
1949 M. Mead Male & Female xvii. 345 In this story there is a sub-theme of the girl's mother's flirtation with a younger man.
1981 A. Paton Towards Mountain xxxiv. 307 The birth and rise of Afrikaner nationalism is one of the most powerful subthemes of my life story.
2004 E. White Arts & Lett. 25 The parallel struggles of blacks and gays represent a repeating sub-theme in my trilogy.
subtheory n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌθɪəri/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌθiəri/
,
/ˈsəbˌθɪri/
ΚΠ
1847 Afr. Repository & Colonial Jrnl. Feb. 40/1 Here comes in a little sub-theory.
1951 T. Parsons et al. in T. Parsons & E. A. Shils Toward Gen. Theory Action i. 28 Economic theory..only becomes a distinctive subtheory of the general theory.
2001 M. C. Baker Atoms of Lang. 148 The atomic theory of chemistry has a subtheory of valance that explains what compounds are possible.
sub-war n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbwɔː/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌwɔr/
ΚΠ
1920 S. H. Adams Wanted: Husband vii. 110 One of the twenty-two sub-wars that signalize the universal peace.
2001 R. B. Drake Hist. Appalachia 103 The war in north Georgia took a unique turn, as a kind of sub-war was fought..between local surrogate groups.
(ii)
sub-goal n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbɡəʊl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɡoʊl/
originally Psychology something which must be achieved on the way to achieving a main objective; a secondary or lesser goal.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > psychology > behaviourism > theories of motivation > [noun] > end or result > intermediate
sub-goal1932
1932 E. C. Tolman Purposive Behavior Index 459/1 Sign-objects..become sub-goal-objects.
1967 J. M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour v. 91 Driving a car from A to B involves the sub-goals of getting the engine started, getting the car moving in top gear, and getting to the intermediate points X, Y and Z.
1994 J. B. Smith Collective Intelligence in Computer-based Collaboration 69 If..the processor reaches an impasse,..it generates one or more subgoals in an attempt to resolve the impasse.
2002 Times Educ. Suppl. 27 Sept. 30/4 To free yourself from the tyranny of sub-goals, recognise that they are only the means to an end.
subpredicate n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌprɛdᵻkət/
,
/ˌsʌbˈprɛdᵻkət/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌprɛdəkət/
,
/ˌsəbˈprɛdəkət/
Grammar a secondary part of a predicate (predicate n. 3a).
ΚΠ
1850 J. Brown Appeal Absurdities & Contradict. Old Theory Eng. Gram. 96/2 The use of criterion as a means for expressing what the sub predicate is in respect to the super.
1879 H. J. Roby Gram. Lat. Lang. ii. 8 Such a secondary predicate might..be called a subpredicate. It is often called an apposition.
2002 Language 78 723 There are..subject-centered and object-centered subpredicates.
(d) Prefixed to nouns denoting action.
sub-appearance n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbəˌpɪərəns/
,
/ˈsʌbəˌpɪərn̩s/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbəˌpɪrəns/
rare
ΚΠ
1820 C. Lamb in London Mag. Nov. 489/1 You never met the one by chance in the street without a wonder, which was quickly dissipated by the almost immediate sub-appearance of the other.
subquarrel n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌkwɒrəl/
,
/ˈsʌbˌkwɒrl̩/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkwɔrəl/
rare before 20th cent.
ΚΠ
1574 tr. Life 70. Archbishopp Canterbury Pref. to Rdr. sig. D2v A petye brawle and subquarell betwen Yorke and duresme.
1992 R. F. Jones King of Alley iii. 55 The dispute over these contentions masked several subquarrels.
sub-rebellion n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbrᵻˌbɛlɪən/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbrəˌbɛljən/
,
/ˈsəbriˌbɛljən/
ΚΠ
1788 European Mag. Dec. 442/1 The women of the Khord Mahal, who..had raised no sub-rebellion of their own.
1906 W. B. Weeden War Govt. vii. 298 There would have occurred a sub-rebellion more ominous than the Southern revolt.
2009 P. P. Reed Rogue Performances vi. 149 The gladiatorial revolt experiences its own sub-rebellion.
sub-smile n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbsmʌɪl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsmaɪl/
ΚΠ
1836 Mirror Lit., Amusem., & Instr. 2 Jan. 10/1 You never saw any thing on his face but the same everlasting sub-smile of phlegmatic philanthropy.
1925 D. H. Lawrence in Dial July 9 He saw..the faint sub-smile of assurance on her rather large, calm, fresh-complexioned face.
2010 D. Brodsky Vivian Rising 198 If you look really hard, a sub smile has taken hold.
sub-wink n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbwɪŋk/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌwɪŋk/
rare
ΚΠ
1879 W. D. Howells Lady of Aroostook in Atlantic Monthly Mar. 358/1 With a knowing little look at Lydia, which included a sub-wink for her husband.
b. Designating secondary or subordinate position in a more or less formal hierarchy or structure.
(a) In adjectival relation to nouns, forming nouns denoting a person of subordinate rank, position, or power.
sub-abbot n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌabət/
,
/ˌsʌbˈabət/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌæbət/
,
/ˌsəbˈæbət/
ΚΠ
1763 R. Burn Eccl. Law II. 60 (margin) Subabbat and subprior.
1993 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 2 Jan. Sub-abbot Hurluin is accompanied by Tutilo, a novice blessed with a divine voice.
† sub-adjutor n. [compare post-classical Latin subadiutor (1551 or earlier)] Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1818 J. Bentham Church-of-Englandism 91 His Right Reverend Co-adjutors and Reverend Sub-adjutors.
sub-administrator n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbədˌmɪnᵻstreɪtə/
,
/ˌsʌbədˈmɪnᵻstreɪtə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbədˌmɪnəˌstreɪdər/
,
/ˌsəbədˈmɪnəˌstreɪdər/
ΚΠ
1691 R. Baxter End of Doctrinal Controv. xii. 140 Christ the Mediator, as the supreme Subadministrator to whom all Power is given.
1729 T. Foxton tr. T. Burnet App. State Dead 28 He commemorates their Deliverance out of Egypt,..Moses being the Sub-administrator, with mighty Miracles and Prodigies.
1834 J. A. St. John Egypt & Mohammed Ali II. xx. 472 The Council of Alexandria..is composed of the officers of government—the administrators and sub-administrators,—under the presidency of Moharem Bey.
1901 J. Kirsop Life Robert Moss Ormerod x. 107 If he heard of any more cruelty he would inform Mr. Bird Thompson (the sub-administrator) of it.
2009 K. Loney Oracle Database 11g vii. 844 Administrators can also assign sub-administrators to assist in the management of the system.
sub-advocate n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌadvəkət/
,
/ˌsʌbˈadvəkət/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌædvəkət/
,
/ˌsəbˈædvəkət/
[after post-classical Latin subadvocatus (11th cent.)]
ΚΠ
1645 J. Milton Colasterion 7 The Laws of England, wherof you have intruded to bee an opiniastrous Sub advocate.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Advowee There were also sometimes several Sub-Advowees, or Sub-Advocates in each Monastery.
1891 J. M. Vincent State & Federal Govt. in Switzerland i. 6 In Uri the duke only exercised a general superintendence through a sub-advocate.
1996 G. Constable Reformation of 12th Cent. (2002) vi. 251 In order to prevent the division of advocacy and the appointment of sub-advocates, the monks also asserted their right to appoint as advocate preferably whomever they wished.
sub-beadle n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌbiːdl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈbiːdl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌbid(ə)l/
,
/ˌsəbˈbid(ə)l/
[after post-classical Latin subbedellus (from 13th cent. in British sources)]
ΚΠ
1645 in E. Henderson Kirk-session Rec. Dumfermline (1865) 16 To Henry Malcome the sub beddle, 36 s. 10 d.
1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 68 They ought not to execute these Precepts by simple Messengers or Sub-Beadles.
1900 Brochure Series Archit. Illustr. Aug. 129/2 The beadle, or more often the sub-beadle..appears.
2002 R. Kaiser Clerical Error iv. 24 He told us to be sure we got proper footgear from the sub-beadle.
† sub-bibliothecarian n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1716 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ II. 182 Schelstrat the Pope's Subbibliothecarian.
sub-captain n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌkapt(ᵻ)n/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkæptən/
[compare post-classical Latin subcapitaneus (from 13th cent. in British sources)]
ΚΠ
1781 in Sel. Criminal Trials (1803) I. 106 He packed them up again, and then forwarded them on immediately, either by yourself or your sub-captain?
1884 Cyclist 13 Feb. 242/1 The captain and sub-captain..represent the club on the N.C.U.
1991 L. Lankton Cradle to Grave (1993) iv. 76 The captains..told their sub-captains and foremen to be more diligent.
† sub-chamberer n. [after post-classical Latin subcamerarius (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources)] Obsolete
ΚΠ
1507 in J. M. Guilding Reading Rec. (1892) I. 107 The same persone shalbe made Burges, and requyre the same Abbot, or in his absens the seid Pryor, Chamberer or Subchamberer of the seid Monastery for the tyme being.
1519 in W. L. Nash Churchwardens' Acct. Bk. St. Giles, Reading (1851) 3 Of the Subchamberer of the Mon[astery] of Redyng.
sub-chamberlain n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌtʃeɪmbəlᵻn/
,
/ˌsʌbˈtʃeɪmbəlᵻn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌtʃeɪmbərlən/
,
/ˌsəbˈtʃeɪmbərlən/
now historical
ΚΠ
1629 T. Browne tr. W. Camden Hist. Elizabeth 60 She made him Captaine of the Guard, Sub-chamberlaine [L. Procamerarium], and one of her priuy Councell.
1809 Monthly Mirror Aug. 101 Mr. Larpent, the sub-chamberlain..refused to license the performance.
1995 Church Times 15 Dec. 3/2 The sub-chamberlain collected the primatial cross.
sub-chief n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbtʃiːf/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌtʃif/
ΚΠ
1796 tr. Napoleon in Universal Mag. May 367/1 The adjutant-general Vignolle, sub chief of the staff, and citizen Marat..contributed much to the success of this day.
1858 W. E. Gladstone Stud. Homer III. 11 The subordination of the sub-chief to his local sovereign.
1994 J. H. Peterson in M. M. R. Freeman & Y. P. Kreuter Elephants & Whales vii. 103 The elephants were presented to the chief and meat was given to each villager by the sub-chiefs.
sub-clerk n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbklɑːk/
,
/ˈsʌbkləːk/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌklərk/
[compare post-classical Latin subclericus (from 14th cent. in British sources)]
ΚΠ
1661 in W. G. Scott-Moncrieff Rec. Proc. Justiciary Court Edinb. (1905) I. 5 Mr. James Hunter admitted subclerk under Mr. Alexr Hamilton upon production of a Commission during pleasure.
1710 J. Chamberlayne Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (ed. 23) ii. 689 Mr. John Dundass, first Clerk of the Assembly…Nicol Spence, Sub-Clerk.
1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. ii. ii. 106 Amid head-clerks and sub-clerks.
1971 R. Francis Trouble with Francis iv. 37 As filing clerk or subclerk I had no such difficulties.
† sub-coadjutor n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1688 London Gaz. No. 2331/3 One of the King's Family shall succeed to the Bishoprick, as having been already designed by the Chapter for their Sub-Coadjutor.
1873 Eng. Mechanic & World of Sci. 30 May 275/1 Our editor some time ago expressed a wish that he could procure a sub-coadjutor for such a column as you suggest.
sub-commissar n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbkɒmᵻˌsɑː/
,
/ˈsʌbˌkɒmᵻsɑː/
,
/ˌsʌbkɒmᵻˈsɑː/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkɒmᵻsɑː/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkɑməˌsɑr/
,
/ˌsəbˈkɑməˌsɑr/
,
/ˌsəbˌkɑməˈsɑr/
ΚΠ
1921 Anniston (Alabama) Star 27 Jan. 1/7 Our sub-commissar took us over to a peasant's cottage where there was a number of women and children from the train.
1988 N. Levin Jews in Soviet Union since 1917 (1990) I. ix. 208 Very possibly more insecure than their Russian superiors, these Yiddish subcommissars ‘sometimes forced themselves to act against their own inner convictions and therefore with special venom’.
sub-commissary n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌkɒmᵻs(ə)ri/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkɒmᵻs(ə)ri/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkɑməˌsɛri/
,
/ˌsəbˈkɑməˌsɛri/
[compare post-classical Latin subcommissarius (1301 in a British source)] now historical
ΚΠ
1641 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1840) II. 418 His accompt of proveant intromettit with be him and utheris subcommissaris (as he affirmes), since the armye came in Engleand.
1691 A. Wood Athenæ Oxonienses I. 667 I find one Nicholaus Italus to be Sub-commissary of this University in Aug. 1534.
1790 J. Dornford tr. J. S. Pütter Hist. Devel. German Empire I. iv. v. 389 Such Indulgence-Commissaries, or rather Sub-commissaries, deputed again from them, travelled from one town to another, and from country to country.
1868 Fraser's Mag. Mar. 388/2 The personnel consisted of a general commissary, who received the rations from the inspector of the prison, and distributed them to the sub-commissaries, each of whom represented a mess.
1908 J. Conrad Duel ii. in Pall Mall Mag. Feb. 194/1 A sub-commissary of the Intendence, an agreeable and cultivated bachelor.
2004 K. M. Sweeney in K. W. Buckley Place called Paradise iv. 83 Four Williamses and two of their in-laws served as sub-commissaries.
subconservator n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbkənˌsəːvətə/
,
/ˌsʌbkənˈsəːvətə/
,
/ˈsʌbˌkɒnsəveɪtə/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkɒnsəveɪtə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbkənˌsərvədər/
,
/ˌsəbkənˈsərvədər/
[after post-classical Latin subconservator (from 14th cent. in British sources)] now historical
ΚΠ
1484–5 in L. Wright Sources London Eng. (1996) 186 To gyve informacion to the saide maire and conservatour of the saide watre or to his..subconservatour or deputie.
1657 J. Howell Londinopolis 15 Sir John Jolles Knight and Lord Mayor of the City of London..attended by the Recorder, and the Sub-conservator, or Water-bayly, with fifty Officers and servants.
1691 T. Hale Acct. New Inventions p. cv Sub-Conservators for the River of Thames.
1820 T. S. Hughes Trav. Sicily I. ii. 47 My first care..was to wait upon..D. Giuseppe Capodieci,..secretary and sub-conservator of the antiquities of the Val Demoni.
2007 R. Montoya tr. T. Lozano Cantemos al Alba iv. 142/1 From 1583 to 1588, he was subconservator at Huesca's university.
sub-consul n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌkɒnsl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkɒnsl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkɑns(ə)l/
,
/ˌsəbˈkɑns(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1635 T. Heywood Hierarchie Blessed Angells vi. 392 I with an hand-full Spaine did first inuade, A bare sub-Consull, to assist and aid My Brothers, in those Puny dayes.
1781 B. Franklin Let. 2 Sept. in Papers (1999) XXXV. 433 The Congress lately sent out a Consul General for France, with Power of Appointing Sub-Consuls in the different Ports.
1857 G. F. Train Amer. Merchant xxxi. 291 These sub-Consuls receive their appointments from the Consul General at Alexandria.
1999 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 12 June e5 Tara will no doubt be made commercial sub-consul in Nowhere, North Australia, any day now.
sub-curate n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌkjʊərət/
,
/ˈsʌbˌkjɔːrət/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkjʊərət/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkjɔːrət/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkjʊrət/
,
/ˌsəbˈkjʊrət/
now historical
ΚΠ
1601 R. Broughton Apologicall Epist. viii. 90 Chappels..many of them hauing their particular ministers, and diuerse richer Protestant parsons their subcurates.
1838 J. Pring 2nd Series Kingdom Serm. xvi. 393 The author has had the mortification to attend, as curate or sub-curate of a parish, in their last moments, those who would give a pinch of snuff for it.
2007 Bristol Evening Post (Nexis) 6 Feb. 46 Canon Rawnsley..who, while a young sub-curate, worked as a missionary in nearby St Paul's.
sub-curator n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbkjᵿˌreɪtə/
,
/ˌsʌbkjᵿˈreɪtə/
,
/ˈsʌbˌkjʊərətə/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkjʊərətə/
,
/ˈsʌbˌkjɔːrətə/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkjɔːrətə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbkjəˌreɪdər/
,
/ˌsəbkjəˈreɪdər/
,
/ˈsəbˌkjʊˌreɪdər/
,
/ˌsəbˈkjʊˌreɪdər/
ΚΠ
1710 T. Wise Faithful Stewards 1 What is meant by the word Stewards, I need not stand long to explain: in short it signifies Deputies or Subcurators of the several Affairs and Members of a Family.
1840 London & Edinb. Philos. Mag. 16 307 Considerable progress has been made in the arrangement of the Cabinets by our Sub-Curator, Mr. Woodward.
1933 Observer 9 Apr. 24/6 Let us give a warm welcome to the single—if rather fat—volume just brought out by the present sub-curator of Kew.
2007 D. Lowe Cover Up xiii. 128 Having slaved as an overworked and underpaid sub-curator at the Montreal City Museum for a while he had joined the van Dreesen gallery five years ago.
† sub-customer n. [compare customer n. 1] Obsolete
ΚΠ
1577 Kirkcudbright Town Council Rec. (1939) I. 55 The bailȝe ordanis Androw McBrome to pay to Johnne Craufurde subcustomar the fourt part of thre peks salt..for his custome.
1672 in J. A. Picton City of Liverpool: Select. Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 284 William Galley Sub-customer.
sub-director n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbdᵻˌrɛktə/
,
/ˈsʌbdʌɪˌrɛktə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbdəˌrɛktər/
,
/ˈsəbˌdaɪˌrɛktər/
ΚΠ
1620 King James VI & I Let. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1672) 497 We leave it to your discretion upon the place, when you have consulted with the Princes of the Union in general, or with their Subdirector for the time, whither you may best direct your self.
1737 Chamberlayne's Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (ed. 33) ii. 117 Sub-director [of Ordnance].
1896 H. V. Hilprecht Recent Res. Bible Lands 87 Halil Bey, sub-director of the Museum in Constantinople.
2008 C. Perez Caring for Them from Birth to Death iii. 88 The polyclinic has an overall director and sub-directors of each department and preventive program.
sub-druid n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌdruːɪd/
,
/ˌsʌbˈdruːɪd/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌdruəd/
,
/ˌsəbˈdruəd/
ΚΠ
1786 J. C. Walker Hist. Mem. Irish Bards 83 This office was performed by the Sub-Druids.
2009 R. Hutton Blood & Mistletoe v. 131 Archdruid and Sub-Druid wore ribbons round their necks, the Sub-Druid carried a wand, and the other officers had ribbons in their buttonholes.
sub-engineer n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbɛn(d)ʒᵻˌnɪə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɛndʒəˌnɪ(ə)r/
ΚΠ
1708 J. Chamberlayne Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (ed. 22) ii. ii. 633 The Office of Her Majesty's Ordnance... Six Engineers... Four Sub-Engineers.
1766 J. Entick Surv. London in New Hist. London IV. 341 11 sub-engineers, and 16 practitioners.
1899 Mem. Geol. Surv. India 25 12 The Sub-Engineer's house was built in 1883-84.
2000 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 21 Apr. 1 Last month, a job listing for a subengineer in Peshawar got 7,000 responses.
sub-escheator n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbᵻsˌtʃiːtə/
,
/ˌsʌbᵻsˈtʃiːtə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbəsˌtʃidər/
,
/ˈsəbəʃˌtʃidər/
,
/ˌsəbəsˈtʃidər/
,
/ˌsəbəʃˈtʃidər/
[after post-classical Latin subescaetor (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources); compare Anglo-Norman suz-eschetur (end of the 13th cent.)] historical in later use
ΚΠ
?1538 A. Fitzherbert Offices of Sheryffes sig. E.vi None shalbe subeschetour [1579 subescheator], onles he haue suffycient landes in those places where he is officer to aunswere to the king.
1671 F. Philipps Regale Necessarium 522 By fraud and collusion betwixt him and the said Sub-Escheator.
1888 Law Q. Rev. July 340 By the commencement of the reign of Edward I, we find but two Escheators in England,..though sub-escheators were also employed.
2005 M. Morris Bigod Earls of Norfolk iii. 77 The worst offender, Robert Ster, stood accused of..ejecting the king's sub-escheator from the manor of Fishley.
sub-executor n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbᵻɡˌzɛkjᵿtə/
,
/ˈsʌbᵻkˌsɛkjᵿtə/
,
/ˌsʌbᵻɡˈzɛkjᵿtə/
,
/ˌsʌbᵻkˈsɛkjᵿtə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbɪɡˌzɛkjədər/
,
/ˈsəbɛɡˌzɛkjədər/
,
/ˌsəbɪɡˈzɛkjədər/
,
/ˌsəbɛɡˈzɛkjədər/
[after post-classical Latin subexecutor (frequently from 14th cent. in British sources)] now historical and rare
ΚΠ
1712 T. Bray Papal Usurpation & Persecution vii. iii. 139 We excommunicate and anathematize all and every the Magistrates and Judges, Notaries, Scribes, Executors, Sub-executors..intruding themselves on criminal Causes.
1821 London Mag. Dec. 616/1 The principal executor of this will was Mr. Mayor himself: the sub-executors were the rest of the town-council.
2010 B. Boute Acad. Interests & Catholic Confessionalisation iii. 200 The identities of these subexecutors may open interesting perspectives on the microstoria of clerical careers and their related networks.
† sub-ferryman n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1809 W. Taylor in J. W. Robberds Mem. W. Taylor (1843) II. 277 Charon and his subferrymen.
sub-foreman n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌfɔːmən/
,
/ˌsʌbˈfɔːmən/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌfɔrmən/
,
/ˌsəbˈfɔrmən/
ΚΠ
1800 Charter City of Albany & Laws & Ordinances 102 If any Axeman shall refuse or neglect to fulfil the directions of the Foreman, or Sub-Foremen, he shall forfeit for each offence two dollars and fifty cents.
1883 Harper's Mag. Jan. 206/2 These Maine men are likely to become foremen, or sub-foremen.
1920 N. W. Shefferman Employment Methods xii. 163 Suppose each head foreman has under him a group of subforemen.
2010 D. Fesperman Layover in Dubai 161 Charbak, some sort of sub-foreman, wordlessly led the way into the narrow mud courtyard.
sub-governess n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌɡʌvn̩ᵻs/
,
/ˈsʌbˌɡʌvn̩ɛs/
,
/ˌsʌbˈɡʌvn̩ᵻs/
,
/ˌsʌbˈɡʌvn̩ɛs/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɡəvərnəs/
,
/ˌsəbˈɡəvərnəs/
now historical
ΚΠ
1687 R. Wolley tr. N. Besongne Present State France (new ed.) i. xxxi. 280 The Governess or Sub-Governess of the other Maids of Honour.
1774 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1862) 2nd Ser. II. 70 Miss Goldsworthy is made sub-governess to the young Royals at St. James's.
1838 E. Leslie Althea Vernon 212 To each of the poor teachers or sub-governesses, she privately gave some little remembrance.
1999 J. Pearson Women's Reading in Brit., 1750–1835 vi. 181 Ann Hayman, in 1797 appointed sub-governess to Princess Charlotte.
sub-headwaiter n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌhɛdweɪtə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌhɛdˌweɪdər/
ΚΠ
1876 E. Jenkins Blot on Queen's Head 4 The head waiter, and a lot of sub-head-waiters.
2006 J. Child & A. Prud'homme My Life in France (2009) ii. 109 The service—provided by a headwaiter, two sub-headwaiters, two waiters, and a busboy for each table—was faultless.
sub-inspector n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbɪnˌspɛktə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbᵻnˌspɛktər/
ΚΠ
1778 G. Washington Circular 19 Mar. in Papers (2004) Revolutionary War Ser. XIV. 223 In order to form a well organised Body of Instructors it is proposed to have Sub-Inspectors to superintend divisions.
1864 G. O. Trevelyan Lett. from Competition Wallah viii, in Macmillan's Mag. Jan. 209/1 The sub-inspector of police.
2006 A. Sucitto & N. Scott Rude Awakenings xiii. 248 The sub-inspector called out loudly to them in Hindi.
† sub-intercessor n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1673 R. Baxter Christian Directory iii. 857 Though it be true that Ministers yet are sub-intercessours under Christ our high Priest, yet they are rarely called Priests.
1851 R. F. Burton Sindh xii. 325 The Pirs and holy men are revered as sub-intercessors.
sub-king n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbkɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkɪŋ/
ΚΠ
1659 T. Palmer Little View of Old World 49 Hoshea subjected to him, and paid him tribute as a sub-King.
1823 ‘G. Smith’ Not Paul, but Jesus 46 The Sub-king of the Jews, Agrippa.
1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton Harold I. iii. iii. 185 The lesser sub-kings of Wales.
2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 20 Aug. 3/2 A number of heavy chains made of pairs of solid silver links are perhaps best seen as regalia for the many regional sub-kings who owed allegiance to the high king.
sub-librarian n.
Brit. /ˈsʌblʌɪˌbrɛːrɪən/
,
/ˌsʌblʌɪˈbrɛːrɪən/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌlaɪˌbrɛriən/
,
/ˌsəbˌlaɪˈbrɛriən/
ΚΠ
1671 J. Glanvill Præfatory Answer to Stubbe Pref. sig. A7 He was for some years Sub-librarian at Oxford, and so by his imployment was chained among the Books.
1722 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1906) VII. 385 The Fees being..1s. to the Head Librarian, 3s. 6d. to the Sublibrarian, & 1s. 6d. to the Janitor.
1803 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) I. 134 The sub-librarian is an intelligent man.
1998 I. R. Netton Middle East Sources 59 Members of other academic institutions wishing to use the Library should first contact the Sub-Librarian.
† sub-maid n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1734 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1861) I. 433 In what character is Miss Beal to go with the Orange family? A sub-maid, I guess.
sub-manager n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌmanᵻdʒə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌmænɪdʒər/
ΚΠ
1750 W. Henry Full Acct. Apparition H. Harrington 9 He spent his Time with the Sub Manager, Under-Actors, and Prompter of your Stage.
1880 B. H. Buxton Great Grenfell Gardens xxxi. 373 He was then in a responsible position, as sub-manager in a provincial bank.
2006 P. Carras in S. Jaffer Multi-manager Funds xv. 115 Will different sets of fund reports be made available to the manager and the sub-managers?
sub-mediator n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌmiːdɪeɪtə/
,
/ˌsʌbˈmiːdɪeɪtə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌmidiˌeɪdər/
,
/ˌsəbˈmidiˌeɪdər/
[compare post-classical Latin submediator (1542)]
ΚΠ
1644 S. Rutherford Lex, Rex xlii. 424 Because Kings hold their Crownes of Christ, as Mediator and Redeemer, it followeth by as good consequence, Kings are submediators and under-Priests.
a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. ii. 151 In order to gain favour with these inferior ministers or sub-mediators.
1976 R. Fly Shakespeare's Mediated World (1977) iii. 60 The play's happy ending depends entirely on the finely coordinated actions of the Duke and his sub-mediators.
sub-overseer n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌəʊvəsɪə/
,
/ˌsʌbˈəʊvəsɪə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌoʊvəˌsɪ(ə)r/
,
/ˌsəbˈoʊvərˌsɪ(ə)r/
ΚΠ
1673 R. Baxter Let. in Answer to Mr. Dodwell 82 Doth it follow that your Church Monarch can over-see them all himself without any sub-overseers?
1765 J. Witherspoon Hist. Corporation of Servants iii. 21 They added suboverseers, and several other officers for their assistance.
1891 Amer. Bookmaker Aug. 40/1 This branch has a sub-overseer, an assistant, a clerk and thirty-four compositors.
1992 F. Haug Beyond Female Masochism v. 62 I have sneaked in, disguised as a sub-overseer.
sub-pastor n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌpɑːstə/
,
/ˈsʌbˌpastə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌpæstər/
ΚΠ
1685 R. Baxter Paraphr. New Test. John x. 3 To the Messiah God will open the door, and to Sub-Pastors, they that by office are door-keepers to the Church, must open it.
1700 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1909) 7 69 The Pastor Tegers, and sub Pastor of St. Amand.
2005 K. Cracknell & S. J. White Introd. World Methodism iii. 59 The class leader came to be regarded primarily as a sub-pastor and local preachers rarely preached even locally.
sub-patron n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌpeɪtrən/
,
/ˌsʌbˈpeɪtrən/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌpeɪtrən/
,
/ˌsəbˈpeɪtrən/
ΚΠ
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 210 The Patron..made a solemne Oration to the sub-Patron and the Marriners.
2007 H. M. Federspiel Sultans, Shamans, & Saints iv. 197 The chief patron received the most lucrative post..while other supporters and subpatrons were given correspondingly lesser positions of prestige and importance.
sub-postmaster n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌpəʊs(t)mɑːstə/
,
/ˌsʌbˈpəʊs(t)mɑːstə/
,
/ˈsʌbˌpəʊs(t)mastə/
,
/ˌsʌbˈpəʊs(t)mastə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌpoʊs(t)ˌmæstər/
,
/ˌsəbˈpoʊs(t)ˌmæstər/
ΚΠ
1671 E. Chamberlayne Angliæ Notitia (ed. 5) ii. 228 Upon this Grand Office depends One hundred eighty two Deputy Post-Masters..and Sub Post-Masters in their Branches.
1896 Hansard's Parl. Deb. 4th Ser. 18 Feb. 546/2 A number of messengers..employed by Sub-Postmasters.
2004 Independent 6 Nov. 50/3 My stepfather the sub-postmaster..allowed villagers pleading poverty to get their stamps on tick.
sub-postmistress n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌpəʊs(t)mɪstrᵻs/
,
/ˌsʌbˈpəʊs(t)mɪstrᵻs/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌpoʊs(t)ˌmɪstrᵻs/
,
/ˌsəbˈpoʊs(t)ˌmɪstrᵻs/
ΚΠ
1854 Post Office Directory Berks., Northants., & Oxfordshire 413 Miss Rebecca Bonsor, sub-postmistress.
1946 Irish Times 11 Nov. 6/7 A fidelity bond to safeguard sub-postmasters and sub-postmistresses from shortages of post office accounts due to the incompetency or dishonesty of assistants.
2005 B. Pilton Valley xvi. 157 In neat, cramped rows sat the farmers, the farmers' wives, the vet.., the turkey breeder, the sub-postmistress, and a goodly sample of the agro-bourgeoisie.
sub-proctor n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌprɒktə/
,
/ˌsʌbˈprɒktə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌprɑktər/
,
/ˌsəbˈprɑktər/
[compare classical Latin subprōcūrātor] now historical
ΚΠ
1721 N. Amhurst Terræ-filius No. 22. 112 Mr. Holt of Maudlin college, sub-proctor at that time.
1906 S. Reed Royal Tour in India xxx. 420 These boarding-houses are divided into blocks, each in charge of a Sub-Proctor.
1998 K. R. Johnson Hidden Wordsworth v. 98 Such establishments [at Cambridge] were subject to arbitrary search and arrest by the proctors and sub-proctors who patrolled the streets every night.
subregent n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌriːdʒ(ə)nt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈriːdʒ(ə)nt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌridʒ(ə)nt/
,
/ˌsəbˈridʒ(ə)nt/
[probably after post-classical Latin subregent-, subregens (a1564)]
ΚΠ
1605 Answer Supposed Discov. Romish Doctr. 20 They..openly moued the greatest Subregents in England to take armes against her.
a1711 T. Ken Preparatives for Death in Wks. (1721) IV. 13 Neglect to thy Sub-regent's Throne Affronts thy own.
1999 E. Haydon Rhapsody liv. 568 He swept his subregents aside and strode out of the room with the Knight Marshal.
sub-sacrist n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌseɪkrɪst/
,
/ˌsʌbˈseɪkrɪst/
,
/ˈsʌbˌsakrɪst/
,
/ˌsʌbˈsakrɪst/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌseɪkrəst/
,
/ˌsəbˈseɪkrəst/
,
/ˈsəbˌsækrəst/
,
/ˌsəbˈsækrəst/
[after post-classical Latin subsacrista (from 12th cent. in British sources)] now historical
ΚΠ
1640 W. Somner Antiq. Canterbury 204 Like as the Prior, for the same reason had his Sub-Prior, or Prior claustri; the Sacrist or Sexten, for the like cause his Sub-sacrista.]
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. vi. 286 Let such be consulted with, who have written large Volumes on this subject, who will also inform them of the Dignities and Duties of the Praecentor, Sacrist, Sub-sacrist, Capellane, Ostiarie, Vestiarie, Ceroferarie, &c. belonging thereunto.
1860 W. L. Collins Luck of Ladysmede x. 215 It was the subsacrist approaching in the discharge of some of his duties.
1990 M. Bonney Lordship & Urban Community (2005) App. 280 The sub-sacrist, the understudy for the sacrist, who helped him with his considerable duties.
sub-sacristan n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌsakrᵻst(ə)n/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsækrəstən/
now historical
ΚΠ
1833 Trial Charles Pinney 331 Mr. Phillips, the sub-sacristan of the cathedral, laid hold of a man with an umbrella.
1904 F. Rolfe Hadrian VII iv. 99 Subsacristans set-up iron candle-sticks..here and there upon the marmoreal pavement.
2007 B. Collett in J. M. Luxford Art & Archit. Eng. Benedictine Monasteries, 1300–1540 160 The sub-sacristan Anne Harvey..accused Emma Powes of sexual incontinence.
sub-searcher n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌsəːtʃə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsərtʃər/
[compare searcher n. 2b] now historical and rare
ΚΠ
1642 in W. H. Black Docquets Lett. Patent at Oxf. (1837) 326 The Office of Subsearcher wth: in the Porte of London.
