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单词 stout
释义

stoutn.1

Brit. /staʊt/, U.S. /staʊt/
Forms: Old English–Middle English stút, Middle English stoute, 1600s stowt(e, 1600s–1800s stut, 1800s stoat, 1500s– stout.
Etymology: Old English stút, of obscure etymology.
Now dialect.
a. A gadfly, horsefly; also applied to a gnat. Higins (quot. 1585), probably by mistake, uses it for the candle-fly or moth; Florio follows this, using fire-fly for ‘a fly living in the fire’ (Cooper at Pyrausta).
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > suborder Brachycera > family Tabanidae > member of genus Tabanus (gadfly or horse-fly)
breezea800
stoutc1000
horsefly1382
gad-bee1510
gadfly1569
brimse1579
wag-leg1585
breeze-fly1587
breame1589
beast-fly1658
burrel-fly1658
whame1658
gad-breeze1665
bree1678
garabee1692
gad1830
thunderbug1837
ox-warble1840
March fly1852
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > suborder Nematocera > family Culicidae > genus Culex or tribe Culicini > member of
gnatc893
stoutc1000
culex1483
nit1547
culicine1911
c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 121/24 Culex, stut.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 159 Þe snowtes of olyfauntes and his hors eren were so ful of gnattes and stoutes and of greet flyes [L. culicibus et ciniphibus] þat þey [etc.].
1585 J. Higgins tr. Junius Nomenclator 72/2 Pyrallis,..a candle flie: a stout, or millers soule [printed foule].
1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Pirausta, a fire-flye or worme bred and liuing in the fire, and going from it dieth, and flieth into the leame of a candle: some call it a candle-flie, a stout, a miller-fowle, or bishop.
1616 J. Lane Contin. Squire's Tale xi. 383 And blusshinge welkin fell with stowtes to playe at novum.
1657 R. Ligon True Hist. Barbados 62 Musketos, who bite and sting worse then the Gnats and Stouts, that sting Cattle in England.
1666 C. Merrett Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum 199 Tabanides, a Burrel-fly, stout, Brees, Clog or Cling.
1673 J. Ray S. & E. Countrey Words in Coll. Eng. Words 78 A Stut, a Gnat: Somerset.
1852 Berks. Gloss. Stout, a sharp stinging fly.
1879 R. Jefferies Wild Life 199 A boy armed with a spray of ash, with which he flicks off the stoats that would otherwise drive the animals frantic.
1898 C. M. Yonge John Keble's Parishes xvi. 193 The large fly, popularly called a stout, as big as a hornet, lays eggs under the skin of cows.
attributive.a1887 R. Jefferies Field & Hedgerow (1889) 229 The peculiar low whir of the stoat-fly.
b. Newfoundland. (See quot. 1905.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > suborder Brachycera > family Tabanidae > member of genus Tabanus (gadfly or horse-fly) > large or ferocious
hornet1530
stout1903
1903 A. C. P. Haggard Sporting Yarns 205 The huge ‘stouts’, a gadfly of great biting power, used to attack my head and neck terribly.
1905 A. Haggard Bond of Sympathy 60 A..ferocious insect, thicker than, and about the size of a hornet, which it resembles in being barred with black and yellow. This formidable insect, the Newfoundlanders call the Stout.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

stoutn.2

Brit. /staʊt/, U.S. /staʊt/
Forms: Also 1600s stoutt.
Etymology: Probably elliptical for stout ale or stout beer (stout adj. 11), though in our quots. these are not found till much later.
†(a) ‘A cant name for strong beer’ (Johnson). Obsolete. (b) In present use, a strong variety of porter.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > beer > [noun] > strong beer
strong beereOE
bub1672
stout1677
tangle-leg1860
exportc1898
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > beer > [noun] > stout
stout1677
brown stout1803
Guinness1834
milk stout1910
1677 R. Hawtrey Let. (Egerton MS. 2716) We will drink your healths both in stoutt and best wine.
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Stout, very strong, Malt-Drink.
1719 in T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth V. 83 We will frolick in Stout, And banish all Care in a Mug.
1728 J. Swift To Stella in J. Swift et al. Misc. Last vol. 289 Or kindly when his Credit's out, Surprize him with a Pint of Stout.
1762 W. Burton Let. 13 Jan. in B.L. Add. MS. 32933 f. 273 The Porter Brewers likewise make a Beer of an Extraordinary Strength, called Stout, that will bear being made weaker by mixing it with Smal.
1816 Times 25 Jan. in Hone's Every-day Bk. I. 462 Each house was supplied with Brown Stout.
1847 A. Smith Christopher Tadpole (1848) xxvi. 237 A bottle of stout and a biscuit.
1882 W. Besant All Sorts of Men I. Prol. i. 12 Messenger, Marsden, and Company's Stout, their XXX, [etc.].
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

stoutadj.adv.

Brit. /staʊt/, U.S. /staʊt/
Forms: Middle English stute, Middle English–1600s stoute, Middle English stut, Middle English–1600s stowt(e, Middle English Scottish stult, Middle English–1500s stought, 1600s stoutt, Middle English– stout.
Etymology: < Old French estout (NE. dialect stout), earlier estolt, estult, brave, fierce, proud; of Germanic origin: compare Old Frisian stult proud, Middle Low German stolt stately, proud, (Middle) Dutch stout proud, Old High German, Middle High German, modern German stolz proud (in Middle High German also foolish) < West Germanic *stulta-. The Old Norse stollz is from High German, and the later Old Norse stolt-r (= Middle Swedish stolt-er, Swedish, Danish stolt) from Low German.According to some scholars the West Germanic word is an adoption (with remarkable development of meaning) of Latin stultus foolish. Others regard it as native Germanic, < *stult ablaut-variant of *stelt- (? to walk stiffly): see stilt n.
A. adj.
I. Proud, fierce, brave, resolute.
†1.
a. Proud, haughty, arrogant. Often coupled with proud. to make it stout: to swagger. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > pride > [adjective]
highOE
rankOE
proudOE
quaint?c1225
stoutc1315
proud-heartedc1400
gobbedc1440
pridyc1485
high-minded?1503
superb1561
proud-heart1591
tiptoe1593
sublime1596
high-headed1599
magnificent1603
side1673
vaunty1724
perked-up1754
spicy1768
jelly1828
Latin1914
the mind > emotion > pride > be proud [verb (intransitive)] > behave proudly
swella1250
to make it stoutc1315
to bear oneself stout1338
bridlea1475
to make it prouda1500
strut1518
to set up one's bristles1529
strut?c1570
square1584
square1590
swagger1600
to take on1603
puff1633
fluster1698
to hold one's head high1707
crest1713
to set out the shin1719
straddle1802
c1315 Shoreham Poems vii. 410 Alle hy weren ydryuen out, Wyþ lucyfer þat was so stout.
c1330 Spec. Gy de Warw. 623 Ac þu, fersse man, þat art so stout, And heih of mod, and herte proud.
c1400 Rom. Rose 6158 I mene of fals Religious, That stoute ben, and malicious [Fr. des felons, des malicieus].
c1400 Brut 2 Albyne bycome so stoute & so sterne, þat sche told litel prys of her lord.
c1421 26 Pol. Poems xxi. 73 How of hem han hertis stoute Þat reweþ non pore þat han penaunce.
c1450 (c1400) Sowdon of Babylon (1881) l. 1825 Thai made it both stoute and gay.
c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 74 Whan þou art in þat estate,..þanne wexist þou stowt & fell, and puttyst out þi venym of pride.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Isa. x. B The noble and stoute Kynge of Assiria.
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Stowt, superbus, superciliosus.
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. v. sig. D4v A man mightie in riches & power, and proude thereof, stubbornly stout.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) i. i. 185 As stout and proud as he were Lord of all. View more context for this quotation
1635 E. Pagitt Christianographie (1636) iii. 22 If he be stout and proud, he is not of God.
1656 R. Baxter Reformed Pastor 177 Can we once conceive of him as purposely washing..his servants feet, and yet be stout and Lordly still?
1669 R. Montagu in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 452 If we are as high and as stout as they, I am confident we shall bring them a pin lower.
a1803 Young Benjie iv, in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1886) II. iv. 282/1 And he was stout, and proud-hearted, And thought o't bitterlie.
