stratagemn.

Brit.

/ˈstratədʒəm/,

/ˈstratədʒɛm/, U.S.

/ˈstrædədʒəm/,

/ˈstrædəˌdʒɛm/

Forms: late Middle English–1600s stratageme, 1500s stratageam, 1500s stratageamme, 1500s stratageeme, 1500s stratagime, 1500s stratagym (Scottish), 1500s strategeam, 1500s strategeame, 1500s–1600s stratageame, 1500s–1600s stratagemme, 1500s–1600s stratagim, 1500s–1600s strategeme, 1500s– stratagem, 1500s– strategem (now nonstandard), 1600s stratagemm, 1600s stratagom, 1600s stratigem, 1600s stratogem, 1600s stretageme.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French stratageme; Latin stratēgēma.

Etymology: < (i) Middle French stratageme, strategeme (French stratagème ) skilful military act or ploy (early 15th cent.; 1372 as strategemmate , reflecting the Latin oblique stem), ruse, trick, ploy (although this is apparently first attested slightly later than in English: 1574), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin stratēgēma (in post-classical Latin also stratagema (from 13th cent. in British and continental sources)) piece of generalship, ruse or trick < ancient Greek στρατήγημα piece of generalship, in Hellenistic Greek also trick, device, trick of speech < στρατηγεῖν to be a general ( < στρατηγός strategos n.) + -μα (see -oma comb. form).Compare Italian stratagemma (a1587), and (with development of a prosthetic vowel) Spanish estratagema (c1550), Portuguese estratagema (1559). With the form stratogem compare Middle French stratogeme (1594).

a. A skilful military plan, scheme, or approach, esp. a trick, manoeuvre, or ploy designed to deceive or surprise an enemy. Also in figurative contexts.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > war > war as profession or skill > [noun] > military artifice > piece of

stratagem1489

feint1683

ruse de guerre1769

1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes ii. i. sig. Fvi Whiche subtilites and wylis are called..Stratagemes of armes [Fr. stratagemes d'armes].

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. clxxiij^v Therle of Salisbury..knewe the slaightes, stratagemes and pollecies of warlike affaires.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. vii. f. 35^v By this stratageme or policie, they came sodenly vppon Maiobanexius, and tooke hym prisoner.

1639 R. Ward Animadversions of Warre i. cl. 329 Breda..was once by the Hollander surprized, by a Stratagem of a Boate laden with Turffe, in whose Keele was imbarqued very closely divers valiant Gentlemen.

1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures v. 12 He was advertised by Spies what stratagems the Enemy would use against us.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 313 I presently thought of a Stratagem to fetch them back again.

1840 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VII. lvii. 261 Antigonus..surprised the victors by a stratagem something like Lysander's at Ægos-potami.

1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede I. i. xii. 237 It is the favourite stratagem of our passions to sham a retreat, and to turn sharp round upon us at the moment we have made up our minds that the day is our own.

a1903 G. F. R. Henderson Sci. War (1905) vii. 168 Those stratagems, manœuvres, and devices by which victories are won.

1941 Times 6 Feb. (Late London ed.) 2/6 There was no strategem which would not be employed and no device so foul that the Germans would not use it against us.

2010 G. D. Solis Law Armed Confl. xi. 432 The belligerents are allowed to employ ruses of war or stratagems during battles.

b. The use of military stratagems; cunning or ingenuity in a military action.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > war > war as profession or skill > [noun] > military artifice

stratagem?1576

?1576 G. Gascoigne Spoyle of Antwerpe sig. C.vii Theyr continual training in seruice doth make them expert in all warrelyke stratageme.

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V iv. viii. 108 Without strategem, And in euen shock of battle.

1632 W. Watts Swedish Discipline sig. A4^v In martiall skill a Scipio thou art, An Hannibal in stratageme and art.

1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 30 Jan. (1965) I. 299 The Turks once more attempted to gain it [sc. the town] by stratagem.

1816 H. Douglas Ess. Mil. Bridges iv. 103 Attempts to pass rivers by..force, in face of an enemy..have succeeded in an astonishing degree, considering the disadvantage under which the assailants act if they do not resort to stratagem.

1874 G. Bancroft Footpr. of Time i. 77 He then turned his arms against Babylon which he took by stratagem after a long siege.