1907 E. C. H. Smyth Sir Rowland Hill ii. 71 Dockwra was a sub-searcher at the Custom-House.
subsecretary n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌsɛktrᵻt(ə)ri/
,
/ˈsʌbˌsɛktrᵻtɛri/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsɛkrəˌtɛri/
[compare post-classical Latin subsecretarius (9th cent.; 13th cent. in a British source)]
ΚΠ
a1637 B. Jonson Magnetick Lady Dram. Pers., in Wks. (1640) III Mr. Bias, A Vi-politique, or Sub-secretary.
1775 Remembrancer 1 54/2 The whole was culled out of a variety of letters by two secretaries, their sub-secretaries, and office clerks.
1826 W. Scott Jrnl. 16 Nov. (1939) 277 Five Cabinet Ministers..with sub-secretaries by the bushell.
1997 J. W. Sherman Mexican Right v. 77 The three key positions in the War Department—secretary, subsecretary, and inspector general—were crucial to controlling the army.
sub-sorter n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌsɔːtə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsɔrdər/
now historical
ΚΠ
1707 Exact Lists Officers 67 in Present State Great Brit. Penny-Post-Offices and Officers... Mr Peter Hall Sorter, Mr William Gladwel Subsorter.
1856 Friend 16 Feb. 178/3 There are 739 clerks, stampers, sorters, and sub-sorters engaged in the reception, delivery, and despatch of the mails.
2004 H. Shpayer-Makov in C. Emsley et al. Social Control in Europe II. ii. 79 Letter carriers, sorters, subsorters, stampers, messengers, porters, and laborers in some departments were required to fill out a form providing information about their families.
sub-substitute n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsʌbstᵻtjuːt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈsʌbstᵻtʃuːt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsəbstəˌt(j)ut/
ΚΠ
1751 F. Hawling Misc. Orig. Poems Var. Subj. 711 With Homilies, and Balmy Creeds, and Usuals specially are given, To sub sub Substitutes of Heaven.
1788 T. Holcroft tr. Life Baron Trenck II. 242 The substitute of Kempf was Frauenberger, who..appointed one Krebs as a sub-substitute.
1818 J. Bentham Church-of-Englandism Introd. 17 Another body of divinity..to co-operate with the Catechism, and act under it, in the character of a sub-substitute to every thing that came from Jesus.
1990 M. Durey With Hammer of Truth i. 11 A substitute who..still delegated most of his duties to a sub-substitute (in effect a chief clerk).
sub-tutor n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌtjuːtə/
,
/ˈsʌbˌtʃuːtə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌt(j)udər/
now historical
ΚΠ
1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus iii. 49 This was Vlpian, neither he that was a Sub-Tutor to Alexander,..nor that other.
1683 in S. Clarke Lives Sundry Eminent Persons i. 156 That part which was to be acted by the Sub-tutour..was that of Surda, an old woman.
1744 T. Birch Life R. Boyle 69 Mr. Tallents..had been..sub-tutor to several sons of the earl of Suffolk.
1880 J. G. Austin Mrs. Beauchamp Brown ii. 17 Just as quiet and gentlemanly and patient, as a sub-tutor.
1999 P. Gordon & D. Lawton Royal Educ. iv. 104 The boys were to be woken at 7 a.m., to read mathematics with a sub-tutor from 8 to 9.
sub-vicar n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌvɪkə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌvɪkər/
[compare post-classical Latin subvicarius (9th cent.)] now historical
ΚΠ
1665 M. Stevenson Poems 158 Methinks Your Doctrine smells too much of leven, To interdict Marriage design'd in Heaven; You would be Christ's subvicar sure!
1715 tr. U. Cerri Acct. State Roman-Catholick Relig. 137 They have only a Priest there, with the Title of Sub-Vicar.
1844 J. T. J. Hewlett Parsons & Widows I. xi. 238 The poor perpetual-curate, or sub-vicar.
1985 L. L. Otis Prostitution in Medieval Europe v. 84 The brothel was protected by the sub-vicar during the day.
sub-viceroy n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌvʌɪsrɔɪ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌvaɪsˌrɔɪ/
now rare
ΚΠ
1602 W. Watson Decacordon Ten Quodlibeticall Questions 105 Maister George Blackwell the new Archpriest of England: nay, the Sub-uiceroy rather of all the Isles of Albion.
1804 J. Barrow Trav. China vii. 374 The sub-viceroy sent in the following report to the supreme tribunal.
1911 B. Willson Nova Scotia xvi. 224 I have no doubt that many sub-viceroys of Canada are men of character and shrewdness.
(b) Forming derived nouns denoting the office or function of such a person, or the performance of such an office.
sub-administration n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbədmɪnᵻˌstreɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbədˌmɪnəˈstreɪʃ(ə)n/
rare
ΚΠ
1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 193. ⁋3 The Sub-Administration of Stage Affairs.
1826 Eclectic Rev. Mar. 250 The sub-administration of interested and reckless men, will in time wear out the most devoted allegiance.
† sub-commissaryship n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1748 in J. H. Temple & G. Sheldon Hist. Northfield, Mass. (1875) 273 I will..throw up my sub-commissaryship.
sub-curatorship n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbkjᵿˌreɪtəʃɪp/
,
/ˌsʌbkjᵿˈreɪtəʃɪp/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbkjəˌreɪdərˌʃɪp/
,
/ˌsəbkjəˈreɪdərˌʃɪp/
,
/ˈsəbˌkjʊˌreɪdərˌʃɪp/
,
/ˌsəbˈkjʊˌreɪdərˌʃɪp/
now rare
ΚΠ
1844 Leeds Mercury 13 Jan. 5/4 The Curatorship and sub-Curatorship shall be filled by the two Societies conjointly.
1937 Bull. Misc. Information (Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew) No. 2 121 In 1902 he was appointed to a post at the Leicester Museum and was employed there..till he resigned the Sub-Curatorship in 1922.
sub-inspectorship n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbɪnˌspɛktəʃɪp/
,
/ˌsʌbɪnˈspɛktəʃɪp/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbᵻnˌspɛktərˌʃɪp/
,
/ˌsəbᵻnˈspɛktərˌʃɪp/
ΚΠ
1832 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 8 Mar. 3/1 Robert Blake Esq...has been appointed to the sub-inspectorship of the County Clare constabulary.
1884 Cent. Mag. 28 134 One sub-inspectorship of factories.
2003 H. J. Sharkey Living with Colonialism iv. 87 Sub-inspectorships did not open floodgates of opportunity for the educated Northern Sudanese because the number of positions remained so small.
sub-mediation n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbmiːdɪˌeɪʃn/
,
/ˌsʌbmiːdɪˈeɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌmidiˌeɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˌsəbˌmidiˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1839 J. Rogers Antipopopriestian x. §3. 253 We read nothing in Holy Scripture about the submediation or the under-mediators.
2007 A. Nichols Divine Fruitfulness iv. 106 His opposition to any creaturely sub-mediation of grace shows an insufficient confidence in the divine gifts.
sub-postmastership n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌpəʊs(t)mɑːstəʃɪp/
,
/ˌsʌbˈpəʊs(t)mɑːstəʃɪp/
,
/ˈsʌbˌpəʊs(t)mastəʃɪp/
,
/ˌsʌbˈpəʊs(t)mastəʃɪp/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌpoʊs(t)ˌmæstərˌʃɪp/
,
/ˌsəbˈpoʊs(t)ˌmæstərˌʃɪp/
ΚΠ
1864 Papers relating to Convent Schools (Ireland) 16 in Parl. Papers XLVI. 1 We have not taken into account any other source of income or emolument, such as evening schools, tuitions, sub-postmasterships,..&c.
1986 Sunday Times (Nexis) 3 Aug. Further information on sub-postmasterships from the National Federation of Sub-Postmasters, Evelyn House.
† sub-proctorship n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1591 in Acts Privy Council (1900) XXI. 105 The fee of the Subproctorship for one whole yeare.
† sub-vicarship n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1702 J. Kersey New Eng. Dict. A Sub-Vicar, or under-vicar. A Sub-vicarship. [Also in later dictionaries.]
(c) Forming derived adjectives with the sense ‘of or relating to such a person or office’, as sub-consular, subsecretarial, etc.
ΚΠ
1844 J. Haydn Dict. Dates (ed. 2) 123 The 1st condition relates to pilotage..12th, to sub-consular officers over seamen.
1888 H. H. Bancroft et al. Hist. Mexico VI. x. 226 He adds something about sub-secretarial changes.
1988 H. Walton When Marching Stopped ii. 40 What about turnover and vacancies at the subsecretarial level?
1997 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 18 Jan. 16 The emerging sub-managerial and professional classes.
c. In adjectival relation to nouns (and derived adjectives), designating a division or subdivision of the second element into a component part, section, or branch.
(a) Prefixed to concrete nouns.
(i)
† subareolet n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1852 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Crustacea Pt. I 192 From each lateral segment a small subareolet is separated anteriorly.
sub-chancel n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌtʃɑːnsl/
,
/ˈsʌbˌtʃansl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌtʃæns(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1875 R. R. Brash Eccl. Archit. Ireland 92 The chancel has a deep recess or sub-chancel at the east end.
1901 W. C. Jerrold Surrey 288 There is a double piscina on the S. of the main chancel and a single one in the S. sub-chancel.
subindividual n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbɪndᵻˌvɪdʒʊəl/
,
/ˈsʌbɪndᵻˌvɪdʒ(ᵿ)l/
,
/ˈsʌbɪndᵻˌvɪdjʊəl/
,
/ˈsʌbɪndᵻˌvɪdjᵿl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɪndəˌvɪdʒ(ə)wəl/
,
/ˈsəbˌɪndəˌvɪdʒ(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1641 J. Milton Animadversions 43 An individuall cannot branch it selfe into subindividuals.
1876 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 112 152 Each individual [crystal] is gradually built up of minute sub-individuals.
1922 J. A. Leighton Man & Cosmos xxii. 290 A living cell is a subindividual and the whole organism a community of subindividuals.
2005 T. R. Flynn Sartre, Foucault, & Hist. Reason 358 Foucault's model of a multiplicity is the large animal composed of smaller organisms—subindividuals.
sub-vein n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbveɪn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌveɪn/
ΚΠ
1839 Farmers' Reg. 30 Apr. 207/1 Where the parenchyma, is only sufficient to form a covering for the veins and sub-veins, we have the multifid..form of the leaf; as in the ranunculus fluviatalis.
1855 J. R. Leifchild Cornwall: Mines & Miners 89 Divided lengthwise into other sub-veins.
1904 Sat. Rev. 24 Sept. 392/1 The Breton woodlanders were still clad in sheepskins; though they took their pleasures somewhat lugubriously, there was a subvein of joviality.
1989 Jrnl. Struct. Geol. 11 639/2 Seams divide major veins into subareas that may be described as sub-veins.
2003 Forest Ecol. & Managem. 179 379/1 A piece of leaf about 0.5 cm2 in area was excised from the middle of the leaf close to the central vein and between two sub-veins.
(ii)
subcavity n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌkavᵻti/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkævədi/
a subdivision of a cavity; a cavity adjoining a larger cavity.
ΚΠ
1840 Western Jrnl. Med. & Surg. Aug. 120 The measurement of the internal capacity of the skull, both as a whole, and as divided into its several regions, in the character of sub-cavities or chambers.
1947 A. O. R. Johnson & J. L. Daniels in P. I. Smith Pract. Plastics xiv. 193/1 For very shallow flash-type moulds a sub-cavity may be provided to form a loading chamber, in which case a number of cavities may be fed from this sub-cavity.
2004 Jrnl. Mammal. 85 798/2 Internally, the middle ear cavity..is incompletely divided into a dozen or so subcavities by large, prominent septa.
subfolium n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈfəʊlɪəm/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈfoʊliəm/
Anatomy a subdivision of any of the narrow, leaf-like gyri (folia) of the cerebellum.
ΚΠ
1889 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 127 The exact number and form of the cerebellar folia and subfolia at birth.
1972 R. G. Pearson Avian Brain 246 In Struthio there are well-marked fissures and almost all of the primary folia are sub-divided into secondary and tertiary sub-folia.
2003 Developmental Brain Res. 140 226/2 In the uvula, the majority of the fibers project to the subfolium D.
subgrain n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbɡreɪn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɡreɪn/
Materials Science a part of a grain (grain n.1 7e) having an orientation differing slightly from that of adjacent portions of the same grain.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > other specific kinds of texture > [noun] > grain of wood, stone, or metal > small, within another grain
subgrain1913
1913 O. W. Storey Microsc. Study Electrolytic Iron (Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin) 12 These sub-grains will be called ‘inner grains’ in this thesis.
1955 Philos. Mag. 46 1343 Recent work..has shown that many of the dislocations left inside a metal after deformation are arranged along surfaces forming low angle boundaries between neighbouring regions of crystal, these latter being called subgrains, cells, or particles.
1975 Nature 10 Apr. 489/1 Granular xenoliths..show various strain effects, including undulose extinction.., slip-planes, and subgrain development.
2009 B. D. Cullity & C. D. Graham Introd. Magn. Materials (ed. 2) x. 353 The C regions have been tentatively identified with the subgrains which form within each plastically deformed grain, and the T regions with the subgrain boundaries.
subpeduncle n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbpᵻˌdʌŋkl/
,
/ˌsʌbpᵻˈdʌŋkl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌpiˌdəŋk(ə)l/
,
/ˌsəbˈpiˌdəŋk(ə)l/
,
/ˌsəbpiˈdəŋk(ə)l/
Botany (now rare) a subdivision of the main stem of an inflorescence; a pedicel.
ΚΠ
1842 Amer. Jrnl. Pharmacy 14 119 The peduncles..are hairy, jointed, and support at the joints small leaffy [sic] villous bracts..and several flowers, on short sub-peduncles.
1880 C. Darwin & F. Darwin Power of Movement in Plants 223 The peduncle..bears three or four sub~peduncles.
1941 Jrnl. Bot., Brit. & Foreign 79 (Suppl.) 72 The inflorescence is..narrow with many bare portions on the rhachis between the subpeduncles.
(b) Prefixed to nouns denoting a type, group, or class, esp. of animals or plants, as sub-breed n., subgenus n., subphylum n., subspecies n. See also subclass n., subgroup n. 1, subkind n., etc.
subfauna n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌfɔːnə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌfɔnə/
,
/ˈsəbˌfɑnə/
Zoology the fauna of a biogeographical subregion; (also) a division of the fauna of a locality or period.
ΚΠ
1859 A. R. Wallace Let. Mar. in Ibis (1859) 1 453 Remnants of a vast Pacific continent..broken and separated at a more distant period, as shown by the fewer species common to the several islands, and the number of distinct sub-faunas into which the region is divided.
1877 J. Le Conte Elements Geol. (1879) 160 The fauna and flora of the United States are divided..into three sub-faunæ and sub-floræ.
1952 Wilson Bull. 64 123 Each of these groups contains subfaunas which occupy different areas within the state.
2003 Palynology 27 256/2 This species is one element of a generally unrecognized subfauna of small planispiral forms.
sub-race n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbreɪs/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌreɪs/
a division of a race of people or animals.
ΚΠ
1829 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom VIII. 216 We shall now notice a few of the varieties, or sub-races, of the domestic cock.
1920 W. McDougall Group Mind vii. 171 The Irish have never undergone that intimate mixture and blending with the Anglo-Saxon stock which has produced the English subrace.
2008 D. B. Paul in C. H. Smith & G. Beccaloni Nat. Select. & Beyond xiv. 267 To Galton, it was obvious that the ancient Greeks, and especially the sub-race of Athenians, were the ablest people in history.
substrain n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbstreɪn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌstreɪn/
Biology a strain of an animal, plant, microorganism, cell line, etc., which is derived from another strain; a subdivision of a strain.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [noun] > descent from common ancestor
substrain1879
homophyly1883
monophyletism1913
monophyly1929
monophylesis1947
1879 W. S. Blunt in A. Blunt Bedouin Tribes Euphrates xxviii. 440 All breeds except the last six have at least one substrain..and these substrains only are used in choosing sires.
1913 Lancet 9 Aug. 417/2 Four of these carcinomatous substrains have been kept growing.
1957 Times 29 July 16/3 The laboratory tests have shown that this is a hitherto unknown strain of Virus ‘A’ influenza, of which there are various sub-strains known already.
2008 W. R. Clark Bracing for Armageddon ii. 34 There are numerous genetic substrains of anthrax, and these can be identified by their individual DNA fingerprints.
(c) With reference to a body, group, or assembly of people.
(i) Prefixed to nouns denoting such a grouping.Sometimes also with the implication of being subsidiary, secondary, or inferior, as in sense 2a.
sub-brigade n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbbrᵻˌɡeɪd/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbbrəˌɡeɪd/
ΚΠ
1838 Message from President 227 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (25th Congr., 3rd Sess.: Senate Doc. 1) I Under this order I proceeded to organize two brigades for the survey,..and a sub-brigade for the astronomical observations required to be made.
2002 R. Gunaratna Inside Al Qaeda 175 To secure Al Qaeda's assistance in their fight for an independent Islamic state, it established a special Moro sub-brigade in Afghanistan.
subcabinet n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌkabɪnᵻt/
,
/ˈsʌbˌkabn̩ᵻt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkæb(ə)nət/
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > council of state > [noun] > cabinet > types of
kitchen cabinet1832
camarilla1839
subcabinet1880
inner Cabinet (or cabinet)1900
1880 E. Herries Mem. J. C. Herries II. vii. 79 Mr. Herries, like other members of the Cabinet not admitted into the Whig sub-Cabinet, was in total ignorance of what was going on.
1974 P. Gore-Booth With Great Truth & Respect 389 The process of an important and difficult decision is remarkable... It passes through a hierarchy or a sort of sub-cabinet or both.
2002 U.S. News & World Rep. 21 Jan. 20/1 At the vitally important second level of the administration, where many policies are hammered out—the subcabinet—the corporate connections are particularly apparent.
sub-caste n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbkɑːst/
,
/ˈsʌbkast/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkæst/
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social class > [noun] > distinction of class > level or grade > group or caste within a caste
sub-caste1800
1800 Periodical Acct. Baptist Missionary Soc. I. 414 There are now only two of the original Casts remaining, namely, the first and the last: but there are many sub-casts.
1911 J. F. Goucher Growth of Missionary Concept v. 191 Even the pariahs and outcasts have subcastes among themselves.
2002 T. Richardson Sweets xi. 340 There are four halwai castes and eight sub-castes.
subclan n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbklan/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌklæn/
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinship group > clan > [noun] > sub-clan
subclan1856
1856 D. M. Peter Baronage Angus & Mearns 133 The sub-Clan Gillies is descended from ‘Gillies or Elias’ Macpherson.
1954 E. A. Hoebel Law of Primitive Man viii. 193 Every village, which belongs to a subclan, has its headman.
2009 G. Petersen Trad. Micronesian Societies iv. 81 Subclans tend to be localized branches of clans.
sub-conference n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌkɒnf(ə)rəns/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkɑnf(ə)rəns/
ΚΠ
1844 United Secession Mag. June 318 Some sub-conferences in various parts of the country, and a second general conference in Edinburgh had been held.
1894 Educ. Rev. 7 278 Every one of the sub-conferences claims for its group of subjects an educational value equal to that of every other.
1997 M. Ostwald in P. Droege Intelligent Environments 472 As larger conferences grew, sub-conferences formed on specialized areas.
subcouncil n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌkaʊnsl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌkaʊns(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1788 D. O'Bryen Prospect before Us iii. 22 A Council of sixteen persons co-ordinate in power, possessing all the royal authority; a Sub-council of twelve more added to this sixteen.
1860 J. Wortabet Res. into Relig. of Syria 401 The sub-council consists of five members.
1918 M. C. Gabrielian Armenia 144 The political or civil council is the civil authority, and has four sub-councils or committees under its supervision.
2005 D. Flamming Bound for Freedom iv. 131 The men who led the Los Angeles subcouncil were mostly blue-collar workers and shoestring entrepreneurs.
subflight n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbflʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌflaɪt/
[compare flight n.1 1h]
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > hostilities in the air > air force > [noun] > unit
air squadron1904
squadron1912
flight1914
sqn1914
squadrilla1914
subflight1939
1939 Times 10 Aug. 7/3 The fighters had formed up in sub-flights of three.
2001 J. F. Turner Fight for Sea viii. 67 They flew in, arranged as two subflights of three aircraft each, flying in echelon.
sub-parliament n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈpɑːlᵻmənt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpɑrləmənt/
ΚΠ
1844 Times 14 Nov. 4/1 A grave and elaborate scheme for resolving the united kingdom into its component parts, with a view to reorganize thereupon an unwieldy and complicated machinery of Parliaments and sub-Parliaments.
1915 A. J. Toynbee Nationality & War viii. 323 This homogenous national state will finally achieve devolution, not through..unsymmetrical, nationalistic sub-parliaments, but through strongly developed county councils.
2007 C. Turpin & A. Tomkins Brit. Govt. & Constit. iv. 202 A Scottish Grand Committee..resembled a sub-Parliament for Scotland within the House.
subphratry n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌfreɪtri/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌfreɪtri/
ΚΠ
1887 J. G. Frazer Totemism 65 Oftener still there are sub-phratries interposed between the phratry and the clans.
2007 V. Lambert Choctaw Nation 26 The tribe also permitted their phratries, then their subphratry iksas to dissolve.
sub-professoriate n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbprɒfᵻˈsɔːrɪət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌprɑfəˈsɔriət/
,
/ˌsəbˌproʊfəˈsɔriət/
ΚΠ
1864 Westm. Rev. Apr. 179/1 He would create a sub-professoriate of able men, who..would select the University..as their sphere for life.
2009 R. E. Goodin in M. Flinders et al. Oxf. Handbk. Brit. Politics 43 The professionalized subprofessoriate who formed the Editorial Board of the British Journal of Political Science.
subproletariat n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbprəʊlᵻˈtɛːrɪət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌproʊləˈtɛriət/
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > the lowest class > [noun]
laga1616
raff1673
Panchama Bandham1800
lower working class1824
proletariat1852
mudsill1858
netherworld1889
underworld1899
subproletariat1918
underclass1918
lumpenproletariat1924
Fifth Estate1966
Fourth World1976
1918 J. F. Brown New Era Econ. 89 This sub-proletariat, will demand redress for its age-long subjection and despoilment.
2005 J. Ruedy Mod. Algeria (ed. 2) vii. 214 By far the largest component of urban society was the subproletariat that had been driven out of the countryside.
sub-school n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbskuːl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌskul/
ΚΠ
1819 Digest Parochial Returns II. 997 A free grammar school in St. Philip's,..to which eight sub-schools..have been attached.
1894 W. Walker Hist. Congregational Churches U.S. 299 With the two Edwardean divines..Emmons and Dwight,—the New Divinity may be said to have divided into two subschools.
2009 J. Brachman Global Jihadism ii. 26 It is in the interplay between these various sub-schools..that the key for long-term success against the Jihadist movement might lie.
subsect n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbsɛkt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsɛk(t)/
ΚΠ
1671 R. West Profitableness of Piety 3 Thus among those several Sects and Subsects..every one beats down the price of another mans Religion, to enhance the Value of their own.
1824 R. Southey Sir Thomas More (1831) I. 362 Every Sect and every Sub-sect has its magazine.
1908 A. Lloyd Wheat among Tares vi. 56 The Tendai very soon split into sub-sects.
2010 A. J. Nicholson Unifying Hinduism x. 197 This work portrays all the religious subsects today included under the umbrella of Hinduism.
sub-sept n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbsɛpt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsɛpt/
ΚΠ
1857 J. O'Mahony in tr. G. Keating Hist. Ireland 677/2 These races are unknown to the editor. The latter are probably some subsept of the O'Carrolls.
1909 P. Niedieck Cruises in Bering Sea x. 131 Each of these septs..is subdivided into sub-septs or families.
2004 D. W. Harding Iron Age in Northern Brit. ii. 23 To the west the portus Setantiorum and to the east the sinus portuosus Gabrantovicum have been taken to indicate tribal sub-septs of the Brigantes.
subsociety n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbsəˌsʌɪəti/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbsəˌsaɪədi/
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > a civilization or culture > [noun] > subculture or alternative culture
subsociety1820
subculture1914
alternative society1941
hip-hop culture1983
1820 J. Taylor Constr. Construed ix. 153 Protection and contribution are reciprocal political principles, and it would be unjust to the rest of society, to establish a sub-society, entitled to the one and absolved from the other.
1951 E. E. Evans-Pritchard Social Anthropol. i. 13 Its boundaries include..peoples of near and further Asia, north Africa, and parts of Europe—an almost limitless number of..societies and sub-societies.
2002 P. R. Craig Vineyard Enigma 111 There was a subsociety of artists, art dealers, and art collectors on the island.
sub-squadron n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌskwɒdrən/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌskwɑdrən/
ΚΠ
a1661 J. Glanville Voy. Cadiz (1883) 97 A motion or complaint was made that the Sea-Captaines in generall keepe not their proper Squadrons, much less their Subsquadrons or divisions.
1798 in Ld. Nelson Dispatches & Lett. (1845) III. 49 He divided his force into three Sub-squadrons.
1919 Times 8 Aug. 9/5 The Admiralty have practically decided to station several light cruisers near the Dominion as a sub-squadron to the China fleet.
2003 N. J. Fortier Ace of Eighth 107 His Squadron Order 3 dated January 28 and effective February 1 created two subsquadrons: Squadron A and Squadron B.
sub-syndicate n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsɪdᵻkət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsɪndᵻkᵻt/
ΚΠ
1825 Q. Theol. Rev. June 256/2 A Subsyndicate has been appointed to consider the means of increasing the funds of the Public Library.
1922 J. E. Meeker Work of Stock Exchange xvi. 442 Members of the syndicate often organize subsyndicates composed of the smaller investment houses.
2007 A. Bayat Making Islam Democratic ii. 44 Syndicate leaders..set up consumer co-operatives, subsyndicates, and social clubs.
sub-synod n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsɪnəd/
,
/ˌsʌbˈsɪnɒd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsɪnəd/
ΚΠ
1603 in T. Mair Narr. & Extracts Rec. Presbytery of Ellon (1898) 39 Johne Hariot..to produce the process deducit be him against James Kennedy..in the subsinod.
1789 J. Gough Hist. People called Quakers II. iv. vii. 451 The bishop convened a sub-synod.
1893 H. K. Carroll Relig. Forces of U.S. xxvii. 188 The synod is subdivided into seven conferences, or sub-synods, which meet semi-annually.
2010 S. Rohrer Wandering Souls iii. 89 By 1690, Ulster had a synod, nine presbyteries, three subsynods, and 120 congregations.
(ii) Forming derived adjectives with the sense ‘of or relating to such a body, group, or assembly’.
subphratric adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈfreɪtrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈfreɪtrɪk/
ΚΠ
1887 J. G. Frazer Totemism p. viii Subphratric and Phratric Totems.
1995 G. W. Stocking After Tylor iv. 135 Frazer placed his major categories in a recurring cyclic sequence: subtotems as growing, clan totems as grown, subphratric and phratric totems as ‘successive stages of decay’.
subsynodical adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbsᵻˈnɒdᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbsəˈnɑdək(ə)l/
rare
ΚΠ
1896 W. Mackay Rec. Presbyteries Inverness & Dingwall 45 Among the subsynodical refers read to-day.
(d) Prefixed to nouns denoting a place, region, or interval of time. See also sub-district n., subinterval n., subprovince n., subregion n.
sub-age n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbeɪdʒ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌeɪdʒ/
ΚΠ
1855 C. Martel tr. P. Flourens On Human Longevity i. ii. 24 It is not easy to determine the precise duration of each of these ages and sub-ages [Fr. sous-âges].
1878 J. N. Lockyer Stargazing 2 The Telescopic age..divides itself naturally into some three or four sub-ages of extreme importance.
1953 Ecol. Monogr. 23 306/2 The next oldest interglacial subage is the Peorian, to which the bottom organic layer has been assigned.
2006 K. D. Rose Beginning Age Mammals i. 16/2 Three additional Paleocene land-mammal ages or subages are now recognized that precede the classic late Paleocene Riochican: Itaboraian, Peligran, and Tiupampan.
sub-area n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌɛːrɪə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɛriə/
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > [noun] > defined or limited portion of space > a particular extent or region > within another
sub-area1849
1849 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1848 44 The area is thus divided into two sub-areas.
1926 Brit. Gaz. 12 May 2/3 A service of corporation 'buses has been started in the sub-area of Keighley.
1980 Amer. Speech 1976 51 235 The second map..shows the boundaries of twelve dialect areas and subareas of Scottish English.
sub-epoch n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌiːpɒk/
,
/ˈsʌbˌɛpɒk/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɛpək/
,
/ˈsəbˌiˌpɑk/
ΚΠ
1847 J. F. W. Herschel Results Astron. Observ. 248 For convenience of future reference, sub-epochs are calculated for each year of the interval over which the observations extended.
1940 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 51 1402 Subepoch—subseries. These terms as herein proposed are applicable to the first subdivisions of epochs and series respectively.
2008 J. B. Olson Fossil Hunter i. 12 They lived roughly 50 million years ago during the early Eocene sub-epoch.
subphase n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbfeɪz/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌfeɪz/
ΚΠ
1846 Mechanics' Mag. 2 May 326/1 Upon this new ‘phase’, or as we suppose Colonel Jackson would call it, ‘sub-phase’, we cannot now enter.
1936 Discovery Oct. 329/1 Measles and certain skin affections..are the result of these sub-phase mutations.
2010 V. J. Knight Mound Excavations Moundville i. 3/1 The chronology of the center is measured by reference to three ceramic phases.., each of which is broken down into early and late subphases.
sub-satrapy n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌsatrəpi/
,
/ˈsʌbˌseɪtrəpi/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌseɪtrəpi/
,
/ˈsəbˌsætrəpi/
ΚΠ
1852 G. Grote Hist. Greece IX. ii. lxxii. 290 Each satrapy was divided into sub-satrapies or districts.
2010 E. Baragwanath in V. J. Gray Xenophon ii. 44 Pharnabazus intends to grant the sub-satrapy of Aeolis..to someone else rather than to Mania.
sub-shire n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌʃʌɪə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌʃaɪ(ə)r/
ΚΠ
1901 G. Allen County & Town Eng. viii. 119 To the present day, however, besides the recognised division into Ridings, there are several popular sub-shires of Yorkshire.
(e) Forming nouns denoting a subordinate branch or part of a principal business, system, etc.
(i)
subaccount n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbəˌkaʊnt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbəˌkaʊnt/
ΚΠ
1784 10th Rep. Commissioners Public Accts. 38 We may collect the Situation under which the Sub-Accounts under our Consideration may at present stand.
1898 Engin. Mag. 16 38 In all there are 149 sub-accounts, under 24 general voucher titles.
1992 R. Vince Math. Money Managem. viii. 295 Another way you can practice asset allocation is by splitting your equity into two subaccounts.
sub-bureau n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌbjʊərəʊ/
,
/ˈsʌbˌbjɔːrəʊ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌbjʊroʊ/
ΚΠ
1844 T. H. Blake Let. in Public Documents U.S. Senate (28th Congress, 1st Sess.) III. No. 161. 2 The officers in the sub-bureaus..find it necessary to apply themselves in earnest.
1964 J. W. Hulse Forming of Communist Internat. viii. 156 The conference also commissioned the Communist Party of America to create a sub-bureau for North and South America.
2004 D. L. Yang Remaking Chinese Leviathan iii. 77 The reforms have done away with the sub-bureaus.
sub-department n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbdᵻˌpɑːtm(ə)nt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbdəˌpɑrtmənt/
,
/ˈsəbdiˌpɑrtmənt/
ΚΠ
1789 T. Holcroft tr. D'Arget Let. in Posthumous. Wks. Frederic II XII. 480 Should M. de Sechelles..be good enough to bestow on me some advantageous post, in any of the sub-departments of finance.
1888 Times 27 Aug. 3/3 It would surely seem an obvious advantage if the taking of the census could be made the work of a special sub-department of the Government.
2011 A. Titov in J. Smith & M. Ilic Khrushchev in Kremlin 45 The department of industry and transport had an extremely cumbersome structure, with ten sub-departments.
sub-depot n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌdɛpəʊ/
,
/ˈsʌbˌdiːpəʊ/
,
/ˈsʌbdɪˌpəʊ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌdɛpoʊ/
,
/ˈsəbˌdipoʊ/
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > military position > [noun] > depot responsible to central depot
sub-depot1839
1839 Army & Navy Chron. 28 Nov. 347/1 One boat from Fernandina could do more in forwarding stores than three from Savannah and its sub depot.
1938 Times 13 Sept. 17/6 The opening of a further sub-depôt for recruits at the air station at Dishforth, Yorks.
2004 S. J. Wright Emotional Gauntlet 316 The 3rd SAD also operated sub depots at each of the B-24 bases.
subdiscipline n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌdɪsᵻplᵻn/
,
/ˌsʌbˈdɪsᵻplᵻn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌdɪsəplən/
,
/ˌsəbˈdɪsəplən/
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > topic, subject-matter > affair, business, concern > [noun] > field of interest > division of
province1690
subfield1894
subdiscipline1912
1912 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 23 523 It must be conceded by the philosophers that the method of approach of their discipline and sub-disciplines is not of the same empirical nature as is that of the psychological laboratory.
1958 W. Stark Sociol. of Knowl. i. 31 The relation of the two sub-disciplines to each other.
2007 G. H. Politis Nukak (2009) 58 There are various definitions of the subdiscipline of ethnoarchaeology.
sub-factory n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌfakt(ə)ri/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌfækt(ə)ri/
ΚΠ
1779 F. Hervey et al. Naval Hist. Great Brit. III. v. i. 364 Inland sub-factories in New Spain.
1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 139 Stopping at little villages to land passengers or at little sub-factories to discharge cargo.
2007 S. M. Bragg Throughout Accounting ii. 18 It is sometimes possible to restructure the factory into smaller focused sub-factories.
sub-hierarchy n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈhʌɪ(ə)rɑːki/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈhaɪ(ə)ˌrɑrki/
ΚΠ
1885 Sc. Rev. July 148 The public press..is a sub-hierarchy in itself.
1899 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Sentinel 10 Mar. 1/7 The episcopacy and its sub-hierarchy were, he said, the real foundation of ecclesiastical work.