1851 T. Sternberg Dial. & Folk-lore Northants. Stout, proud.
†b. Stately, magnificent, splendid. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > beauty > splendour > [adjective] > magnificent
lordlylOE
richc1275
prouda1300
noblec1300
gloriousc1315
reala1325
rialc1330
stouta1350
solemnc1386
royalc1400
pompousc1425
statelyc1425
lordlike1488
magnific1490
of state1498
magnificenta1530
pompatic1535
magnificala1538
princely1539
gorgeous?1542
regal1561
superbious?1566
surly1566
splendent1567
heroical1577
superbous1581
sumptuous1594
pompatical1610
pompal1616
fastidious1638
grand1673
splendid1685
grandific1727
grandiose1818
splendiferous1827
splendacious1843
magnolious1863
a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 49 Heo is dereworþe in day, graciouse, stout, ant gay.
1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. ii. 12 (note) Of reed gold so ryche redilyche I-dyȝte Wiþ preciouse stoones so stoute stondynge þer-ynne.
a1400 Launfal 985 Up stod the quene and ladyes stoute.
c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 935 If þou has oþer lygynges stoute, Now tech me to þat myry mote.
c1400 26 Pol. Poems xxv. 537 I that was full stoute and gay, ffull horyble am now opon to se.
1430–50 Erthe upon Erthe iv. 25 Why scholde erthe a-pon erthe goo stowte and gay?
†2.
a. Fierce, furious. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > fierceness > [adjective]
grimlyc893
wrothc893
reighOE
grima1000
grillc1175
witherc1175
grimfula1240
sturdy1297
wild1297
fiercea1300
man-keenc1300
stoutc1300
cruelc1330
fell?c1335
wicked1375
felonousc1386
felona1400
cursedc1400
runishc1400
keen?c1425
roid?c1425
wolvishc1430
ranishc1450
malicious1485
mankind1519
mannish1530
lionish1549
truculent?c1550
lion-like1556
tigerish?1573
tiger-like1587
truculental1593
Amazonian1595
tigerous1597
feral1604
fierceful1607
efferous1614
lionly1631
tigerly1633
feroce1641
ferocious1646
asperous1650
ferousa1652
blusterous1663
wolfish1674
boarisha1718
savage-fierce1770
Tartar1809
Tartarly1821
wolfy1828
savagerous1832
hawkish1841
tigery1859
attern1868
Hunnish1915
c1300 Beket 512 Sire Hughe Eorl of Chestre, and Eorl Williem of Ferers, Were at this parlement, stout ynou and fers.
1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 4036 He..sagh a bere wylde and stoute.
1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1725) 48 Þe burgeis of London were wroþe & stoute.
c1421 26 Pol. Poems xxi. 139 Drede no tyrauntes sterne and stoute May sle þy body.
a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Merlin (1904) I. l. 2687 Vndyr wheche water ben there ȝet Tweyne wondirful Stowte dragowns.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. xii. sig. Oo5 Emongst them was sterne Strife, and Anger stout.
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. i. xlvi. 32 The younger Tullia, a stout dame and a proud.
†b. Formidable, menacing; terrible in appearance. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > quality of terribleness > [adjective]
eislichc888
eyesfulOE
awfulc1175
smarta1200
ferlya1225
sternc1275
grisea1300
uglya1300
dreadfula1325
fell?c1335
stout1338
perilousc1380
terriblec1400
ghastfulc1449
timorous1455
epouventable1477
bedreadc1485
dreadablec1490
dreadc1540
buggisha1555
dreaded1556
monster-like1561
dire1567
scareful1567
terrifying1577
scary1582
direful1583
affrighting1592
dismal1594
affrightful1603
diral1606
tirable1607
frighting1619
scaring1641
affrighteninga1651
formidolous1656
terrific1667
terrifical1677
atrocious1733
terrorful1789
orful1845
lurid1850
terrorsome1890
turble1893
timorsome1894
like the wrath of God1936
the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > quality of being horrible > [adjective]
atelOE
grislya1150
atelichc1175
grisfula1300
ugly13..
hideous1303
horrible1303
ghastlyc1305
stout1338
horrendc1420
ugsomec1425
grisilc1440
execrable1490
uggle1499
horrious?1520
uglisome1530
ugglesome1561
gruesome1570
grisy1590
gashfulc1600
horrid1602
ghast1622
gashly1627
horrific1653
horrendous1661
horrorous1756
horrifying1791
horrorish1847
grauly1848
1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1725) 74 Tiþynges com him fulle stoute, þat a grete oste & stark,..Were aryued in Humbere.
1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1725) 115 Þise men lift þer standard, that stoute was & grim.
c1420 J. Lydgate Assembly of Gods 313 Hys colour was..Foule,..hys eyen gret & stoute.
c1480 (a1400) St. Christopher 469 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 353 Þat [þa] wemane speryt has with stut vysage & auchtful spek.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xi. l. 78 Quha couth behald thar awfull, lordly wult, So weill beseyn, so forthwart, stern and stult.
1568 (a1500) Freiris Berwik 196 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1930) IV. 266 The gudwyfe spak than wt a visage stowt.
1601 R. Chester Loves Martyr 27 A huge Tower of brasse,..Able to bide the raging Foes stout frowne.
†c. Of pain: Severe. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > [adjective] > relating to agony or torment > causing agony or torment
sharpc1000
grievousc1290
smartc1300
fellc1330
unsufferablea1340
keena1375
poignantc1390
rending?c1400
furiousc1405
stoutc1425
unbearablec1449
agonizing1570
tormenting1575
cruciable1578
raging1590
tormentuous1597
pungent1598
racking1598
acute1615
wrenching1618
excruciating1664
grinding1681
excruciate1773
discruciating1788
unendurable1801
of bare sufferance1823
perialgic1893
c1425 J. Audelay XI Pains of Hell 144 in Old Eng. Misc. 227 Faste þei wente þis pepul a-boute, Wiþ moni turmentes grete and stoute.
3.
a. Valiant, brave; undaunted and vigorous in conflict or resistance. Also in stout fellow (cf. fellow n. 11a). Now somewhat archaic (chiefly attributive of soldiers).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > courage > valour > warlike valour > [adjective]
proudc1275
steepc1275
wightc1275
sturdy1297
stoutc1325
valiantc1330
stern1390
martialc1425
pertc1450
stalwartc1480
talla1529
handsome1665
c1325 Lai le Freine 249 He was stout, of gret renoun And was y-cleped Sir Guroun.
a1400 K. Alis. (Laud) 869 Nicholas of cartage Hardy man stout & sauage.
c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1184 Stoffed wyth-inne with stout men to stalle hem þer-oute.
1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) ii. 393 Thocht he wes stout and hardy..Thar mycht na worschip thar awailȝe.
1572 J. Higgins Huloets Dict. (rev. ed.) Stoute or aduenturous, audaculus.
1586 A. Day Eng. Secretorie i. sig. H7v Greiue replied the stout couragious Citizen, yea euen I.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. x. sig. Y3v Stout Bunduca.
1595 Phrases Lat. Aldi Manutii 106 Fortis pro salute patriæ. Stout in the quarrell, or valiant for the safe~guard of his countrey.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iii. viii. 19 A stouter Champion neuer handled Sword. View more context for this quotation
1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 191 They [sc. these defects] take Place in the Stoutest Natures: As in the Example of Henry the Seuenth..: There was not a more Suspicious Man, nor a more Stout.
1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. v. 87 In this sence we call all souldiers stout, and sometimes call imprudent and rash persons stout, when we speak not of the perfect Vertues.
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Westmorl. 136 That Stout Prelate who when the Scots invaded England..utterly routed and ruined them.
1690 J. Locke Some Thoughts conc. Educ. §96 (1693) 114 Some Men by the unalterable Frame of their Constitutions are Stout, others Timorous.
1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies I. xviii. 216 Cowards are generally stout when Dangers are at a Distance, and so was our General, who had never seen a Sword drawn in Anger.
1843 G. Borrow Bible in Spain II. viii. 172 Legends the most wild are related of the manner in which the stout soldier fell.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 647 His arm had been..shattered in the battle; and, as no surgeon was at hand, the stout old soldier amputated it himself.
1890 A. Conan Doyle White Company xxvii I have heard that he is a very stout and skilful soldier.
1919 J. Buchan Mr. Standfast ix. 170 You're going to be a stout fellow and start in two hours' time. And you're going to take me with you.