1951 N. Monsarrat Cruel Sea (1953) iv. i. 274 It is..a war of groping and drowning, of ambuscade and stratagem.

2007 R. Middleton Pontiac's War vi. 113 It was at this point that Bouquet resorted to stratagem.

a. A plan, a scheme; esp. one devised to achieve a particular end, gain an advantage, or outwit an opponent; (often with the implication of deviousness or dishonesty) a ploy, a trick, a ruse.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > cunning > [noun] > a wile or cunning device

wrenchc888

craftOE

turnc1225

ginc1275

play?a1300

enginec1300

wrenkc1325

forsetc1330

sleightc1340

knackc1369

cautel138.

subtletya1393

wilea1400

tramc1400

wrinkle1402

artc1405

policy?1406

subtilityc1410

subtiltyc1440

jeopardy1487

jouk1513

pawka1522

frask1524

false point?1528

conveyance1534

compass1540

fineness1546

far-fetch?a1562

stratagem1561

finesse1562

entrapping1564

convoyance1578

lift1592

imagine1594

agitation1600

subtleship1614

artifice1620

navation1628

wimple1638

rig1640

lapwing stratagem1676

feint1679

undercraft1691

fly-flap1726

management1736

fakement1811

old tricka1822

fake1829

trickeration1940

swiftie1945

shrewdie1961

the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > cunning > [noun] > contrivance or machination

artc1300

enginec1300

compassc1320

governaila1382

subtletya1393

imaginement1543

machinationc1550

stratagem1561

designing1566

packing1587

Machiavellism1592

design1594

drifting1602

Machiavellianism1607

artifice1618

reach1641

contrivance1647

intrigue1668

designfulnessa1677

engineering1716

manoeuvring1786

scheme1790

intriguery1815

intriguing1841

footwork1902

game playing1916

1561 T. Paynell in tr. N. Hanapus Ensamples Vertue & Vice Ep. Ded. sig. .v^v The wonderfull miracles, the noble historyes, the worthy actes, the wise sayinges, the politike stratagemes the wicked conspiracies, the due obedience.

1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. ii. sig. C2^v I haue already found a stratageme, To sound the bottome of this doubtfull theame.

1620 tr. Relation Late Iourney Iesuites 11 By which your deceiptfull stratagem yee haue shewed your companions to be most deceiptfull.

1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors i. 12 It was a Stratageme of the Inhabitants, who had incens'd the Bees, purposely to prevent our lodging in the Village.

1728 E. Young Love of Fame: Universal Passion (ed. 2) vi. 187 For her own breakfast she'll project a scheme, Nor take her tea without a stratagem.

1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 35. ⁋10 I shall not trouble you with a history of the stratagems practised on my judgement.

1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. 2 His existence would be one continued subterfuge or stratagem.

1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul II. ix. xl. 328 The stratagem was for the time..successful.

1913 A. Dunn Royal Spade Auction Bridge 134 He will have recourse to the many stratagems and subtleties of the game.

2011 Irish Times 8 Oct. 11/4 The tactic was one of several non-violent stratagems that worked.

b. The devising of ingenious plans or schemes; (also) skill in this; cunning.

ΚΠ

1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus ii. i. 105 Tis pollicie and stratageme must doo That you affect.

a1600 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie iv. viii, in Wks. (1662) 105 Such mens contentment must be wrought by stratagem.

1694 Adventures Helvetian Hero 142 At work by Policy, Disguise, by Plot and stratagem, and all that art and cunning could invent, to compass what they call'd their happiness.

1740 H. Bracken Farriery Improv'd (ed. 2) II. iii. 81 A Horse is a noble Creature, naturally strong and courageous, and, for this Reason, he is not endowed with so much Stratagem as others of less account.

1837 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece IV. xxxv. 361 Notorious for his mastery in the arts of stratagem and intrigue.

1871 ‘G. Eliot’ Middlemarch (1872) I. i. vi. 92 Obliged to get my coals by stratagem.

1938 W. Watson Miss Pettigrew lives for Day xi. 159 Miss LaFosse would resort to stratagem.

2000 H. J. McCann in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 143/2 His ends must be achieved reactively—by stratagem rather than fiat.

†3. A violent act, esp. a murder. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > violent treatment or force > act or instance of

outragec1300

violencea1393

forcea1481

stratagem1581

violency1632

savaging1858

1581 G. North tr. H. Estienne Stage Popish Toyes 21 The Frier..toke hir by the hande, and with the same bloudie stratageme, sent hir after hir play-fellow.

1588 R. Greene Pandosto sig. G4 To close vp the Comedie with a Tragicall stratageme, hee slewe himselfe.

1606 G. W. tr. Justinus Hist. xxxvii. ii. 116 Fearing his enemies would compasse the treason by stratigem, which they could not by poyson [L. ne inimici, quod veneno non potuerant, ferro peragerent].

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) ii. v. 89 What Stra [ta] gems? how fell? how Butcherly? Erreoneous, mutinous, and vnnaturall, This deadly quarrell daily doth beget?