1997 M. Nadin Civilization of Illiteracy 384 A certain structure of dependence was put in place, resulting in hierarchy and sub-hierarchies.
sub-meeting n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌmiːtɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌmidɪŋ/
ΚΠ
1751 Universal Mag. Aug. 63/1 Any three or more Commissioners may hold a submeeting in any of the said counties.
1833 T. Chalmers Let. in W. Hanna Mem. T. Chalmers (1850) III. 381 The discussions of the separate or sub-meetings.
1999 Materials World July 402/2 Extra long lunch breaks provide the opportunity for a multitude of sub-meetings.
sub-office n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌɒfɪs/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɔfəs/
,
/ˈsəbˌɑfəs/
ΚΠ
?1726 C. Nowell & W. Reyner Humble Petition for Encouragem. King's Sea-service (single sheet) You Petitioners..propose to erect..an Office in London, and Sub-Offices at the Ports where His Majesty's Ships usually resort.
1876 W. H. Preece & J. Sivewright Telegraphy 264 Every sub-office on a circuit is called by the head office at the hour of commencing work.
1994 J. Melville Whoever has Heart i. 4 My unit was based in Windsor, with a sub-office in Slough.
subpool n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbpuːl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌpul/
ΚΠ
1879 Internat. Rev. May 506 Aside from the general pool just described, sub-pools exist between the two St. Louis roads and between the lines which constitute the Chicago Division.
1881 Chicago Times 17 June Regarding the formation of a pool, the report..recommends three sub-pools.
2010 C. Wills Darwinian Tourist vi. 206 They are simply genetic accidents, the inevitable result of dividing a gene pool up into small subpools.
sub-post office n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈpəʊst ˌɒfɪs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpoʊst ˌɔfəs/
,
/ˌsəbˈpoʊst ˌɑfəs/
ΚΠ
1834 Hazard's Reg. Pennsylvania 22 Nov. 332/2 A sub-post office, is also kept at this place.
1916 Electric Railway Jrnl. 20 May 957/1 A sub-postoffice is located in each large department store.
2001 A. MacGillivray & D. Boyle in J. Wilsdon Digital Futures 125 In addition to its vast network of sub-post offices, the great strength of the Post Office is that it is highly trusted by consumers.
sub-religion n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbrᵻˌlɪdʒ(ə)n/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbrəˌlɪdʒən/
,
/ˈsəbriˌlɪdʒən/
ΚΠ
1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits xi. 188 Loyalty is in the English a sub-religion.
1910 I. W. Heysinger Spirit & Matter xii. 81 I have endeavoured to deal with religion as a whole as well as with its special sub-religions or divisions.
2009 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. (Nexis) 26 Mar. 50 As if ‘Islam’ were monolithic and not made up of a wide range of sects and sub-religions.
subscience n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌsʌɪəns/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsaɪəns/
ΚΠ
1834 Field Naturalist 2 96 We, in natural history, regard ornithology, conchology, and entomology as three branches or sub-sciences of the extensive science of zoology.
1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 283 A fundamental experiment from which sprang the whole sub-science of tissue-culture.
2000 Houston Chron. (Nexis) 18 May a26 The science of economics and its subscience, monetary policy, rely on hard data and quantitative analysis, yet remain as inexact as they are dismal.
subsector n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌsɛktə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsɛktər/
ΚΠ
1906 T. C. Chamberlin & R. D. Salisbury Geology II. ii. 128 The upper parts of the oceanic and continental sectors, and perhaps subsectors, crowded specially upon one another for considerable depths and in varying degrees.
1962 J. E. Walter Investm. Process ix. 325 A review of postwar flows of expenditures and their financing, broken down by five subsectors: manufacturing and mining; electricity and gas; railroads; communications; and trade, service, and miscellaneous.
2010 J. Anderson in P. Gootenberg & L. Reygados Indelible Inequalities in Lat. Amer. iv. 86 Entire family groups depended for their daily or weekly income on a single sector or subsector of the urban economy.
subspeciality n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbspɛʃɪˌalᵻti/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌspɛʃiˌælədi/
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > a specialty
speciality1839
specialism1850
specialty1853
subspeciality1855
subspecialty1873
1855 Papers Re-organisation of Civil Service 176 in Sessional Papers House of Lords 1854 XXXIX. There are persons who limit their exertions to the attainment of excellence even in sub-specialities, and who are perfectly happy in remaining in them.
1907 W. Ewart Res Medica, Res Publica 11 In like manner most of the surgical subspecialities are in work.
1994 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 10 Sept. 2408/2 Generally, the disciplines of history and political science study communalism. Recently communalism has become a subspeciality of sociology also.
subspecialty n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌspɛʃlti/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌspɛʃ(ə)lti/
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > a specialty
speciality1839
specialism1850
specialty1853
subspeciality1855
subspecialty1873
1873 Ann. Rep. Minnesota Hist. Soc. 1872 9 One of our sub-specialties has been the Red River or Hudson's Bay region.
1963 Lancet 5 Jan. 42/2 Some of the subspecialties such as skins and eyes.
2006 A. Kuczynski Beauty Junkies i. 8 Plastic surgery encompasses the subspecialties of reconstructive plastic surgery..and what is referred to as cosmetic surgery.
(ii)
† sub-cash n. Obsolete rare a deposit of cash at a branch of a bank.
ΚΠ
1705 D. Defoe Consolidator in Wks. (1840) IX. 354 They brought all their running cash into one bank, and settled a sub-cash, depending upon the grand bank, in every province of the kingdom.
subcircuit n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌsəːkɪt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsərkət/
a circuit forming part of another (esp. electrical) circuit.
ΚΠ
1849 Times 5 Oct. 6/6 The six districts are to be sub-divided into circuits and sub-circuits.
1859 Manch. Guardian 8 Sept. 3/4 Each morning, at ten o'clock, ‘Greenwich time’ is sent from the head office..to all stations in the main circuits; from those stations the signal is repeated to the sub-circuit stations; and thus uniform time will be ensured.
1878 Sci. Amer. 7 Dec. 354/2 Where the main is tapped for a sub-circuit, a shunt is introduced so as to throw so much of the current as may be needed into the derived circuit.
1900 Methodist Rev. Mar. 305 These men are appointed to circuits, and these are broken up into subcircuits, each having its pastor and list of appointments.
1913 Electr. Rev. & Western Electrician 11 Jan. 91/3 500 watts may form a safe or convenient limit for the sub-circuits.
1953 D. G. E. Axford Low Pressure Hot Water Heating i. vi. 50 Sub-circuits are sized as for gravity circulations.
1992 Chicago Sun-Times (Nexis) 12 Feb. 8 The Legislature divided the Cook County Circuit Court into 15 subcircuits. Eventually, each district will elect 11 judges, with another 94 judges elected countywide. This year, 30 judges will be elected from subcircuits.
2000 J. H. Krenz Electronic Concepts v. 352 Two external connections..have been added to the subcircuit to account for the power supply connections.
subclimate n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌklʌɪmᵻt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌklaɪmᵻt/
a subdivision of a climate; a microclimate.
ΚΠ
1821 Edinb. Philos. Jrnl. 5 372 He [sc. Latreille] divides climate into eight stations, or particular subclimates, viz. The Indian, the austral, the Mediterranean, the northern, the eastern, the western, and the alpine.
1959 J. Phillips Agric. & Ecol. Afr. xxvi. 286 Losses tend to be greater when animals are moved from their wonted pasturage to a fresh one, especially if there be a change in subclimate and vegetation.
2007 Waikato Times (Hamilton, N.Z.) (Nexis) 29 Dec. 2 The valley also has its own subclimate, with mist, fog and clouds sometimes trapped between the steep hills.
(f) Mathematics. Prefixed to nouns denoting an entity contained in some similar entity, in that each of its elements is also an element of the latter and that it shares the characterizing properties of the latter. See also subfield n. 2b, subgroup n. 2, subinterval n., subsequence n.2, subset n.2
subgraph n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbɡrɑːf/
,
/ˈsʌbɡraf/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɡræf/
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [noun] > graph
curve1818
profile1860
plot1880
graph1886
curve plotting1891
trend line1912
subgraph1931
network1941
digraph1955
multigraph1966
1931 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 17 125 A subgraph H of a graph G is a graph formed by dropping out arcs from G.
1979 E. S. Page & L. B. Wilson Introd. Computational Combinatorics iv. 76 Given a graph G = (P, L) then G′ = (P′, L′) is a subgraph if P′ is a subset of P and L′ is a subset of L.
2009 G. Chartland & P. Zhang Chromatic Graph Theory v. 123 Since G1 is a subgraph of G, it follows that G1 contains no subgraph that is a subdivision of K5 or K3,3.
submanifold n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌmanᵻfəʊld/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌmænəˌfoʊld/
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > geometry > geometric space > [noun] > topological
manifoldness1873
manifold1878
submanifold1898
function space1912
topological space1913
sheaf1955
1898 A. N. Whitehead Treat. Universal Algebra i. ii. 15 The selected elements of a partitioned manifold form another manifold, which may be called a submanifold in reference to the original manifold.
1952 Amer. Jrnl. Math. 74 924 Suppose G is an analytic group with measure w and A1,…, An are submanifolds with measures w1,…, wn.
2007 Ann. Statistics 35 110 The present article deals with arbitrary compact submanifolds of Rs.
submatrix n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌmeɪtrɪks/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌmeɪtrɪks/
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > array > matrix
matrix1850
unit matrix1861
adjugate1882
adjoint1889
submatrix1903
identity matrix1908
row matrix1936
transpose1937
singular matrix1964
1903 Amer. Math. Monthly Mar. 68 Call first submatrix of Δ the matrix obtained by cutting off the first column and the first and last rows of Δ.
1970 G. K. Woodgate Elem. Atomic Struct. viii. 152 The matrix of H′ which has to be diagonalized breaks up into submatrices of given M.
2007 Ann. Statistics 35 2371 Suppose the relevant submatrix of the hat matrix, the one that is related to the active variables, has a high conditional number.
submodule n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌmɒdjuːl/
,
/ˈsʌbˌmɒdʒuːl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌmɑdʒul/
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > contained in another
subformation1816
submodule1930
subobject1950
1930 Amer. Math. Monthly 37 422 The set of all submodules of a given arithmetic module.
1970 Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 26 561 Now if A is pure in B and if C is a submodule of B containing A, then it is easy to see that A is pure in C.
2004 S. Alaca & K. S. Williams Introd. Algebraic Number Theory iii. 66 The submodules of A are precisely the subgroups of A.
subobject n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌɒbdʒᵻkt/
,
/ˈsʌbˌɒbdʒɛkt/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɑbdʒək(t)/
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > contained in another
subformation1816
submodule1930
subobject1950
1950 Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 56 500 Each object A determines the set S (A) of all subobjects T.
1979 Proc. London Math. Soc. 38 245 The subobjects of N+ in E which contain the point ∞ are in 1–1 correspondence with closed ideals of subsets of N.
2009 S. Awodey Category Theory (ed. 2) v. 89 A subobject of an object X in a category C is a monomorphism.
subring n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbrɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌrɪŋ/
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > set > in abstract algebra > ring
ideal1898
principal ideal1901
ring1915
subring1917
skew field1965
1917 Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imperial Univ. 2 210 It may happen that certain elements of a ring ℜ taken by themselves form a ring ?. This ring ? is called a subring of ℜ.
1969 F. M. Hall Introd. Abstr. Algebra II. vii. 181 An important example of an ideal is the subring of multiples of n in the ring of integers.
2002 Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 130 2190 Given a complete local domain (T, M) and a prime ideal p of T..we start with the prime subring of T.
d. In adverbial relation to the second element, with the sense ‘in a subordinate manner or capacity; by subsidiary means’.
† subadore v. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1716 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ II. 368 His Monarchia Dei is directed against the Heathens for subjoyning and subadoring several essentially subdistinguish'd Deities.
sub-conjunctively adv.
Brit. /ˌsʌbkənˈdʒʌŋ(k)tᵻvli/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbkənˈdʒəŋ(k)tᵻvli/
rare
ΚΠ
1901 Daily News 20 Feb. 6/5 The Assiut dam will be subsidiary to that at Assuan, inasmuch as it is..to be used sub-conjunctively to that at Assuan.
sub-entitle v.
Brit. /ˌsʌbᵻnˈtʌɪtl/
,
/ˌsʌbɛnˈtʌɪtl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbᵻnˈtaɪd(ə)l/
,
/ˌsəbˌɛnˈtaɪd(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1845 E. A. Poe in Amer. Whig Rev. Aug. 127/1 It is to be regretted that ‘The Spanish Student’ was not sub-entitled ‘A Dramatic Poem’, rather than ‘A Play’.
1914 A. Henderson Changing Drama ix. 284 Gascoigne sub-entitled The Glasse off Government, a ‘tragicall comedie’ for a specific reason.
2006 S. S. Shashi World of Nomads 272 Each canto is again sub-entitled as ‘Brahmratri’, ‘Manwantar’, ‘Uplabdhi’, etc.
subfunctional adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈfʌŋ(k)ʃn̩(ə)l/
,
/ˌsʌbˈfʌŋ(k)ʃən(ə)l/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈfəŋ(k)ʃ(ə)nəl/
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > [adjective] > of secondary importance
by1632
secondary1796
subfunctional1892
bush league1906
1892 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4 210 The incisors are sub-functional, being better developed than appeared in the Harvard College type skull.
1904 Amer. Naturalist 38 6 Hypohippus of the middle Miocene with subfunctional lateral digits..is an instance of arrested evolution.
2001 D. Browlie & M. Saren in M. J. Baker Marketing V. cxxiv. 42 Marketing strategy must be integrated with other subfunctional strategies and overall corporate strategy.
sub-presentive adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbprᵻˈzɛntɪv/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbprəˈzɛn(t)ɪv/
Grammar rare
ΚΠ
1871 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue viii. 389 The pronoun I..has..a sort of reflected or borrowed presentiveness, which I propose to call a sub-presentive power.
sub-ruling adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈruːlɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈrulɪŋ/
ΚΠ
1817 J. Bentham Papers Codification & Public Instr. IV. 94 In the hands of the ruling and subruling few, the nearer the condition of the subject-many can be brought to the condition of the beasts of the field, the better it will be.
2004 C. Fink Defending Rights of Others ii. 47 The government allowed subruling peoples to establish local control over all other populations.
e. In adverbial or adjectival relation to the second element.
(a) Forming verbs (and derived verbal nouns and participial adjectives) expressing action which is subsequent and subordinate to that which is expressed by the second element. See also subdivide v., sub-rent v., sublet v., etc.
(i)
subdeduce v.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdᵻˈdjuːs/
,
/ˌsʌbdᵻˈdʒuːs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbdəˈd(j)us/
,
/ˌsəbdiˈd(j)us/
rare
ΚΠ
1845 B. Jowett Let. 28 Mar. (1897) iv. 118 [The Church of Rome] has defined, and subdefined, and deduced, and subdeduced.
† subdiminish v. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Wilts. 150 Succeeding Princes, following this patern, have sub-diminished their coin ever since.
† subdistract v. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1643 J. Milton Soveraigne Salve 26 To let in a deluge of forrein forces and so yet further subdistract the remnant.
subdiversified adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdʌɪˈvəːsᵻfʌɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbdəˈvərsəˌfaɪd/
,
/ˌsəbˌdaɪˈvərsəˌfaɪd/
rare
ΚΠ
1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes I. i. ii. 60 English, Danish, Sweden, Norwegian, Islandish, Nordalbing, Frisian (besides the subdiuersified dialects which each of these multiplieth).
1830 N.Y. Cabinet 24 July 60 Those well acquainted with nature's most rude yet wild productions and effects, their subdiversified wonders.
1922 Administration 3 47/2 Mortgage bonds, especially of railroads, have become subdiversified.
subdiversify v.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdʌɪˈvəːsᵻfʌɪ/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbdəˈvərsəˌfaɪ/
,
/ˌsəbˌdaɪˈvərsəˌfaɪ/
ΚΠ
a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) ii. iv. 157 And possibly these variously subdiversified according to the phantasy of the Artificer.
1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Subdiversify, to diversify again what is already diversified.
2007 B. Gerke in M. Schrempf Soundings in Tibetan Med. 192 These populations themselves are greatly sub-diversified and do not constitute a single ethnic group or identity.
† subembezzle v. Obsolete Apparently an isolated use.
ΚΠ
1863 C. Reade Hard Cash III. 74 What on earth was left for poor Dr. Wolf to do? Could he sub-embezzle a Highlander's breeks?
† subepitomize v. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1652 Observ. touching Forms Govt. 38 Constrained to epitomize, and subepitomize themselves so long till at last they crumble away into the atomes of Monarchie.
† subinfer v. [compare classical Latin subinferre] Obsolete
ΚΠ
1651 T. Manton Pract. Comm. James i. 151 He sub-inferreth out of these sayings an Exhortation to hear the Word rightly.
a1656 Bp. J. Hall Shaking of Olive-tree (1660) ii. 409 From the force then of this Relation it is easily subinfer'd that it is not lawful for Christian Churches..to forsake the communion of each other.
subinoculated adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɪˈnɒkjᵿleɪtᵻd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbᵻˈnɑkjəˌleɪdᵻd/
ΚΠ
1905 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 27 May 1141/1 The injection in small amounts will not serve to infect the subinoculated animal.
1941 Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. & Hygiene 34 306 Unfortunately its virulence for laboratory animals was low;..many of the subinoculated guineapigs failed to become infected.
2010 Vet. Microbiol. 145 71/2 Comparisons were made between iatrogenically infected and subinoculated steers.
subgrant v.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɡrɑːnt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈɡrant/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɡrænt/
ΚΠ
1766 Mod. Part Universal Hist. XLIV. Index sig. Dd3v/1 Jersey, New... To whom sub-granted.
1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. ix. 568 The great lords having granted lands on condition of fealty and other services to certain persons, these last subgranted them.
1905 Bull. Bureau Labor May 945 These rights..are subgranted to planters and lower officials.
2008 B. Ivey Arts, Inc. 252 Many grants..were subgranted from one agency to another.
sub-mortgage v.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈmɔːɡᵻdʒ/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈmɔrɡɪdʒ/
ΚΠ
1832 in B. Murdoch Epitome Laws Nova-Scotia II. 285 As a mortgage may be created by deposit, so may a mortgage be assigned or submortgaged by deposit.
1908 Times 11 Jan. 3/6 The second mortgage..is sub-mortgaged for £1,500 at 4 per cent. per annum.
sub-sell v.
Brit. /ˈsʌbsɛl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsɛl/
ΚΠ
1810 Brit. Critic Apr. 378 The privileges of the tenant, (viz. to subsell, or underlet, offering it first to the landlord, &c.).
1902 F. C. Gilbert Pract. Lessons Experience Israel iii. 37 These rights were generally bought by the Roman senators, who in turn sub-sold them to another class.
2004 A. L. Humphrey & P. Freedman Stamp Duty Land Tax ii. 117 B contracted to acquire the land from A and then sub-sold to C.
subspecialized adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈspɛʃəlʌɪzd/
,
/ˌsʌbˈspɛʃl̩ʌɪzd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈspɛʃəˌlaɪzd/
ΚΠ
1895 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 767 A subspecialized descendant of an ancient generalized group.
1994 N.Y. Times 10 May c10/6 Networks of neurons..carry out subspecialized tasks.
subsplitting n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌsplɪtɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsplɪdɪŋ/
ΚΠ
1844 Amer. Biblical Repository Oct. 400 Our author does not much exceed the modern preacher in the number of his divisions. The splitting and sub-splitting system..he seems to have measurably set aside.
2000 C. Y. Baldwin & K. B. Clark Design Rules 134 (caption) Subsplitting of modules: a three-level design hierarchy.
(ii)
subclassify v.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈklasᵻfʌɪ/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈklæsəˌfaɪ/
transitive to subdivide a classification of something into further subordinate classifications.
ΚΠ
1836 R. Bell Hist. Russia I. v. 90 They were sub-classified into centuries.
1909 Daily Chron. 3 June 3/3 If you sub-classify 55,000 Germans into men, women and children.
1997 New Yorker 6 Oct. 29/1 Urban legends..are here categorized by color..and sub-classified by subject.
subcolonize v.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkɒlənʌɪz/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkɑləˌnaɪz/
transitive to form or establish a colony from or within (an existing colony); to establish a further subordinate colony in.
ΚΠ
1820 Q. Rev. 23 73 A dependency upon that colony, from which it was sub-colonized.
1979 Florida Entomologist 62 62 In early April both sexes of P. lahorensis were observed at all 3 Gainesville sites and at the site in Winter Haven, FL where the species was sub-colonized on citrus in October 1977.
2008 W. A. McDougall Throes of Democracy iii. 123 They pulled up stakes and left to subcolonize the upper Midwest and Pacific Rim in a veritable Yankee exodus.
† subdecimate v. Obsolete rare transitive to further divide into tenths.
ΚΠ
1678 J. Hawkins Cocker's Arithm. i. 13 By decimating the former and sub-decimating these latter, we run on ad infinitum.
1736 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum (ed. 2) Pref. To Subdecimate..to divide into tenths..as 10 Thousand into Hundredths.
subdilute v.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdʌɪˈl(j)uːt/
,
/ˌsʌbdᵻˈl(j)uːt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbdəˈlut/
,
/ˌsəbˌdaɪˈlut/
transitive to dilute for a second or subsequent time.
ΚΠ
1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 381 The mixture subdiluted for bathing.
1960 Public Health Rep. (U.S. Public Health Service) 75 985/2 Stock solutions of cations were prepared from reagent grade chemical dissolved in distilled water... These were further subdiluted in water as indicated.
subfarm v.
Brit. /ˈsʌbfɑːm/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌfɑrm/
transitive to subrent or sublet (land or property); to farm out (something) for a second or subsequent time.
ΚΠ
1666 London Gaz. No. 42/2 The Farmers of his Majesties Revenue of the Hearth-Duty, intending to Sub-Farm several Counties.
1764 E. Gibbon Misc. Wks. (1814) III. 224 The lands were perhaps subfarmed by individuals.
1890 Rep. Sel. Comm. Infant Life Protection Bill in Parl. Papers XIII. 87 A male person..was ‘farmed out’ when about a month old to one Jane Arnold... And she at once ‘sub-farmed’ him to one Jesse Chapman.
1990 J. R. Rush Opium to Java iii. 51 Liem Kie Soen kept one district..for himself, and subfarmed the others.
subspecialize v.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈspɛʃəlʌɪz/
,
/ˌsʌbˈspɛʃl̩ʌɪz/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/
(a) transitive to cause (something) to be specialized further; (b) intransitive to specialize within a larger speciality.
ΚΠ
1887 Pop. Sci. Monthly Sept. 613 We talk most about specialties in medicine, for the very reason that it was one of the last occupations to be sub-specialized.
1900 Congregationalist (Boston, Mass.) 8 Feb. 182/1 He anticipated the modern method of specialization first by separating the Bible from other books,..and, second, by sub-specializing on the Bible itself.
1955 Econ. Devel. & Cultural Change 4 153 Weavers of various articles and in various materials, also subspecialized according to specific textile product.
2011 B. J. Hillman & J. C. Goldsmith Sorcerer's Apprentice x. 240 Radiologists are increasingly subspecializing, furthering their participation in this type of multidisciplinary care.
2012 R. Holmgaard et al. in H. A. E. Benson & A. C. Watkinson Topical & Transdermal Drug Delivery vii. 132 Subsequently, the technique was subspecialized and it is currently used in many different tissues in animal models as well as in human studies.
sub-underwrite v.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈʌndərʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈəndə(r)ˌraɪt/
Economics transitive to underwrite part of (a liability, esp. a share issue, that has been underwritten by another).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > insurance > insure [verb (transitive)] > insurance policy operations
underwrite1622
adjust1720
load1867
sub-underwrite1895
claim1897
twist1906
insure1911
write1931
1895 Rep. Special Comm. appointed to investigate Causes Strike Surface Railroads (N.Y. State Legislature) 139 But you don't remember who you subunderwrote?
1935 Economist 13 July 65/1 He did, however, sub-underwrite the issue, which was discussed with him previous to the date of the prospectus.
2008 Daily Tel. 10 June (Business section) b1/3 Barclays, Lloyds TSB, HBOS, HSBC and Royal Bank of Scotland have pledged to sub-underwrite £20m of the £258m placing.
sub-underwriting n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈʌndəˌrʌɪtɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈəndə(r)ˌraɪdɪŋ/
Economics the action or process of sub-underwrite vb.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > insurance > [noun] > act of insuring > other insuring operations
wagering1692
underwriting1775
loading1867
sub-underwriting1895
twisting1906
strain1910
self-insuring1919
1895 Rep. Special Comm. appointed to investigate Causes Strike Surface Railroads (N.Y. State Legislature) 139 Was there an agreement for the subunderwriting?
1994 Independent on Sunday 20 Nov. (Business section) 2/5 His analysis of sub-underwriting..is liberally sprinkled with references to the Black-Scholes equation.
(b) Forming nouns (and derived adverbs) denoting a thing which follows subsequently from and in subordinate relation to another as part of an expressed or implied action or process.
(i)
subconsequence n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkɒnsᵻkwəns/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkɑnsəˌkwɛns/
ΚΠ
1704 J. Macmillan True Narr. Proc. Presbytry Kirkcudbright 236 They draw a sub~consequence, which is this, that it was contrar the protest and agreement.
1919 Calif. Law Rev. 7 266 The law makes no distinction between all these ramifying sub-consequences.
2008 J. Roughton & N. Crutchfield Job Hazard Anal. vii. 243 It must fully identify both categories of consequences and the subconsequences within each.
subconsequentially adv.
Brit. /ˌsʌbkɒnsᵻˈkwɛnʃl̩i/
,
/ˌsʌbkɒnsᵻˈkwɛnʃəli/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌkɑnsəˈkwɛnʃəli/
ΚΠ
1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. Pref. sig. B4v All the fixed lights of Heaven are generally concluded to be pure Fire, and so consequently fluid also, and then subconsequentially in motion also.
1922 H. J. Nichols Carriers in Infectious Dis. xvii. 149 There were no carriers, capable of transmitting the disease, in this particular herd of recovered animals, which finding was subconsequentially borne out through failure of the released animals to infect others.
subclassification n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbklasᵻfᵻˌkeɪʃn/
,
/ˌsʌbklasᵻfᵻˈkeɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌklæsəfəˌkeɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˌsəbˌklæsəfəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1831 Christian Advocate Apr. 189/2 Relations and circumstances may furnish reasons for sub-classifications, or the distribution of genera into species.
1897 Daily News 16 Mar. 2/2 Abolition of sub-classification is recommended.
1992 M. Kurlansky Continent of Islands ii. 48 There were more than a dozen subclassifications.
subcycle n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbsʌɪkl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsaɪk(ə)l/
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > occurrence > [noun] > course of events
draughta1327
occasiona1450
events1582
subcycle1860
scenario1962
1860 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 6 416 The already existing cycle had been later fancifully compared with the lustrum, and subdivided after its model into sub-cycles for years.
1953 A. K. C. Ottaway Educ. & Society 45 A sub-cycle was here set up within the whole economic setting.
2008 T. Hager Alchemy of Air xxii. 273 The nitrogen is passed from molecule to molecule and organism to organism..in a series of subcycles.
sub-definition n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbdɛfᵻˌnɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌdɛfəˌnɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1847 Amer. Phrenol. Jrnl. & Misc. 9 290 Sub-definition.
1917 Outlook 19 Sept. 96 The refinements of the amateur law, with sub-definition piled on sub-definition, bring inefficiency and confusion.
2006 L. Jensen My Dirty Little Bk. of Stolen Time 275 I reached for my red English dictionary, with its wafer-thin pages bearing thousands of definitions & sub-definitions.
subderivation n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbdɛrᵻˌveɪʃn/
,
/ˌsʌbdɛrᵻˈveɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌdɛrəˌveɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˌsəbˌdɛrəˈveɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. i. viii. §6. 142 For these subderiuations [of the Turks] it were infinite to examine them.
1850 H. Sewell Let. to Earl of Yarborough (ed. 2) 107 The policy of our law is distinctly directed against the subderivation of rights out of rights in themselves derivative.
1994 B. C. Pierce in C. A. Gunter & J. C. Mitchell Theoret. Aspects Object-oriented Programming xii. 438 Derivations in this fragment are linear; each node has at most one subderivation.
sub-distribution n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbdɪstrᵻˌbjuːʃn/
,
/ˌsʌbdɪstrᵻˈbjuːʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌdɪstrəˌbjuʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˌsəbˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃ(ə)n/
[compare post-classical Latin subdistributio (14th cent. in a British source)]
ΚΠ
1662 W. Petty Treat. Taxes 13 How many retailers are needful to make the subdistributions into every village of this nation.
1847 Fraser's Mag. June 634/1 He makes a sub-distribution of the symbolic into mimetic, figurative, and enigmatical.
1996 J. Hills New Inequalities i. 6 Overall income distribution is..the product of several sub-distributions.
sub-guarantee n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbɡarənˌtiː/
,
/ˌsʌbɡarənˈtiː/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌɡɛrənˌti/
,
/ˌsəbˈɡɛrənˌti/
,
/ˌsəbˌɡɛrənˈti/
ΚΠ
1817 E. H. East Rep. Cases King's Bench XIV. 291 The defendant, as a sub-guarantee..having agreed to indemnify the plaintiffs.
1885 Law Rep.: Chancery Div. 28 121 An agreement of sub-guarantee by which the signatories guaranteed the signatories of the original guarantee against loss.
2007 S. Woodhead & H. Cooke Corporate Occupiers' Handbk. x. 211 A sub-guarantee would fall foul of the anti-avoidance provisions.
subholding n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌhəʊldɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌhoʊldɪŋ/
ΚΠ
1842 J. Ward Nelson 15 If it is hereafter found that sub-holding, or renting, should be necessary, the original proprietors can sell or let.
1850 S. Laing Observ. Social & Polit. State European People v. 80 The landowners and the law may prevent the small tenant from actually dividing the small farm he rents, into farms, or subholdings.
1991 M. K. McIntosh Community Transformed ii. 99 The traditional subholdings were now viewed in effect as freeholds.
sub-separation n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbsɛpəˌreɪʃn/
,
/ˌsʌbsɛpəˈreɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌsɛpəˌreɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˌsəbˌsɛpəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1658 T. Hall Pract. Comm. Third & Fourth Chapters Paul to Timothy 231 Once men begin to tumble down the hill of errour, they seldome rest till they come to the bottome. They usually fall to separations and sub-separations.
1835 C. F. Partington Brit. Cycl. Arts & Sci. II. 59/2 Mechanical separation of the useless fossils..from the useful, and also the subseparation of the latter from one another.
1994 M. Hart et al. Decision at Midnight 41 The political system had..moved from the doctrine of separation of powers to that of the sub-separation of powers.
subspecialization n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbspɛʃəlʌɪˌzeɪʃn/
,
/ˈsʌbspɛʃl̩ʌɪˌzeɪʃn/
,
/ˌsʌbspɛʃəlʌɪˈzeɪʃn/
,
/ˌsʌbspɛʃl̩ʌɪˈzeɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌspɛʃələˌzeɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˈsəbˌspɛʃəˌlaɪˌzeɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˌsəbˌspɛʃələˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˌsəbˌspɛʃəˌlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1887 Pop. Sci. Monthly Sept. 614 He is still a specialist, but we know by the experience of others..that his specialty is capable of indefinite sub-specialization.
1969 Life 23 May 42/2 The specialization and sub-specialization of U.S. academic and professional life.
2010 T. Hoff Pract. under Pressure i. 12 Examples of primary care subspecializations include cardiology (heart), nephrology (kidneys), and gastroenterology (digestive system).
subtransmission n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbtranzˌmɪʃn/
,
/ˈsʌbtrɑːnzˌmɪʃn/
,
/ˌsʌbtranzˈmɪʃn/
,
/ˌsʌbtrɑːnzˈmɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌtrænzˌmɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˈsəbˌtræn(t)sˌmɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˌsəbˌtrænzˈmɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˌsəbˌtræn(t)sˈmɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1897 L. Bell Electric Power Transmission ix. 349 For reaching neighboring towns, three 40 KW transformers feed a 3000 volt sub-transmission system.
1900 Cent. Mag. 59 493/2 The minister of the interior..whose touches thrill by devolution and subtransmission throughout the mighty system.
2002 A. Lovins Small is Profitable 243/2 The distribution system typically has a radial architecture, a ‘tree’ that branches from the highest-voltage to successively smaller subtransmission lines.
sub-variation n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbvɛːrɪˌeɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˌsʌbvɛːrɪˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌvɛriˌeɪʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˌsəbˌvɛriˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1810 ‘A. D. Philidor’ Stud. Chess (new ed.) I. 344 In a sub-variation on the white play, No. 2, the bishop to adverse K. rook's 4th.
1914 T. Kinney & M. W. Kinney Dance iv. 64 He goes into sub-variations of ballet steps with the utmost exactness.
2006 P. L. Shillingsburg From Gutenberg to Google x. 193 Ignorance..comes in two major forms with infinite, it seems, sub-variations.
(ii)
subderivative n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbdᵻˌrɪvətɪv/
,
/ˌsʌbdᵻˈrɪvətɪv/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbdəˌrɪvədɪv/
,
/ˌsəbdəˈrɪvədɪv/
a derivative of a derivative.
ΚΠ
1796 Brit. Critic Sept. 265 Mr. Salmon proceeds to give all the derivatives and compounds, with the sub-derivatives of the compounds.
1912 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 7 Dec. 1618/1 A lucrative export trade exists in this country..in respect of morphine and its sub-derivatives.
2005 P. Stamets Mycelium Running 53/1 The majority of the VX surrogate had been metabolized by the mycelium into unstable subderivatives.
sub-secession n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbsᵻˌsɛʃn/
,
/ˌsʌbsᵻˈsɛʃn/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbsəˌsɛʃ(ə)n/
,
/ˌsəbsəˈsɛʃ(ə)n/
a secession from something that has already seceded.
