strenuousadj.

/ˈstrɛnjuːəs/

Etymology: < Latin strēnuus brisk, active, vigorous (related to Greek στρηνής strong, hard, rough, στρῆνος haughtiness, arrogance) + -ous suffix. Compare Italian strenuo, Spanish estrénuo. Apparently first used by Marston; one of the words ridiculed, as pedantic neologisms, by Ben Jonson in his attack on Marston in Poetaster (1602), where ( v. iii. 302) Marston's line is almost literally quoted.

a. Of persons or their dispositions: Vigorous in action, energetic; ‘brave, bold, active, valiant’ (Johnson). Now usually with stronger notion: Unremittingly and ardently laborious.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adjective]

sprindeOE

livelyOE

kaskc1300

wightc1300

courageousc1386

wighty14..

wieldya1413

ablec1440

tall of hand1530

sappy1558

energical1565

energetical1585

greenya1586

stout1600

strenuous1602

forceful?1624

actuous1626

vigorous1638

vivid1638

high-spirited1653

hearty1665

actuose1677

living1699

full-blooded1707

executive1708

rugged1731

sousing1735

energic1740

bouncing1743

two-fisted1774

energetic1782

zestful1797

rollicking1801

through-ganging1814

throughgoing1814

slashing1828

high-powered1829

high pressure1834

rip-roaring1834

red-blooded1836

ripsnorting1846

zesty1853

dynamic1856

throbbing1864

goey1875

torpedoic1893

kinky1903

zippy1903

go-at-it1904

punchy1907

up-and-at-'em1909

driving1916

vibranta1929

kinetic1931

zinging1931

high-octane1936

zingy1938

slam-bang1939

balls-to-the-wall1967

balls-out1968

ass-kicking1977

hi-octane1977

1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge v. i. sig. I2 The fist of strenuous vengeance is clutcht.

?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xvii. 495 He..tooke one Podes, that was heire, to old Eetion, A rich man, and a strenuous [Gk. ἀγαθός].

1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 254 A strenuous and an expert Souldier.

1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. vii. 326 Our Ship..did carry..foure score strong and strenuous Saylers.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Strenuous, valiant, stout, hardy, active.

1670 J. Milton Hist. Brit. iv. 181 Offa the Mercian, a strenuous and suttle King.

1715 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad I. iii. 91 Like Steel, uplifted by some strenuous Swain.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vii. 162 His attention had been confined to those studies which form strenuous and sagacious men of business.

1877 M. Oliphant Makers of Florence (ed. 2) xii. 301 Faith was more strenuous and robust in those days.

1899 J. L. Williams Stolen Story 128 The city editor, who had his fingers on the pulse of the strenuous metropolis.

b. Zealous, earnest, ‘strong’ as a partisan or opponent. Obsolete except as contextual use of sense 1.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > zeal or enthusiasm > [adjective]

needfulOE

anguishous?c1225

eager?a1300

throc1330

fierce1377

desirousc1386

affectuousa1400

yeverousa1400

inwardc1402

earnestful?1406

rathe?c1450

zealing1459

increc1480

affectual1483

zealous1526

affectioneda1533

jealous1535

heartyc1540

affectivec1550

earnest1563

pricking1575

forward1587

affectionate1598

passiveless1602

zealful1602

full-hearteda1616

wholehearted1644

intense1645

high1649

covetous1652

thorough-hearted1656

keen as mustard1659

fell1667

fervent1673

smirk1674

zealed1679

prest1697

strenuous1713

enthusiastic1741

enthusiastical1755

whole-souled1821

con amore1828

lyrical1875

mustard1919

gung ho1942

1713 J. Swift in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 359 Lord Hintchingbrook..is grown a strenuous Tory.

1735–6 J. Swift Let. to Pope 7 Feb. I hear he resolves to be strenuous for taking off the Test.

1759 W. H. Dilworth Life of Pope 67 So strenuous a member of the Romish Church was Mr. Pope.

1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 92 A strenuous supporter of Mary Stuart.

1775 E. Burke Corr. (1844) II. 26 I have been a strenuous advocate for the superiority of this country.

1789 A. Young Jrnl. 29 June in Trav. France (1792) i. 127 Mons. l'Abbé de ——, was particularly strenuous for what is called the regeneration of the kingdom.

1822 W. Hazlitt Men & Manners (1869) 2nd Ser. iii. 75 He was as open to impressions as he was strenuous in maintaining them.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xvi. 312 The idea attached to Professor Forbes's words by some of his most strenuous supporters.