1922 J. Buchan Huntingtower iv. 76 ‘I got inside the House.’ ‘Stout fellow,’ said Heritage.
1924 R. Kipling Debits & Credits (1926) 35 I lay behind this stout fellow and saw him well into the open.
absolute.1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. ciiv Sa sal ye stonay yone stowt suppose he be strang.
†b. Hardy, strong in endurance. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust
strongeOE
hardOE
stalworthc1175
starka1250
stiff1297
steel to the (very) backa1300
stalworthyc1300
wightc1300
stable13..
valiant1303
stithc1325
toughc1330
wrast1338
stoura1350
sadc1384
wighty14..
derfc1440
substantialc1460
well-jointed1483
felon1487
robust1490
stalwart1508
stoutya1529
robustous?1531
rankc1540
hardy1548
robustious1548
stout1576
rustical1583
rustic1620
iron1638
robustic1652
swankinga1704
strapping1707
rugged1731
solid1741
vaudy1793
flaithulach1829
ironbark1833
swankie1838
tough as (old) boots or leather1843
skookum1847
hard (also tough, sharp) as nails1862
hard-assed1954
nails1974
1576 J. Woolton Christian Man. sig. L.viv We receaue fashions and condicions of our companions... Effeminate men and softlings, cause the stoute man to waxe tender.
1708 J. Chamberlayne Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (ed. 22) i. iii. viii. 274 Which grievous kind of Death [Fr. Peine forte et dure] some stout Fellows have sometimes chosen.
c. Of courage, the ‘heart’, etc.: Undismayed.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > courage > valour > valour or stoutness > [adjective]
stalwortha1225
stoutly1338
galliard?a1400
stout?1507
stoutya1529
?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 54 Sum stalwardly steppis ben with a stout curage.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxxviijv Thys ende had the valiant hart, and stoute courage of duke Charles of Burgoyn.
1663 S. Butler Hudibras: First Pt. i. ii. 94 Yet Talgol was of Courage stout, And vanquish'd oftner then he fought.
1781 W. Cowper Expostulation 358 To quell the valour of the stoutest heart.
1831 W. Scott Jrnl. 9 Apr. (1946) 160 Their courage is much stouter than I apprehended.
1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. i. ii. 11 A man stout of heart.
1841 A. Helps Educ. Man Business in Ess. 79 He should be courageous... Besides a stout heart, he should have a patient temperament.
d. Of a conflict, assault, or resistance: Vigorous.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adjective] > of action: involving or requiring vigour > carried out or proceeding with vigour
stiffc1250
busyc1275
greatc1275
sternc1275
smart?a1400
stark1489
thronga1525
vigorous1524
stout1582
intensive1605
spiritful?1611
warm1627
intense1645
mettlesome1645
spirited1670
mettled1682
sturdy1697
energetic1700
vivid1702
robustful1800
toughish1840
lively1844
full out1920
1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias i. lxxiv. 152 Our men..made with the enimies a valyant and stout skirmish.
1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1406/1 In a letter written..out of Spaine, in the yeare 1577, it is set downe..that the state of Christendome stood vpon the stout assailing of England.
a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. ii. 173 When aduerse Forreyners affright my Townes With dreadfull pompe of stout inuasion. View more context for this quotation
1812 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Paradiso xii. 95 He..Smote fiercest, where resistance was most stout.
1858 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia I. ii. x. 154 To the last they always made stout fight for themselves.
1890 P. H. Hunter Story Daniel (ed. 4) i. 12 The Assyrian monarch offered a stout resistance.
†e. Strenuous, energetic. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adjective]
sprindeOE
livelyOE
kaskc1300
wightc1300
courageousc1386
wighty14..
wieldya1413
ablec1440
tall of hand1530
sappy1558
energical1565
energetical1585
greenya1586
stout1600
strenuous1602
forceful?1624
actuous1626
vigorous1638
vivid1638
high-spirited1653
hearty1665
actuose1677
living1699
full-blooded1707
executive1708
rugged1731
sousing1735
energic1740
bouncing1743
two-fisted1774
energetic1782
zestful1797
rollicking1801
through-ganging1814
throughgoing1814
slashing1828
high-powered1829
high pressure1834
rip-roaring1834
red-blooded1836
ripsnorting1846
zesty1853
dynamic1856
throbbing1864
goey1875
torpedoic1893
kinky1903
zippy1903
go-at-it1904
punchy1907
up-and-at-'em1909
driving1916
vibranta1929
kinetic1931
zinging1931
high-octane1936
zingy1938
slam-bang1939
balls-to-the-wall1967
balls-out1968
ass-kicking1977
hi-octane1977
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. vi. xxxiv. 241 L. Sextius, a stout young man [L. strenuo adolescente].
c1610–15 tr. Gregory of Nazianzus Life St. Nonna in C. Horstmann Lives Women Saints (1886) 175 The lawes which Salomon prescribeth to such a stoute and paynefull woman.
1630 R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Princesse Elizabeth i. 74 He performed stout seruice.
1661 W. Lowther in Extracts State Papers (Friends' Hist. Soc.) (1911) 2nd Ser. 118 For the incourraginge all to be active and stowte in a tyme soe necessary.
1664 H. More Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 302 They may be receiving (though not in such a passive way as it does not involve with it some stout effort of their own).
1711 J. Swift Jrnl. to Stella 10 Nov. (1948) II. 409 Stella is naturally a stout walker, and carries herself firm.
†4.
a. Of persons: Firm in resolve, unyielding, determined. Obsolete except as in A. 3d.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [adjective]
fasteOE
stathelfasteOE
anredOE
hardOE
starkOE
trueOE
steadfast993
fastredeOE
stithc1000
findyOE
stablea1275
stathelyc1275
stiffc1275
stablec1290
steel to the (very) backa1300
unbowinga1300
stably13..
firm1377
unmovablea1382
constantc1386
abidingc1400
toughc1400
sure1421
unmoblea1425
unfaintedc1425
unfaint1436
permanent?a1475
stalwartc1480
unbroken1513
immovable1534
inconcuss1542
unshaken1548
stout1569
unwavering1570
undiscourageable1571
fixed1574
discourageable1576
unappalled1578
resolute1579
unremoved1583
resolved1585
unflexiblea1586
unshakeda1586
square1589
unstooping1597
iron1598
rocky1601
steady1602
undeclinable1610
unboweda1616
unfainting1615
unswayed1615
staunch1624
undiscourageda1628
staid1631
unshook1633
blue?1636
true blue?1636
tenacious1640
uncomplying1643
yieldless1651
riveting1658
unshakened1659
inconquerable1660
unyielding1677
unbendinga1688
tight1690
unswerving1694
unfaltering1727
unsubmitting1730
undeviating1732
undrooping1736
impervertible1741
undamped1742
undyingc1765
sturdy1775
stiff as a poker1798
unfickle1802
indivertible1821
thick and thin1822
undisheartened1827
inconvertible1829
straightforward1829
indomitable1830
stickfast1831
unsuccumbing1833
unturnable1847
unswerved1849
undivertible1856
unforsaking1862
swerveless1863
steeve1870
rock-ribbed1884
stiff in the back1897
1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 58 He..with wordes of great consolation did courage him to be stoute in the quarrell he toke in hand.
1591 J. Harington Briefe Apol. Poetrie in tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso sig. ¶iiijv Bishop Fisher, a stout Prelat..was assaid by King Henrie the eight for his good will and assent for the suppression of Abbeys.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III i. iii. 338 Here come my executioners... How now my hardy stout resolued mates, Are you now going to dispatch this deede. View more context for this quotation
c1610–15 Life St. Oswen in C. Horstmann Lives Women Saints (1886) 100 She being but a girle receyued the faith of Christ, wherein she grew so feruent and stoute, that [etc.].
1631 J. Done Polydoron 44 [An] old English proverbe, viz. I stout and thou stout, who shall carry the dirt out?
1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre ii. xlv. 106 Askelon was stout, and would not surrender.
1711 J. Swift Jrnl. to Stella 6 Dec. (1948) II. 431 We reckon we have a majority of ten on our side in the house of lords; yet I observed Mrs. Masham a little uneasy; she assures me the queen is stout.
1720–21 Lett. from Mist's Jrnl. (1722) II. 235 All the several Parties among us exact that of us, which they will by no Means practise themselves. They are all stiff and stout, and maintain their several Posts resolutely.
1729 J. Swift Grand Quest. in Poems 55 Madam, I always believ'd you so stout, That for twenty Denials you would not give out.