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	stratagem
释义	stratagemn. Brit. /ˈstratədʒəm/, /ˈstratədʒɛm/, U.S. /ˈstrædədʒəm/, /ˈstrædəˌdʒɛm/ Forms: late Middle English–1600s stratageme, 1500s stratageam, 1500s stratageamme, 1500s stratageeme, 1500s stratagime, 1500s stratagym (Scottish), 1500s strategeam, 1500s strategeame, 1500s–1600s stratageame, 1500s–1600s stratagemme, 1500s–1600s stratagim, 1500s–1600s strategeme, 1500s– stratagem, 1500s– strategem (now nonstandard), 1600s stratagemm, 1600s stratagom, 1600s stratigem, 1600s stratogem, 1600s stretageme. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French stratageme; Latin stratēgēma. Etymology: < (i) Middle French stratageme, strategeme (French stratagème ) skilful military act or ploy (early 15th cent.; 1372 as strategemmate , reflecting the Latin oblique stem), ruse, trick, ploy (although this is apparently first attested slightly later than in English: 1574), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin stratēgēma (in post-classical Latin also stratagema (from 13th cent. in British and continental sources)) piece of generalship, ruse or trick < ancient Greek στρατήγημα piece of generalship, in Hellenistic Greek also trick, device, trick of speech < στρατηγεῖν to be a general ( < στρατηγός strategos n.) + -μα (see -oma comb. form).Compare Italian stratagemma (a1587), and (with development of a prosthetic vowel) Spanish estratagema (c1550), Portuguese estratagema (1559). With the form stratogem compare Middle French stratogeme (1594). 1. a. A skilful military plan, scheme, or approach, esp. a trick, manoeuvre, or ploy designed to deceive or surprise an enemy. Also in figurative contexts. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > war > war as profession or skill > [noun] > military artifice > piece of stratagem1489 feint1683 ruse de guerre1769 1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes ii. i. sig. Fvi Whiche subtilites and wylis are called..Stratagemes of armes [Fr. stratagemes d'armes]. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. clxxiij^v Therle of Salisbury..knewe the slaightes, stratagemes and pollecies of warlike affaires. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. vii. f. 35^v By this stratageme or policie, they came sodenly vppon Maiobanexius, and tooke hym prisoner. 1639 R. Ward Animadversions of Warre i. cl. 329 Breda..was once by the Hollander surprized, by a Stratagem of a Boate laden with Turffe, in whose Keele was imbarqued very closely divers valiant Gentlemen. 1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures v. 12 He was advertised by Spies what stratagems the Enemy would use against us. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 313 I presently thought of a Stratagem to fetch them back again. 1840 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VII. lvii. 261 Antigonus..surprised the victors by a stratagem something like Lysander's at Ægos-potami. 1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede I. i. xii. 237 It is the favourite stratagem of our passions to sham a retreat, and to turn sharp round upon us at the moment we have made up our minds that the day is our own. a1903 G. F. R. Henderson Sci. War (1905) vii. 168 Those stratagems, manœuvres, and devices by which victories are won. 1941 Times 6 Feb. (Late London ed.) 2/6 There was no strategem which would not be employed and no device so foul that the Germans would not use it against us. 2010 G. D. Solis Law Armed Confl. xi. 432 The belligerents are allowed to employ ruses of war or stratagems during battles. b. The use of military stratagems; cunning or ingenuity in a military action. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > war > war as profession or skill > [noun] > military artifice stratagem?1576 ?1576 G. Gascoigne Spoyle of Antwerpe sig. C.vii Theyr continual training in seruice doth make them expert in all warrelyke stratageme. 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V iv. viii. 108 Without strategem, And in euen shock of battle. 1632 W. Watts Swedish Discipline sig. A4^v In martiall skill a Scipio thou art, An Hannibal in stratageme and art. 1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 30 Jan. (1965) I. 299 The Turks once more attempted to gain it [sc. the town] by stratagem. 1816 H. Douglas Ess. Mil. Bridges iv. 103 Attempts to pass rivers by..force, in face of an enemy..have succeeded in an astonishing degree, considering the disadvantage under which the assailants act if they do not resort to stratagem. 1874 G. Bancroft Footpr. of Time i. 77 He then turned his arms against Babylon which he took by stratagem after a long siege. 1951 N. Monsarrat Cruel Sea (1953) iv. i. 274 It is..a war of groping and drowning, of ambuscade and stratagem. 2007 R. Middleton Pontiac's War vi. 113 It was at this point that Bouquet resorted to stratagem. 