ΚΠ
1786 E. Middleton Biogr. Evangelica IV. 281 About the year 1746, another Secession, or rather Sub-secession, was formed from that already established.
1880 J. H. Burton Hist. Reign Queen Anne I. ii. 66 Sub-secessions from the successive seceding bodies.
1997 S. P. Ramet Whose Democracy? 163 The Croats and Bosnian Muslims living within predominantly Serbian areas would enjoy the right to secede from these secessions, and..the Serbs living within these subsecessions would themselves enjoy the right of secession.
(c) Forming nouns denoting a person who follows subsequently from and in subordinate relation to another as part of an implied action or process.
(i)
sub-farmer n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbfɑːmə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌfɑrmər/
ΚΠ
1642 H. Parker Vintners Answer 17 By this Farm he hath got a great estate, and enabled himself for one purchase of 17000l. whereas the Farmors and sub-Farmors, never received one penny benefit.
1884 Lippincott's Mag. July 40/2 The inquilino..is a sort of resident sub-farmer.
2005 S. D. Petmezas in M. Greene Minorities in Ottoman Empire 106 They were usually sub-farmers of various local taxes.
sublodger n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌlɒdʒə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌlɑdʒər/
ΚΠ
1853 Ann. Reg. 1852 ii. Chron. 149/1 The whole of these disgusting abodes were crowded with a dense mass of lodgers and sub-lodgers in every degree of sub-tenancy.
1902 Daily Chron. 26 Nov. 6/6 The final sub-lodger was squeezed out upon the landing for his sleeping-place.
sub-mortgagee n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbmɔːɡᵻˈdʒiː/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌmɔrɡᵻˈdʒi/
ΚΠ
1815 J. B. Bird Suppl. Barton's Mod. Precedents Conveyancing xlix. 332 The payment to (a submortgagee) of the sum.
1883 Law Times Rep. (N.S.) XLIX. 556/1 The defendants last added are sub-mortgagees of the trustee.
2005 M. Dowden Practitioner's Guide to Land Registration Act 2002 vi. 75 The first mortgagee charges the debt and interest stream receivable under its mortgage in favour of the sub-mortgagee.
sub-occupier n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɒkjᵿpʌɪə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɑkjəˌpaɪər/
ΚΠ
1831 W. Hickey Addr. to Landlords Ireland 55 Your estates have been covered with a wretched and injurious class of sub-occupiers.
2007 S. Woodhead & H. Cooke Corporate Occupiers' Handbk. iii. 51 A corporate occupier that is looking to take on space or alternatively to off load it to a sub-occupier.
sub-pawnee n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpɔːˈniː/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌpɔˈni/
,
/ˌsəbˌpɑˈni/
Law
ΚΠ
1854 P. M. de Colquhoun Summ. Rom. Civil Law III. 352 It lies against the pawnor himself, or a sub-pawnee, who must allow precedence to the first pawnee or creditor.
1903 H. C. Folkard Conc. Abridgm. Law & Equity 585 Pawnor's Rights as against a Sub-pawnee.
sub-pledgee n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbplɛˈdʒiː/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌplɛˈdʒi/
Law
ΚΠ
1845 P. I. Kaufmann in tr. F. Mackeldey Compend. Mod. Civil Law 388 (note) The debtor..is not allowed to pay off the original pledgee without the consent of the sub-pledgee.
1977 F. Snyder in Amer. Jrnl. Compar. Law (1980) 28 132 The original pledgor is allowed to deal directly with the subpledgee in order to reclaim his land.
sub-proprietor n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbprəˈprʌɪətə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbp(r)əˈpraɪədər/
ΚΠ
1683 R. Baxter Catechizing of Families xli. 338 And a Father may take from his Child who is but a conditional Subproprietor, what he seeth meet.
1755 Gentleman's Mag. Aug. 354/2 They have successively come into the hands of many sub-proprietors.
1899 B. H. Baden-Powell Origin & Growth Village Communities India v. 97 The original villagers became ‘sub-proprietors’, or tenants with occupancy rights.
1991 Social Scientist 19 52 By 1900 the proportion of total revenue collected by the sub-proprietors had marginally declined.
sub-trader n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌtreɪdə/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌtreɪdər/
ΚΠ
1851 H. R. Schoolcraft Personal Mem. Resid. 30 Years Indian Tribes lxiii. 606 He also served as a clerk or sub-trader for a merchant, for which he was to have received $500, and never received a cent.
2004 K. Gibson Unclutter your Life 79 She maintains an enviable Zen-like calm as she sails through days packed with..consultations with clients, sub-traders and property managers.
(ii)
sub-disciple n.
Brit. /ˈsʌbdᵻˌsʌɪpl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbdəˌsaɪp(ə)l/
a disciple of a disciple.
ΚΠ
1823 ‘G. Smith’ Not Paul, but Jesus 371 The name and person of his own sub-disciple Apollos.
2004 C. Mandell tr. J. Rancière Flesh of Words ii. 50 A handful of..pamphlets..were published by the bushel by the disciples and sub-disciples of Saint-Simon.
sub-purchaser n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈpəːtʃᵻsə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpərtʃəsər/
chiefly Law a person who purchases something from a previous purchaser.
ΚΠ
1809 T. U. P. Charlton Life Major Gen. J. Jackson I. 87 His reputation was assailed with unrelenting calumnies..wherever purchasers and sub-purchasers resided.
1975 A. P. Dobson Sale of Goods & Consumer Credit v. 51 He cannot confer good title on the sub-purchaser unless that sale falls under an exception to the nemo dat principle.
2004 E. Kieninger Security Rights in Movable Prop. in European Private Law 298 The sub-purchasers receive title to the goods without having to rely on the rules of bona fide acquisition.
† sub-reformist n. Obsolete rare a person who advocates or carries out further reform.
ΚΠ
1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) i. §54 The Church of Rome condemneth us, wee likewise them, the Sub-reformists and Sectaries sentence the Doctrine of our Church as damnable [etc.] . View more context for this quotation
subspecialist n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈspɛʃəlɪst/
,
/ˌsʌbˈspɛʃl̩ɪst/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈspɛʃ(ə)ləst/
a person who specializes in a particular area of (usually professional) expertise within a larger speciality.
ΚΠ
1892 Trans. Amer. Inst. Electr. Engineers 9 464 This field of work [sc. engineering] is so vast that of necessity it must be divided among specialists and sub-specialists.
1951 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 275 114/1 An extraordinary development of the political police as a subspecialist in violence who is at the disposal of the party leaders.
2011 J. Cole Trauma vi. 68 I operated alongside highly compartmentalized subspecialists who limited their surgical adventures to one or two organs.
sub-underwriter n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈʌndəˌrʌɪtə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈəndə(r)ˌraɪdər/
Economics a person who sub-underwrites part of a liability.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > insurance > [noun] > one who insures someone else > underwriter
underwriter1622
writer1816
sub-underwriter1895
1895 Rep. Special Comm. appointed to investigate Causes Strike Surface Railroads (N.Y. State Legislature) 139 Were you one of the subunderwriters?
1995 Economist 18 Feb. 95/1 Paul Marsh..concluded that..sub-underwriters earned excess fees of almost 3/4%.
† sub-vaccinee n. Obsolete rare a person vaccinated with lymph obtained from a recently vaccinated person.
ΚΠ
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 592 All the sub-vaccinees of the vaccinifer (who himself subsequently suffered from erysipelas) did not suffer from erysipelas.
f. Mathematics. Prefixed prepositionally to adjectives expressing ratio, with the sense ‘reciprocal to that expressed by the second element’, as subdecuple, subsesquitertial, subsuperparticular, etc. In later use chiefly in musical contexts. See also subduple adj.
ΚΠ
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. cxxv. 1362 Þe nombre submultiplex is ofte conteyned in þe more nombre, as oon is twies conteyned in tweyne.
1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. v. f. 128 Comparing the lesse quantitie to the greater, it [sc. proportion] is called submultiplex, subsuperparticular, subsuperpartient, submultiplex superparticular, and submultiplex superpartient.
1598 I. D. tr. L. Le Roy Aristotles Politiques v. i. 250 (note) And the other way, as 3. are to 6. so be 4. to 8. which is subdouble proportion.
1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον sig. T8v It would bear the Analogy..of a subnovitripartient eights; that is to say..the whole being the Dividend, and my Nomenclature the Divisor, the quotient would be nine, with a fraction of three eights: or yet more clearly, as the Proportion of 72. to 675.
1685 J. Hawkins Cocker's Decimal Arithm. i. 4 By prefixing a Cypher or Figure on the left hand of a Decimal, so as actually to take place in the Decimal, its value is decreased in a subdecuple proportion.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) 3 to 2 is in a Sesquialterate Ratio; 2 to 3 in a Subsesquialterate.
1795 T. Maurice Hist. Hindostan (1820) I. i. ii. 75 The length of human life is diminished..in a subdecuple ratio.
1819 J. M. Good et al. Pantologia (new ed.) at Ratio In the other case, if the exponent be 7/ 3, the ratio is called subsesquialterate; if 3/ 4, it is subsesquitertial.
1854 J. W. Moore Compl. Cycl. Music 414/2 All the values of the notes were imperfect, that is to say, in a double or sub-double ratio.
1967 Acta Musicologica 39 37 From left to right these numbers are transposed into submultiplex and subsuperparticular proportions.
2007 T. Dumitrescu Early Tudor Court & Internat. Musical Relations v. 202 A nonsensical combination of subsuperparticular and superpartient proportions.
3. In prepositional relation to the noun constituting or implied in the second element, with the sense ‘next below; near or close to; subsequent to’.As a living prefix sub- is restricted in this sense to prepositional uses. The adverbial use is seen in subsequent adj.
a. Forming adjectives (and related nouns), with the sense ‘near to the region or point expressed by the second element’, as sub-basal adj., subdorsal adj., sublittoral adj., submarginal adj., etc.Such words may be interpreted in a different way (see sense 4a(c)(iv)).
b. Geography and Geology.
(a) Forming adjectives (and related nouns), with the sense ‘lying about the base of or subjacent to mountains specified by the second element; (hence) lower in height than these mountains; characteristic of regions of such altitude’. Also: forming nouns denoting regions of this type or geological features characteristic of such regions. See also subalpine adj. and n., sub-Apennine n. and adj.
sub-Andean adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbanˈdiːən/
,
/ˌsʌbˈandɪən/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌænˈdiən/
,
/ˌsəbˈændiən/
ΚΠ
1856 Naumannia 6 431 Few of these birds were known to the older authors, but of late, since so many collections have been formed in the Sub-Andean regions of New Grenada, Ecuador and Peru, their numbers have been very considerably increased.
1924 I. Bowman Desert Trails Atacama viii. 164 The sub-Andean zone that was to become the great silver-producing region of Chile.
1993 Calgary (Alberta) Herald (Nexis) 24 Nov. c3 The Sub-Andean basins run in a 5,600-kilometre north-south line along the east slope of the world's second-highest mountain range.
2006 Arctic, Antarctic, & Alpine Res. 38 609/1 Research was conducted at four sites within the subandean scrub vegetation belt in the central Chilean Andes.
sub-Andine adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈandʌɪn/
,
/ˌsʌbˈandiːn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈænˌdaɪn/
,
/ˌsəbˈænˌdin/
ΚΠ
1845 London Jrnl. Bot. 4 620 Subandine woods of Peru, near Cuchero.
1922 A. G. Ogilvie Geogr. Central Andes ii. iii. 50 If oil be later found in this section of Bolivia, it will lie in the sub-Andine zone which crosses the northeast corner of the La Paz sheet and possibly also on the Altiplano.
2002 Jrnl. Hydrol. 266 2/1 A sub-andine tropical rain forest.
sub-Etnean adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɛtˈniːən/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɛtˈniən/
ΚΠ
1833 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 76 The marine sub-Etnean beds.
1904 F. H. Jackson Sicily 167 Many lava flows are crossed before arriving at Aderno, the most important sub-Etnean town after Catania and Aci Reale.
2000 Marine Geol. 167 107/2 These clays form the substrate for much of the eastern and southern flanks of the Mount Etna volcanic edifice and are known as the sub-Etnean clays.
sub-Himalaya n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbhɪməˈleɪə/
,
/ˌsʌbhᵻˈmɑːlɪə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌhɪməˈleɪə/
(also sub-Himalayas)
ΚΠ
1836 Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 5 59 The great distinction between the Hippopotamus of the sub-Himálayas and the fossils described by Cuvier, and also the existing animal of South Africa, consists in its having six incisor teeth, in lieu of four.
1851 G. A. Mantell Petrifactions v. §1. 413 Bones of mammalia from the Sub-Himalayas.
1883 Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. 5 617 The tertiaries of the Sub-Himalaya.
1990 P. Kearey & F. J. Vine Global Tectonics ix. 189 The Himalaya..are consequently experiencing rapid erosion, with the deposition in the Sub-Himalaya of a thick terrigenous sequence dating from the Miocene.
2000 Science 21 Apr. 497/1 The Subhimalaya..consists of Neogene foreland basin deposits.
sub-Himalayan adj. (and n.)
Brit. /ˌsʌbhɪməˈleɪən/
,
/ˌsʌbhᵻˈmɑːlɪən/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌhɪməˈleɪən/
ΚΠ
1831 Gleanings Sci. Oct. 321 The Jarâï Deer. Habitat, the sub-Himâlayan ranges, and Saul forest.
1844 D. T. Ansted Geol. II. xli. 95 The formations composing these hills [sc. the Sewalik hills], which have sometimes been called the Sub-Himalayans.
1944 G. Emerson Voiceless India (rev. ed.) ii. 34 Tharus do better thatching than anybody else in the Tarai, as the sub-Himalayan tract is called.
2005 Auk 122 1068/2 We sampled extensively, using mist nets, at localities in the Himalayan and sub-Himalayan region of northern Myanmar north and east of Putao.
(b) Forming adjectives (and related nouns) designating a region or zone adjacent to or on the borders of that specified by the second element; hence also with the sense ‘of or relating to such a region or zone’. See also subantarctic adj. and n., subarctic adj. and n., subarid adj., subequatorial adj., subfrigid adj., subhumid adj.
† subsylvatic adj. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1852 A. Henfrey Vegetation Europe 103 The regions which may be distinguished on the West side of the Scandinavian Alps are:—1. The Maritime region; 2. The Subsylvatic region; 3. The Subalpine region; and 4. The Alpine region.
1859 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 77 372 This same timber..produces..a great number of obstructions to the navigation upon the ‘subsylvatic’ branches of the Truandó river.
subtorrid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈtɒrɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈtɔrəd/
ΚΠ
1852 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Crustacea Pt. II ii. 1510 The genus Porcellana has but two-thirds as many species in the temperate as in the torrid zone. Yet the subtemperate region contains but one less than the subtorrid.
1902 P. A. Kropotkin Mutual Aid: Factor in Evol. iii. 84 Immense territories in middle Europe, Siberia, and Northern America..remained in early postglacial conditions which rendered them inaccessible to the civilized nations of the torrid and sub-torrid zones.
2009 Carbohydrate Res. 344 217/2 Ferns are common in warm, dark areas of both torrid and subtorrid zones.
Categories »
c. Music. Forming adjectives (and related nouns) designating a note lying one note in a scale below a principal note expressed by the second element, as subtonic adj. and n. Cf. sense 1d.
d. Forming adjectives (and related adverbs and nouns), with the sense ‘of lower condition or degree (or size) than; less than’.In later more general use often merging with 4a.
(a)
sub-angelical adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbanˈdʒɛlᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbænˈdʒɛlək(ə)l/
rare
ΚΠ
1652 E. Benlowes Theophila sig. A3v Man..is of all Creatures sub-Angelical the Almighties Masterpiece.
1998 M. M. Mahood Playing Bit Parts in Shakespeare x. 215 The masque which the ‘rabble’..of spirits, all sub-angelical intelligences, perform for the young lovers.
sub-barbaric adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbbɑːˈbarɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌbɑrˈbɛrɪk/
ΚΠ
1879 G. Allen Colour-sense xiii. 268 The Homeric Akhaians were a sub-barbaric race.
2006 C. Spranger Comedy of Agony 106 Present tendencies make it possible to predict the chief attributes of this sub-barbaric language of the future.
subcanonical n. and adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbkəˈnɒnᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbkəˈnɑnək(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1608 S. Hieron 2nd Pt. Def. Ministers Reasons 83 These..maye be called conformable to the Canonicall or subcannonical.
1897 Brit. Friend Sept. 245/1 This is derived from some logion in a sub-canonical gospel.
1997 L. Mackay Fact, Fiction, & Representation 84 All of the canonical, extracanonical, and subcanonical texts of Western literature.
sub-divine adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdᵻˈvʌɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbdəˈvaɪn/
,
/ˌsəbdiˈvaɪn/
ΚΠ
1610 J. Donne Pseudo-martyr vi. 185 Nor know we whether they will pleade Diuine Law, that is, places of Scripture, or Sub diuine Law, which is interpretation of Fathers.
1775 G. Crabbe Inebriety 16 The sails, of sub-divine desire.
1906 W. Montgomery tr. O. Pfleiderer Primitive Christianity I. xiv. 296 The term demon did not..include the sense of devilish beings..but signifies only superhuman and sub-divine spirits.
2007 E. H. Boone Cycles of Time & Meaning in Mexican Bks. Fate iii. 62/2 The eagle and the jaguar..were..paired as sub-divine beings.
sub-judicial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdʒᵿˈdɪʃl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbdʒuˈdɪʃ(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1808 J. Bentham Sc. Reform 67 All other persons who bear any part in the cause:—Judge, sub-judicial officers, parties.
2008 P. Viswanathan Toss of Lemon xii. 117 She marches with a couple of her brothers down to the sub-judicial court veranda.
sub-leonine adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈliːənʌɪn/
,
/ˌsʌbˈliːənᵻn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈliəˌnaɪn/
rare
ΚΠ
1872 A. C. Swinburne Under Microscope 79 ‘Ah, my lord..’, says the jackal to the lion..‘observe how all other living creatures belong but to some sub-leonine class’.
submammalian adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbməˈmeɪlɪən/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbməˈmeɪliən/
ΚΠ
1861 G. Rorison Three Barriers §45. 95 There are no sub-mammalian mothers: animals below the line are parents or producers only.
1943 O. S. Strong & A. Elwyn Human Neuroanat. xvii. 320/1 The amygdaloid complex is found in all mammals and has been homologized with the olfactory striatum..of submammalian forms.
2001 Science 30 Mar. 2642/3 (advt.) To study any of the following areas:..characterization of cytochromes P450 in submammalian vertebrates and invertebrates.
submaximal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈmaksᵻml/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈmæksəm(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1876 Jrnl. Anat. & Physiol. 10 336 The duration of the latent stimulation diminished, when the sub-maximal intensity of current was increased.
1990 New Scientist 2 June 58/2 Most of the running is sub-maximal, with an average sprint distance of 12 metres.
submicrogram adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈmʌɪkrə(ʊ)ɡram/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈmaɪkroʊˌɡræm/
,
/ˌsəbˈmaɪkrəˌɡræm/
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > smallness > [adjective] > extremely small
tinea1400
little weea1525
undersmall?1527
little little1542
perpusil1598
tiny1598
punctual1605
minute1606
pygmya1616
exiguous1630
atomical1646
minutulous1651
puncticular1658
arenulous1664
myriate1665
minimal1666
minim1671
infinitesimal1733
minutissim1768
weeny1790
midgety1798
teeny1802
pinpoint1807
atomic1809
homuncular1822
minnow1824
weeshy1825
pinhead1835
finitesimal1836
homoeopathic1838
teeny-weeny1842
teenty1844
teenty-taunty1844
teeny-tiny1849
submolecular1854
teensy1856
super-compact1860
midget1865
ultramicroscopic1870
pilulous1871
teensy-weensy1872
tee-tiny1872
minuscule1878
smitchy1888
eeny-weeny1894
eensy-weensy1904
pygmean1904
ultramicroscopical1904
bitsy1905
bitty1905
totty1906
millimetric1909
miniscule1909
minuscular1911
insectual1912
micro1931
eeny1933
eensy1940
submicrogram1941
submillimetre1954
diddy1963
mini1963
micro-mini1967
1941 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 138 611 The need for a quantitative method for the determination of submicrogram quantities of bismuth in body fluids.
1976 Nature 10 June 454/1 Gibberellins are amongst the most potent of the naturally occurring plant growth regulators and exert maximal activity in most tissues when present in sub-microgram quantities.
2001 M. Dando New Biol. Weapons iv. 50 Toxins would be more difficult for an enemy to detect, and some would be effective in much smaller quantities (submicrogram lethality).
submicrometer adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbmʌɪˈkrɒmᵻtə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌmaɪˈkrɑmədər/
ΚΠ
1969 U.S. Space Sci. Program: Rep. to COSPAR 12th Meeting (National Res. Council (U.S.) Space Sci. Board) 44 Initial electron microscopic examination of exposed surfaces shows the presence of a small concentration of submicrometer particles.
1993 R. J. Pond Introd. Engin. Technol. (ed. 2) x. 291 (caption) This laboratory technician uses a computer-controlled lathe..to machine parts such as precision mirrors to submicrometer accuracies.
2008 Plant Physiol. 147 518/2 The interest in 3-D imaging techniques at micrometer and submicrometer scales to visualize biological microstructures has consequently grown.
submiliary adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈmɪlɪəri/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈmɪliˌɛri/
[after German submiliar (1865 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1871 Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 19 Jan. 45/2 A distinctive peculiarity of tubercle was that in the youngest forms, namely, the submiliary, we have evidences of fatty degeneration in the centre of the mass.
1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xx. 499 The histological lesion which characterises rheumatic fever is the submiliary nodule or Aschoff node.
2000 Seminars Avian & Exotic Pet Med. 9 119/2 Pathological changes seen include hepatosplenomegaly..and multiple submiliary to miliary, sharply demarcated, grayish foci within the liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys.
subminimal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈmɪnᵻml/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈmɪnəm(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1882 Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 11 May 442/1 The cortex is simulated by a shock just too feeble to produce an effect (subminimal irritation).
1991 R. B. Reich Work of Nations (1992) 321 Many of the 11 million foreigners who visit America each year remain here, working in menial jobs at subminimal wages.
submorphemic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbmɔːˈfiːmɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌmɔrˈfimɪk/
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [adjective] > of lower degree than morpheme
submorphemic1947
1947 C. F. Hockett in Language 23 321 A scholar deciphering a dead language written in a non-phonetic or semi-phonetic orthography, may..remain in almost total ignorance of anything submorphemic.
1997 Lang. in Society 3 439 There have always been characters in Chinese that stand for submorphemic syllables, which carry no meaning by themselves.
subphonemic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbfəˈniːmɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbfəˈnimɪk/
,
/ˌsəbˌfoʊˈnimɪk/
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > phoneme, allophone, etc.
diaphonic1932
morphonemic1934
morphophonemic1934
subphonemic1935
microphonemic1936
monophonemic1936
allophonic1938
diaphonemic1939
monophonematic1940
diphonemic1950
idiophonemic1958
morphophonic1962
morphophonematic1964
hypophonemic1966
morphonic1966
1935 Language 11 102 A sub-phonemic variation which the observer himself uses will generally escape his notice.
1994 Trans. Philol. Soc. 92 242 A toponymic vowel, even though it was itself neither long nor short, could acquire subphonemic length in certain contexts.
subphonemically adv.
Brit. /ˌsʌbfəˈniːmᵻkli/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbfəˈnimᵻk(ə)li/
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adverb] > phoneme, allophone, etc.
morphophonemically1940
subphonemically1947
diaphonically1950
allophonically1951
diaphonemically1959
monophonematically1961
hypophonemically1969
1947 Language 23 440 An isolated sound system, if such a thing were conceivable, would perhaps not change (except subphonemically) of its own account.
2004 Monatshefte 96 119 Scribes could write both phonemically as well as subphonemically—namely phonetically.
sub-preparatory adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbprᵻˈparət(ə)ri/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbprəˈpɛrəˌtɔri/
,
/ˌsəbpriˈpɛrəˌtɔri/
ΚΠ
1874 Wisconsin Jrnl. Educ. Oct. 410/2 At Oshkosh, 181 normals and 183 grammar, intermediate and primary pupils, together with a ‘special sub-preparatory class’ of 22, make a grand total of 386.
2005 R. Chapman Winter Park in Vintage Postcards ii. 30 (caption) There were 70 students at Rollins that year, the majority of them taking preparatory and sub-preparatory courses.
sub-primary adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈprʌɪm(ə)ri/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpraɪˌmɛri/
,
/ˌsəbˈpraɪm(ə)ri/
ΚΠ
1839 Abstr. Mass. School Returns 1838–9 82 The Sub-Primary School, composed of children under five years of age,..is supported in part by the parents of the children.
1914 Trans. Amer. Soc. Civil Engineers 77 211 Every road should be entered under its proper sub-primary account.
2002 T. Brown Faithful, Firm, & True ii. 35 The subprimary classes were taught by normal students being prepared as teachers.
subthreshold adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈθrɛʃ(h)əʊld/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈθrɛʃˌ(h)oʊld/
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > stimulation > [adjective] > qualities of stimulus
heterologous1889
suprathreshold1911
subthreshold1937
pleiotypic1971
1894 H. Nichols & W. E. Parsons Our Notions of Numbers & Space 96 It remains to be said of Law Two, that for very short, or sub-threshold distances, we should expect to find its effects very weak.
1937 C. H. Best & N. B. Taylor Physiol. Basis Med. Pract. lxiii. 1225 If a second stimulus also of subthreshold strength..be sent into the nerve an impulse is set up.
2001 N. C. Andreasen Brave New Brain (2004) v. 128 First-degree relatives might..be clinically ‘normal’, and yet have a subthreshold form of the illness.
(b)
sub-bituminous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbbᵻˈtjuːmᵻnəs/
,
/ˌsʌbbᵻˈtʃuːmᵻnəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌbaɪˈt(j)umənəs/
,
/ˌsəbˌbəˈt(j)umənəs/
(esp. of coal) partly or moderately bituminous; cf. semi-bituminous adj. at semi- prefix 2c(j).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > hydrocarbon minerals > [adjective] > coal > bituminous or sub-bituminous
fat1831
sub-bituminous1835
1835 Curtis's Bot. Mag. 62 3390 The foliage has a fetid, subbituminous smell.
1849 Sci. Amer. 1 Dec. 81/1 (heading) Sub bituminous coal for locomotives.
1931 Gen. Information Territory Alaska (U.S. Dept. Interior) 31 The coal in the Nenana field is subbituminous.
2004 Jrnl. Range Managem. 57 313/1 The station burns low sulfur western sub-bituminous coal.
sub-freezing adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈfriːzɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈfrizɪŋ/
having or designating a temperature below freezing point, esp. that of water (zero degrees Celsius); very cold; cf. subzero adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > measurement of temperature > [adjective] > of or relating to degrees below zero
sub-freezing1885
subzero1887
1885 Southern Homœopathic Pellet Feb. 3 The interior of dwellings is often not subjected to a sub-freezing temperature from one year's end to another.
1979 P. Theroux Old Patagonian Express iii. 51 Two feet of snow in Boston. Chaos and death. Power cuts in sub-freezing weather.
2008 F. Giannangelo & V. Giannangelo Growing with Seasons 122 Rime frost is common during fogs, where super-cooled air comes in contact with subfreezing surfaces.
submillimetre adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈmɪlᵻˌmiːtə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈmɪləˌmidər/
(esp. of electromagnetic waves) less than a millimetre in length or size; relating to or involving such waves or dimensions.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > smallness > [adjective] > extremely small
tinea1400
little weea1525
undersmall?1527
little little1542
perpusil1598
tiny1598
punctual1605
minute1606
pygmya1616
exiguous1630
atomical1646
minutulous1651
puncticular1658
arenulous1664
myriate1665
minimal1666
minim1671
infinitesimal1733
minutissim1768
weeny1790
midgety1798
teeny1802
pinpoint1807
atomic1809
homuncular1822
minnow1824
weeshy1825
pinhead1835
finitesimal1836
homoeopathic1838
teeny-weeny1842
teenty1844
teenty-taunty1844
teeny-tiny1849
submolecular1854
teensy1856
super-compact1860
midget1865
ultramicroscopic1870
pilulous1871
teensy-weensy1872
tee-tiny1872
minuscule1878
smitchy1888
eeny-weeny1894
eensy-weensy1904
pygmean1904
ultramicroscopical1904
bitsy1905
bitty1905
totty1906
millimetric1909
miniscule1909
minuscular1911
insectual1912
micro1931
eeny1933
eensy1940
submicrogram1941
submillimetre1954
diddy1963
mini1963
micro-mini1967
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > radio wave > microwave > [adjective] > of specific length
millimetric1873
centimetric1932
submillimetre1954
submillimetric1957
1954 Physical Rev. 93 897/1 An extension of microwave spectroscopy into the submillimeter wave region has been achieved.
1973 Physics Bull. May 305/3 Submillimetre spectroscopy..is a field in which there has been much activity during the last 15 years.
1976 Sci. Amer. June 127/1 All one had to do was to drop his view to the submillimeter level, where little creatures abound that are still new to science.
2009 J. Cheng Princ. Astron. Telescope Design vii. 411 These effects are very detrimental for high frequencies (e.g. millimeter or submillimeter waves).
submillimetric adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbmɪlɪˈmɛtrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌmɪləˈmɛtrɪk/
= submillimetre adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > radio wave > microwave > [adjective] > of specific length
millimetric1873
centimetric1932
submillimetre1954
submillimetric1957
1957 Electronic & Radio Engineer 34 385/1 Surface irregularities of that nature, though negligible in the centrimetric [sic.] band and even sometimes in the millimetric band, become of primary importance in the submillimetric band.
1975 Nature 6 Mar. 39/2 The mystery of the submillimetric limb brightening [of the sun].
2002 W. Etter & C. M. Tang in D. J. Bottjer et al. Exceptional Fossil Preserv. xv. 269 The submillimetric laminations are an alternation of light-colored carbonate-rich laminae..and darker laminae.
subpixel adj. and n. As noun
Brit. /ˈsʌbˌpɪksl/
,
U.S. /ˈsəbˌpɪks(ə)l/
, As adjective also
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈpɪksl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpɪks(ə)l/
(a) adj. relating to or involving an area of an image smaller than a pixel; (b) n. an area of an image smaller than a pixel; esp. each of the three or more single-colour elements of a pixel in an LED or liquid crystal display.A pixel in a display is typically composed of three subpixels of the colours red, green, and blue.
ΚΠ
1986 Computerworld 3 Mar. 87/4 Interpolator, a multirate sampling module with subpixel precision.
1988 Re: Raytracing in II (Supersampling Speedup) in comp.graphics (Usenet newsgroup) 29 Nov. The recursion terminates either when the rays from the subpixel's corners are in close agreement or when some max depth is reached.
1999 NewMedia Sept. 70/1 Subpixel sampling for all paint tools makes high-quality anti-aliasing possible.
2006 T. Rabinowitz Exploring Typogr. vii. 266 The ClearType font format accesses these subpixels to display glyphs at higher resolutions.
2010 FourFourTwo June 55 (advt.) By adding a yellow sub-pixel to the standard RGB colour matrix we can now produce shades of colour never seen before on TV.
subtherapeutic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbθɛrəˈpjuːtɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌθɛrəˈpjudɪk/
Medicine (of a dose or concentration of a drug) less than is required for successful treatment of a disease; (of a drug) present in such amounts.
ΚΠ
1910 Therapeutic Gaz. 15 Dec. 842/2 This reaction is said by Iverson to occur when a subtherapeutic dose for syphilis has been given.
1980 Lancet 5 Apr. 746 Both groups showed that plasma clearance of theophylline could vary widely, so that identical infusion rates might lead to subtherapeutic levels in one patient and toxicity in another.
1996 J. B. McCormick et al. Plague Makers i. iii. 50 A partial course of prescribed antibiotics, called a subtherapeutic dose, creates a perfect situation for the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
2009 N.Y. Times Mag. 1 Feb. 46/1 They require that the pigs be humanely raised and free of subtherapeutic antibiotics.
e. Physical Anthropology. Forming adjectives designating (persons having) skulls having a cephalic index that falls just below the range of the category specified by the second element. Also: forming nouns denoting such conditions of the skull.
sub-brachycephalic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˌbrakɪsᵻˈfalɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌbrækisəˈfælɪk/
,
/ˌsəbˌbrækəsəˈfælɪk/
[after French sous-brachycéphale (1861 or earlier)] now rare
ΚΠ
1864 P. Broca Let. 20 May in Jrnl. Anthropol. Soc. 2 p. cclxix No. 4, which I send you, is mesaticephalic, 79·7; No. 8 is subbrachycephalic, 81·5; finally, No. 11 is brachycephalic, 85·3 per cent.
1923 J. Hornell Indian Boat Designs 234 I append tabulated measurements of men belonging to four of the principal castes in Tinnevelly,—Vellalar, Parawar, Shanar and Paraiyar,—from which it will be seen that the three latter are subbrachycephalic.
1957 T. T. Rice Scythians ii. 77 At Pazirik the burials contained sub-brachycephalic, brachycephalic, mesocephalic and dolichocephalic skulls, which suggests a considerable admixture.
sub-brachycephalous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbbrakɪˈsɛfələs/
,
/ˌsʌbbrakɪˈsɛfl̩əs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌbrækiˈsɛfələs/
,
/ˌsəbˌbrækəˈsɛfələs/
[after French sous-brachycéphale (see sub-brachycephalic adj.)] now rare
ΚΠ
1865 J. Thurnam in Mem. Anthropol. Soc. 1 510 Only about half [the skulls] are brachycephalous or sub-brachycephalous.
1892 Science 10 June 334/2 They are probably remnants of an early sub-brachycephalous race who were scattered by the invasion of the later brachycephalous tribes.