1815 J. W. Croker in L. J. Jennings Croker Papers (1884) I. 75 He was very stout about travelling all night and every night when we left Paris, and seemed only to fear my laziness or reluctance.
1815 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1838) X. 169 But if we are stout we shall save the King whose government affords the only chance for peace.
†b. In bad sense: Obstinate, intractable, stubborn, rebellious. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > lack of subjection > [adjective] > intractable or recalcitrant
unbuxoma1250
unbowsomec1290
sturdy13..
wildc1350
stubbornc1386
unbaina1400
stoutc1410
kimeta1450
staffish?a1513
untractable1538
intractable1545
sullen1577
restiff1578
indocile1603
resty1603
hot-mouthed1609
immorigerous1623
intractive1623
uncompliable1626
restivea1628
non-complying1649
uncompliant1659
incompliant1706
unobliging1707
recalcitrant1797
unbiddable1825
stocky1836
recalcitrary1861
calcitrant1866
non-cooperative1867
recalcitrating1870
ropeable1870
non-cooperating1895
bolshie1918
the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > inflexible
ironOE
stour1303
strange1338
unmovablea1382
inflexible1398
stoutc1410
unpliablea1425
intreatable1509
stiff1526
stiff-necked1526
unpliant1547
stout-hearted1552
inexorable1553
obstinate1559
strait-laced1560
impersuasible1576
unflexiblea1586
hard-edged1589
adamantive1594
unyielding1594
adder-deaf1597
steeled1600
irrefragable1601
rigid1606
unpersuadable1607
imployable1613
unswayablea1616
uncompellable1623
inflexive?1624
over-rigid1632
unlimbera1639
seta1640
incomplying1640
uncomplying1643
stiff-girt1659
impersuadable1680
unbendinga1688
impracticable1713
unblendable1716
stiff-rumped1728
unconvinciblea1747
uncompounding1782
unplastic1787
unbending1796
adamant1816
uneasy1819
uncompromising1828
cast iron1829
hard-hitting1831
rigoristic1844
ramrod1850
pincé1858
anchylosed1860
unbendable1884
tape-bound1900
tape-tied1900
hard line1903
tough1905
absolutist1907
hard-arsed1942
go-for-broke1946
hardcore1951
hard-arse1966
hard-ass1967
hardball1974
the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > disobediently stubborn
incorrigiblea1340
unchastisable1382
contumaxc1386
stubbornc1386
stoutc1410
contumacec1425
staffish?a1513
unwieldy1513
untractable1538
intractable1545
prefract?1549
incounselable1554
indocible1555
uncorrectable1562
refractorious1563
haggard1566
neck-stiff1570
uncounsellablea1578
refractary1583
contumacious1603
refractarious1609
refractory1615
unmanageable1616
immorigerous1623
refractive1623
pervicacious1633
unrectifiable1645
undocible1653
undocile1656
untractible1670
unadvisable1672
recalcitrant1797
unguidable1822
recalcitrary1861
c1410 T. Hoccleve Mother of God 82 Thogh that oure hertis steerne been & stoute.
c1412 T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum 2639 Is non so good, as lat vs mollifie Our hertes stoute to his genterie.
1620 F. Quarles Feast for Wormes Med. xi. I 2 b Lord..Subdue our Passions, Curb our stout Affections.
a1639 J. Dyke Right Receiving of Christ (1640) 55 The stoutest, sturdiest, and most rebellious spirit that ever was.
a1639 W. Whately Prototypes (1640) i. xix. 194 If any of you have beene stoute against God Pharaoh-like, let him [etc.].
1646 H. Slingsby Diary (1836) 181 Ye one being mild and tractable, ye other stout, covetous, and impatient of a companion.
1788 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) VI. 301 The stout, the hard~hearted, will melt before you.
a1834 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. I. xvii. 260 He has to overcome that resistance from his old stout will and hardened heart.
c. Of utterances or demeanour: Resolute, defiant. archaic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [adjective] > defiant
stout1390
outbraving1593
outfacing1598
dareful1614
defiatory1635
outdaring1644
braving1679
defensive1785
bravadoing1809
defying1834
defianta1837
the mind > will > decision > resolution or determination > [adjective] > of utterances or demeanour
stout1390
strong1580
settleda1586
tight-lipped1876
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 378 Bot where he spak in Grece aboute, He herde noght bot wordes stoute.
1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur i. vii There was but little meekenesse, for there was stout and hard words on both sides.
c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) l. 439 On a rewde maner he salutyd all the rout, With a bold voyse carpyng wordys stout.
1553 J. Brende tr. Q. Curtius Rufus Hist. i. f. 5v Wherupon Alexander with many stowte and dispiteful wordes departed from his father.
1565 T. Stapleton Fortresse of Faith f. 102 This stoute assertion of that impudent frier.
1611 Bible (King James) Mal. iii. 13 Your words haue bin stout against me, saith the Lord. View more context for this quotation
1622 H. Peacham Compl. Gentleman i. 17 To these and such, I oppose Marius, and that stout reply of his in Salust.
a1653 H. Binning Common Princ. Christian Relig. in Wks. (1735) 37/2 It is not big and stout Words that will prove it.
a1656 J. Ussher Power of Princes (1683) ii. 229 In the like manner Hosius, that old Confessor, beginneth his stout, but dutiful Letter which he wrote unto him.
1691 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) V. 59 This stout demeanor of the few Bishops refusing to take the oaths.
1729 N. Tindal tr. P. Rapin de Thoyras Hist. Eng. IX. xvii. 30 James returned a stout Answer, and vindicated himself for not having performed his Promise.
1810 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1836) VI. 207 I have a letter from the Governor of the 13th in which he holds stout language.
1868 J. H. Blunt Reformation Church of Eng. I. 54 A month after this stout despatch..Wolsey was nominated principal legate.
d. Of a partisan, an advocate, an enemy: Uncompromising.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > inflexible > of a person
hardenedc1480
stout1586
ramrod1850
rawhide1883
hard-assed1954
stainless steel1963
society > authority > rule or government > politics > party politics > [adjective] > type of adherent
stout1586
straight-out1848
card-carrying1911
majoritarian1918
1586 A. Day Eng. Secretorie i. sig. E5 That which..there is none (were it the stowtest ennemie that euer liued) but will moste highly commend.
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Suff. 57 Robert Grosthead..was a stout Opposer of Popish Oppression in the Land.
1835 J. W. Croker in Croker Papers 10 Mar. (1884) II. 267 His enemies are not very stout, and are united only on the one point of opposing him.
1849 W. Irving Oliver Goldsmith (rev. ed.) xxxi. 270 Johnson, who was a stout unbeliever in Rowley.
1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. (ed. 2) xi. 155 A claim admitted by even the stoutest advocates of the Romish Church.
1913 Times 14 May 7/6 When Philip the Bold..married Margaret, the heir of France's stout enemy, Flanders.
5.
a. Of a fox: Capable of long runs; enduring.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > thing hunted or game > [adjective] > running qualities
stout1714
short-running1853
1714 T. Tyldesley Diary (1873) 147 Went a hunting to Sullum, and ffound ditto ffox... Had a noble chace, but he proved too stout and bette us quit outt.
1880 ‘Brooksby’ Hunting Countries ii. 195 The woodland foxes of course are stout; and they travel long distances before they die.
1894 Pall Mall Gaz. 20 Dec. 10/3 A stout fox found in Owston Wood broke away on the Melton side.
b. Of a horse: Characterized by endurance or staying power: contrasted with speedy. Hence stout blood.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by purpose used for > [adjective] > of form or qualities of race-horse
stout1773
short1942
1773 O. Goldsmith She stoops to Conquer v. 96 Stout horses and willing minds make short journies, as they say.
1796 J. Lawrence Philos. & Pract. Treat. Horses I. 196 The term stout, in equestrian language, applies invariably to the courage, not the substance of the horse.
1818 ‘W. H. Scott’ Brit. Field Sports 511 We have upon the Turf, two old and customary divisions of Race Horses, which according to their peculiar constitutional temperament, we classify as speedy or stout.
1833 Q. Rev. 49 387 It is worthy of remark, that in his stud, a regard is paid to what is termed stout blood.
1833 Q. Rev. 49 388 A stout horse ends his race to advantage up hill; a speedy jade down hill.
1860 H. J. Rous in Baily's Mag. Mar. 19 For the encouragement of the breed of strong stout horses.
1861 J. H. Walsh & J. I. Lupton Horse 75 About twenty horses have been in training, and among these he has had the luck to have one extraordinarily stout mare.