1892 F. P. Verney et al. Mem. Verney Family Civil War I. 41 Sir Ralph was as strenuous as ever for Edward IV in the city.

†a. Of inanimate things: Strong, powerful in operation; also, physically robust. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adjective] > of action: involving or requiring vigour > vigorous or intense in operation

strongeOE

smartc1300

steevec1300

keen1340

piercinga1400

perceantc1400

forta1513

incisive1528

vigorous1548

forcible1555

emphatical1581

searching1590

nervous1616

strenuous1632

arrowy1650

intent1650

urging1658

sinewous1663

emphatic1689

drastic1808

needling1839

shrewd1842

gimlet1894

1632 F. Quarles Divine Fancies ii. xxv. 66 The Sun shines alwaies strenuous and faire, But, ah, our sins, our Clouds benight the ayre.

1633 T. Adams Comm. 2 Peter (iii. 3) 1140 Heaven and earth are of a strenuous composition, compact together with more powerfull sinewes and ligaments.

b. Of voice, etc.: Powerful, loud. archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > voice or vocal sound > quality of voice > [adjective] > loud or resonant

loud971

highlyOE

stithc1000

strongOE

steepc1275

stiff1377

strengthfula1382

gross1398

stentorious15..

open-mouthed?1533

wildc1550

preclare?1553

strainable1569

trolling1581

main1582

wide-mouthed1589

full-mouthed1594

wide-mouth?c1599

stentorian1606

trump-like1609

stentorophonic1678

strenuous1680

open-mouth1702

stentorial1754

stentoronic1762

full-throated1820

trumpety1822

Stentor1837

1680 H. More Apocalypsis Apocalypseos 181 He..pronounceth the sentence against the great Whore with a strong and strenuous voice.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. viii. 372 They expressed their approbation, according to naval custom, by three strenuous cheers.

1817 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. (1818) II. xxiv. 379 The wasp and hornet also are strenuous hummers.

1850 G. Grote Hist. Greece VII. ii. lx. 459 He was seen..marshalling the troops,..and addressing them with a voice louder, more strenuous, and more commanding than was his wont.

1876 W. Morris Story of Sigurd iii. 180 Forth go their hearts before them to the blast of the strenuous horn.

3. Of action or effort: Vigorous, energetic; now with stronger sense, persistently and ardently laborious. Of conditions, periods, etc.: Characterized by strenuous exertion. strenuous idleness (= Latin strenua inertia, Horace Ep. i. xi. 28): busy activity to no useful purpose.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [adjective]

hardOE

strenuous1671

rough1717

arduous1753

stiff1862

effortful1900

driven1967

the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adjective] > of action: involving or requiring vigour

mainc1400

vigorous1524

tooth and naila1535

robust1652

robustic1652

strenuous1671

lusty1672

vigorous1697

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 271 But what more oft in Nations grown corrupt,..Then to love Bondage more then Liberty, Bondage with ease then strenuous liberty.

1681 J. Flavell Method of Grace xxviii. 481 Languishing consumptive persons are very unfit to be imployed in difficult and strenuous labours.

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1654 (1955) III. 125 Belvoir Castle..is famous for its strenuous resistance in the late Civil Warr.

1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. iv. 265 One [galley] by mere Dint of strenuous Rowing..escaped.

1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the First 9 A soul immortal, spending all her Fires, Wasting her strength in strenuous Idleness.

1770 H. Brooke Fool of Quality V. xvii. 296 He..seized upon him with a strenuous embrace.

1785 W. Cowper Task i. 388 Himself derives..From strenuous toil his hours of sweetest ease.

1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho III. viii. 222 He..was conveyed to a place of confinement, whither the most strenuous enquiries of his friends had been unable to trace him.

1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama vi. 48 Soaring with strenuous flight above, He bears her to the blessed Grove.

1829 W. Wordsworth This Lawn, a Carpet all Alive 6 Worldlings revelling in the fields Of strenuous idleness.

1846 G. Grote Hist. Greece I. i. vi. 153 He is one of the few Grecian princes who..is found in a strenuous and honoured old age in the midst of his children and subjects.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 10 But for their strenuous opposition to the Exclusion Bill he would have been a banished man.

1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling ii. x. 272 On this Tragedy of Strafford..he expended many strenuous months.

1871 L. Stephen Playground of Europe (1894) xiii. 321 The hours of labour, divided into minutes..of strenuous muscular exertion.