1913 H. L. Mencken in Smart Set June 89/2 But back to the American... Back to that sub-brachycephalous and sentimental fellow​.
sub-brachycephaly n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbbrakɪˈsɛfəli/
,
/ˌsʌbbrakɪˈsɛfl̩i/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌbrækiˈsɛfəli/
,
/ˌsəbˌbrækəˈsɛfəli/
[after French sous-brachycéphalie (1869 or earlier)] now rare
ΚΠ
1878 R. T. H. Bartley tr. P. Topinard Anthropol. ii. xii. 499 Low stature, woolly hair, black skin, and sub-brachycephaly [Fr. sous-brachycéphalie].
1948 Man 48 126/1 The mesocephaly and sub-brachycephaly therefore derived mainly from prehistoric times and not from later intermixture.
1994 T. Stoianovich Balkan Worlds iv. 137 A further zone extending from the central to the southeastern Balkans and resumed in Wallachia and Moldavia is characterized by subbrachycephaly and medium height.
subdolichocephalic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdɒlᵻkə(ʊ)sᵻˈfalɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌdɑləkoʊsəˈfælɪk/
[after French sous-dolichocéphale (1861 or earlier)] now rare
ΚΠ
1865 J. Thurnam in Mem. Anthropol. Soc. 1 461 With M. Broca, it is desirable to admit a sub-dolichocephalic and a sub-brachycephalic class [of skulls].
1920 R. A. Freeman Savant's Vendetta iv. 63 Male skeleton of Teutonic type exhibiting well-marked characters of degeneration. The skull is asymmetrical, subdolichocephalic.
1935 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 75 191 Brachycephaly cannot be responsible for similar conditions among the Notoungulata for the majority of skulls..are either mesaticephalic or subdolichocephalic.
subdolichocephalism n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdɒlᵻkə(ʊ)ˈsɛfəlɪz(ə)m/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌdɑləkoʊˈsɛfəˌlɪzəm/
rare
ΚΠ
1895 Smithsonian Rep. i. 515 His cephalic index falls down to subdolichocephalism.
1904 N. V. Goiticoa Venezuela i. 50 Guagnuagomos, whose proto-European resemblances disclose themselves in their large stature, clear-cut eyes, relatively straight faces, horizontal eyes, straggling beards, and subdolichocephalism.
subdolichocephalous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdɒlᵻkə(ʊ)ˈsɛf(ə)ləs/
,
/ˌsʌbdɒlᵻkə(ʊ)ˈsɛfl̩əs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌdɑləkoʊˈsɛfələs/
[after French sous-dolichocéphale (see subdolichocephalic adj.)] now rare
ΚΠ
1865 J. Thurnam in Mem. Anthropol. Soc. 1 485 The measurements of the seven skulls show that three are brachycephalous, three ovoid, and one sub-dolichocephalous.
1896 A. H. Keane Ethnol. xii. 321 The shape of the head..is..here and there mesaticephalous and even sub-dolichocephalous.
1906 New Internat. Encycl. IX. 327/2 In craniological characters they [sc. the Guanchos] approach the Cro-Magnon race of France, with subdolichocephalous skull, low forehead, and projecting jaws.
1967 H. R. S. Pocock Conquest Chile 239 Among the former [sc. the Picunches and Huilliches] predominated the subdolichocephalous or mesaticephalous type of skull.
subdolichocephaly n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdɒlᵻkə(ʊ)ˈsɛfəli/
,
/ˌsʌbdɒlᵻkə(ʊ)ˈsɛfl̩i/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌdɑləkoʊˈsɛfəli/
[after French sous-dolichocéphalie (1875 or earlier)] now rare
ΚΠ
1885 Amer. Naturalist 19 524 [Cephalic index] .70–.749 Subdolichocephaly.
1900 tr. J. Deniker Races of Man x. 374 The type which predominates among the Tunguses represents the secondary race called North Mongolian and characterised by mesocephaly or a slight sub-dolichocephaly, and by a rather elongated face.
1966 S. L. Larnach & N. W. G. Macintosh Craniol. Aborigines Coastal New S. Wales 80 The low-vault, parietal eminences and subdolichocephaly of the Tasmanians..led him to accept hybridization as a possibility in southern Australia.
submesaticephalic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbmᵻˌsatɪsᵻˈfalɪk/
,
/ˌsʌbˌmɛsətɪsᵻˈfalɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbməˌsædəsəˈfælɪk/
[after French sous-mésaticéphale ( P. Topinard Élém. d'anthropol. gén. (1885) xii. 370)] rare
ΚΠ
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II Sub-mesaticephalic, having a cephalic index of 75 or 76.
1911 Rev. Neurol. & Psychiatry 9 251 The heads used were one new-born male head and one new-born female, four adult male and two adult female heads, representing all the types—dolichocephalic and subdolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and submesaticephalic, [etc.].
submicrocephalic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbmʌɪkrə(ʊ)sᵻˈfalɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌmaɪkroʊsəˈfælɪk/
rare
ΚΠ
1890 H. Ellis Criminal iii. 52 Out of thirty criminals eight presented brains and skulls of a..capacity only found in submicrocephalic subjects.
1913 F. T. Cooper tr. M. Montessori Pedagogical Anthropol. i. 167 From the victim of rickets to the infantile, to the submicrocephalic, to the ultra-macroscele or ultra-brachyscele, all abnormal organisms may contribute to the number of those predisposed to the social phenomenon of criminality.
subscaphocephalic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbskafə(ʊ)sᵻˈfalɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌskæfoʊsəˈfælɪk/
rare
ΚΠ
1865 J. Thurnam in Mem. Anthropol. Soc. 1 473 All these crania are very dolichocephalous. The first..is a remarkable specimen of synostosis... The form is sub-scaphocephalic.
1908 Proc. Soc. Antiquaries Sc. 42 340 The skull showed a sub-scaphocephalic appearance.
Categories »
f. Forming adjectives designating and nouns denoting a religious sect or doctrine, with reference to events occurring after a point in time expressed by the second element, as sublapsarian adj. and n., submortuarian n. Opposed to supra- prefix 2f.
g. Archaeology and Ancient History. Forming adjectives designating periods that occurred immediately after the period denoted by the second element (but still retained some characteristics of that period). Also: forming nouns denoting such periods. See also sub-apostolic adj., sub-Roman adj.
sub-Mycenaean adj. and n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbmʌɪsᵻˈniːən/
,
/ˌsʌbmʌɪˈsiːnɪən/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌmaɪsəˈniən/
,
/ˌsəbˌmaɪˈsiniən/
ΚΠ
1896 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 921 In this connexion, what may be called a sub-Mycenæan survival in the North-Western corner of the Balkan peninsula has a special interest for the Celtic West.
1931 Times 9 Oct. 11/2 It contains quantities of Mycenaean, sub-Mycenaean, and proto-Geometric pottery.
1991 P. James et al. Cent. of Darkness (1992) 70 Habitation continued down to the Submycenaean at Tiryns.
2004 Mnemosyne 57 348 Just as we know better than to posit a single ‘invasion’ of Dorians in sub-Mycenaean times, the actual movements of Aeolic-speaking peoples are no doubt also complicated.
sub-Neolithic adj. and n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbniːəˈlɪθɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌniəˈlɪθɪk/
In quot. 1956 figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the past > historical period > [adjective] > of prehistoric periods
prolepticala1646
ante-historical1724
ante-historic1828
lacustrine1830
palaeotherian1831
prehistoric1832
Siwalik1836
megalithic1839
subarctic1846
meta-historical1854
prehistorical1854
lithic1862
protolithic1863
Archaeolithic1865
lacustrian1865
Palaeolithic1865
Mesolithic1866
Hallstatt1869
microlithic1872
palaeocosmic1875
Silurian1875
Miolithic1877
archilithic1879
eneolithic1886
palaeolithical1887
Solutrian1888
eolithic1890
Hallstattian1893
Chellean1894
pre-Palaeolithic1894
palaeolithoid1896
protolithic1896
Siculian1896
Siculic1896
Azilian1899
Acheulean1901
Villanova1901
chalcolithic1902
sub-Neolithic1903
Mesvinian1905
protoneolithic1906
Sicanian1909
Siculan1909
Aurignacian1914
Getulian1914
Châtelperron1915
epipalaeolithic1921
Creswellian1926
Capsian1928
Villanovan1928
Chelleo-Acheulean1930
Abbevillian1934
Swiderian1936
dryas1946
Shamvaian1947
Mazovian1965
Devensian1968
talayotic1974
1903 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 23 170/2 A painted geometric vase from Zakro..has its shape and suggestions of a metal proto-type in common with a similar incised sub-neolithic vase from the same deposit.
1956 E. E. Cummings Let. 11 Mar. (1969) 248 Good Freudians were quick to suggest that my superego suffers from sub~neolithic trends.
1968 Arctic Anthropol. 5 63/2 A detail which we want to report..is the scarcity of infant burials in the cemeteries of hunting and fishing groups of the sub-Neolithic.
2004 Ann. Brit. School Athens 99 40 The study..has distinguished within the typical latest Neolithic pottery several sub-Neolithic markers which lead us to suspect that this period of occupation did not cease with the end of the Neolithic.
h. Forming adjectival compounds with the sense ‘less than (a specified time, quantity, etc.)’; spec. (in Sport) qualifying a race distance which is completed under the time specified, as sub-four-minute mile, sub-three-hour marathon, etc.
ΚΠ
1890 County Gentleman 7 June 793/3 It is..pointed out that the reduction of the number and value of the sub-mile contests would lead to fewer races and smaller fields.
1954 Irish Times 22 Oct. 2/6 Dr. Roger Bannister, who ran the first sub-four minute mile at Oxford in May.
1971 Baseball Digest July 14/1 There has never been a sub-.300 batting champion in either league.
1988 PC Mag. 31 Oct. 285/3 Since other on-site contracts for a year often cost up to 20 percent of a product's original retail price, these sub-10 percent prices are impressive.
1989 J. Modell Into One's Own 405 The figures are deviations from the means, in numbers of sub-three-year-old children.
1999 BBC Top Gear Mag. June 11/3 While Gordon Brown is attempting to coax UK drivers into sub-1,100cc micro motors, cars in America are getting bigger.
2006 C. J. Alsheimer Strategies for Whitetails iii. 36/2 Whitetail bucks often crash for a few days once the prime breeding is complete, much the same way world-class marathoners do after having run a sub-three-hour marathon.
4.
a. In adverbial relation to the second element, with the sense ‘incompletely, imperfectly, partially’.
(a) In general use. Prefixed to adjectives (and derived adverbs and nouns).The precise meaning may vary contextually from ‘only slightly’ to ‘not quite, almost’.
(i)
subanalogous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbəˈnaləɡəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəˈnæləɡəs/
ΚΠ
1768 Philos. Trans. 1767 (Royal Soc.) 57 417 Little seeds subanalogous, or somewhat resembling those we find in the fructification of the Fucus's.
1846 Edinb. New Philos. Jrnl. 40 258 The object is not to determine whether shells are identical, analogous, subanalogous, or extinct, but rather whether they are or are not of the same species.
† subderisorious adj. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1668 H. More Divine Dialogues i. xxxvii. 160 This subderisorious mirth.
subemergent adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbᵻˈməːdʒ(ə)nt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəˈmərdʒənt/
,
/ˌsəbiˈmərdʒənt/
ΚΠ
1742 R. North & M. North Life F. North 228 The Spaniards have peculiar Councils, call'd Juntos,..which prevents such sub-emergent Councils as these [sc. English cabinet councils].
1871 M. C. Cooke Handbk. Brit. Fungi II. 868 Sub-emergent, gregarious, black.
2005 A. Bovik Handbk. Image & Video Processing (ed. 2) iv. 387 The CCA representation provides a dense description characterizing not only the dominant image structures, but subtle subemergent texture features as well.
subgregarious adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɡrᵻˈɡɛːrɪəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbɡrəˈɡɛriəs/
Chiefly in technical use in Botany.
ΚΠ
1821 W. J. Hooker Flora Scotica 13 A[rcyria] flava, subgregarious yellow, tuft of filaments very long drooping.
1854 C. D. Badham Prose Halieutics 180 Others, subgregarious in their taste, swim about in small detached parties.
1937 W. B. Grove Brit. Stem- & Leaf-fungi II. 183 Pycnidia subgregarious, occurring more especially toward the tip of the leaf.
2002 Mycologia 94 295/1 Habitat and distribution. Solitary to scattered, in small groups of 2–4 basidiomes or subgregarious.
sub-historical adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbhɪˈstɒrᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌhɪˈstɔrək(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1848 Chambers's Edinb. Jrnl. 25 Nov. 349/1 Their place would appear to be in the romantic, with a sub-historical character.
1940 K. Mannheim Ideol. & Utopia 128 Besides this sub-historical biological element a spiritual, transcendental element is also to be found in this sphere.
2007 J. Pettifer & M. Vickers Albanian Question vii. 102 All the traditional sub-political and sub-historical vocabulary of obsolete anthropological conceptions about the Albanian world came into play.
sub-mocking adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈmɒkɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈmɑkɪŋ/
ΚΠ
1892 I. Zangwill Big Bow Myst. 87 A curious, sub-mocking smile.
submoral adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈmɒrəl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈmɒrl̩/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈmɔrəl/
ΚΠ
1861 W. L. Alexander & D. W. Simon tr. I. A. Dorner Hist. Devel. Doctr. Person Christ 1st Division I. 307 This professedly supra-moral being, although conceived under the form of a will, is in reality sub-moral.
1946 Mind 55 115 A will-less saint would be a sub-moral being, a fine creature perhaps, but not a responsible moral agent.
2009 G. Walker tr. S. Trigano Democratic Ideal & Shoah 10 The extremely moral superego is closely related to the submoral unconscious.
suboxidized adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɒksədʌɪzd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɑksəˌdaɪzd/
ΚΠ
1809 Trans. Soc. Arts, Manuf., & Commerce 27 99 Having thus succeeded in proving that the tinging principle of the liquid B was sub-oxidised prussic acid, my next object was to obtain that principle in a free state.
1866 W. Odling Lect. Animal Chem. 154 I now add to the free iodine some suboxidised substance.
1918 Ophthalmic Year Bk. 14 83/1 Hawley considers that the absorption from the lower bowel of suboxidized products plays an important role in the causation of glaucoma.
2006 Nucl. Engin. & Design 236 1811/1 The molten pool can have different structures, in particular with a metallic layer under the suboxidized U–Zr–O corium.
† subprelatical adj. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1650 J. Milton Tenure of Kings (ed. 2) 59 Not prelatical, or of this late faction subprelatical.
† subputrescent adj. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1817 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. II. xxii. 277 A subputrescent stalk of Angelica.
1879 W. A. Leighton Lichen-flora (ed. 3) 320 On subputrescent wood and stumps, probably not uncommon.
subresonant adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈrɛzənənt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈrɛzn̩ənt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈrɛzənənt/
,
/ˌsəbˈrɛzn̩ənt/
ΚΠ
1879 R. E. Thompson Physical Exam. Chest vii. 47 Sounds that have more resonance are called hyper-resonant; those that have less, sub-resonant.
1924 Musical Q. 10 44 But if the air column is shortened in one fossa through obstructions, the tone is dampened and sub-resonant.
1965 Nature 21 Aug. 853/1 (heading) Sub-resonant response of a mechanical system parametrically excited at its resonant frequency.
2004 Ultrasound Med. & Biol. 30 1499/1 A variety of insonation frequencies were used, corresponding to resonant, subresonant and super-resonant regimes.
subrustic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈrʌstɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈrəstɪk/
[after classical Latin subrusticus]
ΚΠ
1618 J. Hales Let. 4 Dec. 19 in Golden Remains (1659) That δυσωπια, that subrustick shamefastness of many men.
1786 Lady's Mag. Feb. 68/2 If we were to express ourselves in so crude a manner, we should..be thought rather coarse and subrustic.
1854 London Q. Rev. June 447 The Sylvias and Rosalinds..drawled out artlessness in a sub-rustic vernacular.
2006 K. Whitfield Benighted 30 Plants in the hallway, muted colors, sanded floorboards, sub-rustic decor.
subsapient n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈseɪpɪənt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈseɪpiənt/
,
/ˌsəbˈsæpiənt/
rare
ΚΠ
1635 Earl of Manchester Al Mondo: Contemplatio Mortis (rev. ed.) 86 There be certaine Subsapients so worldly wise as they thinke all other men insipients.
1988 ‘C. J. Cherryh’ Cyteen 251 There was a subsapient on the world the colonists called Gehenna.
sub-sarcastic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbsɑːˈkastɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌsɑrˈkæstɪk/
ΚΠ
1847 in H. Taylor Notes from Life (1848) (new ed.) p. vii The sub-sarcastic vein in which certain parts of it were written was not very well understood.
1865 Pall Mall Gaz. 11 Nov. 9 It might be imagined that the advertisement conveyed a subsarcastic touch.
1909 C. N. Robinson Brit. Tar xiv. 295 The dry, sub-sarcastic manner in which Jane Austen casts contempt upon certain ways of viewing life is illustrated in the same story.
sub-Semitic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbsᵻˈmɪtɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbsəˈmɪdɪk/
ΚΠ
1845 Jrnl. Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Soc. July 306 Monsieur D'Abbadie, in his account of the Abyssinian languages, considers Amharic a sub-semitic dialect.
1907 L. W. King & H. R. Hall Egypt & W. Asia ii. 83 The fusion of the primitive Neolithic and invading sub-Semitic races had not been effected at that time.
subsimious adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsɪmɪəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsɪmiəs/
rare
ΚΠ
1877 A. C. Swinburne Note C. Brontë 11 Its superhuman or subsimious absurdity.
subsolid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsɒlɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsɑləd/
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > viscosity > [adjective] > extremely
subsolid1806
semi-solid1836
1806 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. VI. 48 Antennæ clavated, subsolid, subcompressed.
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xvii. [Ithaca] 642 Subsolid residual sediment of a mechanical mixture.
2003 V. T. DeVita et al. in C. I. Henschke et al. Progress in Oncol. 2002 xi. 204 A nodule is manifest as a focal nonlinear opacity, whether the nodule be solid or subsolid.
sub-tepid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈtɛpɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈtɛpəd/
ΚΠ
1750 J. Huxham Ess. Fevers i. 9 It may be easily supposed that sub-tepid Diluters internally will have an analogous Effect.
1891 Cent. Mag. Jan. 462/1 On the counter stood a large pitcher..brimming with water of a sub-tepid temperature.
2007 P. L. Younger Groundwater in Environment iii. 55/1 Its density and/or viscosity are likely to be sufficiently different from those of ordinary, fresh, sub-tepid groundwaters.
sub-virile adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈvɪrʌɪl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈvɪrᵻl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈvɪrəl/
ΚΠ
a1734 R. North Examen (1740) iii. vii. 549 This put abundance of People of subvirile Tempers, into a Twitter.
1968 G. Legman Rationale of Dirty Joke I. vi. 344 An heiress with an obviously sub-virile husband.
subvulgar adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈvʌlɡə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈvəlɡər/
rare
ΚΠ
1620 T. Venner Via Recta viii. 164 A Subvulgar Diet is as it were a meane betweene the Accurate, and Vulgar.
1938 S. Leslie Film of Memory 187 What has been called ‘the Divine Physics’..is associated with goody-goodiness and reduced to a form of subvulgar joking.
(ii)
subacidulous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbəˈsɪdjᵿləs/
,
/ˌsʌbəˈsɪdʒᵿləs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəˈsɪdʒələs/
[after post-classical Latin subacidulus (1541 or earlier)] = subacid adj.
ΚΠ
1773 tr. G. van Swieten Comm. Aphorisms Boerhaave XV. 248 Mild, diluting, subacidulous drinks [L. potu diluente, blando, subacidulo].
1870 J. R. Lowell My Study Windows 291 A thimbleful of..subacidulous Hock.
1952 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 46 645 There is a horrible dearth of talent which not even..the spinsterly and sub-acidulous monitions of the New Statesman can remedy.
subeconomic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbiːkəˈnɒmɪk/
,
/ˌsʌbɛkəˈnɒmɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk/
,
/ˌsəbˌikəˈnɑmɪk/
unprofitable; not making or intended to make a large profit.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > [adjective] > not economically viable
subeconomic1908
non-viable1935
1908 L. S. S. O'Malley Bankura (Bengal District Gazetteers) i. 11 There are the usual shrubberies of semi-spontaneous, often sub-economic, shrubs and small trees.
1936 Jrnl. Compar. Legislation & Internat. Law 18 133 The provisions in regard to rating have been amended so as to exempt sub-economic and municipal housing schemes.
1971 Leader (Durban) 7 May 1/5 The Verulam Town Board has announced its intention to erect..100 sub-economic houses.
2006 Review (Rio Tinto Group) June 9/2 Miners bring into production marginal or subeconomic discoveries that generate sufficient cash to cover mining costs in the short term.
subevergreen adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɛvəɡriːn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɛvərˌɡrin/
designating a plant which is evergreen only in a mild climate, or which retains its leaves into winter and loses them gradually; of or relating to such a plant.
ΚΠ
1785 W. Marshall Planting & Ornamental Gardening 245 The Sea-green Magnolia, or the Bay-leaved Tulip-tree, or the Small Magnolia; a tall sub-evergreen shrub; native of Virginia and Pennsylvania.
1836 Hort. Reg. 1 Mar. 110 They are all very beautiful, and have that pleasing, glossy, sub-evergreen foliage, peculiar to the China Rose.
1909 Irish Naturalist 18 152 It [sc. a kind of fern] is sub-evergreen, the fronds falling down in autumn storms but remaining fairly green and fresh through the winter.
2004 G. Sternberg & J. W. Wilson Native Trees for N. Amer. Landscapes 428 Unlike the leaves of most oaks.., those on live oak are subevergreen, falling gradually over late winter as new leaves replace them.
subinhibitory adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɪnˈhɪbᵻt(ə)ri/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbᵻnˈhɪbəˌtɔri/
(of a concentration or dose of an antibiotic) less than that required to inhibit microbial growth.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > substances acting on bacteria > [adjective] > subinhibitory
subinhibitory1923
1923 Jrnl. Hygiene 21 384 A metabolism experiment with glycine in high but sub-inhibitory concentration showed that the amino-acid is broken down by Staphylococcus aureus, at this concentration.
1956 L. E. H. Whitby & M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 6) ix. 123 Serial culture of susceptible organisms in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of an antibiotic results in the emergence of bacteria that can flourish in the presence of enormous concentrations of the antibiotic.
2001 S. G. B. Amyes Magic Bullets, Lost Horizons vii. 150 The presence of antibiotics in the feed, even in sub-inhibitory concentrations, will hinder the metabolism of the bacteria in the rumen and reticulum.
subluminous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈl(j)uːmᵻnəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈlumənəs/
weakly luminous, dim; (Astronomy) of lower luminosity than is typical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > dimness or absence of brightness > [adjective]
dima1000
darkOE
troublea1327
palec1385
dullc1430
unclearc1440
unbright1534
cloudy1556
unlight1570
muddy1600
wan1601
opacous1616
filmy1642
illuminous1656
crepuscular1668
dumb1720
rayless1754
opaque1794
veilya1802
turbid1811
unlucent1819
ineffulgent1824
blear1830
unrefulgent1856
subluminous1860
subaqueous1875
shineless1882
the world > the universe > luminous appearance > [adjective] > of less luminosity than normal
subluminous1969
1860 London Rev. & Weekly Jrnl. 4 Aug. 108/2 The upper atmospheric stratum being carried downwards, would displace by its impetus the luminous and sub-luminous strata beneath.
1911 E. C. Hill Text-bk. Chem. 310 A middle luminous cone or mantle, and an outer bluish subluminous mantle.
1969 O. J. Eggen in S. S. Kumar Low-luminosity Stars i. i. 22 Photometric parallaxes have been derived for the 27 stars in Table III which are very probably subluminous.
2001 I. Nicolson in P. Moore 2002 Yearbk. Astron. ii. 248 Dark bodies in the galactic halo, such as subluminous stars, black holes and planets, have come to be known as MACHOs.
sub-singular adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsɪŋɡjᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsɪŋɡjələr/
Theology (of a manuscript reading or variant) attested or supported only by a secondary or inferior source, or by a small number of these.
ΚΠ
1881 B. F. Westcott & F. J. A. Hort New Test. in Orig. Greek II. Introd. iii. 230 What may be called ‘subsingular readings’, which have only secondary support.
1980 B. M. Metzger New Test. Stud. vi. 100 Among several singular or sub-singular readings of considerable interest, the following deserve to be mentioned.
2006 Jrnl. Biblical Lit. 125 195 The sub-singular variants of Fam II.
(b) With reference to proper names.
(i) Prefixed to adjectives derived from personal names, forming adjectives designating a person who or thing which is similar to or characteristic of the person in question, but is in some way inferior, as sub-Dickensian, sub-Shakespearean, etc.
ΚΠ
1889 Academy 24 Aug. 115 There is a good deal of sub-Dickensian humour in Mr. Hilton's Bohemian sketches.
1891 Papers Manch. Literary Club 17 194 His poem might be described (if one may be pardoned for using somewhat affected language) as sub-Keatsian.
1914 N. Amer. Rev. June 941 I have seen a sentiment from Dr. Johnson which no free-born Anglo-American reader would remember for five minutes hoarded by these forlorn sub-Shakespearean creatures for five generations.
1934 E. Sitwell Aspects Mod. Poetry i. 18 Mr. Housman was followed by a school of poets, rather loosely held together by their sub-Wordsworthian ideals.
1959 Listener 5 Feb. 258/2 A laboured sub-Wodehousian straining after slapstick instead of farce.
1962 John o' London's 10 May 459/2 The opening has a sub-Chaplinesque quality.
1967 J. Philip et al. Best of Granta i. 16 Following the editorial come five sub-Miltonic stanzas.
1977 P. Johnson Enemies of Society xi. 154 One prominent sub-Marxist ‘scientist’..is Herbert Marcuse.
1989 J. Stokes In Nineties 133 ‘The pursuit of experience is the refuge of the unimaginative’, runs the sub-Wildean epitaph.
2008 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 17 July 26/3 When asked to assess the grim price of the Iraq war, he ducks the task.., descending instead into sub-Churchillian rhetoric.
(ii) Prefixed to personal names, forming nouns denoting and adjectives designating a person who or thing which is similar to or characteristic of the person in question, but is in some way inferior, as sub-Napoleon, etc.Chiefly in ad hoc formations.
ΚΠ
1927 W. Lewis Lion & Fox 186 Raskolnikov furnishes us with the curious spectacle of another of these sub-Napoleons in action.
1934 W. Lewis Men without Art ii. v. 169 A little old-maidish, are the Prousts and sub-Prousts I think.
1954 Times 10 May 9/3 Abel's quartet was a charming piece of sub-Mozart with galant cadences.
1963 Times Lit. Suppl. 5 Apr. 235/2 Here is the eternal sex-life of the American college girl told in the eternal sub-Salinger..style.
1968 J. Bingham I love, I Kill xi. 132 It was called Deeper in the South..kind of sub-Tennessee Williams.
1977 Listener 28 July 122/3 A pregnant older lady who paints sub-Ernst surrealities.
1995 New Yorker 25 Dec. 100/2 It was a strong enough plot, but it was written in what the author calls ‘sub-Joyce’.
(c) In technical use, chiefly in natural history.
(i) With reference to colour.
(1) Prefixed to adjectives of colour, as subferruginous , subfulvous [after post-classical Latin subfulvus (1532 or earlier)] , subrubicund [after classical Latin subrubicundus reddish] , subrufous [after classical Latin subrūfus reddish] , subtestaceous [after scientific Latin subtestaceus (1746 or earlier)] , etc.
ΚΠ
?1527 Iudycyall of Vryns ii. xii. 41 Vryne Rubicunde or Subrubicunde.
?1527 Iudycyall of Vryns ii. xiii. 42 Afore yt vryn were Rubie or subrubie.
1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Medicinal Materials i, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Rrv Seseli hath lignous..subrubeous..surcls.
1694 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana i. ix. 424/2 A Subrubid or Livor-colour'd soft Calx.
1742 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 42 125 A large tough subrubicund Polypus.
1800 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. I. 490 Didelphis Obesula,..Subferruginous Opossum.
1802 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. III. 397 Coluber Nasicornis,..Subolivaceo-flavescent Snake.
1815 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. 84 Of a subrufous chesnut.
1817 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. X. 626 Subtestaceous Warbler, spotted with brown.
1846 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Zoophytes 664 Colour subminiaceous.
1847 Hist. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 2 v. 242 Elytra..of a dark sub-æneous green.
1852 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Crustacea Pt. I 395 The legs are subochreous.
1887 W. Phillips Man. Brit. Discomycetes 13 Margin..subcinnamomeous.
1900 Westm. Gaz. 29 June 2/1 Her complexion sub-olive.
1938 Mycologia 30 363 Surface smooth, dry, glabrous, subflavous, pink on the disk.
2009 B. J. Pellow et al. Flora of Sydney Region (ed. 5) 197 Adult leaves with blunt apices, usually with a mucro, broad in comparison with length,..sub-glaucous.
(2)
† subalbid adj. [after classical Latin subalbidus somewhat white, whitish] Obsolete
ΚΠ
1656 T. Blount Glossographia Sub~albid, somewhat white.
1694 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 18 23 The Menses, whose reflux to the Breasts..might as I conjecture (issuing from the Papillæ under a subalbid form) be taken for Milk.
1833 W. Twining Pract. Acct. Epidemic Cholera 27 The subalbid fluid, usually denominated the true Cholera stool, or the conjee stool, has been repeatedly and carefully analysed.
sublivid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈlɪvɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈlɪvᵻd/
[after classical Latin sublīvidus of a somewhat livid colour]
ΚΠ
1657 B. W. tr. B. Bauderon Expert Phisician vi. 40 The beginning of these Diseases is known from the pulse rare and slow, from a plumbeous or sublivid colour, a coldnesse of the extreame parts..and profound sleep.
1777 T. Percival Ess. Med. & Exper. I. 192 The portion with cantharides..neither assumed a sublivid, nor an ash colour.
1828 Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 15 Apr. 142/2 Eyes natural, but stares at those about him as if ignorant of their dispositions and intentions. Pulse 72, small, soft; hands cold, sublivid.
1911 Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa 6 107 Plants gregarious or scattered, at first globose becoming expanded, cinereous or sublivid, margin often elevated.
subluteous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈl(j)uːtɪəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈludiəs/
[after classical Latin sublūteus yellowish (2nd cent. a.d.)]
ΚΠ
1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 212 Tethyia. If red is edible, the pale and subluteous are bitterish.
1746 R. James tr. P. Alpinus Presages Life & Death in Dis. II. vii. xiv. 295 Of Colours in Urine, the laudable, as we said, are the yellowish, lightish red, subcroceous, or somewhat Saffron-like Colour, the moderately pale, and subluteous Colour.
1809 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. VII. 272 Strix Caspia,..Subluteous Owl.
1939 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66 159 Context very thin, subluteous, odorless, mild.
subolivaceous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɒlᵻˈveɪʃəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɑləˈveɪʃəs/
[after scientific Latin subolivaceus (1756 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1803 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. IV. 548 Subolivaceous Perch, speckled with black, with fifteen spines in the dorsal fin.
1914 J. J. Neuman Polyporaceae Wisconsin 39 Fuscous, subolivaceous; pileus convex, subzonate, clothed with bunches of rigid hairs.
2009 Mycol. Res. 113 976/1 R[hodotorula] glutinis (ATCC strain) cells were ellipsoid to ovoid, sub-olivaceous to subhyaline.
subpale adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈpeɪl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpeɪl/
[after classical Latin subpallidus]
ΚΠ
?1527 Iudycyall of Vryns ii. viii. 33 b Vryne pale or subpale.
1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke ii. viii. 66 If his spittle..be yellow and subpale.
1711 Godfridus Knowl. Things Unknown 30 The seventh is sub-pale, that is to say not full pale.
1927 F. L. Sargent Working Syst. Color for Students Art & Nature iii. 31 The abbreviations used for marking the different shades are..lp, lowpale; sp, subpale; and w, white​.
† subrufe adj. [ < classical Latin subrūfus dull red or tinged with red] Obsolete
ΚΠ
c1386 Almanac (1812) 29 Uryne rufe or subrufe, having rownde reclusyons and white about, somewhat fat ye fyv-etique betokens.
?1527 Iudycyall of Vryns ii. x. 37 Rudy vryne is moyst like fyne golde, and sub~rufe goldysshe.
1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Pharmaceut. Shop i, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Ggggv A subrufe ponderous Powder.
1711 Godfridus Knowl. Things Unknown 31 The first is subrufe, that is to say, not full rufe. The second rufe, like to fine Gold.
† subvirid adj. [after classical Latin subviridis pale or dull green] Obsolete
ΚΠ
1694 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana i. vii. 266/1 Of a subvirid or greenish blew colour.
(ii) With reference to texture, consistency, etc.
(1) Prefixed to adjectives designating physical characteristics such as texture, marking, consistency, composition, taste, etc., as subacerb, subdiaphanous, subdure, subhispid, sub-hornblendic, sublaminate, subnude, subpulverulent, sub-schistose, substriated, etc. See also subacid adj.
ΚΠ
1638 W. Rawley tr. F. Bacon Hist. Nat. & Exper. Life & Death 266 It must be ordered..that the Iuyce of the Body, be somewhat Hard; And that it bee Fattie, or Sub-roscide [L. subroscidus].
1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Medicinal Materials i, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Mm Its sapour is very sweet, subamare [L. subamarus], austere, and somewhat aromatical.
1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Medicinal Materials i, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Dddv [Dates] are..soft, but carnous, subdure within.
1694 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana i. vii. 309/2 These Tinctures are hot and dry, subastringent.
1699 J. Evelyn Acetaria 31 Its pinguid, subdulcid, and agreeable Nature.
1702 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 23 1171 The Roots are sweet and subacerbe.