II. Physical senses.
6.
a. Strong in body; of powerful build. Now only U.S. dialect.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective]
mightyeOE
strongOE
bigc1300
boldc1300
fort13..
steer13..
steevec1300
valiant1303
stalwortha1340
fortin1340
strengthfula1382
stout1390
pithya1400
tora1400
mighteda1470
strengthyc1485
forcy1488
nervy1598
nervous1616
whipcordy1856
Tarzanesque1933
Tarzan-like1943
the world > life > the body > bodily height > tallness > [adjective] > and broad
massya1382
stout1390
burlyc1400
corporalc1475
massive1485
poisy1538
big-made1566
chopping1566
grossa1578
large-bodied1577
weighty1581
burly-boned1590
mastya1593
lumbering1593
giantisha1635
gigantic1651
mastiff1668
large-made1725
lusty1777
bowerly1794
squelching1854
beef to the heel(s)1867
hefty1867
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 244 Mars, which god of Armes was, Hath set two Oxen sterne and stoute.
c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 547 The Millere was a stout carl for the nones Ful byg he was of brawen and eek of bones.
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 478/1 Stowt, or stronge, robustus.
1765 Museum Rusticum 4 208 Our reaps are put by gatherers, women or stout boys, into sheets... Two stout men carry these.
1785 W. Cowper Task i. 481 Till the stout bearers lift the corpse again.
1791 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse §297 The high wages we were obliged to give, to induce stout labourers to face the perils of the service.
1800 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 4 222 He is tall, well proportioned, thin, but pretty stout for his years.
1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 114 I forgot to mention that this woman was suckling a stout boy, twelve months old.
1811 J. Austen Sense & Sensibility III. ii. 50 They must get a stout girl of all works. View more context for this quotation
a1822 P. B. Shelley tr. J. W. von Goethe Scenes from Faust in Posthumous Poems (1824) 399 Would you not like a broomstick? As for me I wish I had a good stout ram to ride.
1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 315 This bank..will by its weight furnish such resistance to the action of the top of the tree, that a stout man, on applying himself to a rope tied to the upper part of the stem, will generally be unable to displace the root.
1882 ‘M. Twain’ Stolen White Elephant 269 Your word ‘stout’ means ‘fleshy’; our word ‘stout’ usually means ‘strong’.
1913 Dial. Notes 4 54 That calf's terrible stout; he pretty near pulled me all over the field.
1962 W. Faulkner Reivers iv. 82 Let Lucius get out... He's younger than me and stouter too for his size.
b. In robust health, ‘strong’, esp. with reference to recovery from illness. Obsolete exc. Scottish.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > [adjective] > of health: good > healthy
wholeeOE
isoundOE
i-sundfulc1000
ferec1175
soundc1175
fish-wholea1225
forthlyc1230
steadfasta1300
wella1300
safec1300
tidya1325
halec1330
quartc1330
well-faringc1330
well-tempered1340
well-disposeda1398
wealyc1400
furnished1473
mighty?a1475
quartful?c1475
good1527
wholesomea1533
crank1548
healthful1550
healthy1552
hearty1552
healthsome1563
well-affected?1563
disposed1575
as sound as a bell1576
firm1577
well-conditioned1580
sound1605
unvaletudinary1650
all right1652
valid1652
as sound as a (alsoany) roach1655
fair-like1663
hoddy1664
wanton1674
stout?1697
trig1704
well-hained1722
sprack1747
caller1754
sane1755
finely1763
bobbish1780
cleverly1784
right1787
smart1788
fine1791
eucratic1795
nobbling1825
as right as a trivet1835
first rate1841
in fine, good, high, etc., feather1844
gay1855
sprackish1882
game ball1905
abled1946
well-toned1952
a hundred per cent1960
oke1960
the world > health and disease > healing > recovery > [adjective] > recovered
yheledc900
wholeeOE
safec1300
halec1330
healeda1400
recovered1477
bettered?1533
resuscitated1576
wella1616
stout?1697
a hundred per cent1960
?1697 J. Lewis Mem. Duke of Glocester (1789) 50 The Duke was not the stoutest child, and had been subject to a watry mouth, which now grew better.
1780 S. J. Pratt Emma Corbett III. cxvii. 53 I cannot be more explicit till I know what present health you are in... Tell me that you are very stout, and you shall hear more.
1797 H. More in Visctess. Knutsford Life & Lett. Z. Macaulay (1900) 177 He as usual overworks himself, and is not, I think, very stout, though certainly very happy.
1811 Lady S. Lyttelton in Mrs. H. Wyndham Corr. (1912) 119 All this fine weather will help poor, dear old Granny Lucan to get stout again.
1813 Lady S. Lyttelton in Mrs. H. Wyndham Corr. (1912) 145 It being Sunday, and I feeling very stout, ventured out at noon.
1817 M. Edgeworth Ormond II. vii. 162 Then if you are quite stout again, I'll want you to row me across the lake.
c1825 L. L. Cameron Houlston Tracts II. xxxiv. 4 The week after~wards, Ellen said to her husband, on Sunday morning, ‘Now, William, I am got so stout, that I think we may return to our old habits, and go to church twice a-day.’
1838 R. Whately in E. J. Whately Life & Corr. R. Whately (1866) I. 417 We have been two months in England for J.'s health, who is better, though far from stout.
1844 H. Heugh in Macgill Life (1852) xxiv. 431 I have not felt so stout for a great while, wind and weather notwithstanding.
1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) viii. 69 ‘The child is hardly,’ said Mr. Dombey, ‘as stout as I could wish.’
1884 A. S. Swan Carlowrie x. 162 Ye're no' lookin' very stoot, Mrs. Dalrymple,..I doot ye're workin' ower sair.
7. With reference to intensity or force.
†a. Of a wind: Strong. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [adjective] > strong
strongeOE
stiffc1290
sternc1374
wrothc1400
vehement1483
strainable1497
freshc1515
stout1533
bloysterous?1570
ruffing1577
boisterous?1594
lofty1600
chafing1762
blustery1774
smacking1820
snoring1822
spanking1849
gale force1902
1533 J. Heywood Play of Wether sig. Diiii A water myller..sayde the wynde was so stout The rayne could not fale.
c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 1981 A stithe man to the stere hade, & a stoute wynde, Were blouen to þe brode se in a bir swithe.
1694 Narbrough's Acct. Several Late Voy. 21 A stout gale and a great Sea.
†b. Of sound: Strong, harsh. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > [adjective]
hardOE
rudea1375
stern1390
rougha1400
discordanta1425
stoutc1440
hoarse1513
harsh1530
raughtish1567
rugged1567
dissonant1573
harshy1582
jarry1582
immelodious1601
cragged1605
raggeda1616
unmusicala1616
absonousa1620
unharmoniousa1634
inharmonical1683
unharmonic1694
inharmonious1715
craggy1774
pebbly1793
reedy1795
iron1807
dry1819
inharmonic1828
asperated1835
sawing1851
shrewd1876
coarse1879
callithumpian1886
dissonantal1946
ear-bending1946
sandpaper1953
c1440 York Myst. xix. 3 Stent of youre steuenes stoute.
?1482 J. Kay tr. G. Caoursin Siege of Rhodes (1870) 148 The turkes..made thenne a stoute and horryble crye, as they haue in theyr guyse afore that they begynne to fyghte.
1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus i. f. 9v Musicke inuented by the Dorians [having] a manlye, rough and stoute sounde in it.
?1548 J. Bale Image Bothe Churches (new ed.) i. sig. Ciiij A loude shyrle voyce..whiche was so vehement and stought to my iudgement, as it had bene ye noyse of a great trompe.
c. Pathology. Of a heart-beat: Strong.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > vascular system > circulation > pulsation > heartbeat > [adjective] > types of
pantingc1425
palpitant1837
idioventricular1892
stout1898
1898 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. V. 927 The deliberate rhythm, some forty in the minute, in which each reluctant beat, stout as it was, seemed as if it might be the last effort.
8.
a. Of buildings, rocks, trees, etc.: Capable of defying attack; strong.
ΚΠ
c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 8388 The walles vp wroght on a wise faire With stones full stoute, stithest of vertue.