1899 Roosevelt Speech 10 Apr. in Strenuous Life (1902) 1 I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	strenuous
释义	strenuousadj. /ˈstrɛnjuːəs/ Etymology: < Latin strēnuus brisk, active, vigorous (related to Greek στρηνής strong, hard, rough, στρῆνος haughtiness, arrogance) + -ous suffix. Compare Italian strenuo, Spanish estrénuo. Apparently first used by Marston; one of the words ridiculed, as pedantic neologisms, by Ben Jonson in his attack on Marston in Poetaster (1602), where ( v. iii. 302) Marston's line is almost literally quoted. 1. a. Of persons or their dispositions: Vigorous in action, energetic; ‘brave, bold, active, valiant’ (Johnson). Now usually with stronger notion: Unremittingly and ardently laborious. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adjective] sprindeOE livelyOE kaskc1300 wightc1300 courageousc1386 wighty14.. wieldya1413 ablec1440 tall of hand1530 sappy1558 energical1565 energetical1585 greenya1586 stout1600 strenuous1602 forceful?1624 actuous1626 vigorous1638 vivid1638 high-spirited1653 hearty1665 actuose1677 living1699 full-blooded1707 executive1708 rugged1731 sousing1735 energic1740 bouncing1743 two-fisted1774 energetic1782 zestful1797 rollicking1801 through-ganging1814 throughgoing1814 slashing1828 high-powered1829 high pressure1834 rip-roaring1834 red-blooded1836 ripsnorting1846 zesty1853 dynamic1856 throbbing1864 goey1875 torpedoic1893 kinky1903 zippy1903 go-at-it1904 punchy1907 up-and-at-'em1909 driving1916 vibranta1929 kinetic1931 zinging1931 high-octane1936 zingy1938 slam-bang1939 balls-to-the-wall1967 balls-out1968 ass-kicking1977 hi-octane1977 1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge v. i. sig. I2 The fist of strenuous vengeance is clutcht. ?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xvii. 495 He..tooke one Podes, that was heire, to old Eetion, A rich man, and a strenuous [Gk. ἀγαθός]. 1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 254 A strenuous and an expert Souldier. 1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. vii. 326 Our Ship..did carry..foure score strong and strenuous Saylers. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Strenuous, valiant, stout, hardy, active. 1670 J. Milton Hist. Brit. iv. 181 Offa the Mercian, a strenuous and suttle King. 1715 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad I. iii. 91 Like Steel, uplifted by some strenuous Swain. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vii. 162 His attention had been confined to those studies which form strenuous and sagacious men of business. 1877 M. Oliphant Makers of Florence (ed. 2) xii. 301 Faith was more strenuous and robust in those days. 1899 J. L. Williams Stolen Story 128 The city editor, who had his fingers on the pulse of the strenuous metropolis. b. Zealous, earnest, ‘strong’ as a partisan or opponent. Obsolete except as contextual use of sense 1. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > zeal or enthusiasm > [adjective] needfulOE anguishous?c1225 eager?a1300 throc1330 fierce1377 desirousc1386 affectuousa1400 yeverousa1400 inwardc1402 earnestful?1406 rathe?c1450 zealing1459 increc1480 affectual1483 zealous1526 affectioneda1533 jealous1535 heartyc1540 affectivec1550 earnest1563 pricking1575 forward1587 affectionate1598 passiveless1602 zealful1602 full-hearteda1616 wholehearted1644 intense1645 high1649 covetous1652 thorough-hearted1656 keen as mustard1659 fell1667 fervent1673 smirk1674 zealed1679 prest1697 strenuous1713 enthusiastic1741 enthusiastical1755 whole-souled1821 con amore1828 lyrical1875 mustard1919 gung ho1942 1713 J. Swift in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 359 Lord Hintchingbrook..is grown a strenuous Tory. 1735–6 J. Swift Let. to Pope 7 Feb. I hear he resolves to be strenuous for taking off the Test. 1759 W. H. Dilworth Life of Pope 67 So strenuous a member of the Romish Church was Mr. Pope. 1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 92 A strenuous supporter of Mary Stuart. 1775 E. Burke Corr. (1844) II. 26 I have been a strenuous advocate for the superiority of this country. 1789 A. Young Jrnl. 29 June in Trav. France (1792) i. 127 Mons. l'Abbé de ——, was particularly strenuous for what is called the regeneration of the kingdom. 1822 W. Hazlitt Men & Manners (1869) 2nd Ser. iii. 75 He was as open to impressions as he was strenuous in maintaining them. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xvi. 312 The idea attached to Professor Forbes's words by some of his most strenuous supporters. 1892 F. P. Verney et al. Mem. Verney Family Civil War I. 41 Sir Ralph was as strenuous as ever for Edward IV in the city. 2. †a. Of inanimate things: Strong, powerful in operation; also, physically robust. