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单词 sturdy
释义

sturdyadj.n.

Brit. /ˈstəːdi/, U.S. /ˈstərdi/
Forms: Middle English stourdi, sturdi, ( stourde), Middle English–1500s stourdy, stordy, 1500s stourdie, sturdye, 1500s–1600s sturdie, 1600s stirdy, Middle English– sturdy.
Etymology: < Old French estourdi, estordi, esturdi, stunned, dazed, reckless, violent (modern French étourdi feather-brained, thoughtless), = Provençal estordit, Italian stordito, Spanish aturdido, Portuguese aturdido; past participle of Old French estourdir (modern French étourdir) to stun, daze, = Italian stordire, Spanish aturdir, Portuguese aturdir (? from French) < vulgar Latin *exturdīre, of obscure origin. Some scholars think that it is < ex- (see ex- prefix1) + turdus thrush (for the sense compare the French proverbial phrase soûl comme une grive , ‘drunk as a thrush’); some regard it as a contraction of *extorpidīre (Latin torpidus torpid adj. and n.) or of *exturbidīre (Latin turbidus turbid adj.). All these conjectures are open to grave objection; another hypothesis, of derivation < Germanic *sturtjan to overthrow (see start v.), is on phonological grounds inadmissible.
A. adj.
I. Giddy.
1. In the primary etymological sense: Giddy. Said of sheep affected with the ‘sturdy’: see branch B. Now dialect (see Eng. Dial. Dict.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle, horse, or sheep > [adjective] > staggers or gid
sturdya1642
turny1651
staggery1776
sturdied1807
goggly1840
a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 77 If there bee any of the hogges that bee sturdy, lame, weake.
II. Brave, furious, vigorous, and related uses.
†2.
a. Impetuously brave, fierce in combat.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > courage > valour > warlike valour > [adjective]
proudc1275
steepc1275
wightc1275
sturdy1297
stoutc1325
valiantc1330
stern1390
martialc1425
pertc1450
stalwartc1480
talla1529
handsome1665
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 7936 Þe heyemen of engelond..mid gret ost wende uorþ & mid stourdi [v.r. stourde] mode.
c1300 K. Horn (Laud) 893 We neuere ne hente Of man so harde dunte Bute of þe king Mory Þat was so swyþe stordy.
c1425 Engl. Conquest Ireland (1896) xlvi. 116 The northeren men ben stordyer & smerter to fyght than other.
c1425 Engl. Conquest Ireland (1896) xlvi. 118 Thegh he wer yn wepne vnmetly stordy, & sterne, out of wepne natheles, he was meke and sobre.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) v. 506* He sa sturdy wes and stout, That he wes the mast vorthy man That in-to carrick liffit than.
1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 23 Able, and hardy bodies, and stout and sturdy stomacks.
1684 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 2nd Pt. 174 They so belabored him, being sturdy men at Arms, that they made him make a Retreat. View more context for this quotation
†b. Of a battle: Fierce, violent. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective] > carried on violently
stithc1000
strongOE
starkOE
storlicc1275
stourc1275
sharpc1381
stalwartc1420
sturdya1450
sorea1500
vehement1531
shrewd1576
perperacute1647
furied1878
a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xiii. l. 782 Therfore was that stour ful Stordy.
1579 E. K. in E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Feb. 149 Gloss. Sterne strife, said Chaucer, s. fell and sturdy.
†3.
a. Recklessly violent, furious, ruthless, cruel.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > savagery > [adjective]
grimlyc893
retheeOE
grim971
bitterOE
bremec1175
grillc1175
grimfula1240
cruel1297
sturdy1297
fiercea1300
fellc1300
boistousa1387
felonousc1386
savagea1393
bestiala1398
bremelya1400
felona1400
hetera1400
cursedc1400
wicked14..