1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets lxv. sig. E2v When rocks impregnable are not so stoute,..but time decayes? View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) v. i. 45 To the dread ratling Thunder Haue I giuen fire, and rifted Ioues stowt Oke With his owne Bolt. View more context for this quotation
1909 Q. Rev. Oct. 455 The stout dam with its marble bridge stood longer.
b. Of a ship: Strongly built; capable of bearing rough weather.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel with reference to qualities or attributes > [adjective] > seaworthy or stable
navigable1535
snugc1595
stout1622
stiff1627
wholesome1627
seaworthy1807
1622 in W. Foster Eng. Factories India 1622–3 (1908) 114 Hath made us promyse to furnishe three stoutt shippes.
a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1652 (1955) III. 56 I Embark'd early in the Packet-boat, but put my goods in a Stouter Vessell.
1685 Act 1 Jas. II c. 18 Preamble, Where many stout Shipps were yearely built for the Coale and other Trade.
1779 F. Hervey et al. Naval Hist. Great Brit. II. 165 A stout ship commanded by Cornelius Van Velsen blew up.
1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lxviii. 488 Five stout and lofty ships were guided by skilful pilots.
1868 Rep. Munitions War 266 We must be content with..a stout fighting ship, to the exclusion of a fast-sailing one.
c. Of a machine: Durably constructed, strong.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > types of machine generally > [adjective] > other types
stout1702
multiplying1767
reciprocating1768
locomotive1800
centripetal1835
self-contained1839
uniplane1843
high-speed1844
powered1847
flexible1859
undergrounda1884
chip-proof1901
portable1913
batch1940
closed-loop1958
interactive1967
1702 London Gaz. No. 3819/8 Stout, able, Water Corn-Mills to be Sold, well customed, also fit for London-work.
1833 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal II. 247 The following cut..represents a stout and useful crushing mill for ordinary purposes.
9. Of plants and their parts: Strong in growth; thick, not slender.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by good growth > [adjective] > strong, vigorous, or plump
strongOE
thriftyc1440
well-brawneda1450
valiant1542
pubble1566
stout1573
corroborate1581
bunting1584
lusty1600
plump1600
vegetous1610
blought1611
boisterous1622
stocky1622
robust1627
steera1642
vegete1655
jollya1661
vigorous1706
well-to-do1852
1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 51 Now down wt the grasse, vpon hedlonds about, that groweth in shadow, so rank & so stout.
a1800 W. Cowper Yardley-Oak in W. Hayley Life & Posthumous Writings Cowper (1804) III. 414 Yet is thy root.., A quarry of stout spurs, and knotted fangs.
1841 Florist's Jrnl. 2 2 The pistil is yellowish, with a shade of green and brown, and it is stout and fleshy.
1845 Florist's Jrnl. 6 156 The plant is altogether of a much stouter habit, and is remarkable for the large size of the foliage.
1870 Daily News 16 Apr. The oats are harvested, and in the next year the clover and grass are ‘stout’.
1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 16 The stouter species of the genus Spirogyra.
1882 Garden 7 Jan. 8/1 The plants..should be kept well up to the light, as this..keeps them stouter.
†10. Of soil: ? Firm, not boggy. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > soil qualities > [adjective] > firm
strongOE
tough1340–70
strongish1652
stout1764
1764 Museum Rusticum 2 80 If the land be stout and good, there is a chance for the seed to stand for a crop.
†11. Of liquor: Having ‘body’ or density. Chiefly of ale or beer: cf. stout n.2 Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > [adjective] > thick
stout1698
valid1742
1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 242 The Wine..being of so stout a Body that it is not subject to decay presently.
1733 W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farming 131 I have known a considerable Quantity of Stout-bear spoiled, by brewing with Pond-water wherein its [sc. the Ash's] Leaves fell.
1742 W. Ellis London & Country Brewer (ed. 4) I. 22 For Stout Butt-beer. This is the strongest Butt-beer that is brewed from brown Malt.
?1768–9 Encycl. Brit. (1771) I. 669/2 For stout-beer is commonly drawn one barrel off a quarter of malt.
1818 Maginn in Blackwood's Mag. 4 324 While we sung and we laugh'd, and the stout ale quaff'd.
1826 D. Booth Art of Brewing (ed. 2) 69 Stout ales..labour under one material want—that of spiritual vigour.
12.
a. Of persons: Thick in the body, not lean or slender; usually in unfavourable sense, inclined to corpulence; often euphemistically = corpulent, fat.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [adjective] > fat or plump
fatc893
frimOE
fullOE
overfatOE
greatOE
bald1297
roundc1300
encorsivea1340
fattishc1369
fleshyc1369
fleshlyc1374
repletea1398
largec1405
corsious1430
corpulentc1440
corsyc1440
fulsome1447
portlyc1487
corporate1509
foggy fata1529
corsive1530
foggish?1537
plump1545
fatty1552
fleshful1552
pubble1566
plum1570
pursy1576
well-fleshed1576
gross?1577
fog1582
forfatted1586
gulchy1598
bouksome1600
fat-fed1607
meatified1607
chuff1609
plumpya1616
bloat1638
blowze-like1647
obese1651
jollya1661
bloated1664
chubbed1674
pluffya1689
puffya1689
pussy1688
sappy1694
crummy1718
chubby1722
fodgel1724
well-padded1737
beefy1743
plumpish1753
pudsy1754
rotund1762
portable1770
lusty1777
roundabout1787
well-cushioned1802
plenitudinous1803
stout1804
embonpointc1806
roly-poly1808
adipose1810
roll-about1815
foggy1817
poddy1823
porky1828
hide-blown1834
tubby1835
stoutish1836
tubbish1836
superfatted1841
pottle-bodied1842
pincushiony1851
opulent1882
well-covered1884
well-upholstered1886
butterball1888
endomorphic1888
tisty-tosty1888
pachyntic1890
barrel-bodied1894
overweight1899
pussy-gutted1906
upholstered1924
1804 J. Abernethy Surg. Observ. 94 A gentleman of a stout make, and about 40 years of age.
1807 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 17 430 A short stout man.
1833 E. Bulwer-Lytton Godolphin I. v. 40 An old gentleman, of the age of sixty-three, in a bob-wig, and inclined to be stout.
1840 W. M. Thackeray Barber Cox in Comic Almanack 48 We tried a gallopard, which I found anything but easy; for since I am come back to a life of peace and comfort, its astonishing how stout I'm getting.
1845 G. Budd On Dis. Liver 166 Madame Mazet, æt. 34, of very strong constitution, and very stout.
1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xli. 371 ‘She is stouter, too, and altogether improved,’ continued Miss Rosalind, who was disposed to be very fat.
1856 Compaing & Devere Tailor's Guide Cutting 6 We term a man slender in the waist, if this part of the body is small compared with the size of the breast measure. He is stout when, on the contrary, the waist is large in comparison with the breast.
1856 Compaing & Devere Tailor's Guide Cutting 6 Figures 3, 4, and 5 shew stout waists... A man is not stout because he measures so many inches, but because he is larger in the waist than the usual proportion.
1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in Enoch Arden, etc. 41 Stout, rosy, with his babe across his knees.
1866 Princess Alice Mem. (1884) 121 Uncle looks very well, but he grows very stout, I think.
1888 M. E. Braddon Fatal Three I. i. 5 The gentleman was middle-aged and stout.
1892 J. Ashby-Sterry Lazy Minstrel 231 That young maidens, slim and shy, May grow old and stout and sly.
1899 Lady M. Verney Verney Mem. IV. 167 His military bearing is giving way to a slouching gait as he grows older and stouter.
b. Of animals, their limbs or parts: Thick, massive. Of certain moths: Thick in the body. stout dart n. the moth Agrotis ravida.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > animal body > [adjective] > stout or strong
tidya1325
robust1666
stout1832
massive1888
the world > animals > animal body > general parts > [adjective] > thick or massive
stout1832
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Heterocera > [adjective] > of or relating to a moth > thick in the body
stout1832
1832 J. Rennie Conspectus Butterflies & Moths Brit. 54.
1840 W. MacGillivray Man. Brit. Ornithol. I. 114 Bill..moderately stout or rather slender.
1840 W. MacGillivray Man. Brit. Ornithol. I. 115 Feet rather stout.
1869 E. Newman Illustr. Nat. Hist. Brit. Moths 335.
c. stout party, a fat person (humorously). Esp. in catchphrase collapse of stout party (see quot. 1975).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [noun] > fat or plump shape or physique > person having
porknellc1540
porkling1541
porridge belly1580
tallow catch1598
woolsack1598
candle-mine1600
trillibub1600
bauson1607
panguts1617
firkin1630
porker1665
poke pudding1706
pudsy1710
jolluxa1797
fatty1797
fattener1817
rotundity1824
tun-butt1829
stout party1855
pig1858
fatlinga1861
slob1861
bladder of lard1864
butterball1877
lard-bladder1891
jelly-belly1896
tub1897
barrel1909
flop1909
pussy-gut1909
gutbucket1919
Billy Bunter1939
endomorph1940
Fatso1944
slug1959
1855 Punch 25 Aug. 80/1 (caption) Stout Party: Well, I'm sure! What can possess those skinny creatures to wear round hats, I can't think,—making themselves so conspicuous!