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adjective] > of action: involving or requiring vigour > vigorous or intense in operation strongeOE smartc1300 steevec1300 keen1340 piercinga1400 perceantc1400 forta1513 incisive1528 vigorous1548 forcible1555 emphatical1581 searching1590 nervous1616 strenuous1632 arrowy1650 intent1650 urging1658 sinewous1663 emphatic1689 drastic1808 needling1839 shrewd1842 gimlet1894 1632 F. Quarles Divine Fancies ii. xxv. 66 The Sun shines alwaies strenuous and faire, But, ah, our sins, our Clouds benight the ayre. 1633 T. Adams Comm. 2 Peter (iii. 3) 1140 Heaven and earth are of a strenuous composition, compact together with more powerfull sinewes and ligaments. b. Of voice, etc.: Powerful, loud. archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > voice or vocal sound > quality of voice > [adjective] > loud or resonant loud971 highlyOE stithc1000 strongOE steepc1275 stiff1377 strengthfula1382 gross1398 stentorious15.. open-mouthed?1533 wildc1550 preclare?1553 strainable1569 trolling1581 main1582 wide-mouthed1589 full-mouthed1594 wide-mouth?c1599 stentorian1606 trump-like1609 stentorophonic1678 strenuous1680 open-mouth1702 stentorial1754 stentoronic1762 full-throated1820 trumpety1822 Stentor1837 1680 H. More Apocalypsis Apocalypseos 181 He..pronounceth the sentence against the great Whore with a strong and strenuous voice. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. viii. 372 They expressed their approbation, according to naval custom, by three strenuous cheers. 1817 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. (1818) II. xxiv. 379 The wasp and hornet also are strenuous hummers. 1850 G. Grote Hist. Greece VII. ii. lx. 459 He was seen..marshalling the troops,..and addressing them with a voice louder, more strenuous, and more commanding than was his wont. 1876 W. Morris Story of Sigurd iii. 180 Forth go their hearts before them to the blast of the strenuous horn. 3. Of action or effort: Vigorous, energetic; now with stronger sense, persistently and ardently laborious. Of conditions, periods, etc.: Characterized by strenuous exertion. strenuous idleness (= Latin strenua inertia, Horace Ep. i. xi. 28): busy activity to no useful purpose. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [adjective] hardOE strenuous1671 rough1717 arduous1753 stiff1862 effortful1900 driven1967 the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adjective] > of action: involving or requiring vigour mainc1400 vigorous1524 tooth and naila1535 robust1652 robustic1652 strenuous1671 lusty1672 vigorous1697 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 271 But what more oft in Nations grown corrupt,..Then to love Bondage more then Liberty, Bondage with ease then strenuous liberty. View more context for this quotation 1681 J. Flavell Method of Grace xxviii. 481 Languishing consumptive persons are very unfit to be imployed in difficult and strenuous labours. a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1654 (1955) III. 125 Belvoir Castle..is famous for its strenuous resistance in the late Civil Warr. 1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. iv. 265 One [galley] by mere Dint of strenuous Rowing..escaped. 1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the First 9 A soul immortal, spending all her Fires, Wasting her strength in strenuous Idleness. 1770 H. Brooke Fool of Quality V. xvii. 296 He..seized upon him with a strenuous embrace. 1785 W. Cowper Task i. 388 Himself derives..From strenuous toil his hours of sweetest ease. 1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho III. viii. 222 He..was conveyed to a place of confinement, whither the most strenuous enquiries of his friends had been unable to trace him. 1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama vi. 48 Soaring with strenuous flight above, He bears her to the blessed Grove. 1829 W. Wordsworth This Lawn, a Carpet all Alive 6 Worldlings revelling in the fields Of strenuous idleness. 1846 G. Grote Hist. Greece I. i. vi. 153 He is one of the few Grecian princes who..is found in a strenuous and honoured old age in the midst of his children and subjects. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 10 But for their strenuous opposition to the Exclusion Bill he would have been a banished man. 1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling ii. x. 272 On this Tragedy of Strafford..he expended many strenuous months. 1871 L. Stephen Playground of Europe (1894) xiii. 321 The hours of labour, divided into minutes..of strenuous muscular exertion. 1899 Roosevelt Speech 10 Apr. in Strenuous Life (1902) 1 I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1602
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