vengeablec1430
wolvishc1430
unnatural?1473
inhuman1481
brutisha1513
cruent1524
felonish1530
mannish1530
abominate1531
lionish1549
boarish?1550
truculent?c1550
unhumanc1550
lion-like1556
beastly1558
orped1567
raw?1573
tigerish?1573
unmanlike1579
boisterous1581
savaged1583
tiger-like1587
yond1590
truculental1593
savage wild1595
tigerous1597
inhumane1598
Neronian1598
immane1599
Phalarical1602
ungentle1603
feral1604
savagious1605
fierceful1607
Dionysian1608
wolvy1611
Hunnish1625
lionly1631
tigerly1633
savage-hearted1639
brutal1641
feroce1641
ferocious1646
asperous1650
ferousa1652
wolfish1674
tiger1763
savage-fierce1770
Tartar1809
Tartarly1821
Neroic1851
tigery1859
Neronic1864
unmannish1867
inhumanitarian1947
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > fierceness > [adjective]
grimlyc893
wrothc893
reighOE
grima1000
grillc1175
witherc1175
grimfula1240
sturdy1297
wild1297
fiercea1300
man-keenc1300
stoutc1300
cruelc1330
fell?c1335
wicked1375
felonousc1386
felona1400
cursedc1400
runishc1400
keen?c1425
roid?c1425
wolvishc1430
ranishc1450
malicious1485
mankind1519
mannish1530
lionish1549
truculent?c1550
lion-like1556
tigerish?1573
tiger-like1587
truculental1593
Amazonian1595
tigerous1597
feral1604
fierceful1607
efferous1614
lionly1631
tigerly1633
feroce1641
ferocious1646
asperous1650
ferousa1652
blusterous1663
wolfish1674
boarisha1718
savage-fierce1770
Tartar1809
Tartarly1821
wolfy1828
savagerous1832
hawkish1841
tigery1859
attern1868
Hunnish1915
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > recklessly or riotously violent
sturdy1297
ramping1484
turbulous1527
flinginga1529
turbulent1538
rampant?1609
rampageous1800
rampacious1836
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 3842 He adrou sire calibourne, is suerd..& anowarde þe helm, mid wel stourdy mod, Þen oþer he smot.
c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) iii. met. ii. 68 Þe liouns of þe contree of pene..dreden her sturdy maystres [L. trucem..magistrum] of whiche þei ben wont to suffren betinges.
a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. ccxiiii Lewys the .xi...of Gaguinus is callyd the sturdy or fell Lewys.
1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour iii. ix. sig. bv So no violence or sturdye mynde lackynge reason & honestie is any parte of fortitude.
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie i. iii. 4 To redresse and edifie the cruell and sturdie courage of man.
†b. Of waves, a stream, a storm, etc.: Violent, rough. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > [adjective] > swiftly or violently
steepc1330
sturdy1426
fast-flowing1560
heady1562
strick1629
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > severe or violent (of weather or elements)
retheeOE
strongOE
stithc1100
snella1400
woodc1400
outrage?a1425
violentc1425
sternc1449
strainable1497
rigorous1513
stalwart1528
vehement1528
sore1535
sturdy1569
robustious1632
severe1676
beating1702
shaving1789
snorting1819
wroth1852
wrathy1872
snapping1876
vicious1882
1426 J. Lydgate tr. G. de Guileville Pilgrimage Life Man 16670 Fordryven with many sturdy wawes off adversyte.
1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) iii. 698 And entryt sone in-to the rase, Quhar that the stremys sa sturdy was.
1569 T. Newton tr. Cicero Worthye Bk. Olde Age 33 In the sturdy and nipping cold of winter.
1588 T. Churchyard Sparke of Frendship Ep. Ded. sig. A3v The brute beastes that auoydes a sturdie storme, vnder the sauegard of a strong and flourishing tree.
1648 R. Kentish Sure Stay for Sinking State 10 The highest Houses are subject to the sturdiest storms.
1660 Riders Brit. Merlin Oct. Sturdy storms of rain or snow, with extream ill weather, to the moneths end.
1823 W. Cobbett Rural Rides in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 9 Aug. 351 A pretty decent and sturdy rain began to fall.