1756 P. Browne Civil & Nat. Hist. Jamaica ii. ii. 75 Its fibres are always rigid and subdiaphane.
1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. iii. iv. 165 Sarmentose; when they are Repent and Subnude.
1787 E. Darwin et al. tr. C. Linnaeus et al. Families of Plants II. 683 Berry substriated [L. substriata].
1817 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. (1843) II. 44 Their abdomen swollen into an immense subdiaphanous sphere, filled by a kind of honey.
1824 R. K. Greville Sc. Cryptog. Flora II. pl. 110 The surface covered with a minute sub-pulverulent substance.
1828 J. Stark Elements Nat. Hist. II. 420 Axis slender, horny, or sub-stony in the centre.
1839 H. T. De la Beche Rep. Geol. Cornwall iii. 64 The latter with a sub-schistose structure.
1842 J. G. Percival Rep. Geol. Connecticut 32 A dark grey sub-porphyritic, sub-hornblendic rock.
1845 J. Phillips & C. G. B. Daubeny Geol. in Encycl. Metrop. VI. 562/2 An irregular..bed..of serpentine..exhibits..a sublaminated structure.
1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 196 Fruit compressed, obovate, subhispid.
1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 66 Slender subossified rings.
1896 J. W. Powell in Physiogr. U.S. (National Geogr. Soc.) 1 The interior of the earth is in a subfluid condition.
1936 Science 6 Nov. 420/1 The advancing front of the sub-liquid mud measured at times an inch or two in height.
1995 Washington Post (Nexis) 9 Aug. e1 The Lodi, known among Virginia farmers as the ‘baby-sauce’ apple for its subacidic white flesh, is nearing the end of its season.
(2)
subacrid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈakrɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈækrəd/
ΚΠ
1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xv. v. 566 This ariseth from a collection and suppression of subacride vapours [L. a subacri vaporum], arising from the blood, and other humors under the skin.
1702 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 23 1165 Alga Marina is Subacrid and Sweet.
1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 91 The roots of the liquorice contain an abundance of a sweet subacrid mucilaginous juice.
1908 G. S. Burlingham Study Lactariae U.S. 74 Latex white and unchanging, acrid, or watery and subacrid to mild.
2002 Mycologia 94 891/1 Russula metachromatica..has..taste that is first mild, but quickly becomes subacrid.
subalkaline adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈalkəlʌɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈælkələn/
,
/ˌsəbˈælkəˌlaɪn/
ΚΠ
1682 N. Grew Exper. Luctation ii. ii. §46 in Anat. Plants 247 Spirit of Salt is a subalkaline Acid.
1759 R. Dossie Inst. Exper. Chem. I. 267 The subalkaline salts are, such as are formed by the combination of subacid salts with alkaline salts.
1847 J. F. Royle Materia Medica 108 Taste sweetish, a little styptic, and subalkaline.
1979 R. Anderton et al. Dynamic Stratigr. Brit. Isles xii. 167/1 All the basaltic units are tholeiitic or subalkaline.
2002 Jrnl. Petrol. 43 1936/1 In the sub-alkaline basalt suite, Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic ratios covary with major elements.
subcoriaceous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbkɒrɪˈeɪʃəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌkɔriˈeɪʃəs/
[after scientific Latin subcoriaceus (1754 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1783 J. Barbut Genera Vermium I. 83 The body is flattened, covered with a subcoriaceous crust set all over with tentacula.
1846 Phytologist 2 578 It [sc. Viola lutea] is distinguished by its broadly ovate, subcoriaceous leaves and deep yellow flowers.
1918 J. H. Comstock Wings of Insects xvi. 269 The wings are usually membranous, but in some the front wings are subcoriaceous.
2006 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 93 545/2 Leaves opposite, spreading, subcoriaceous.
subfoliaceous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbfəʊlɪˈeɪʃəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌfoʊliˈeɪʃəs/
[after scientific Latin subfoliaceus (1758 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1809 W. Martin Outl. Attempt Knowl. Extraneous Fossils 114 The subfoliaceous stirp differs from the foliaceous, in being less thin and flexible—or not so nearly resembling a true leaf.
1847 W. E. Steele Handbk. Field Bot. 201 Bracts small, sub-foliaceous.
1922 Rhodora 24 169 Of the tree with long subfoliaceous scales Nova Scotia shows 3 collections, New Brunswick 1 and Maine 3.
2003 Kew Bull. 58 969 At least some bracts subfoliaceous, up to 3 mm long.
subgelatinous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdʒᵻˈlatᵻnəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbdʒəˈlætn̩əs/
ΚΠ
1792 W. Withering Bot. Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 2) III. 226 Tremella Nostoc...Sub-gelatinous.
1893 W. Phillips Man. Brit. Discomycetes (ed. 2) 323 This plant is decidedly subgelatinous.
1993 Mycol. Res. 97 213/1 When visible, effused, ceraceous or subgelatinous, violaceous grey.
subglabrous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɡleɪbrəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɡleɪbrəs/
[after post-classical Latin subglaber (1714 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1801 W. Turton tr. C. Linnaeus Gen. Syst. Nature IV. 232 Shell white subglabrous, with a longitudinal groove on the anterior part.
1847 Hist. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 2 v. 236 Body slightly pubescent or subglabrous.
1932 P. A. Rydberg Flora Prairies & Plains Central N. Amer. 74 Spikelets subglabrous or with few short slender bristles.
2010 S. Afr. Jrnl. Bot. 76 280/1 Well-branched, twiggy shrublets, 0.3–0.6 m tall; branches subglabrous.
subgranulate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɡranjᵿleɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɡrænjəˌleɪt/
[after scientific Latin subgranulatus (1773 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1801 W. Turton tr. C. Linnaeus Gen. Syst. Nature IV. 367 Shell slightly striate, with a subgranulate spire.
1905 W. West & G. S. West Monogr. Brit. Desmidiaceæ II. 109 Cell-wall of a brownish colour, with numerous small subgranulate protuberances scattered over its surface.
2003 Coleopterists Bull. 57 445 Mesosternum scabrous, punctate or subgranulate, covered with minute hairs.
subgranulated adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɡranjᵿleɪtᵻd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɡrænjəˌleɪdᵻd/
ΚΠ
1774 E. Long Hist. Jamaica II. ii. xi. 244 The varieties of the lead ore found here are the subgranulated, linked with silver; the lamellated, shining ore, in the same union [etc.].
1839 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 6 371 Very obtuse nearly obsolete transverse striæ give to the principal longitudinal stria a sub-granulated undulation.
1956 H. B. Leech & H. P. Chandler in R. L. Usinger Aquatic Insects Calif. xiii. 310/2 Undersurface of body densely finely punctate to subgranulated.
subgranulose adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɡranjᵿləʊs/
,
/ˌsʌbˈɡranjᵿləʊz/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɡrænjəˌloʊs/
,
/ˌsəbˈɡrænjəˌloʊz/
ΚΠ
1821 W. J. Hooker Flora Scotica ii. 39 Crust spreading very thin membranaceous white or greyish somewhat shining subgranulose.
1948 Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 74 50 Lateral faces subgranulose.
1988 Jrnl. Arachnol. 16 155 Ventrolateral carinae moderate; finely granulose on segment I; smooth on II; subgranulose on III.
subgranulous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɡranjᵿləs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɡrænjələs/
ΚΠ
1838 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 128 307 In these respects, as well as in their punctate or subgranulous appearance..their condition differs at different periods in the same animal.
1902 W. L. Distant Fauna Brit. India: Rhynchota I. 364 Antennæ subgranulous, castaneous, second joint and apical half of third joint piceous.
subherbaceous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbhəˈbeɪʃəs/
,
/ˌsʌbhəːˈbeɪʃəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌ(h)ərˈbeɪʃəs/
[after scientific Latin subherbaceus (1763 or earlier), specific use of post-classical Latin subherbaceus (1537 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1783 tr. C. Linnaeus Syst. Veg. (1785) I. 201 Leaves alternate, stems subherbaceous.
1846 Med. Times Feb. 14/2 There is cassia alata, or ringworm bush... This is a showy plant, with a subherbaceous stem, rising in rich soils to a height of from six to eight feet.
1908 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35 97 Sepals membranaceous or subherbaceous, equal or unequal, never awned.
2001 Systematic Bot. 26 597/2 We have selected seven taxonomically important characters, with the most common character states including subherbaceous sepals, seeds with a short pubescence, [etc.].
submetallic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbmᵻˈtalɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbməˈtælɪk/
ΚΠ
1822 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 4 20 These lamina..are commonly collected into radiating or diverging clusters, of a pale green or greenish-grey colour and a pearly submetallic lustre.
1922 T. M. Lowry Inorg. Chem. xxxviii. 732 These two minerals form black opaque crystals belonging to the orthorhombic system of a submetallic lustre and of high density.
2009 Fuel 88 1582/2 Black particles, which were metallic to sub-metallic in luster, comprised up to 5% of the FGD [= flue gas desulfurization] samples.
subopaque adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbə(ʊ)ˈpeɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌoʊˈpeɪk/
ΚΠ
1771 Encycl. Brit. II. 283/1 Cos, the Whet-stone, in natural history, a genus of vitrescent stones, consisting of fragments of an indeterminate figure, sub-opaque, and granulated.
1833 W. J. Hooker in J. E. Smith Eng. Flora V. i. 46 Leaves subopaque.
1901 Amer. Naturalist 35 162 Thorax gibbous in front, flattened on the dorsal surface, which is subopaque; pleuræ and pectus shining.
2003 Coleopterists Bull. 57 445 Mesocoxal surface subopaque.
subpellucid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpᵻˈl(j)uːsᵻd/
,
/ˌsʌbpɛˈl(j)uːsᵻd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbpəˈl(j)usəd/
[after post-classical Latin subpellucidus (1732 in the passage translated in quot. 1735)]
ΚΠ
1735 T. Dallowe tr. H. Boerhaave Elements Chem. II. ii. xcviii. 220 By this means, then, you will have a solid, hard, sub-pellucid [L. subpellucida], brown, saline Mass.
1781 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 80 375 A spissid sub~pellucid liquid.
1876 Bot. Bull. 1 29 The texture is lax and subpellucid.
1974 Bryologist 77 335 Upper cells unipapillate over lumen, hexagonal or oval-hexagonal,..subpellucid.
subpilose adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈpʌɪləʊs/
,
/ˌsʌbˈpʌɪləʊz/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpaɪˌloʊs/
,
/ˌsəbˈpaɪˌloʊz/
[after scientific Latin subpilosus (1753 or earlier), specific use of post-classical Latin subpilosus (1704 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 117 Leaves ovato-oblong, subpilose.
1859 Jrnl. Proc. Linn. Soc.: Bot. 3 202 There is apparently a second species with subpilose leaves, attenuated at the base and apex, and with paler bark.
1909 Bull. Misc. Information (Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew) No. 5. 218 I noted another arborescent Alsophila, with subpilose fronds.
2001 Flora Neotropica 83 182/1 Stem 2–8 mm thick, sparsely to densely, ± retrorsely strigillose, strigose, subsericeous, subpilose.
subsaline adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈseɪlʌɪn/
,
/ˌsʌbˈseɪliːn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈseɪˌlin/
[compare post-classical Latin subsalinus (1690 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1684 J. Browne Adenochoiradelogia Pref. sig. (a)7 So may these beget and imprint a strange quality in the Lympha, by making it either more acid, more subsaline, more diluted or aqueous, or more thick and viscid.
1853 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 23 50 The lake itself has an oblong shape..; its elevation is 15,200 feet, and its water sub-saline.
1998 Folia Geobotanica 33 393 Main flowering season: summer, late summer or autumn. Main habitat: subsaline or saline.
substriate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈstrʌɪeɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈstraɪˌeɪt/
[after scientific Latin substriatus (1746 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1795 A. H. Haworth Observ. Genus Mesembryanthemum ii. 146 And that the flowers of forficatum are purple, and as it were, substriate.
1880 T. Broun Man. N.Z. Coleoptera 628 Elytra obovate, not quite so broad as the middle of the thorax, with almost regular rows of punctures, substriate near the apex.
1919 M. Hebard Blattidae Panama 32 The surface of the ootheca is microscopically very finely and longitudinally substriate, giving a smooth bark-like appearance.
2005 Willdenowia 35 267 Stem 30-50 cm tall, slender, subflexuose, substriate, often purplish violet at base.
subterete adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbtəˈriːt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈtɛˌrit/
ΚΠ
1817 A. Eaton Man. Bot. 74 Silique sub-terete.
1902 Orchid Rev. Mar. 65 They [sc. a kind of orchid] are more or less pendulous in habit, and have narrow, fleshy, sometimes terete or subterete leaves.
2008 S. Afr. Jrnl. Bot. 74 714/2 The ultimate leaflet segments are rigid and reduced to linear, sub-terete segments in both species.
subtranslucent adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbtrɑːnzˈl(j)uːs(ə)nt/
,
/ˌsʌbtranzˈl(j)uːs(ə)nt/
,
/ˌsʌbtrɑːnsˈl(j)uːs(ə)nt/
,
/ˌsʌbtransˈl(j)uːs(ə)nt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌtræn(t)ˈspɛrənt/
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > light > transparency or translucence > [adjective] > semi-transparent
translucid1640
hornya1656
semi-diaphanous1663
semi-opacous1663
semi-opaque1692
translucent1726
semi-transparent1797
subtranslucent1828
vaporous1863
1828 J. Fleming Hist. Brit. Animals 199 In the variety called silver eel, the belly and sides are silvery and sub-translucent.
1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) v. 194 Plasma... Rather bright-green to leek-green, also sometimes nearly emerald-green, and subtranslucent or feebly translucent.
1955 J. C. Brown & A. K. Dey India's Mineral Wealth (ed. 3) 623 The bloodstones are subtranslucent, dark green chalcedony speckled with red; the moss agates..perfectly translucent stones.
2002 Copeia No. 3. 789/1 Dorsal, anal, pectoral, and pelvic fins pale to subtranslucent.
subtransparent adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbtrɑːnˈsparənt/
,
/ˌsʌbtranˈsparənt/
,
/ˌsʌbtrɑːnˈspɛːrənt/
,
/ˌsʌbtranˈspɛːrənt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌtræn(t)ˈspɛrənt/
ΚΠ
a1773 G. Edwards Elements Fossilogy (1776) 101 Cryptometalline fossils, which are transparent or subtransparent.
1817 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. II. xxv. 418 Both..have the material which diffuses their light included in a hollow subtransparent projection of the head.
1903 Nautilus 16 129 Shell depressed, yellow, subtransparent.
2001 Dental Materials 17 45/2 Affected dentin..can be divided into a number of altered regions that include..the discolored or turbid layer, the transparent layer, subtransparent layer, [etc.].
subvillose adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈvɪləʊs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈvɪˌloʊs/
,
/ˌsəbˈvɪˌloʊz/
[after scientific Latin subvillosus (1745 or earlier), specific use of post-classical Latin subvillosus (1704 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 131 Branches subvillose.
1890 G. Watt Dict. Econ. Products India III. 40 The stems are almost sub-villose, a character by which the plant may be recognised in the bazar product from all the other Indian daturas.
1999 Novon 9 136/2 Petioles (1.2–2.6 cm) and petiolules (0.6–4 cm) tomentose to subvillose.
subvillous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈvɪləs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈvɪləs/
[after scientific Latin subvillosus (see subvillose adj.)]
ΚΠ
1783 tr. C. Linnaeus Syst. Veg. (1785) I. 311 Leaves subvillous, petioles equal.
1811 W. Wade Salices 247 Leaves somewhat entire ovate, acute, upper surface subvillous; underneath most densely woolly.
1934 Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 19 41 Above the ring, pruinose or subvillous, white or pale clear yellow when young.
2005 Flora Neotropica 94 30/1 The indumentum on the leafy twigs and the base of the petiole can be subvillous.
(iii) Botany, Anatomy, and Zoology.
(1) Prefixed to adjectives designating shape, conformation, or growth habit, as subarboreous, subauricled, subirregular, subpectinate, subradiate, etc. [Frequently after scientific Latin models.]
ΚΠ
1752 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. III. 131 The sublong and transversely radiated Buccinum.
1787 E. Darwin et al. tr. C. Linnaeus et al. Families of Plants I. 180 Cor[olla]. Universal not uniform, subradiate.
1800 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. I. 264 Sub-auriculated dusky Seal.
1817 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. X. 381 Subcrested Flycatcher.
1821 S. F. Gray Nat. Arrangem. Brit. Plants II. 3 Leaflets sub~auricled at the base.
1822 J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 224 Plicatula tubifera: subirregular.
1833 W. J. Hooker in J. E. Smith Eng. Flora V. i. 107 The mouth truncated subciliated.
1847 Hist. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 2 v. 240 Posterior tarsi with the first and last joints subelongated.
1853 J. F. Royle Man. Materia Med. 641 Leaves solitary, flat, subpectinate.
1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 348 Shrubby, 1–5 ft., rarely subarboreous (10–20 ft.).
1907 R. Ridgway Birds North & Middle Amer. (Bull. U.S. National Mus. No. 50) IV. 212 The sublanceolate feathers of the throat and pileum pale grayish blue or pearl blue.
1957 Vegetatio 7 356 The forests of Rio Grande do Sul are composed of approximately 375 arboreous or subarboreous species.
2003 Micropaleontology 49 197 Pores are small, circular or subirregular, in many specimens arranged in groups.
(2)
subacuminate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbəˈkjuːmᵻnət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəˈkjumənət/
,
/ˌsəbəˈkjuməˌneɪt/
[after scientific Latin subacuminatus (1746 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1802 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. III. 588 The tail abruptly subacuminate.
1922 Bot. Gaz. 73 136 Leaves orbicular, rarely subacuminate; scapes unbranched.
2006 Herpetologica 62 194/1 Snout subacuminate in dorsal view, protruding in profile.
subamplexicaul adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbamˈplɛksᵻkɔːl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌæmˈplɛksəˌkɔl/
,
/ˌsəbˌæmˈplɛksəˌkɑl/
[after scientific Latin subamplexicaulis (1762 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1821 W. J. Hooker Flora Scotica i. 261 Culm divided upwards into several spikes, which are sessile, androgynous, with a subamplexicaul bractea at the base, and flowers with 2 stigmas.
1906 Bot. Gaz. 42 146 Leaves sessile, subamplexicaul, linear to narrowly lanceolate.
2002 Bot. Rev. 68 217 Leaves deeply crenate as far as the base and subamplexicaul.
subarborescent adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɑːbəˈrɛsnt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɑrbəˈrɛs(ə)nt/
ΚΠ
1756 P. Browne Civil & Nat. Hist. Jamaica ii. ii. 101 The subarborescent Polypodium with a large lobed foliage.
1862 London Q. Rev. Oct. 104 We might meet with another subarborescent species in these dense matted woods, Marattia alata, whose fronds have the peculiarity of springing out of the thick, fleshy stem.
1900 M. B. Flint Garden of Simples 34 There blooms the most beautiful of the azaleas, the Rhododendron nudiflora. No ‘tree’, in its sub-arborescent growth, it is truly a rose-flower.
2010 Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 290 72/2 Lycophytes are represented by both herbaceous and subarborescent taxa.
subcampanulate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbkamˈpanjᵿlət/
,
/ˌsʌbkəmˈpanjᵿlət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbkəmˈpænjələt/
,
/ˌsəbkəmˈpænjəˌleɪt/
[after scientific Latin subcampanulatus (1748 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1804 Curtis's Bot. Mag. 20 786 Corolla subcampanulate, five-cleft halfway.
1902 Gardeners’ Chron. 25 Oct. 304/1 Scape.—Erect, bearing from two to six sub-erect, sub-campanulate, substantial white flowers.
2011 J. H. Locklear Phlox i. iii. 48 Calyx subcampanulate (nearly bell-shaped), the lobes narrow with conspicuous midrib.
subciliate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsɪlɪət/
,
/ˌsʌbˈsɪlɪeɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsɪliˌeɪt/
,
/ˌsəbˈsɪliət/
[after scientific Latin subciliatus (1749 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 290 Leafits ovate, subciliate.
1868 Hardwicke's Sci.-gossip Dec. 268/2 Petioles, base, and inner side of lobes of leaf sub-ciliate.
1906 M. Slosson How Ferns Grow 50 Scales next to rootstock similar to those of rootstock; those above pale brown, small, lanceolate, or linear to oblong, pointed, subciliate.
1997 Systematic Bot. 22 93/1 Stipules subpersistent, ovate to lanceolate, 4–6 × 1–2 mm, sparsely yellowish strigillose and subciliate outside.
subclavate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkleɪveɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkleɪˌveɪt/
[after scientific Latin subclavatus (1746 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1798 W. Kirby in Trans. Linn. Soc. 4 201 In Apis the antennæ of the males are filiform, while those of the other sex are sub-clavate.
1853 F. Walker Insecta Britannica: Diptera II. 11 Antennae longer than the face; second joint sub-clavate; third sublinear, indistinctly curved, rounded at the tip.
1912 Bot. Gaz. 54 226 The asci are oblong or subclavate, tapering above rather bluntly.
2006 J. F. Leslie & B. A. Summerell Fusarium Lab. Man. xiii. 222/2 Shape/septation: Hyaline microconidia may be fusiform or subclavate.
subcompressed adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbkəmˈprɛst/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbkəmˈprɛst/
ΚΠ
1756 P. Browne Civil & Nat. Hist. Jamaica ii. 73 The smaller mossy Fucus with fewer subcompressed branches.
1841 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. III. 376/2 The coracoid..is a strong, subcompressed, subelongate bone.
1908 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 301 In the hop (Humulus Lupulus), the achene is broadly ovoid subcompressed, smooth, and somewhat glossy.
2004 Novon 14 213/2 Young branches subcompressed, sparsely to densely pubescent.
subconnate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkɒneɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbkɒˈneɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbkəˈneɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkɑˌneɪt/
,
/ˌsəbkəˈneɪt/
[after scientific Latin subconnatus (1762 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1803 Curtis's Bot. Mag. 17 639 In this the leaves are subconnate, linear-lanceolate, acute, keeled underneath, the edges rolled back.
1922 Rhodora 24 206 Leaves with broad connate or subconnate bases, scarcely narrowed below the middle.
2001 Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 127 313 Other genera with slender rostrum have subconnate claws and/or a notably triangularly shaped body.
subconvex adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbkɒnˈvɛks/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkɒnvɛks/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌkɑnˈvɛks/
,
/ˌsəbkənˈvɛks/
,
/ˌsəbˈkɑnˌvɛks/
[after scientific Latin subconvexus (1755 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1783 tr. C. Linnaeus Syst. Veg. (1785) I. 255 Umbel globular, leaves linear subconvex.
1861 Jrnl. Proc. Linn. Soc. 5 9 The plant becomes a stout little tree 25 feet high, with a flat or subconvex top.
1903 Jrnl. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 11 35 Scutellum flat or subconvex, with a marginal frenum.
2009 F. Lynghaug Official Horse Breeds Standards Guide 556/1 Horses with the sub-convex profile are thought to offer a truly battle-brave, strong-willed character.
subcordate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkɔːdeɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkɔrˌdeɪt/
[after scientific Latin subcordatus (1737 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1751 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. II. 578 The imbricated-stalked, single-flowered Tussilago, with sub-cordate leaves.
1775 J. Jenkinson Linnæus' Generic & Specific Descr. Brit. Plants 148 The silicula is subcordate.
1841 W. A. Leighton Flora of Shropshire 394 Leaves green.., subcordate, dentate, the basal teeth deeper and retroverse.
1912 Garden Mag. Dec. 192/3 The ovate leaves are usually slightly rounded at the base, but on vigorous shoots truncate to sub-cordate.
2006 S. Afr. Jrnl. Bot. 72 35/1 Apex obtuse; margin dentate; base subcordate to cordate.
subcorymbose adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkɒrᵻmbəʊs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkɔrəmˌboʊs/
,
/ˌsəbkəˈrɪmˌboʊs/
[after scientific Latin subcorymbosus (1763 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 170 Peduncles uniflorous, subcorymbose.
1874 Garden 8 Aug. 135/2 Raceme, sub-corymbose, and containing from six to eight flowers.
1902 Gardeners’ Chron. 14 June 387/3 Cymes grouped in a subcorymbose panicle, about 8 ins. in diameter.
2001 Folia Geobotanica 36 194 Inflorescence a cylindrical or subcorymbose raceme.
subcrenate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkriːneɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkriˌneɪt/
[after scientific Latin subcrenatus (1760 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 188 Leaves ovate, obtuse, subcrenate.
1874 Galaxy July 54/1 There was the rare Rhizophyllum, or walking fern, lanceolate, subcrenate, cordate-auriculate.
1914 C. T. Simpson Descriptive Catal. Naiades iii. 1158 Teeth delicate, compressed, pseudocardinals subcrenate.
2004 Brittonia 56 56/1 Base cuneate to subcrenate.
subequivalve adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈiːkwᵻvalv/
,
/ˌsʌbˈɛkwᵻvalv/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɛkwəˌvælv/
,
/ˌsəbˈɛkwiˌvælv/
,
/ˌsəbˈikwəˌvælv/
,
/ˌsəbˈikwiˌvælv/
ΚΠ
1818 E. J. Burrow Elements Conchol. (ed. 2) 131 Shell sub equivalve, with 12 convex rays, and decussate, crenate, striæ.
1946 H. Woods Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 253 Vulsella. Sub-equivalve, irregular, vertically elongated, gaping in front and behind.
2002 Jrnl. Paleontol. 76 457/1 Outline subovate to subquadrate; shell inequilateral, subequivalve, left valve marginally smaller.
subhastate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈhasteɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈhæˌsteɪt/
[after scientific Latin subhastatus (1764 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 124 Leaves subhastate.
1866 W. E. Shuckard Brit. Bees x. 212 Maxillæ subhastate, as long as the tongue.
1901 Gardener’s Chron. 20 July 58/3 Mr. Druery exhibited a plant with the fronds variously modified, being subhastate, emarginate, sub-pinnate in places, and much crested.
2001 Kew Bull. 56 229 None of these has the characteristic subhastate leaflets.
subimbricate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɪmbrᵻkeɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈɪmbrᵻkət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɪmbrəˌkeɪt/
,
/ˌsəbˈɪmbrəkət/
[after scientific Latin subimbricatus (1754 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 138 Clusters subimbricate.
1876 W. T. Blanford East. Persia: Zool. & Geol. II. 330 The ordinary scales of the back are subimbricate in general rather than imbricate.
1949 Amer. Midland Naturalist 42 520 Moderate sized plants, with approximate to subimbricate leaves.
2002 J. M. Savage Amphibians & Reptiles Costa Rica x. 485/2 Ventral scales flat, rounded, juxtaposed, subimbricate or imbricate.
subimbricated adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɪmbrᵻkeɪtᵻd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɪmbrəˌkeɪdᵻd/
ΚΠ
1763 R. Brookes New Syst. Nat. Hist. V. xxxvii. 352 It is a fissile rock, with fragments of ash-coloured subimbricated unequal mica.
1853 J. Torrey Plantae Frémontianæ 7 The genus Ochroma..has some resemblance to Cheirostemon..in the subimbricated calyx.
1920 N. L. Britton & C. F. Millspaugh Bahama Flora 520 Underleaves subimbricated, orbicular, bifid about one half with obtuse or subacute divisions and sinus.
1989 Copeia No. 2 459/2 Scales on dorsal surface of tail almost smooth, rounded, and subimbricated.
sublanceolate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈlɑːnsɪəleɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈlansɪəleɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈlɑːnsɪələt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈlansɪələt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈlænsiələt/
,
/ˌsəbˈlænsiəˌleɪt/
[after scientific Latin sublanceolatus (1747 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 145 Petals sublanceolate.
1854 List Specimens Lepidopterous Insects Brit. Mus. I. 445 Wings of moderate breadth, sublanceolate, slightly pointed at the tips.
2002 Willdenowia 32 227 Calyx glandular-pubescent, segments erect, ovate to sublanceolate.
sublobate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈləʊbeɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈloʊˌbeɪt/
[after scientific Latin sublobatus (1747 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1788 W. H. Hall New Royal Encycl. II. sig. 6N4/1 Lemur. Macauco. Cutting teeth, 4 above, 6 below; canine one, close, grinders sublobate.
1804 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. V. ii. 346 Anal fin placed very near the tail, which is slightly sublobate.
1910 Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. 12 239 Areoles distinct, putty-colored; more or less sub-lobate or crenate at circumference.
2002 Bryologist 105 659/2 Thallus..areolate, areoles to 0.60–1.00 mm wide, plane or tumid, sometimes with sublobate margins.
sublunate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈluːneɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈluːnət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈluˌneɪt/
[after scientific Latin sublunatus (1761 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1800 W. Turton tr. C. Linnaeus Gen. Syst. Nature II. 78 Black; jaws bifid, one part projecting, sublunate, 3-toothed within.
1815 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. 92 Tail wedge-shaped with sublunate ferruginous fasciæ.
1904 G. S. West Treat. Brit. Freshwater Algæ 228 The cells are oblong, ellipsoid or subcylindrical, slightly curved or sublunate, sometimes almost reniform.
2004 D. Ugent tr. C. M. Ochoa Potatoes S. Amer: Peru I. 690 Pseudostipular leaves sublunate or broadly subfalcate, 5-12 mm long by 3-7 mm wide.
subobtuse adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbəbˈtjuːs/
,
/ˌsʌbəbˈtʃuːs/
,
/ˌsʌbɒbˈtjuːs/
,
/ˌsʌbɒbˈtʃuːs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəbˈt(j)us/
,
/ˌsəbˌɑbˈt(j)us/
[after scientific Latin subobtusus (1747 or earlier), specific use of post-classical Latin subobtusus (1553 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1779 Chambers's Cycl. (new ed.) II. at Dolphin The dolphin, with a coniform body, with a broad back, and a sub-obtuse snout. This is the phocœna or porpesse.
1852 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Crustacea Pt. II ii. 703 The exterior plates of the abdomen have a triangular subobtuse termination.
1903 Orchid Rev. Sept. 260 The petals are narrower and light green, and the lip three-lobed, with oblong subobtuse lobes.
2005 Mycologia 97 734/2 Conidia obovoid, fusiform, base truncate, apex obtuse to subobtuse.
suborbiculate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɔːˈbɪkjᵿlət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɔrˈbɪkjələt/
,
/ˌsəbˌɔrˈbɪkjəˌleɪt/
[after scientific Latin suborbiculatus (1743 or earlier), specific use of post-classical Latin suborbiculatus (1693 or earlier)]
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > shape > [adjective] > rounded or circular
well-roundeda1450
suborbiculate1752
suborbiculated1775
subrotundous1775
rotundate1776
subrotundate1840
1752 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. III. 159 Chama suborbiculata profunde striata. The deeply striated, suborbiculate Chama.
1852 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 9 205 Head small, suborbiculate, depressed, black, very finely punctured.
1936 A. Hollick Tertiary Floras Alaska 60/2 The form that is most commonly represented in the Alaskan collections is suborbiculate.
2002 Kew Bull. 57 811 Hemigraphis fruticulosa is easily recognised by its small ovate to elliptic to sub-orbiculate leaves and foliaceous bracts.
† suborbiculated adj. Obsolete rare
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > shape > [adjective] > rounded or circular
well-roundeda1450
suborbiculate1752
suborbiculated1775
subrotundous1775
rotundate1776
subrotundate1840
1775 J. Jenkinson Linnæus' Generic & Specific Descr. Brit. Plants 151 The silicula is erect, suborbiculated, compressed.
† subovated adj. Obsolete
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > curved three-dimensional shape or body > [adjective] > spherical or globular > spheroidal > oval, ovoid, or ellipsoidal
oval1585
egg-like1599
ovalish1684
oviform1684
subovate1752
egg-shaped1767
almond-shapeda1771
subovated1773
ovicular1774
ovate1775
ovoid1776
egg-oblong1796
subovoid1819
ovaliform1826
ovoidal1828
ellipsoidal1831
amygdaloid1835
ooidal1836
oliviform1857
ovoid-shaped1860
ellipsoid1861
ovaloid1890
1773 T. Pennant Genera of Birds 47 Nostrils, short, sub-ovated, placed in the middle of the bill.
1865 W. G. Binney Land & Fresh Water Shells N. Amer. II. 84 Physa heterostrapha, Say.—Shell sinistral, subovated; color pale yellow, chestnut or blackish.
subpedunculate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpᵻˈdʌŋkᵿleɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbpᵻˈdʌŋkᵿlət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbpəˈdəŋkjəˌleɪt/
,
/ˌsəbpəˈdəŋkjələt/
[after scientific Latin subpedunculatus (1753 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 262 Females subpedunculate.
1847 W. Darlington Agric. Bot. 210 Panicle contracted into an oblong spike; spikelets sub-pedunculate, spreading, pubescent.
1908 J. G. Adami Princ. Pathol. I. 717 Of these papillomas we may have every form, from a simple nodular protuberance of the mucous membrane, either sessile or sub-pedunculate, [etc.].
2004 Jrnl. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 112 194 Eyes large, subpedunculate, width of each eye about equal to two-thirds of interocular distance.
subpeltate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈpɛlteɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpɛlˌteɪt/
[after scientific Latin subpeltatus (1753 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 71 Leaves reniform, subpeltate.
1894 Garden & Forest 17 Jan. 27/2 The leaves of the new plant are also much more attractive,..while the leaves of the former are subpeltate and uninteresting.
1922 Bot. Gaz. 73 143 Leaves alternate, round-ovate, somewhat blunt-attenuate, barely subpeltate at the rounded or slightly cordate base.
2003 Taxon 52 308/2 The rounded, fleshy leaves..appear to be almost subpeltate.
subplicate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈplʌɪkeɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈplʌɪkət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈplaɪˌkeɪt/
,
/ˌsəbˈplaɪkᵻt/
[after scientific Latin subplicatus (1753 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1811 Curtis's Bot. Mag. 33 1371 Segments subplicate, ciliate-spinulous along the edges and keel of the plaits, indented-erose at the end.