1949 M. Allingham More Work for Undertaker vii. 102 ‘Do you will the stout party to give you the sixpences?’ he ventured.
1957 R. G. G. Price Hist. Punch iii. 96 The florescence of the ‘collapse of stout party’ type of caption comes later [than the 1860s].
1959 Manch. Guardian 4 Aug. 4/7 Hampstead Bank Holidays..felt the loss of..the beery men, the pearlies, and the ‘Stout Parties’.
1975 R. Pearsall Collapse of Stout Party 4 To many people Victorian wit and humour is summed up by Punch, when every joke is supposed to end with ‘Collapse of Stout Party’, though this phrase tends to be as elusive as ‘Elementary, my dear Watson’ in the Sherlock Holmes sagas.
13.
a. Of a material object or substance: So thick as to be strong or rigid.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > strength > [adjective]
hardeOE
strongOE
stithOE
starkc1275
sturdyc1374
brazena1382
mighty?1448
boisterous?1571
oaky1631
stout1765
pang1813
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > thickness > [adjective] > thick > thick and strong or rigid
stout1765
stoggie1825
1765 Museum Rusticum 4 107 It was admitted by all, that no hemp..had a sufficient strength of harle for making stout cordage, but the hemp of Riga and Petersburge.
1801 J. Thomson Poems Sc. Dial. 25 I'd hang them in a gude stout tow, Wha are the wyte o't.
1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 209 On a stout board GH, are firmly jointed two uprights LM.
1825 W. Scott Talisman i, in Tales Crusaders III. 6 A stout poniard.
1833 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal II. 103 The barrel intended to be bored is fastened at the breach or stouter end by means of a strong screw.
1834 H. McMurtrie tr. G. Cuvier Animal Kingdom (abridged ed.) 313 The web of some exotic species is formed of such stout materials that it will arrest small Birds.
1847 T. De Quincey Spanish Mil. Nun v. 10 One stout needle.
1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 12 It is made of stout sheet-iron.
1859 J. M. Jephson & L. Reeve Narr. Walking Tour Brittany vi. 67 Those stout woollen petticoats.
1875 T. H. Huxley & H. N. Martin Course Elem. Biol. xiii. 196 Cut away the front of the pelvis with a stout pair of scissors.
1891 Law Times 92 79/1 This almanack..is pasted on very stout cardboard.
1907 J. A. Hodges Elem. Photogr. (ed. 6) 121 Strips of stout paper.
b. Of bacon: see quot. 1905.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > animals for food > pork > [adjective] > types of bacon
Westphalia1636
riny1682
rowy1742
Smithfield1809
streaky1838
roded1841
rody1864
lardy1879
stout1905
1905 W. H. Simmonds Pract. Grocer III. 108 Regarding weight and sizes, the wholesale dealers classify the best branded Irish bacon as lean sizable, prime sizable, lean stout, prime stout, and lean sixes... English smoked bacon is cut in sides,..each classified into lean sizable, sizable, medium, stout medium, and heavy.
1913 Times 9 Aug. 19/6 84s. to 90s. for lean sizeable [bacon], 83s. to 87s. for lean stout, and 83s. to 88s. for stout sizeable.
B. adv.
= stoutly adv. Now rare. †to bear oneself stout: to behave haughtily or defiantly.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adverb]
hardlyeOE
strongeOE
hardOE
fastOE
starklyOE
stalworthlyc1175
starkc1225
mainlyc1300
fellc1330
snellc1330
stout1338
wightlya1340
sadlya1375
sharplyc1380
tough1398
stoutly1399
throa1400
wighta1400
lustilyc1400
sorec1400
vigourslyc1400
stiff1422
vigoriouslya1450
vigorouslya1450
actuallya1470
stourlyc1480
forcely?a1500
lustly1529
fricklyc1540
dingilya1555
livelily?1565
crankly1566
forcibly1578
crank1579
wightily?a1600
proudly1600
energetically1609
stiffly1623
ding-dong1628
greenly1633
hard and fast1646
slashingly1659
thwackingly1660
warmlya1684
robustly1709
sonsily1729
forcefullya1774
vim1843
zippily1924
vibrantly1926
punchily1934
zingily1951
the mind > emotion > pride > be proud [verb (intransitive)] > behave proudly
swella1250
to make it stoutc1315
to bear oneself stout1338
bridlea1475
to make it prouda1500
strut1518
to set up one's bristles1529
strut?c1570
square1584
square1590
swagger1600
to take on1603
puff1633
fluster1698
to hold one's head high1707
crest1713
to set out the shin1719
straddle1802
the mind > emotion > pride > impudence > be or become impudent [verb (intransitive)]
to bear oneself stout1338
to have the (also a) neck (to)c1395
perk1529
pert1637
to brazen it out1712
to be (also get) smart1736
to push (also show) a face1765
to cheek it1851
whipper-snap1908
the mind > emotion > courage > valour > valour or stoutness > [adverb]
orpedlyOE
stalworthlyc1175
stout1338
wightlya1340
doughtilya1375
stalworthilya1387
stoutlya1400
stalwartly1489
torelyc1540
stoutfullya1578
wightily?a1600
1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1725) 296 A man þat beris him stoute, whan þat he suld bowe, In chance if þat he loute, he [etc.].
1436 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 196 [England's] sonne wente aboute in alle the worlde stoute.
1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. aii* Ane bright fyre couth he se Birnand full stout.
1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades ix. 152 In bloudie warre right stout thou playst.
1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 55 [The French King's] Subiects..beare themselues stout vpon the strength of the Duke of Britaine.
1726 J. Dyer Misc. Poems 49 A beautiful variety Of strutting cocks, advancing stout.
1863 W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting ii. 32 The pony..proved himself a good one, running very stout and fast.

Compounds

C1. Compounds of the adjective.
a.
stout-looking adj.
ΚΠ
1829 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian Introd., in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 143 A little, rather stout-looking woman.
b. Also in many parasynthetic derivatives. Also stout-hearted adj.
stout-armed adj.
ΚΠ
1878 E. C. G. Murray Russians of To-day 87 A smart flagellation or two at the hands of a stout-armed wardress.
stout-bodied adj.
ΚΠ
1859 H. T. Stainton Man. Brit. Butterflies & Moths II. 1 Their ample wings, compared to the size of their bodies, have procured for them [sc. the Geometrina] the designation of Slender-bodies, by contrast with the Noctuina and Bombycina, termed Stout-bodied moths.
stout-limbed adj.
ΚΠ
1913 H. H. Johnston Pioneers Australasia v. 173 The people being very black, strong and stout-limbed.
stout-minded adj.
ΚΠ
1908 W. R. Nicoll ‘Ian Maclaren’ ix. 169 The then Bishop of Liverpool, the stout-minded English Evangelical, better known as J. C. Ryle.
stout-sided adj.
ΚΠ
a1612 W. Raleigh Let. to Prince Henry Sceptick etc. (1651) 128 In a well conditioned Ship, these things are chiefly required. 1. That she be strong built. 2. Swift in sail. 3. Stout-sided.
stout-soled adj.
ΚΠ
1891 C. T. C. James Romantic Rigmarole 6 The Squire's were broad-welted, stout-soled ones.
stout-winged adj.
ΚΠ
1648 J. Beaumont Psyche xvii. cclxxix. 335 Stout-winged Eagles ne'r were made to be Companions unto Dunghill flies.
stout-worded adj.
ΚΠ
1863 Athenæum 22 Aug. 234/2 The Judges were strong-minded and stout-worded men.
c.