†c. Of movement: Furious. Of a blow: Violent.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > [adjective] > vigorously or violently > of movement: furious
sturdyc1386
c1386 G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale 454 And forth he gooth, with a ful angry chere..A sturdy [v.rr. stourdy, stordy] paas doun to the court he gooth.
1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Feb. 201 But to the roote [he] bent his sturdie stroke, And made many wounds in the wast Oake.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 40 With many wounds and sturdie blows both giuen & receiued.
†4. Of or with regard to countenance, speech, demeanour: Stern, harsh, rough, surly. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adjective]
heavyc825
retheeOE
stithc897
hardeOE
starkOE
sternOE
dangerous?c1225
sharp?c1225
unsoftc1275
sturdy1297
asperc1374
austerec1384
shrewda1387
snella1400
sternful?a1400
dour?a1425
thrallc1430
piquant1521
tetrical1528
tetric1533
sorea1535
rugged?1548
severe1548
iron1574
harsh1579
strict1600
angry1650
Catonian1676
Draconic1708
tetricous1727
alkaline1789
acerbic1853
stiff1856
acerbate1869
acerbitous1870
Draconian1876
Catonic1883
society > authority > strictness > [adjective] > severe or stern > of expression or manner
sturdy1297
grim1340
stern1390
malicious1485
severe1565
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 3287 After mete he nom is wif mid stourdi mod ynou, & wiþoute leue of þe kinge toward is contreye drou.
c1386 G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale 642 What koude a sturdy housbonde moore deuyse To preeue hire wyfhod or hir stedefastnesse, And he continuynge euere in sturdinesse?
c1440 Partonope 2573 And to my men dyspitous and sturdy.
1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. vii. sig. Cviv Retaynyng his fiers and stourdie countenance.
1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour ii. v. sig. Pij Litle and litle he withdrewe from men his accustomed gentilnesse, becomyng more sturdy in langage, and straunge in countenance, than euer before had ben his vsage.
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Sturdy, superbus, superciliosus.
1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. viii. ii. 389/2 Their sturdy behauiour, and Lord-like carriage against the English.
†5.
a. Hard to manage, intractable, refractory; rebellious, disobedient. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > lack of subjection > [adjective] > intractable or recalcitrant
unbuxoma1250
unbowsomec1290
sturdy13..
wildc1350
stubbornc1386
unbaina1400
stoutc1410
kimeta1450
staffish?a1513
untractable1538
intractable1545
sullen1577
restiff1578
indocile1603
resty1603
hot-mouthed1609
immorigerous1623
intractive1623
uncompliable1626
restivea1628
non-complying1649
uncompliant1659
incompliant1706
unobliging1707
recalcitrant1797
unbiddable1825
stocky1836
recalcitrary1861
calcitrant1866
non-cooperative1867
recalcitrating1870
ropeable1870
non-cooperating1895
bolshie1918
13.. K. Alis. 1332 Thider he wendith with gret pres, This stordy citeis for to dres.
a1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Digby) xv Alauntes beeth inly fell and euyl vndrestondynge and more fooliche and more sturdy þan any oþer manere of houndes.
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 481/2 Sturdy, vnbuxum, rebellis, contumax, inobediens.
c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 296 To be sturdy to fadyr & modyr.
?1518 A. Barclay Fyfte Eglog sig. B The fyrste plowman, and tyller of the grounde Was rude and stordy, dysdaynynge to be bounde.
1603 M. Drayton Barrons Wars i. l. 18 Sturdy to manage, of a haughty spright.
1604 F. Herring Modest Def. Caueat 6 A sturdie horse requires a rough rider.
1612 J. Speed Theatre of Empire of Great Brit. ii. xiii. 121/1 The ancient Inhabitants of this Country [sc. Flint] were the Ordouices, a sturdy people against the Romans, but now most kinde and gentle towards the English.
c1635 in F. P. Verney & M. M. Verney Mem. Verney Family 17th Cent. (1907) I. 122 My sonn doth begine to be toe sturdie for my government.
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ix. 187 The most sturdy and refractory Non-conformists.
1688 S. Penton Guardian's Instr. 11 Beware of setting up that stirdy Resolution which some make, never to give off what they have once begun.