1826 E. A. Crouch Introd. Lamarck's Conchol. 20 Shell inequivalve,..the superior margin rounded, subplicate.
1901 Plant World 4 148 The cylindrical pseudo-bulbs have two lanceolate, subplicate leaves, one foot long.
2005 M. E. Gerritsen & R. Parsons Masdevallias ix. 108 The sepals are long-caudate, and the laterals have subplicate veins.
subracemose adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈrasᵻməʊs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈræsəˌmoʊs/
,
/ˌsəbˈræsəˌmoʊz/
[after scientific Latin subracemosus (1753 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1802 D. Turner Synopsis Brit. Fuci I. 293 β [sc. a kind of Fucus], instead of producing its seeds in globular tubercles, bears them in..capsules, placed on the upper branches, and generally arranged in a sub-racemose manner.
1829 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Plants 17 Peduncle axillary subracemose.
1901 J. Weathers Pract. Guide Garden Plants ii. xiii. 223 Flowers often beautiful, like Wild Roses, in terminal cymes or panicles, rarely sub-racemose or solitary.
2002 E. Goulding Fuchsias (new ed.) 134/2 Flowers are axillary or subracemose towards the ends of branches.
subreniform adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈrɛnᵻfɔːm/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈrɛnəˌfɔrm/
[after scientific Latin subreniformis (1756 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1801 Crit. Rev. 32 71 The capsules, in professor Brotero's opinion, are the little subreniform capsules, filled with numerous globules.
1914 C. V. Piper Forage Plants & their Culture xxi. 496 It [sc. a variety of cowpea] is easily distinguished by its subreniform seeds, which are buff marbled with brown.
2001 Florida Entomologist 84 71/1 Compound eyes large and protruding, subcircular or very slightly subreniform.
subrepand adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbrᵻˈpand/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbrəˈpænd/
,
/ˌsəbriˈpænd/
[after scientific Latin subrepandus (1767 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1802 W. Turton tr. C. Linnaeus Gen. Syst. Nature V. 45 Leaves ovate, pointed, subrepand: branches villous.
1908 Bot. Gaz. 46 462 Pileus moist not viscid.., center fleshy, thin toward the margin, plane or subrepand.
1993 Novon 3 182/1 Pinnae to 0.8 cm × 4 mm, entire or faintly subrepand.
subrevolute adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈrɛvəl(j)uːt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈrɛvəˌl(j)ut/
[after scientific Latin subrevolutus (1765 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1787 E. Darwin et al. tr. C. Linnaeus et al. Families of Plants II. 763 Villous-murex'd without, with subrevolute margins.
1828 J. Fleming Hist. Brit. Animals 361 Shell oblong or conical, simple or subrevolute.
1920 N. L. Britton & C. F. Millspaugh Bahama Flora 227 Leaves..truncate to cordate at the base, bluntish, entire or repand on the thickish subrevolute margin.
2004 Bryologist 107 499/1 They have obovate-oblong, acuminate, and concave leaves with subrevolute margins.
subscandent adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈskandənt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈskænd(ə)nt/
[after scientific Latin subscandens (1758 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1820 W. Roxburgh et al. Flora Indica I. 263 Sub-scandent; joints pubescent.
1887 Timehri 1 36 Selaginellas differ from their allies the club-mosses by..their more or less prostrate or subscandent habit of growth..and, as a rule, terrestrial location.
1934 Brittonia 1 251 A few species exhibit a decided tendency toward becoming subscandent under certain environmental conditions.
2004 Novon 14 145/1 The species is a subscandent to scandent shrub in dense, wet cloud forest on the eastern slope of the Andes.
subserrate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsɛreɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsɛˌreɪt/
,
/ˌsəbˈsɛrət/
[after scientific Latin subserratus (1747 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 159 Leaves lineari-lanceolate, subserrate.
1869 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 215 Bill very slender, straight, not hooked, sharply paragnathous, subserrate, its covering continuous.
1900 B. M. Lelong Culture Citrus Calif. 227 The flowers with their delicious perfume are purplish outside and white within; leaves subserrate; young branches violet tinged.
2001 Willdenowia 31 420 Margin somewhat revolute, usually entire, some juvenile leaves sometimes subserrate toward the apex.
subsimple adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsɪmpl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsɪmp(ə)l/
[after scientific Latin subsimplex (1758 or earlier), specific use of post-classical Latin subsimplex (1545 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1812 R. J. Thornton Brit. Flora III. 16 Stem, scaped, or herbaceous, subsimple, or leafy-branched.
1940 E. R. Spencer Just Weeds iii. 151 Stem often subsimple below, erect or obliquely ascending.
2006 Englera No. 28. 115 Thallus prostrate, pale or bright yellow-green to dark green, to 50 mm long, subsimple, to 12 mm wide, margin undulate.
subspontaneous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbspɒnˈteɪnɪəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌspɑnˈteɪniəs/
ΚΠ
1837 D. C. Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 6 Native of the south of Europe. Subspontaneous in Wimbledon Wood.
1913 E. H. Wilson Naturalist W. China II. iii. 26 The trees are grown in orchards or in small groups around houses, but sub-spontaneous bushes are met with everywhere by the wayside and on cliffs.
2010 Flora 205 773/2 The occurrence of subspontaneous populations (garden escapes) is reported for Belgium..and the Netherlands.
substipitate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈstɪpᵻtət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈstɪpəˌteɪt/
[after scientific Latin substipitatus (1771 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1806 Curtis's Bot. Mag. 24 935 Germen substipitate, obovate-oblong, three-lobedly angular, angles furrowed.
1901 Sci.-gossip June 28/2 This is another beautiful fungus... It grows in little tufts or cushions which are sub-stipitate.
2001 Mycol. Res. 105 774/1 Species of Onnia are characterized by stipitate to substipitate fruit bodies..and causing a white pocket rot in conifers.
subtransverse adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈtrɑːnzvəs/
,
/ˌsʌbˈtranzvəs/
,
/ˌsʌbtrɑːnzˈvəːs/
,
/ˌsʌbtranzˈvəːs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌtrænzˈvərs/
,
/ˌsəbˌtræn(t)sˈvərs/
[after scientific Latin subtransversus (1793 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1800 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. I. ii. 351 As to the subtransverse marks about the neck or breast, they seem to be full as distinct in the Leopard as in the Panther.
1826 E. A. Crouch Introd. Lamarck's Conchol. 18 Shell subtransverse.
1936 R. W. Doane et al. Forest Insects v. 105 The adults excavate a short, curved, longitudinal and subtransverse gallery from the entrance hole under dying bark.
2010 Quaternary Res. 73 417 (caption) We mapped superposed smaller ridges visible in..satellite images, selecting 10-m-wide ridges subtransverse to the Matanuska Valley orientation.
subtruncate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈtrʌŋkeɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈtrəŋˌkeɪt/
[after scientific Latin subtruncatus (1755 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1803 Curtis's Bot. Mag. 16 570 Outer valve of the spathe subtruncate, streaked with three brown riblike veins.
1819 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. XI. 519 Beak..the apex subtruncate.
1913 Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull. 8 161 Abdomen dark or black apically; clypeus rounded or subtruncate.
2000 Mycol. Res. 104 484/2 Conidia catenate, elongate doliiform, sub-truncate at both ends.
subumbellate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈʌmbələt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈʌmbəleɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈəmbələt/
,
/ˌsəbˈəmbəˌleɪt/
[after scientific Latin subumbellatus (1753 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
c1802 Encycl. Londinensis V. 524/1 Cyperus iria, or handsome cyperus: culm half naked..; peduncles unequal, sub-umbellate.
1900 Jrnl. Royal Hort. Soc. 24 121 The flowers are single or sub-umbellate golden yellow, on slender green pedicels.
2005 Castanea 70 23 The inflorescence is subumbellate or corymbose to short-racemose.
subventricose adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈvɛntrᵻkəʊs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈvɛntrəˌkoʊs/
,
/ˌsəbˈvɛntrəˌkoʊz/
[after scientific Latin subventricosus (1747 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 304 Stem almost simple, subventricose.
1834 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 4 80 Shell lenticular, subventricose, equilateral.
1918 C. H. Kauffman Agaricaceae Michigan I. 713 The gills vary from linear to subventricose.
2003 Kew Bull. 58 35 Corolla white with yellow markings on the inside of the throat, subventricose above a long tube.
(3)
subacrocentric adj. and n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbakrə(ʊ)ˈsɛntrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌækroʊˈsɛntrɪk/
Genetics = subtelocentric adj. and n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [adjective] > chromosome > centromere
acentric1899
telomitic1917
centric1937
paracentric1938
pericentric1938
metacentric1939
telocentric1939
centromeric1941
multicentric1941
polycentric1943
acrocentric1945
subtelocentric1954
submetacentric1957
subacrocentric1960
1960 Jrnl. Parasitol. 46 277 Chromosomes as follows: Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 metacentric, with No. 1 having a secondary constriction about the middle of one arm; Nos. 5 and 6 subacrocentric.
1963 Austral. Jrnl. Zool. 11 8 Four pairs of subacrocentrics, whose short arms are in most cases large enough to be distinctly visible in the preparations.
1993 Current Opinion Genetics & Devel. 3 917/1 (caption) Formation of acrocentric chromosome 3 (3a) from ancestral sub-acrocentric chromosome 3 via a centric shift.
2004 Jrnl. Orthoptera Res. 13 151/2 All autosomes were acro- or subacrocentric.
submetacentric adj. and n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbmɛtəˈsɛntrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌmɛdəˈsɛntrɪk/
Genetics (a) adj. designating a chromosome with the centromere close to but not exactly in the middle, so that the two chromosome arms differ slightly in length (cf. metacentric adj.2); (b) n. a chromosome of this type.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [adjective] > chromosome > centromere
acentric1899
telomitic1917
centric1937
paracentric1938
pericentric1938
metacentric1939
telocentric1939
centromeric1941
multicentric1941
polycentric1943
acrocentric1945
subtelocentric1954
submetacentric1957
subacrocentric1960
1957 Amer. Naturalist 91 259 B is submetacentric with unequal limbs.
1973 Nature 5 Oct. 262/1 The diploid karyotype of U. limi consisted of twenty-two chromosomes, eighteen metacentrics and four submetacentrics.
2000 F. Ankel-Simons Primate Anat. (ed. 2) xii. 423 Cebidae... Their karyotype is a combination of 30 submetacentrics and 2 acrocentrics.
2006 Afr. Archaeol. Rev. 23 62 These [analyses] have shown that Tuli cattle have only submetacentric Y chromosomes typical of Bos taurus.
subtelocentric adj. and n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbtɛlə(ʊ)ˈsɛntrɪk/
,
/ˌsʌbtiːlə(ʊ)ˈsɛntrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌtɛləˈsɛntrɪk/
,
/ˌsəbˌtiləˈsɛntrɪk/
Genetics (a) adj. designating a chromosome with a centromere near one end; (b) n. a chromosome of this type.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [adjective] > chromosome > centromere
acentric1899
telomitic1917
centric1937
paracentric1938
pericentric1938
metacentric1939
telocentric1939
centromeric1941
multicentric1941
polycentric1943
acrocentric1945
subtelocentric1954
submetacentric1957
subacrocentric1960
1954 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 41 542/2 Sax and Sax (1933) observed two large, approximately isobrachial and ten smaller sub-telocentric chromosomes in the haploid endosperm set.
1963 Jrnl. Nat. Cancer Inst. 31 642 The diploid complement of 22 pairs of chromosomes consists of 5 median metacentrics, 3 subtelocentrics, [etc.].
1989 Kew Bull. 44 518 On the last three subtelometrics, satellites were seen on the short arms.
2001 Copeia No. 3. 860 The karyotype consists of two pairs of metacentric, five pairs of submetacentric, seven pairs of subtelocentric, and 10 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes.
(iv) Chiefly Zoology and Botany.
(1) Prefixed to adjectives designating position, as subexternal, subultimate, etc.See also subcentral adj. 1, sublateral adj.
ΚΠ
1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. 376 The Subexterno-medial Nervure. A nervure that..intervenes between the externo-medial and interno-medial.
1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. 376 The Subinterno-medial Nervure.
1852 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Crustacea Pt. II ii. 1184 Setæ..on the two subultimate joints all shorter than the joints.
1854 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca ii. 207 Peristome thin,..nucleus sub-external.
1906 Ann. Bot. 20 310 Only the ultimate and subultimate divisions of the panicle and the bracts pubescent.
1953 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 105 41 The immature male, however, does not show any more gray on the subexternal pair of tail feathers than birds from northern Peru.
1988 Systematic Bot. 13 25/1 Staminate inflorescences..composed of 1–2 opposing (to subopposing) pairs of spikes.
2004 Jrnl. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 112 158 Forefemur with submedial transverse row of long hairlike setae.
(2)
subascending adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbəˈsɛndɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəˈsɛndɪŋ/
[compare post-classical Latin subascendens (13th cent. in a British source)]
ΚΠ
1787 E. Darwin et al. tr. C. Linnaeus et al. Families of Plants II. 501 Cor[olla] papilionaceous... Keel lanced, subascending.
1868 B. S. Williams Select Ferns & Lycopods 196 This is another very fine species, an evergreen stove plant; sterile fronds sessile, elongated and subascending, one to two feet in diameter.
1900 Proc. Royal Soc. Queensland 15 144 Palpi rather stout, short, sub-ascending, densely scaled, terminal joint thick.
2000 Novon 10 323/1 Fruiting pedicels erect to subascending, 2–7 mm long, straight.
suberect adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbᵻˈrɛkt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəˈrɛk(t)/
,
/ˌsəbiˈrɛk(t)/
ΚΠ
1784 J. Abercrombie Propagation & Bot. Arrangem. Plants & Trees II. 746 Sub-erect Jamaica Echites, or upright shrubby Apocynum.
1845 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 16 372 The young plants are suberect, and before arriving at the fully-developed arching form, flower and mature their seed.
1904 Entomologist’s Monthly Mag. Mar. 50 Abdomen..clothed right up to the apex with long, loose, grey, suberect hairs.
2003 R. Nold Columbines viii. 64 There are few if any stem leaves, the suberect flowers have blue-violet spurs and sepals.
subhorizontal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbhɒrᵻˈzɒntl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌhɔrəˈzɑn(t)l/
ΚΠ
1793 Bee 12 June 200 The sun had gone down in glory, and I saw his sub-horizontal rays gilding the last points of the fading landscape.
1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. 383 Postfurca... A process of the Endosternum, terminating in three sub-horizontal acute branches, resembling..the letter Y.
1903 Amer. Naturalist 37 718 The proximal joints have an articulatory movement nearly in the same subhorizontal plane.
2007 Daily Tel. (Austral.) (Nexis) 9 Aug. 16 The draft report..said an ‘extensive excavation’ made at the base of the slope to install sub-horizontal drains affected stability.
subinternal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɪnˈtəːnl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbᵻnˈtərn(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1823 Q. Jrnl. Sci. & Arts Apr. 31 Cardinal ligament subinternal, marginal, linear, very entire.
1909 A. W. Grabau & H. W. Shimer N. Amer. Index Fossils: Invertebr. I. 532 Ligament subinternal, anterior to the beaks or obsolete.
1998 J. D. Archibald in C. A. Janis et al. Evol. Tertiary Mammals N. Amer. xx. 305/2 Molar paraconids median to subinternal, not fusing with metaconids, entoconids distinct and high, talonid basins closed.
suboblique adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbə(ʊ)ˈbliːk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəˈblik/
,
/ˌsəboʊˈblik/
ΚΠ
1791 Crit. Rev. July 282 Its capsules are sufficiently distinct and conspicuous, the operculum conical, with a suboblique rostrum, the calyptra slender, oblique.
1822 J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 208 Cancellated by transverse keels and suboblique vertical striæ.
1900 R. I. Pocock Fauna Brit. India: Arachnida 184 The abdomen ornamented above with small, sub-oblique pale spots, arranged in two longitudinal rows.
2006 Novon 16 432/1 Segments suboblique, subfalcate, rounded at apices.
subopposite adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɒpəzɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈɒpəsɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɑpəzət/
[after scientific Latin suboppositus (1759 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1783 tr. C. Linnaeus Syst. Veg. (1785) I. 390 Stem-leaves subopposite, branches thread-form decumbent.
1874 J. L. Stewart & D. Brandis Forest Flora N.-W. & Central India 222 Trees or large shrubs with alternate or subopposite leaves, generally petiolate and entire.
1915 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 2 470 Cauline leaves and bracts of the inflorescence all alternate, rarely subopposite.
2006 Northern Woodlands Autumn 15/2 Then there is the invasive common buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica, whose leaves are sub-opposite, or nearly opposite.
subparallel adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈparəlɛl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈpɛrəˌlɛl/
[after scientific Latin subparallelus (1758 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1803 Curtis's Bot. Mag. 17 606 Anthers above the mouth of the faux, subparallel, accumbent, nearly the length of the stigmas.
1901 Jrnl. Sch. Geog. Nov. 329/3 The channel walls are usually sub-parallel and nearly straight.
2008 Rock & Gem Apr. 39 A smaller, subparallel crystal rests against the side of the main crystal.
subradical adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈradᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈrædək(ə)l/
[after scientific Latin subradicalis (1760 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1783 tr. C. Linnaeus Syst. Veg. (1785) I. 259 Hairy stemless, the fructification subradical.
1860 J. Darby Bot. S. States 225 Flowers in loose racemes, or solitary on long sub-radical peducles.
1915 J. K. Henry Flora S. Brit. Columbia 56 Lower pistillate spikes on subradical peduncles.
2005 Kew Bull. 60 6 Leaves usually subradical or congested at stem base, rarely with leafy part elongated.
subsecund adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbsᵻˈkʌnd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsiˌkənd/
,
/ˌsəbsəˈkənd/
[after scientific Latin subsecundus (1763 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1818 W. J. Hooker & T. Taylor Muscologia Britannica 41 In this and the preceding species the leaves are closely imbricated and subsecund.
1917 P. A. Rydberg Flora Rocky Mountains 86 Heads many, in a lax panicle, often sub-secund and nodding.
2004 Novon 14 202/1 Cauline leaves..spirally arranged or subsecund.
subterminal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈtəːmᵻnl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈtərmən(ə)l/
[after scientific Latin subterminalis (1761 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1798 R. H. Colebrooke in W. Jones et al. Diss. Hist. & Antiq. Asia IV. 269 Peduncles twin, subterminal, three flowered.
1828 J. Stark Elements Nat. Hist. II. 149 Peduncles of the eyes short and thick, and the eyes sub~terminal.
1937 S. F. Armstrong Brit. Grasses (ed. 3) vi. 45 [The awn]..may arise from a point just below the apex (sub-terminal), or near the middle of the pale (dorsal awn).
2000 M. Fukuda in M. Fukuda & O. Hindsgaul Molecular & Cellular Glycobiol. i. 5 Side chains that terminate with sialic acid or fucose attached to the subterminal galactose residues.
subvertical adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈvəːtᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈvərdək(ə)l/
[after scientific Latin subverticalis (1775 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1803 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. IV. ii. 440 Copper-red Sparus, with darker-coloured fins, and subvertical mouth.
1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 473 Cleft of the mouth vertical or sub-vertical.
1932 Jrnl. Paleontol. 6 41/2 The upper cleft with its two subvertical branches suggests a square cornered overturned U, or slightly distorted Greek letter π.
2006 Science 19 May 1017/2 Many [basalts] are cross-cut by subvertical dikes with common strongly brecciated and mineralized chilled margins.
(v) With reference to geometrical forms.
(1) Prefixed to adjectives designating geometrical forms, as subconoidal, subcubical, subprismatic, subtetragonal, etc.
ΚΠ
1799 G. Shaw Vivarium Naturæ, or Naturalist’s Misc. X. sig. M3v The Spotted Epinephelus... White Epinephelus, with numerous sub-hexagonal brown spots.
1822 J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 221 Pinna subquadrivalvis..subtetragonal.
1822 J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 228 Terebratula alata: subtrigonate, dilated.
1826 E. A. Crouch Introd. Lamarck's Conchol. 32 Spire very short, sub-conoidal.
1826 E. A. Crouch Introd. Lamarck's Conchol. 26 Shell oblong, subparallelipipedal.
1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 269/1 Body..Subprismatic.
1847 Hist. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 2 v. 250 Thorax..elongate, sub-parallelo-grammic.
1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 38 The præoperculum, a sub-semicircular bone.
1887 W. Phillips Man. Brit. Discomycetes 301 A single layer of subcubical cells.
1921 W. L. Schmitt Marine Decapod Crustacea Calif. iii. 247 Carapace transversely oval or subquadrilateral, not greatly broader than long.
1949 Amer. Antiq. 15 103/1 Bases: Subconoidal to almost pointed.
1980 Flora Neotropica 25 104 Fruit cylindric with conspicuous longitudinal ribs, suboctagonal in cross section.
2006 Micropaleontology 52 422/2 Peltiform cedriliths..have an elliptical to elongate subpolygonal base and a laterally flattened central structure.
(2)
subcircular adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsəːkjᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsərkjələr/
ΚΠ
a1798 T. Pennant Journey London to Isle of Wight (1801) II. 111 The sub-circular form of the city, the regular intersection of the four great streets,..was very apparent.
1819 G. Samouelle Entomologist's Compend. 83 Shell subcircular.
1908 C. D. Jarvis Amer. Varieties Beans 206 Dry seeds..oblong, broadly rounded ends, subcircular in cross section.
1979 Geogr. Mag. July 668/3 Sub-circular pans on the Essex marshes.
2003 Oxoniensia 67 161 Two possible post-holes, one of which was cut by a shallow sub-circular pit.
subconic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkɒnɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkɑnɪk/
ΚΠ
1769 J. Berkenhout Outl. Nat. Hist. Great Brit. & Ireland I. 207 Shell single, subconic, not voluted.
1787 E. Darwin et al. tr. C. Linnaeus et al. Families of Plants II. 469 Berry subglobular, subconic.
1826 J. Curtis Brit. Entomol. III. 105 Abdomen long, slender and obtuse in the males, shorter and subconic in the females.
1920 S. A. Forbes & R. E. Richardson Fishes Illinois (ed. 2) 38 Head subconic, depressed above, 3.5 to 4.3 in length.
2003 Systematics & Geogr. Plants 73 65 Female fertile part subconic, c. 2.5 cm long, flowers densely arranged.
subconical adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkɒnᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkɑnək(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1781 R. Pulteney Gen. View Writings Linnæus 81 Beak subconical; lower mandible the broader, a little inflexed and narrowed in on the sides.
1846 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Zoophytes 502 Surface tuberculous, with the tubercles subconical.
1915 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 54 10 An oak similar to Q. insignis but differing in bearing subconical acorns about as long as broad and with more turbinate cups.
2007 L. Salgado & J. F. Bonaparte in Z. Gasparini et al. Patagonian Mesozoic Reptiles viii. 201 Large titanosaurian..characterized by the following autapomorphies:..(6) large subconical to spherical osteoderms lacking cingulum.
subcylindric adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbsᵻˈlɪndrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbsəˈlɪndrɪk/
[compare scientific Latin subcylindricus (1748 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1752 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. III. 91 The oblong Amphitrite..is of a subcylindric figure.
1852 Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N.Y. 5 258 C[ypræa] cervinella is subcylindric, with the aperture as in C. cervina.
1925 F. L. Stevens Plant Dis. Fungi 134 Narrowly ovate or subcylindric to broadly-ovate.
2002 Bryologist 105 412/1 Conidia arising in acropetal chains, acrogenous, breaking off only with difficulty, subcylindric to ellipsoid, aseptate, with thick, rugose wall.
subcylindrical adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbsᵻˈlɪndrᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbsəˈlɪndrək(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1769 J. Berkenhout Outl. Nat. Hist. Great Brit. & Ireland I. 184 Abdomen sub-cylindrical, with quadrangular black spots on the anterior part, and yellow lines on the sides.
1817 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. X. 501 Beak subcylindrical, more or less thickened.
1971 J. W. Steward Snakes of Europe v. 82 [This species] is slender in build with a subcylindrical body and a long, tapering tail.
2008 Jrnl. Orthoptera Res. 17 98/1 Eggs of this species are thin, subcylindrical, straight, rarely bent in the middle.
subelliptical adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbᵻˈlɪptᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbəˈlɪptᵻk(ə)l/
,
/ˌsəbiˈlɪptᵻk(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1808 W. Kirby in Trans. Linn. Soc. 9 43 The trunk is nearly cylindrical; and the elytra subelliptical, with furrows slightly drawn.
1971 C. R. Metcalfe Anat. Monocotyledons V. 328 Subcircular to subelliptical, sometimes with a slight hump; diameter of specimens examined 3–4 mm.
2003 M. G. Leakey & A. C. Walker in M. G. Leakey & J. M. Harris Lothagam vi. ii. 251/2 The lingual root is subelliptical in section, and the superior break is just above the level where the buccal and lingual roots separated.
subhemispheric adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbhɛmᵻˈsfɛrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌhɛməˈsfɪrɪk/
,
/ˌsəbˌhɛməˈsfɛrɪk/
[after scientific Latin subhemisphericus (1789 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1815 W. E. Leach Zool. Misc. II. 95 Head subhemispheric, very vesiculose above the clypeus.
1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 163 Umbels when in flower subhemispheric.
1916 Mem. N.Y. Bot. Garden 6 111 The exterior parts of this interesting little endo-epiphyte form subhemispheric or oblong cushions 125–300μ in diameter.
2003 Willdenowia 33 302 Stigma small, subhemispheric, sessile.
subhemispherical adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbhɛmᵻˈsfɛrᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌhɛməˈsfɪrᵻk(ə)l/
,
/ˌsəbˌhɛməˈsfɛrᵻk(ə)l/
[compare scientific Latin subhemisphericus (see subhemispheric adj.)]
ΚΠ
1814 J. Lunan Hortus Jamaicensis II. 191 Common calyx sub-hemispherical, imbricate.
1901 Ann. Carnegie Mus. 1 231 Each orbital cavity is then moderately deep, its general shape being subhemispherical.
2001 Amer. Anthropologist 103 321 Subhemispherical bowls decorated on the interior with overhead views of crabs whose round bodies..are painted red.
suboblong adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɒblɒŋ/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɑbˌlɔŋ/
,
/ˌsəbˈɑbˌlɑŋ/
[after scientific Latin suboblongus (1758 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1787 E. Darwin et al. tr. C. Linnaeus et al. Families of Plants I. 255 Anthers suboblong.
1886 Philos. Trans. 1885 (Royal Soc.) 176 255 This cribriform plate is quite unlike that of the Hedgehog or the Mole... Its upper recesses are shallow, its size is small and sub-oblong.
1921 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 8 233 Meanwhile the elongated, sub-oblong or slightly sub-reniform shape was retained.
2004 D. W. Harding Iron Age Northern Brit. iv. 90 At Craigmarloch Wood in Renfrewshire..a small, sub-oblong fort, this time with one certainly original entrance, also displayed extensive traces of vitrification.
subpentagonal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpɛnˈtaɡənl/
,
/ˌsʌbpɛnˈtaɡn̩l/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌpɛnˈtæɡən(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1804 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. V. ii. 462 On the head a rhomboidal depression, and behind it two deep sub-pentagonal cavities.
1915 W. B. Clark in W. B. Clark & M. W. Twitchell Mesozoic & Cenozoic Echinodermata U.S. i. 59 The test has a subpentagonal outline, the projecting ambulacra occupying the angles.
2003 Herpetologica 59 536/2 Interparietal subpentagonal, similar size to parietals.
subpyramidal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpᵻˈramᵻdl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbpəˈræməd(ə)l/
,
/ˌsəbˌpɪrəˈmɪd(ə)l/
[compare scientific Latin subpyramidalis (1775 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1797 G. Shaw Vivarium Naturæ, or Naturalist’s Misc. VIII. sig. O7 The branches end in as many large, pendent, equal, subpyramidal branchiæ, with their two exterior sides very prominent.
1856 W. B. Carpenter Microscope xii. 489 Within a few hours after its emersion, the embryo changes from the spherical into a sub-pyramidal form with a flattened base.
1945 Mycologia 37 435 Subpyramidal or cylindric spines of 2.5 μ length.
2000 D. I. Olszewski in A. M. T. Moore et al. Village on Euphrates vi. 141 Blades and bladelets are..also obtained from opposed- and opposing-platform cores and subpyramidal cores.
subquadrangular adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbkwɒˈdraŋɡjᵿlə/
,
/ˌsʌbkwəˈdraŋɡjᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌkwɑˈdræŋɡjələr/
[after scientific Latin subquadrangularis (1752 or earlier), specific use of post-classical Latin subquadrangularis (1623 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1783 tr. C. Linnaeus Syst. Veg. (1785) I. 366 Prickly naked subquadrangular: prickles doubled.
1804 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. V. 425 Subquadrangular-bodied Trunk-Fish.
1946 H. Woods Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 285 Shell elongate, usually without an umbilicus, whorls numerous. Aperture sub-quadrangular, oval, or elongate, with a short anterior canal.
2007 D. Pol & Z. Gasparini in Z. Gasparini et al. Patagonian Mesozoic Reptiles v. 121 Temporal region subquadrangular.
subquadrate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkwɒdreɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkwɒdrət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkwɑdˌreɪt/
,
/ˌsəbˈkwɑdrət/
[after scientific Latin subquadratus (1759 or earlier), specific use of post-classical Latin subquadratus (1601 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1802 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. III. i. 50 The shell is moderately convex, the scutella of a subquadrate form, broader than long.
1877 T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Invertebrated Animals vi. 272 A subquadrate labrum overhangs the mouth.
1931 K. M. Smith Textbk. Agric. Entomol. 223 Abdomen fuscous with a number of indistinct subquadrate markings on the dorsal surface, anal segments black and rather shining.
2008 Jrnl. Orthoptera Res. 17 6/2 Epiproct subquadrate with small triangular projection in posterior edge.
subrectangular adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbrɛkˈtaŋɡjᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌrɛkˈtæŋɡjələr/
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > angularity > specific angular shape > [adjective] > quadrilateral > square or rectangular > rectangular or oblong > approximately
subrectangular1817
1817 Jrnl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1 133 The lower mandible of this variety is subrectangular.
1940 Antiquity 14 16 The hopelessly decayed traces of a large wooden object, apparently subrectangular in plan.
1970 R. J. Small Study of Landforms iv. 121 King..has postulated that in many parts of Africa stream incision along joints has given rise to a subrectangular drainage pattern.
2003 Oxoniensia 67 205 Group 893 comprised postholes 888 and 891; both were subrectangular cuts 0.10 m. deep.
subrhombic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈrɒmbɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈrɑmbɪk/
[after scientific Latin subrhomboideus (see subrhomboid adj.)]
ΚΠ
1802 E. Donovan Nat. Hist. Brit. Shells IV. sig. G4 In the early editions of the Systema Naturæ, Linnæus expressly describes his shell as being of a sub-rhombic form.
1852 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Crustacea Pt. I 193 Carapax broad subrhombic.
1933 Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geographers 23 170 These two systems of faults cross each other at an oblique angle, thus creating a series of block mountains of sub-rhombic form.
2007 Geobios 40 811/2 The specimen is 0.5 mm wide with a subrhombic outline.
subrhomboid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈrɒmbɔɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈrɑmˌbɔɪd/
[after scientific Latin subrhomboideus (in testa subrhomboidea; Linnaeus Systema Naturæ (ed. 10, 1758), I. 694)]
ΚΠ
1798 G. Shaw Vivarium Naturæ, or Naturalist’s Misc. IX. Pl. 335 It is principally distinguished by a large subrhomboid whitish patch or spot situated on each side the thorax.
1862 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener, & Country Gentleman 10 June 198/2 Oxalis elegans... A very showy, half-hardy, tuberous-rooted perennial, with trifoliate leaves, the leaflets of which are deltoid, or sub-rhomboid, and glabrous.
1914 Nautilus 28 42 Shell subrhomboid, subtrapezoidal, or subovate, moderately long or short, quite large.
2007 Kew Bull. 62 205 Leaves..variable in shape, ovate to subrhomboid.
subspherical adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsfɛrᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsfɪrək(ə)l/
,
/ˌsəbˈsfɛrək(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1822 A. Eaton Man. Bot. (ed. 3) 76 Coriandrum. Seeds sub-spherical: germ spherical: perianth 5-toothed: petals cordate-inflexed, outer ones largest.
1823 R. K. Greville Sc. Cryptog. Flora I. pl. 31 Sporidia numerous, subsphærical.
1939 E. A. Bessey Text-bk. Mycol. (new ed.) vii. 154 Some species have a subspherical apothecium, at first closed and opening by an enlarging pore or ostiole at the apex.
2005 Copeia No. 3. 690/1 The relatively large subspherical eggs of Coluber constrictor are less sensitive than the smaller eggs of Callisaurus draconoides.
subspheroidal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbsfᵻˈrɔɪdl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌsfɪˈrɔɪd(ə)l/
,
/ˌsəbsfəˈrɔɪd(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1792 W. Withering Bot. Arrangem. (ed. 2) III. 164 Thickly set with very small sub-sphæroidal Tubercles.
1835 G. T. Burnett Outl. Bot. I. 79 While some cellules retain their spheroidal or sub-spheroidal forms, others are developed longitudinally.
1913 A. W. Grabau Princ. Stratigr. vii. 315 The spaces between the subspheroidal masses are sometimes filled with fine sediment.
2001 Internat. Jrnl. Plant Sci. 162 645/1 Numerous subspheroidal bodies are preserved between the sporophyll shanks within the interior of the macerated cone.
subspiral adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈspʌɪrəl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈspʌɪrl̩/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈspaɪrəl/
ΚΠ
1800 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. I. i. 237 The Walrus is found with tusks much longer, thinner, and far more sharp-pointed..; and they have a slight inclination to a subspiral twist.