† stout-stomached adj. Obsolete high-spirited, obstinate.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective]
starkOE
moodyOE
stithc1000
stidyc1175
stallc1275
harda1382
stubbornc1386
obstinate?1387
throa1400
hard nolleda1425
obstinant?a1425
pertinacec1425
stablec1440
dour1488
unresigned1497
difficultc1503
hard-necked1530
pertinatec1534
obstacle1535
stout-stomached1549
hard-faced1567
stunt1581
hard-headed1583
pertinacious1583
stuntly1583
peremptory1589
stomachous1590
mulish1600
stomachful1600
obstined1606
restive1633
obstinacious1649
opinionated1649
tenacious1656
iron-sided1659
sturdy1664
cat-witted1672
obstinated1672
unyielding1677
ruggish1688
bullet-headed1699
tough1780
pelsy1785
stupid1788
hard-set1818
thick and thin1822
stuntya1825
rigwiddie1826
indomitable1830
recalcitrant1830
set1848
mule-headed1870
muley1871
capitose1881
hard-nosed1917
tight1928
the mind > emotion > courage > spirit > high-spiritedness > [adjective]
moodyOE
fierce1297
jollyc1330
fieryc1430
high-stomached1546
stout-stomached1549
hearteda1552
generous1581
high-spirited1588
high-hearteda1625
high-mettleda1626
high1649
fire-souled1823
gingery1823
stomachy1896
1549 H. Latimer 2nd Serm. before Kynges Maiestie sig. Biiiv He was a stoute stomaked chyld.
1564 T. Becon New Catech. in Wks. 386 Howe earnestly that stout stomacked and couragious Matrone Iudith rebuked them for this theyr impaciency.
1626 Maldon (Essex) Documents (Bundle 208, No. 9) A good stout-stomacked gelding, full of mettle.
C2. Compounds of the adverb with past participles.
stout-built adj.
ΚΠ
1842 S. Lover Handy Andy xii A stout-built peasant.
1890 D. Davidson Mem. Long Life iv. 75 He was a short, stout-built man.
stout-defended adj.
ΚΠ
1601 S. Daniel Ciuill Warres (rev. ed.) i. lvii. f. 8, in Wks. Which publique death..made his stout-defended cause appeare With such a face of Right, as that [etc.].
stout-formed adj.
ΚΠ
1823 W. Scott Quentin Durward I. ii. 29 His comrade was a stout-formed, middle-sized man.
stout-made adj.
ΚΠ
1820 W. Scott Abbot I. xiv. 299 The mock dignitary was a stout-made under-sized fellow.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

stoutv.

Brit. /staʊt/, U.S. /staʊt/
Etymology: < stout adj.
†1. intransitive. To be defiant; to act in a defiant or stubborn manner. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (intransitive)] > defy
stout1303
to be (also meet, run) in a person's beardc1380
to face and brace1447
to stout it1570
to bid defiance1629
to stout it outa1639
bravado1801
to breast it out1815
1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 3403 And ȝyf he yn folye begynne to stoute, Þan bereþ he þe deuylys baner aboute.
1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 10923 Lewed man, þou shalt cursyng doute, And to þy prest þou shalt nat stoute.
c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 6361 (note) For Conan gan þat oþer rebuk, & reuiled [v.r. Conan stouted] hym wyþ wordes þore.
1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie lxi. 366 They fall to stouting against him.
1616 J. Lane Contin. Squire's Tale vii. 193 His silken standard..which blazd a lion, pard, and prowlinge beare, in a feild gules. These on thigh bullwarcke stowted.
2. quasi-transitive.
†a. to stout it = sense 1. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (intransitive)] > defy
stout1303
to be (also meet, run) in a person's beardc1380
to face and brace1447
to stout it1570
to bid defiance1629
to stout it outa1639
bravado1801
to breast it out1815
1570 Mariage Witte & Sci. iv. i. sig. Ciiiv Nay you must stoute it, and face it out with the best.
1602 Bp. M. Smith Learned Serm. Worcester 13 For al our vilenes..we wil not be acknowen of it, but contrariwise stout it with him, & beard him.
a1624 Bp. M. Smith Serm. (1632) 130 Others made it their care to strowt it, and to stout it, and to braue it in costly apparell.
1644 W. Prynne Checke to Brittanicus 5 If they by his own sentence (though penitent) endured the halter, I am certaine he still stouting it, much more deserues the Axe.
1670 T. Brooks Wks. (1867) VI. 372 None stout it against Jesus Christ as hypocrites do.
b. to stout it out: to persist in a defiant attitude, e.g. when detected in a falsehood, or when hard pressed; to ‘brave it out’. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (intransitive)] > defy
stout1303
to be (also meet, run) in a person's beardc1380
to face and brace1447
to stout it1570
to bid defiance1629
to stout it outa1639
bravado1801
to breast it out1815
a1639 W. Whately Prototypes (1640) i. xi. 105 O that we could be so desirous of unity, not stouting it out as many do.
1644 W. Prynne & C. Walker True Relation Prosecution N. Fiennes 93 The Defendant was so far from this fault of stouting it out over-long; that he deserves to lose his head for yeelding Bristol up too soone.
1650 J. Trapp Clavis to Bible (Lev. xxvi. 23) 168 The wicked refuse to receiv corrections:..they stout it out, and will not stoop.
1658 W. Gurnall Christian in Armour: 2nd Pt. 366 He will not debase his Sovereignty to treat with a wretch that stands to his armes, and stouts it out with him.
1690 C. Ness Compl. Hist. & Myst. Old & New Test. I. 145 They had stubbornly stouted it out with God.
1848 E. Gurney in A. J. C. Hare Gurneys of Earlham (1895) II. 255 When..I saw William Forster standing at the hall-door, looking unutterably sad, I felt I could stout it out no longer, and completely broke down.
1897 Advance (Chicago) 25 Mar. 372/1 Robins have either been belated or some of them determined upon stouting it out all the season through.
†c. to stout out: to ‘brazen out’ (a matter); to persist obstinately in the defence of (a besieged place). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > adhere constantly or steadfastly to [verb (transitive)]
to stand in ——a1382
abidea1393
saddena1500
to bide bya1513
to stick to ——?1531
to stout out1568
to make good1606
winter1608
buckle1793
maintain1819
1568 T. Harding Detection Sundrie Foule Errours f. 67v First he auoucheth his shamelesse lye boldly, as though where truth faileth, for shew of proufe, the matter might be stowted out.
1644 W. Prynne & C. Walker True Relation Prosecution N. Fiennes 93 That a French Author..affirmed; it was a capitall offence to stout out a place overlong.
d. To get (something) away from a person by importunity. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > acquisition > obtain or acquire [verb (transitive)] > obtain or acquire in a certain way > by asking, entreaty, or importunity
getc1330
emprent?c1400
impetrea1450
impetrate1533
importunate1605
to worm (a person) out of1617
exorate1623
wheedle1670
stout1812
the mind > possession > loss > taking away > take away [verb (transitive)] > by importunity
stout1812
1812 H. Shelley Lett. (1889) 27 You can say you wish to look at them [Shelley's MS. Poems], and then you may be able to stout them away from him.
†3. transitive. To defy. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)] > defy
stout1303
defy1377
beard1476
brave1546
brag1551
outface1574
to hold (a person) waga1578
dare1580
outbrave1589
bedarea1596
maugre1597
championa1616
to bid defiance to1632
stem1675
bravadea1698
bravo1732
1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 2948 But þere þe wyfe ys aboute Þe gode man for to stoute.

Derivatives

† ˈstouting n. Obsolete boastfulness, pride, defiance.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > pride > [noun]
moodinessOE
overmoodOE
prideOE
proudnessOE
moodilaikc1175
wlonknessc1175
wlonkhedea1250
hancenhede1303
stoutness1398
prouda1500
spirit of eminence1595
pridefulnessa1625
stouting1630
starch1859
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > defiance
despitec1380
cartel of defiancec1430
facing1481
facing and bracing1481
bearding1577
dare1594
braving1616
stouting1630
outbraving1631
affront1642
defiance1710
defial1793
bravadoing1809
bravading1812
defiantness1872
1630 I. C. Handkercher for Parents Wet Eyes 42 'Tis not stouting, and stomacke, and pettishnesse, but meekenesse, and patience, and humility, makes God propitious.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1c1000n.21677adj.adv.c1300v.1303
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