1782 W. Cowper Hope in Poems 150 Man is the genuine offspring of revolt, Stubborn and sturdy, a wild ass's colt.
†b. Obstinate, immovable in opinion. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective]
starkOE
moodyOE
stithc1000
stidyc1175
stallc1275
harda1382
stubbornc1386
obstinate?1387
throa1400
hard nolleda1425
obstinant?a1425
pertinacec1425
stablec1440
dour1488
unresigned1497
difficultc1503
hard-necked1530
pertinatec1534
obstacle1535
stout-stomached1549
hard-faced1567
stunt1581
hard-headed1583
pertinacious1583
stuntly1583
peremptory1589
stomachous1590
mulish1600
stomachful1600
obstined1606
restive1633
obstinacious1649
opinionated1649
tenacious1656
iron-sided1659
sturdy1664
cat-witted1672
obstinated1672
unyielding1677
ruggish1688
bullet-headed1699
tough1780
pelsy1785
stupid1788
hard-set1818
thick and thin1822
stuntya1825
rigwiddie1826
indomitable1830
recalcitrant1830
set1848
mule-headed1870
muley1871
capitose1881
hard-nosed1917
tight1928
1664 H. More Apol. in Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 522 If men would not bring their own sturdy Preconceptions, but listen to the easy and natural aire of the Text.
1680 Tides (Bodl. Add. A. 202) 10 Seafareing men..grow as sturdy and deafe to all the reason and argument that can be employed to undeceive them, as the Eliments wherein they converse.
1687 R. L'Estrange Answer to Let. to Dissenter 4 If they be not either too Sturdy, or too Stately, to Hearken to Reason.
1780 W. Cowper Progress of Error 539 Your blund'rer is as sturdy as a rock.
1781 W. Cowper Expostulation 298 Where obstinacy takes his sturdy stand, To disconcert what policy has plann'd.
c. [With mixture of sense A. 7] . Epithet of beggars or vagabonds who are able-bodied and apt to be violent: see beggar n. 1b, valiant adj. 1b. Also sturdy and valiant.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > poverty > mendicancy > [adjective] > able-bodied or sturdy
sturdy1402
strong beggar1530
upright1567
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > of robbers or beggars
sturdy1402
masterful1449
1402 Jack Upland in Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 96 For in many places thai damnen suche sturdy beggyng.
1535–6 Act 27 Hen. VIII c. 25 §1 Suche poore creature or sturdie vacabund.
1556 in Vicary's Anat. Bodie of Man (1888) App. iii. 174 (note) Sturdie & valiente Beggers.
1577 H. I. tr. H. Bullinger 50 Godlie Serm. I. ii. iii. sig. J/1 The sturdie roge vnworthy of almes.
1657 J. Beale Herefordshire Orchards 39 Where Trade thrives not,..all doors and highwayes are oppressed with idle and sturdy vagabonds.
a1680 S. Butler Lady's Answer 43 Like sturdy Beggars, that intreat For Charity at once, and threat.
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Sturdy-beggers, the fifth and last of the most ancient Order of Canters.
1789 J. Williams Nat. Hist. Mineral Kingdom I. 202 When I reprove a sturdy beggar for being idle, he tells me roundly, that he cannot get employment.
6.
a. Of material things: Refractory, defiant of destructive agencies or force; strong, stout.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > strength > [adjective]
hardeOE
strongOE
stithOE
starkc1275
sturdyc1374
brazena1382
mighty?1448
boisterous?1571
oaky1631
stout1765
pang1813
c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde ii. 1380 Þe sturdy ok On which men hakketh ofte for þe nones.
c1400 Rom. Rose 4155 Vpon the whiche also stode Of squared stoon a sturdy wall.
1575 W. Stevenson Gammer Gurtons Nedle i. ii. sig. Aiiv Chwold rend it though it were stitched what sturdy pacthreede.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 41v Suche Grayne as hath the sturdiest strawe.
1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne xv. ii. 267 Euerie tender lim In sturdie steele and stubburne plate they dight.