1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. 319 In Scolia..&c.,..the antennæ are..in the females convolute or subspiral.
1946 H. Woods Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 260 (heading) Opis. Shell trigonal, cordiform, convex, with an oblique keel... Umbones prominent, incurved or sub-spiral.
1989 Metrop. Mus. Jrnl. 24 309/1 The surfaces are often engraved, usually with a subspiral line, showing a parrot's beak, or are formed into a parrot's head.
subtrigonal adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈtrɪɡənl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈtrɪɡən(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1778 E. M. Da Costa Historia Naturalis Testaceorum Britanniæ 196/1 The hinge is set with a small middle complicated tooth, aside of which lies a broad oblique subtrigonal cavity.
1858 H. Adams & A. Adams Genera Recent Mollusca II. 95 Ventral fin semicircular or subtrigonal, and furnished with a distinct marginal sucker.
1944 Amer. Midland Naturalist 31 342 A large subtrigonal enclosure punctate and somewhat irregularly rugulate within.
2007 T. K. Gangopadhyay & S. Bardhan in N. H. Landman et al. Cephalopods Present & Past i. v. 105 Some compressed specimens exhibit a trigonal whorl section in the early stage, then become subtrigonal, and, finally, polygonal in the adult body chamber.
(vi) With reference to physical structure or arrangement.
(1) Prefixed to adjectives designating a numerical arrangement or conformation, as subtrilobate, subtripinnate, etc. (frequently in abbreviated form with a numeral, e.g. sub-3-lobate, sub-2-pinnatifid, etc.).
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 287 Leaves subtripinnate.
1816 Bot. Reg. 2 130 Terminal lobe largest and subtrilobate.
1824 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Gardening (ed. 2) iii. 728 The black mulberry is a middle-sized tree, with..broad, sub-quinquelobate, bluntish, and rugged leaves.
1852 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Crustacea Pt. II ii. 769 The specimen..has all the three anterior pairs of legs subdidactyle.
1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 208 Leaves broad, sub-2-pinnatifid.
1908 Bull. Misc. Information (Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew) No. 7. 291 Possibly the flowers are subunisexual.
1965 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 52 569 Blade circular or nearly so, infrequently sub-3-lobate.
1979 Antiquaries Jrnl. 59 433 A varied collection of pins is represented: forms with thick discoidal heads or sub-biconical heads are most common.
1997 Willdenowia 27 183 Ovary and legume densely covered with appressed white sub-bifurcate hairs.
(2)
subbifid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈbʌɪfɪd/
,
/ˌsʌbˈbɪfɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈbaɪfᵻd/
[after scientific Latin subbifidus (1746 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1785 T. Martyn tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xxvi. 391 The outside florets have a simple stigma, with a naked seed; those in the middle have a sub-bifid stigma.
1897 T. J. Parker & W. A. Haswell Text-bk. Zool. II. 493 In the Armadillos the sternal ribs, which are sub-bifid at their sternal ends, are ossified.
1949 Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 75 175 The inner claw strongly modified, the outer sub-bifid.
2000 Flora Neotropica 81 120/1 Style 0.2–0.5 mm long, stigma clavate, subbifid, 0.5 mm long.
subbilabiate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbbʌɪˈleɪbɪeɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbbʌɪˈleɪbɪət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌbaɪˈleɪbiˌeɪt/
,
/ˌsəbˌbaɪˈleɪbiᵻt/
[after scientific Latin subbilabiatus (1764 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1803 Curtis's Bot. Mag. 17 628 The corolla, which is five-cleft and subbilabiate, is of very short duration.
1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 364 Perianth irregular, sub-2-labiate.
1962 F. J. Hermann Revision Genus Glycine 9 Calyx five-toothed, subbilabiate, the upper pair of teeth more or less connate, the lower three lanceolate to setaceous.
2004 Systematic Bot. 29 770 (caption) Disc florets tubular, bilabiate, or subbilabiate.
subbipinnate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbbʌɪˈpɪneɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbbʌɪˈpɪnᵻt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌbaɪˈpɪnᵻt/
[after scientific Latin subbipinnatus (1753 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 284 Leaves subbipinnate.
1849 Jrnl. Hort. Soc. London 4 104 The fronds are elegantly cut, narrow-lanceolate, sub-bipinnate with short alternate pinnæ, and from six inches to a foot long.
1900 Gardeners’ Chron. 29 Sept. 242/1 In the case of the Polypodys, however, it is noteworthy that bipinnate or sub-bipinnate forms are not uncommon in Wales.
2007 Novon 17 496/1 Radical leaves..triangular in outline, sub-bipinnate.
subbiseriate adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbbʌɪˈsɪərɪət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌbaɪˈsɪriət/
[after scientific Latin subbiseriatus (1821 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
a1845 W. Griffith Posthumous Papers bequeathed East India Company (1851) III. 139 Stigmata 6, oblonga, discoidea, foveolata or depressed in the centre, 1-celled with a few subbiseriate antitropous ovula, towards the base surrounded by cellular hairs.
1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 469 Capsules sub-2-seriate on the segments.
1915 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 2 576 Bracts of the involucre uniseriate, or by overlapping subbiseriate.
2004 Novon 14 269/2 Seeds sub-biseriate only at the basal portion of the fruit.
subtrifid adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈtrʌɪfɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈtraɪfᵻd/
[after scientific Latin subtrifidus (1753 or earlier)] now rare
ΚΠ
1770 J. Berkenhout Outl. Nat. Hist. Great Brit. & Ireland II. 261 Female: Calyx of one leaf, sub-trifid, bifloral.
1829 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Plants 5 Nect[ary] wavy sub-3-fid.
1901 J. Weathers Pract. Guide Garden Plants ii. 160/1 Leaves 5-parted with oblong pointed, sub-trifid, and somewhat toothed lobes.
1983 Cretaceous Res. 4 59 Nowak separated Mariella from Turrilites because the type species of the latter genus showed a subtrifid lateral lobe.
subtriquetrous adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbtrʌɪˈkwiːtrəs/
,
/ˌsʌbtrʌɪˈkwɛtrəs/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌtraɪˈkwitrəs/
,
/ˌsəbˌtraɪˈkwɛtrəs/
[after scientific Latin subtriquetrus (1745 or earlier), specific use of post-classical Latin subtriquetrus (1719 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1777 S. Robson Brit. Flora 238 Stem subtriquetrous..spike distich, involucrum monophyllous.
1868 D. Oliver Flora Trop. Afr. I. 433 A shrub or small tree, the ultimate branches slender, often subtriquetous, not at all hairy.
1914 N. Amer. Flora (N.Y. Bot. Garden) 34 42 Achenes cuneate,..sub-triquetrous, i. e., somewhat flattened, strongly keeled on the outer and obscurely so on the inner face.
2000 Kew Bull. 55 997 Culms 1 central and several lateral, erect, 120 × 2.8–4.8 cm, trigonous to subtriquetrous.
(vii) In medical use.
(1) Prefixed to adjectives relating esp. to diseases and their symptoms and characteristics, as subapoplectic, subscorbutic, etc.See also subchronic adj., subclinical adj., subpatent adj.
ΚΠ
1812 J. Gates tr. J. N. Corvisart Ess. Org. Dis. Heart & Great Vessels 312 The subapoplectic disposition, frequent palpitations, violent strokes of the heart, continued or periodical suffocation, dropsy of the cavities, general leucophlegmatia, are the principal symptoms which it is important to remedy.
1837 Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 26 Apr. 188 Mouth and fauces continue sore; gums assuming a sub-scorbutic aspect.
1886 H. C. Bastian Paralyses 62 A hemiplegia setting in with an apoplectic or sub-apoplectic stage.
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 175 This sub-pyæmic condition seems invariably to have supervened.
1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxiv. 660 As the child gets older it builds up its immunity..by the frequent exposure of its tissues to sub-infective doses of the various organisms.
1954 H. Harris in H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xxix. 547 In scorbutic or sub-scorbutic guinea-pigs mature fibrous tissue is very poorly formed, or not formed at all.
2005 G. K. Sahu et al. in C. J. Peters & C. H. Calisher Infectious Dis. from Nature 140 Studies in macaques showed that prior exposure to ‘sub-infectious’ doses of live SIV..provided protection to these animals when higher infectious doses were administered intrarectally a few months later.
(2)
subcrepitant adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkrɛpᵻtnt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkrɛpədənt/
[after French sous-crépitant (see subcrepitating adj.)]
ΚΠ
1828 C. J. B. Williams Rational Expos. Dis. Lungs i. ii. 37 In pulmonary apoplexy and œdema..the liquid of the bronchi is thinner, and the rhonchus being less perfect in its crepitation, is accordingly called subcrepitant.
1909 J. C. Wilson Handbk. Med. Diagnosis 163 Both are accompanied by an expiratory element which may be in one case a friction sound and in the other a subcrepitant râle.
2008 Jrnl. Ultrasound 11 35/1 In 43 of these subjects, the physical examination revealed abnormal auscultatory findings..that included subcrepitant rales, crepitation, wheezing or friction rub.
subcrepitating adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkrɛpᵻteɪtɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkrɛpəˌteɪdɪŋ/
[after French sous-crépitant (1824 in the source translated in quot. 1825)] now rare
ΚΠ
1825 W. N. Ryland tr. V. Collin Treat. Dis. Chest ii. i. 46 Respiratory murmur scarcely distinct, masked in almost the whole viscus but chiefly in the back and inferior parts, by a subcrepitating rattle.
1853 W. O. Markham tr. J. Skoda Treat. Auscultation 122 No distinctive line can be drawn between crepitating, sub-crepitating, and mucous râles.
1924 Lancet 27 Dec. 1331/2 The examination of the chest shows signs of bronchitis with diffused sibilant and sometimes..subcrepitating râles.
subcurative adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkjʊərətɪv/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkjɔːrətɪv/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkjʊrədɪv/
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > [adjective] > alleviating or superficial
palliative?a1425
palliating1621
palliatea1625
palliatory1665
alleviative1770
alleviatory1830
supportive1858
subcurative1917
1917 Trans. Coll. Physicians Philadelphia 39 55 Only with doses below this do the parasites appear in the blood, and the time of their appearance is in inverse ratio to the size of the subcurative dose administered.
1946 Nature 17 Aug. 243/2 With the addition of subcurative doses of ‘Mapharsen’, the amount of penicillin required to cure rabbit syphilis is reduced to a fraction of that required when penicillin is used alone.
2008 H. Mehlhorn et al. Encycl. Parasitol. (ed. 3) 1495/2 There is a risk of producing a too long-lasting subcurative concentration in blood and tissues.
subfebrile adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈfiːbrʌɪl/
,
/ˌsʌbˈfɛbrʌɪl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈfɛˌbraɪl/
,
/ˌsəbˈfiˌbraɪl/
now rare
ΚΠ
1835 Med. Mag. 15 Apr. 571 Let us take a very common case, obstinate and habitual costiveness existing along with a sub-febrile or inflammatory condition, and this for a long time.
1940 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 5 932 It is well known that a relationship exists between tuberculosis and sexual irritability. The subfebrile states of the ailment tend to stimulate the libido.
2008 Best Pract. & Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 22 670 In 1868, Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich established 38℃ as the upper limit of ‘subfebrile’ body temperature.
subicteric adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɪkˈtɛrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɪkˈtɛrɪk/
[compare German subicterisch (1841 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1846 Brit. Jrnl. Homœopathy 4 373 His colour was sub-icteric, with two circumscribed red patches on his cheeks.
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 427 In some cases a subicteric tinge is observed.
1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 7 Oct. 910/2 Most of the patients showed moderate cyanosis of the face and neck; they were subicteric and had pitting edema of the ankles.
2006 J. M. Duggan & A. E. Duggan Epidemiol. Alimentary Dis. 169 In the undeveloped world, childhood infection [with hepatitis B] is almost universal, most episodes of which are subclinical and subicteric.
subinflammatory adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɪnˈflamət(ə)ri/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbᵻnˈflæməˌtɔri/
now rare
ΚΠ
1808 London Med. Rev. Aug. 255 How he [sc. Dr. Badham] became entitled to assume that peripneumonia notha is nothing more than a sub-inflammatory state of the bronchial membrane, we cannot tell.
1917 R. F. Fox Physical Remedies Disabled Soldiers xv. 239 Subinflammatory and congestive gouty states of the connective tissues are often relieved by the baths, and vascular and nervous degeneration may be arrested or mitigated.
2005 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1043 453 A general activation in OS [= oxidant stress]-related processes has been tied to chronic subinflammatory states of diverse etiologies.
subpyrexial adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbpʌɪˈrɛksɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌpaɪˈrɛksiəl/
now rare
ΚΠ
1871 W. H. Walshe Pract. Treat. Dis. Lungs (ed. 4) ii. 266 The thermometer indicates sub-pyrexial heat,—often scarcely reaching 100°.
1926 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 1 May 775/2 Only in some subpyrexial cases it seems as if a mere hypersensitiveness exists.
1951 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 20 Dec. 961/2 The object of the study was to determine the effect of Pyromen in subpyrexial amounts.
subsibilant adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsɪlɪənt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsɪliənt/
[after French subsibilant (1831 in the passage translated in quot. 1834)] now rare
ΚΠ
1834 J. Forbes tr. R. T. H. Laennec Treat. Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 77 There is only perceptible a very slight dull whistling... This variety of the phenomenon may be denominated subsibilant respiration [Fr. respiration subsibilante].
1919 Windsor Mag. 49 277/2 The sub-sibilant breath had the sound of a chuckle.
1980 R. V. Cassill Labors of Love ii. 28 The sub-sibilant whisk of a candle-lit sheet on her skin.
subtympanitic adj.
Brit. /ˌsʌbtɪmpəˈnɪtɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌtɪmpəˈnɪdɪk/
now rare
ΚΠ
1834 J. Blundell Princ. & Pract. Obstetricy v. §vii. 781 As before observed, the intestines are often tympanitic or sub-tympanitic.
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 1137 A subtympanitic or even a Skodaic note may be elicited.
1929 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 23 Mar. 549/1 Examination showed the presence of a firm swelling occupying practically the whole of the left iliac region..; it was subtympanitic to percussion, and tense, but not fluctuant.
(d) Related adverbs.
(i) Prefixed to adverbs derived from adjectives in sense 4a(c), as subdigitately, subseriately, subtransversely, etc.
ΚΠ
1833 W. J. Hooker in J. E. Smith Eng. Flora V. i. 79 Leaves..subtrifariously imbricated.
1846 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Zoophytes 683 Branchlets often subreticulately coalescing.
1852 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Crustacea Pt. I 167 Hand externally sub-seriately small tuberculate.
1863 J. G. Baker N. Yorks. Stud. 194 A species which..grows sub~spontaneously in one or two places.
1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 115 Potentilla fruticosa..leaves subdigitately-pinnate.
1871 W. A. Leighton Lichen-flora 12 Subtransversely arranged in little heaps.
1888 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 44 150 The fallen masses weathering subspherically.
1906 Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 16 209 Surface strongly convex, minutely, closely and subgranularly punctulate.
1949 Bryologist 52 108 Lobes ovate to narrowly ovate..terminated subacutely to acutely (occasionally subobtusely).
1997 Internat. Jrnl. Plant Sci. 158 350/2 In this group the plants were thought to have ultimate branching units arranged suboppositely on a small central axis to give a planate ‘frond’.
(ii)
subterminally adv.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈtəːmᵻnl̩i/
,
/ˌsʌbˈtəːmᵻnəli/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈtərmənəli/
ΚΠ
1842 Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 11 ii. 924 All the tail feathers tipped with white and subterminally with black.
1963 R. P. Dales Annelids ix. 182 The rectum opening subterminally at a dorsal anus.
2001 G. W. Rouse & F. Pleijel Polychaetes Gloss. 300/1 Ringent chaeta, simple, subterminally expanded chaeta with a narrow slit that is internally crenulated or serrated.
(e) Prefixed to verbs (and derived verbal nouns).
(i)
† sub-blush v. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1767 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy IX. xxv. 104 Raising up her eyes, sub-blushing, as she did it.
† sub-cachinnating n. Obsolete Apparently an isolated use.
ΚΠ
1822 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 12 67 This sub-cachinnating method of dissipating his spleen.
† subdeliquesce v. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1802 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. III. 102 (table) Sulphat of ammonia... Subdeliquesces.
1862 W. Anderson Sketch Manufacturing Gunpowder 229 This salt also subdeliquesces on exposure to the air, so that no powder made with it would keep.
† subeffloresce v. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1806 R. Patterson Adams's Nat. & Exper. Philos. (rev. ed.) I. App. 550 Salts... Borax... Action of Air... Subeffloresces.
(ii)
† subinnuate v. [ < post-classical Latin subinnuat-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix3) of subinnuare (16th cent.) < classical Latin sub- sub- prefix + innuere innuate v.] Obsolete rare transitive to hint gently or subtly.
ΚΠ
1650 J. Howell Addit. Lett. ix. 19 in Epistolæ Ho-elianæ (ed. 2) The most speculative..men, subinnuating that not only the sphear of the Moon is peepled.
† submurmurate v. [ < classical Latin submurmurāt-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix3) of submurmurāre (2nd cent. a.d.)] Obsolete rare transitive to murmur gently or quietly.
ΚΠ
1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 2nd Bk. Wks. vi. 31 Submurmurating [Fr. submirmilant] my horarie precules.
b. In adjectival relation to nouns, with the sense ‘incomplete, imperfect, partial’.
(a) Prefixed to nouns chiefly denoting action or condition.
(i)
sub-animation n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbanᵻˈmeɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌænəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1823 Monthly Gaz. Health Mar. 445 Cases of sub-animation, resembling death.
1906 Daily News 23 Feb. 7 His speech had something of the sub-animation which marks his later style.
sub-graduation n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɡradjʊˈeɪʃn/
,
/ˌsʌbɡradʒʊˈeɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɡrædʒuˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1818 Art of preserving Feet p. x If such men cannot be dignified with a full diploma..it would be well if some species of sub-graduation could be adopted.
† subincusation n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1634 Bp. J. Hall Contempl. Hist. New Test. (STC 12640.5) 204 The just blame of this bold subincusation; Lord, dost thou not care?
sub-insinuation n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɪnsɪnjʊˈeɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbᵻnˌsɪnjuˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
ΚΠ
1664 H. More Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 213 A modest subinsinuation of the most perfect and full persecution.
1825 C. Lamb in London Mag. Aug. 600 The exquisite art of the actor in a perpetual sub-insinuation to us, the spectators,..that he was not half such a coward as we took him for.
sub-relief n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbrᵻˈliːf/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbrəˈlif/
,
/ˌsəbriˈlif/
[ < sub- prefix + relief n.3]
ΚΠ
1884 Lancet 12 July 58/2 The pyramid will appear in sub-relief with the pediment in the foreground.
1894 Archaeologia 55 28 Sub-relief is the name I propose to give to that kind of sculpture which is by some called Egyptian relief.
2002 P. Green & L. MacDonald Colour Engin. x. 221 Mechanical systems include those printing by relief, sub-relief, planographic and stencil processes.
† subsustentation n. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1855 Fraser's Mag. 51 264 By acts of daily self-denial and much subsustentation of body.
subtransparency n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbtranˈsparənsi/
,
/ˌsʌbtrɑːnˈsparənsi/
,
/ˌsʌbtranˈspɛːrənsi/
,
/ˌsʌbtrɑːnˈspɛːrənsi/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌtræn(t)ˈspɛrənsi/
ΚΠ
1817 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. II. xxv. 424 The sub-transparency of the adjoining crust.
1900 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 39 27 Prioneris thestylis. Wings ample, entire, veins opaque, tending to subtransparency.
1950 Mineralogist Dec. 547/2 The property of translucency may range all the way from subtransparency to absolute opacity.
1988 Mineral Rec. Mar. 104/1 Some [anatase crystals] are uniformly opaque with a brilliant blue-black color. Others exhibit a subtransparency to translucency.
(ii) Medicine. Prefixed to nouns denoting conditions, processes, etc.
subcrepitation n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbkrɛpᵻˈteɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌkrɛpəˈteɪʃ(ə)n/
[compare French sous-crépitation (1834 or earlier)] now rare
ΚΠ
1837 London Med. Gaz. 20 958/2 When this patient was first admitted, subcrepitation was heard posteriorly and inferiorly on both sides.
1882 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 9 Dec. 1172/2 There was for a time evidence of some solidification in the lung, with slight subcrepitation over a small area.
1915 J. C. DaCosta Princ. & Pract. Physical Diagnosis (ed. 3) 165 Atelectatic subcrepitations, due to the inspiratory separation of partly collapsed and agglutinated bronchiolar walls, may occur under the conditions responsible for vesicular crepitations of this nature.
subdelirium n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbdᵻˈlɪrɪəm/
,
/ˌsʌbdᵻˈlɪərɪəm/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbdəˈlɪriəm/
[compare French sous-délire (1801 or earlier)] now rare
ΚΠ
1817 Trans. Assoc. Fellows King's & Queen's Coll. Physicians Ireland 1 293 Each may decline with stupor, subdelirium, and death.
1834 J. Forbes tr. R. T. H. Laennec Treat. Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 235 With sub~delirium [Fr. subdelirium] and other signs of cerebral congestion.
1959 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 28 Mar. 851/2 Larger doses may lead to actual confusion or subdelirium, with amnesic episodes.
subinflammation n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɪnfləˈmeɪʃn/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/
[compare German Subinflammation (1812 or earlier)] now rare
ΚΠ
1818 Medico-chirurg. Jrnl. 1 109 In the first case it produces inflammation or hæmorrhage; in the second, sub-inflammation; in the third, neuroses.
1902 Canada Lancet 35 560 It is possible for a sub-inflammation of the visceral peritoneum..to occur without its presence being diagnosed in a young child.
2008 Arch. Med. Res. 39 360/1 Elevated LC [= leukocyte count], considered as a reflection of systemic chronic subinflammation, has been associated with the development of cardiovascular disease.
† subpurgation n. [after post-classical Latin subpurgatio (1546 or earlier), itself after ancient Greek ὑποκάθαρσις (Hippocrates)] Obsolete rare Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Subpurgation, subpurgatio, a word used by some writers to express a gentle purgation.
(b) Chemistry.
(i) Prefixed to nouns (and derived adjectives), denoting compounds containing a relatively small or smaller than normal proportion of the component specified, esp. owing to a low oxidation state, as subcyanide, or (as in basic salts) the presence of another component, as subformate. See also subsalt n.
ΚΠ
1786 Edinb. New Dispensatory Introd. p. xxx Subacetated Copper; syn. Verdegris.
1801 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 91 197 (note) A subcarburet of potash.
1807 A. Aikin & C. R. Aikin Dict. Chem. & Mineral. II. 23/2 A white sub-nitrated oxyd.
1815 W. Henry Elements Exper. Chem. (ed. 7) I. i. xvii. 19 To this liquid, Dr. Davy gives the name of subsilicated fluoric acid.
1833 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 123 263 Subsesquiphosphate of soda.
1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. x. §1. 585 Subcyanide of copper, Cu2 Cy.
1871 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 24 999 Subfluoride of silicon.
1902 Ann. Ophthalmol. 11 325 The papers are fixed in subsulphurous sodium just as in photography.
1908 Chem. Abstr. 2 1321 The preparation is a 16% solution of aluminium sub-formate, Al(OH)(HCOO)2, giving the following results upon analysis.
1915 Chem. Abstr. 9 2802 Na subcyanide, Na2CN, is produced by heating Na and C in N under these conditions.
(ii)
subacetate n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈasᵻteɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈæsəˌteɪt/
ΚΠ
1803 A. Duncan Edinb. New Dispensatory i. 119 Sub-acetate of copper.
1853 A. Ure Dict. Arts I. 1 Acetal, is the subacetate of ether, having for its chemical symbol 3AcO + AcO3.
1953 A. G. E. Pearse Histochem. ii. 24 In practice a fresh 4 per cent, solution of pure lead subacetate (Pb(CH3CO2)2.PbOH2)..will be found satisfactory.
1997 Cancer Causes & Control 8 377/2 Several lead-soluble salts, including lead acetate and lead subacetate, produced renal tumors in mice.
sub-borate n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈbɔːreɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈbɔˌreɪt/
ΚΠ
1799 G. Pearson Transl. Table Chem. Nomencl. (ed. 2) 6 When such compounds possess alkaline, or properties of any basis, they have been usually named accordingly; e. g. Alkaline Borate, or Sub-borate of Soda, Sub-carbonate of Potash, &c.
1901 Countess C— Beauty's Aids v. iii. 206 Pimples generally yield to baths, or local bathing, whether simple, with soap, or medicinal. If they persist, ointment of subborate of soda can be tried.
sub-bromide n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈbrəʊmʌɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈbroʊˌmaɪd/
ΚΠ
1827 Philos. Mag. 2nd Ser. 1 395 A subbromide of iodine is obtained, from which iodine is precipitated by the careful addition of solution of potash.
1911 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 15 340 The silver or the sub-bromide is in any case, accordingly to the chemical theory, in the immediate presence of the bromine that it has lost.
2001 Polyhedron 21 651 The compounds have the same structural principle as the previously reported subbromide Bi34Ir3Br37.
subcarbonate n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈkɑːbəneɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈkɑːbənət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈkɑrbənət/
ΚΠ
1798 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 88 23 Subcarbonate of potash being dropped into the solution.
1859 N. F. Moore Anc. Mineral. 87 It [sc. coeruleum, a blue pigment] was made by reducing sand mingled with pure nitrum (subcarbonate of soda) to a fine powder..sprinkled with coarse copper filings.
1921 O. T. Osborne Princ. Therapeutics iii. 154 The subcarbonate of bismuth occurs as a yellowish white powder, insoluble in alcohol and water.
2004 Biomaterials 25 1422/2 (table) Silicone containing bismuth subcarbonate.
subchloride n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈklɔːrʌɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈklɔˌraɪd/
ΚΠ
1816 Ann. Philos. 8 38 It is obvious that we cannot call it a sub-chloride of mercury.
1940 G. H. J. Adlam & L. S. Price Higher School Certificate Inorg. Chem. (ed. 2) xxvi. 218 It was formerly believed that the darkening of silver chloride on exposure to light was due to the formation of a sub-chloride of silver, Ag2Cl.
2003 Isis 94 474 It must be the case that a subchloride was being created and mixed with the original unaltered chloride; it was this new substance that was giving rise to all the various tints.
submuriate n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈmjʊərɪeɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈmjʊərɪət/
,
/ˌsʌbˈmjɔːrɪeɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈmjɔːrɪət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈmjʊriˌeɪt/
,
/ˌsəbˈmjʊriət/
ΚΠ
1796 S. Dickson Ess. Chem. Nomencl. viii. 275 We have also subvitrolated and subnitrated mercury, submuriated copper, and some others of the same sort.]
1801 Let. 15 July in Jrnl. Nat. Philos., Chem., & Arts Aug. 168 This method is analogous to the mode of the new nomenclature in its latest improvements, as in the instances sub-muriate, and muriate of mercury, sub-carbonate, and carbonate of alkali..&c.
1887 Med. World May 153/1 I consider diphtheria strictly as a contagious disease, and the submuriate of mercury the remedy incomparable.
1990 Jrnl. Amer. Inst. Conservation 29 193 As long ago as 1826, Davy carried out an examination of a bronze helmet found in the sea near Corfu. Among the incrustations he was able to identify..submuriate of copper (basic copper chloride: probably paratacamite or atacamite).
subnitrate n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈnʌɪtreɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈnaɪˌtreɪt/
ΚΠ
1796 S. Dickson Ess. Chem. Nomencl. viii. 275 We have also subvitrolated and subnitrated mercury, submuriated copper, and some others of the same sort.]
1802 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 92 159 It is..calomel, plus an insoluble subnitrate of mercury.
1913 F. Forchheimer Therapeusis Internal Dis. II. vi. 203 Ten grains..of the subnitrate may be rubbed up in chalk mixture and should be given every two or three hours.
1999 BackHome Mar. 56/3 A mineral-based bismuth subnitrate..provided substance to the mixture and good coverage.
suboxide n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈɒksʌɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈɑkˌsaɪd/
ΚΠ
1801 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 91 236 A real carbonate of suboxide of copper.
1904 E. Dillon Porcelain 42 In the case of the flambé or ‘transmutation’ glazes, the strange caprices of colour have their origin, in part at least, in the contrast of the red sub-oxide and the green silicate of copper.
2007 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 10310/1 Carbon suboxide was of interest only because it had once been proposed as the source of the Red Planet's color.
subphosphate n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈfɒsfeɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈfɑsˌfeɪt/
ΚΠ
1798 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 88 24 The fourth portion being boiled with 4 grains of sub-phosphate of lime.
1868 H. B. Jones & H. Watts Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 10) 346 A trisodic orthophosphate, sometimes called subphosphate.
1922 F. P. Venable Zirconium & Compounds vi. 91 The composition of this zirconium subphosphate was given as ZrP2O6.H2O, and this on ignition gives ZrP2O7.
2001 Russ. Jrnl. Gen. Chem. 71 1398/2 Dimerization results in formation of either subphosphates or hypophosphates, depending on the structure of substituents.
subsulphate n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsʌlfeɪt/
,
/ˌsʌbˈsʌlfət/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsəlˌfeɪt/
ΚΠ
1802 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. II. 497 This powder was first examined by Mr Proust: he has ascertained it to be a sub-sulphat of copper.
1912 Jrnl. Kansas Med. Soc. 12 479 The sub-sulphate of iron would be used more frequently if it were not for making a disgusting clotty, adherent mass.
2008 Jrnl. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 58 813 (table) Electrodesiccation and ferric subsulphate were applied to bleeding region.
subsulphide n.
Brit. /ˌsʌbˈsʌlfʌɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbˈsəlˌfaɪd/
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > sulphur > [noun] > compounds > sulphides > miscellaneous others
Canton's phosphorus1787
subsulphide1846
hydrogen sulphide1849
polysulphide1849
trisulphide1866
1846 tr. H. Will Outl. Qualitative Anal. 27 Hydrosulphuric acid and sulphide of ammonium precipitate black subsulphide, Hg2S, which is insoluble in sulphide of ammonium.
1976 Nature 15 Jan. 109/3 Vanadium subsulphide β–V3S is known to have a tetragonal unit cell.
2009 Mutation Res. 674 32/2 Insoluble nickel compounds, such as nickel sulphide (NiS), nickel subsulphide (Ni3S2) and nickel oxide (NiO)..have been implicated in oncogenicity in animal models.
5. In adverbial relation to verbs, with the sense ‘secretly, covertly’, as subaid v.
6. In adverbial relation to verbs (and derived adverbs), with the sense ‘so as to include all, under or within something’. [Probably after subsume v.]
subinclude v.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɪnˈkluːd/
,
/ˌsʌbɪŋˈkluːd/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbᵻnˈklud/
ΚΠ
1808 G. S. Faber Gen. View Prophecies I. vi. 191 We must not understand him as contradicting and limiting the rest of his prediction, but simply as alluding to five principal cities which he considers as subincluding all the rest.
1941 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 68 499 Fruiting-calyx broadly campanulate, papery, obvolute and subincluding the fruit.
2008 E. F. Maurina Multiplayer Gaming & Engine Coding for Torque Game Engine iv. 144 The engine header files will already sub-include the header file that defines these types.
subinclusively adv.
Brit. /ˌsʌbɪnˈkluːsᵻvli/
,
/ˌsʌbɪŋˈkluːsᵻvli/
,
U.S. /ˌsəbᵻnˈklusəvli/
ΚΠ
1851 G. S. Faber Many Mansions 14 Thus, again, subinclusively, the Official Dress of the High-Priest respected, in its arrangement, the System of the World.
7. In adverbial relation to verbs (and derived verbal nouns), expressing the action of replacing one person or thing with another. See also subordain v. 2.
† sub-electing n. [compare post-classical Latin subeligere (13th cent.)] Obsolete rare the action of electing one person in place of another.
ΚΠ
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxxix. xxxix. 1049 The..assembly for subelecting of a Pretour in the place of the deceased.
8. In adverbial relation to verbs, with the sense ‘in addition; by way of or as an addition’.
† subinsert v. [compare post-classical Latin subinserere (c1550 in a British source)] Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1621 R. Brathwait Natures Embassie 144 Therefore haue I subinserted this Satyre [viz. a 13th at the end of a set of 12].
9. Reduplicated to express a further subdivision, degree of subordination, or decrease in rank or degree (cf. sense 2).
ΚΠ
1651 C. Cartwright Certamen Religiosum i. 41 The many Religions which are lately sprung up, and the sub, sub, sub-divisions under them.
1751 F. Hawling Misc. Orig. Poems Var. Subj. 711 With Homilies, and Balmy Creeds, and Usuals specially are given, To sub sub Substitutes of Heaven.
1772 Scots Mag. 34 698/2 Many of the former sub- and sub-sub-tenants, who had saved a little money, became principal tenants.
a1832 J. Bentham Ess. Logic in Wks. (1843) VIII. 289/2 Divisions, subdivisions, and sub-subdivisions.
1870 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (ed. 2) I. ii. viii. 266 A particular feeling of redness associates itself irresistibly..with the sub-class of visual feelings, with the sub-sub-class of reds.
1902 Daily Chron. 29 Apr. 3/5 Under sub-contracts or sub-sub-contracts.
1905 Macmillan's Mag. Dec. 126 This was divided, re-divided, sub-divided, and sub-sub-divided in every conceivable sort of way.
1985 N. Sahgal Rich like Us xv. 173 Taking up most of the sea, were the castes and sub-castes and sub-sub-castes, as well as the untouchables and unapproachables of his own religion.
2002 Guardian 23 Feb. (Saturday section) 8/1 Chicklit, in turn, has its sub-sub-genres.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
<
prefixc1386
随便看

　

英语词典包含1132095条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。

　

Copyright © 2004-2022 Newdu.com All Rights Reserved
更新时间：2024/12/25 0:24:05