2. a. A plan, a scheme; esp. one devised to achieve a particular end, gain an advantage, or outwit an opponent; (often with the implication of deviousness or dishonesty) a ploy, a trick, a ruse. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > cunning > [noun] > a wile or cunning device wrenchc888 craftOE turnc1225 ginc1275 play?a1300 enginec1300 wrenkc1325 forsetc1330 sleightc1340 knackc1369 cautel138. subtletya1393 wilea1400 tramc1400 wrinkle1402 artc1405 policy?1406 subtilityc1410 subtiltyc1440 jeopardy1487 jouk1513 pawka1522 frask1524 false point?1528 conveyance1534 compass1540 fineness1546 far-fetch?a1562 stratagem1561 finesse1562 entrapping1564 convoyance1578 lift1592 imagine1594 agitation1600 subtleship1614 artifice1620 navation1628 wimple1638 rig1640 lapwing stratagem1676 feint1679 undercraft1691 fly-flap1726 management1736 fakement1811 old tricka1822 fake1829 trickeration1940 swiftie1945 shrewdie1961 the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > cunning > [noun] > contrivance or machination artc1300 enginec1300 compassc1320 governaila1382 subtletya1393 imaginement1543 machinationc1550 stratagem1561 designing1566 packing1587 Machiavellism1592 design1594 drifting1602 Machiavellianism1607 artifice1618 reach1641 contrivance1647 intrigue1668 designfulnessa1677 engineering1716 manoeuvring1786 scheme1790 intriguery1815 intriguing1841 footwork1902 game playing1916 1561 T. Paynell in tr. N. Hanapus Ensamples Vertue & Vice Ep. Ded. sig. .v^v The wonderfull miracles, the noble historyes, the worthy actes, the wise sayinges, the politike stratagemes the wicked conspiracies, the due obedience. 1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. ii. sig. C2^v I haue already found a stratageme, To sound the bottome of this doubtfull theame. 1620 tr. Relation Late Iourney Iesuites 11 By which your deceiptfull stratagem yee haue shewed your companions to be most deceiptfull. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors i. 12 It was a Stratageme of the Inhabitants, who had incens'd the Bees, purposely to prevent our lodging in the Village. 1728 E. Young Love of Fame: Universal Passion (ed. 2) vi. 187 For her own breakfast she'll project a scheme, Nor take her tea without a stratagem. 1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 35. ⁋10 I shall not trouble you with a history of the stratagems practised on my judgement. 1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. 2 His existence would be one continued subterfuge or stratagem. 1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul II. ix. xl. 328 The stratagem was for the time..successful. 1913 A. Dunn Royal Spade Auction Bridge 134 He will have recourse to the many stratagems and subtleties of the game. 2011 Irish Times 8 Oct. 11/4 The tactic was one of several non-violent stratagems that worked. b. The devising of ingenious plans or schemes; (also) skill in this; cunning. ΚΠ 1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus ii. i. 105 Tis pollicie and stratageme must doo That you affect. View more context for this quotation a1600 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie iv. viii, in Wks. (1662) 105 Such mens contentment must be wrought by stratagem. 1694 Adventures Helvetian Hero 142 At work by Policy, Disguise, by Plot and stratagem, and all that art and cunning could invent, to compass what they call'd their happiness. 1740 H. Bracken Farriery Improv'd (ed. 2) II. iii. 81 A Horse is a noble Creature, naturally strong and courageous, and, for this Reason, he is not endowed with so much Stratagem as others of less account. 1837 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece IV. xxxv. 361 Notorious for his mastery in the arts of stratagem and intrigue. 1871 ‘G. Eliot’ Middlemarch (1872) I. i. vi. 92 Obliged to get my coals by stratagem. 1938 W. Watson Miss Pettigrew lives for Day xi. 159 Miss LaFosse would resort to stratagem. 2000 H. J. McCann in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 143/2 His ends must be achieved reactively—by stratagem rather than fiat. †3. A violent act, esp. a murder. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > violent treatment or force > act or instance of outragec1300 violencea1393 forcea1481 stratagem1581 violency1632 savaging1858 1581 G. North tr. H. Estienne Stage Popish Toyes 21 The Frier..toke hir by the hande, and with the same bloudie stratageme, sent hir after hir play-fellow. 1588 R. Greene Pandosto sig. G4 To close vp the Comedie with a Tragicall stratageme, hee slewe himselfe. 1606 G. W. tr. Justinus Hist. xxxvii. ii. 116 Fearing his enemies would compasse the treason by stratigem, which they could not by poyson [L. ne inimici, quod veneno non potuerant, ferro peragerent]. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) ii. v. 89 What Stra [ta] gems? how fell? how Butcherly? Erreoneous, mutinous, and vnnaturall, This deadly quarrell daily doth beget? View more context for this quotation This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1489
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