1663 S. Butler Hudibras: First Pt. i. i. 23 His Doublet was of sturdy Buff.
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 414 On the vext Wilderness, whose..sturdiest Oaks Bow'd their Stiff necks. View more context for this quotation
1697 J. Evelyn Numismata i. 10 Foliated with Silver upon this sturdy and inflexible Metal [Iron].
1841 C. Dickens Barnaby Rudge xxxiii. 126 A violent gust of wind and rain..seemed to shake even that sturdy house to its foundation.
1858 N. Hawthorne Jrnl. 3 Mar. in French & Ital. Notebks. (1980) ii. 119 The old triumphal arch of Drusus, a sturdy construction, much dilapidated as regards its architectural beauty.
1870 W. C. Bryant tr. Homer Iliad II. xiii. 359 Hasten thou And bring a sturdy javelin from the tent.
†b. Of wine: Rough or harsh to the taste. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > qualities or characteristics of wine > [adjective] > rough or harsh
sturdyc1440
c1440 Pallad. on Husb. xi. 390 Also a man may in oon dayes while So trete a stordy wyn that hit shal smyle, And of a rough drynker be cleer and best.
†c. Of an ailment: Refractory to treatment. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [adjective] > resistant to treatment
contumace?1541
contumaced?1541
rebel?1541
wayward?1541
rebellious1565
pertinacious1578
contumacious1605
surly1609
refractory1634
sturdy1643
irreducible1836
1643 J. Milton Soveraigne Salve 1 For a sturdy sore many plaisters are but sufficient.
1658 W. Johnson tr. F. Würtz Surgeons Guid iii. viii. 239 The named remedies will availe nothing, because the Imposthumation is too sturdy for them.
d. Of a plant: Hardy.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [adjective] > hardy or not hardy
tender1614
hardy1629
sturdy1695
nicec1710
tenderish1798
half-hardy1818
ironclad1871
1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 270 The more sturdy and vigorous Vegetables.
1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 530 Thence straight succeed The branches, sturdy to his utmost wish.
1853 C. Rossetti Poet. Wks. (1904) 156/1 Lichen and moss and sturdy weed.
7.
a. Of persons or animals; Characterized by rough bodily vigour; solidly built; stalwart, strong, robust, hardy.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > [adjective] > of health: good > resistant to disease, etc.
strongeOE
stalworthc1175
starka1250
stiff1297
stalworthyc1300
vigorousc1330
stoura1350
lustyc1374
marrowya1382
sturdyc1386
crank1398
robust1490
vigorious1502
stalwart1508
hardy1548
robustious1548
of force1577
rustical1583
marrowed1612
rustic1620
robustic1652
solid1741
refractory1843
salted1864
resistant1876
saulteda1879
the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [adjective]
stalworthc1175
thicka1250
stubblea1300
quarryc1300
stalworthyc1300
stoura1350
sturdyc1386
buirdlya1400
squarec1430
couragec1440
craskc1440
substantialc1460
ample1485
stalwart1508
puddinga1540
full-bodied1588
robust1666
two-handed1687
swankinga1704
strapping1707
broad-set1708
thick-set1724
throddy?1748
thick-bodied1752
broad-built1771
junky1825
swankie1838
stodgy1854
wide-bodied1854
beefish1882
hunky1911
buff1982
buffed1986
the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > sturdy
sturdyc1386
round-spuna1689
c1386 G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale 46 A sturdy harlot wente ay hem bihynde.
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 183 And he war stark and sturdy and mycht wele bere armes.
1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer ii. sig. N.i Like as the armes of a smith that is weake in other thinges, because they are more exercised, be stronger then an other bodyes that is sturdy, but not exercysed to worke with his armes.
1566 T. Blundeville Order curing Horses Dis. f. 119, in Fower Offices Horsemanshippe Weake, delicate, and tender horses, may not be purged in such sort, as those that be of a strong sturdye nature.
1705 London Gaz. No. 4102/4 A short squat sturdy Lad.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 325 The brown bear is made rather strong and sturdy, like the mastiff.
1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 341 Great schools suit best the sturdy and the rough. View more context for this quotation
1837 J. Kirkbride Northern Angler 55 His tackle must be strong; for lake~trout are in general rather sturdy customers.
1848 L. Hunt Jar of Honey x. 141 The sturdy youth, for the first time in his life, fainted away.
1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) V. 267 A rugged land..well fitted to produce a sturdy race.
b. Of movements: Displaying physical vigour. Also as epithet of health, vigour, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adjective] > of action: involving or requiring vigour > carried out or proceeding with vigour
stiffc1250
busyc1275
greatc1275
sternc1275
smart?a1400
stark1489
thronga1525
vigorous1524
stout1582
intensive1605
spiritful?1611
warm1627
intense1645
mettlesome1645
spirited1670
mettled1682
sturdy1697
energetic1700
vivid1702
robustful1800
toughish1840
lively1844
full out1920
the world > health and disease > [adjective] > of health: good > resistant to disease, etc. > of the body or its parts
robust1490
robustious1584
vigorous1618
mettlesome1668
sturdy1861
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 115 And labour him with many a sturdy stroak. View more context for this quotation
1710 M. Prior Two Riddles 14 With sturdy steps he walks.
1751 T. Gray Elegy vii. 6 How bow'd the woods beneath their sturdy stroke!
1861 A. P. Stanley Lect. Eastern Church (1869) vi. 187 All were struck by the sturdy health and vigour of his frame.
1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola III. vii. 68 His thick-set frame had no longer the sturdy vigour which belonged to it.
8.
a. transferred. Of persons, their actions and attributes: Characterized by rough mental vigour; robust in mind or character; ‘downright’, uncompromising.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [adjective]
fasteOE
stathelfasteOE
anredOE
hardOE
starkOE
trueOE
steadfast993
fastredeOE
stithc1000
findyOE
stablea1275
stathelyc1275
stiffc1275
stablec1290
steel to the (very) backa1300
unbowinga1300
stably13..
firm1377
unmovablea1382
constantc1386
abidingc1400
toughc1400
sure1421
unmoblea1425
unfaintedc1425
unfaint1436
permanent?a1475
stalwartc1480
unbroken1513
immovable1534
inconcuss1542
unshaken1548
stout1569
unwavering1570
undiscourageable1571
fixed1574
discourageable1576
unappalled1578
resolute1579
unremoved1583
resolved1585
unflexiblea1586
unshakeda1586
square1589
unstooping1597
iron1598
rocky1601
steady1602
undeclinable1610
unboweda1616
unfainting1615
unswayed1615
staunch1624
undiscourageda1628
staid1631
unshook1633
blue?1636
true blue?1636
tenacious1640
uncomplying1643
yieldless1651
riveting1658
unshakened1659
inconquerable1660
unyielding1677
unbendinga1688
tight1690
unswerving1694
unfaltering1727
unsubmitting1730
undeviating1732
undrooping1736
impervertible1741
undamped1742
undyingc1765
sturdy1775
stiff as a poker1798
unfickle1802
indivertible1821
thick and thin1822
undisheartened1827
inconvertible1829
straightforward1829
indomitable1830
stickfast1831
unsuccumbing1833
unturnable1847
unswerved1849
undivertible1856
unforsaking1862
swerveless1863
steeve1870
rock-ribbed1884
stiff in the back1897
the world > action or operation > behaviour > unaffectedness or naturalness > [adjective] > straightforward or frank
right fortha1382
plaina1393
free-hearteda1398
round1487
opena1535
sincere1539
frank1555
pert1567
single-hearted1574
single-minded1577
direct1586
open-hearted1593
open-breasted1594
transparent1600
unclose1606
unminced1648
even down1654
unreserved1654
rugged1678
plain sailing1707
whole-footed1744
sturdy1775
heart-in-mouth1827
jannock1828
straightforward1829
direct-dealing1830
undiplomatic1834
straight-ahead1836
straight-up-and-down1859
man to man1902
1775 S. Johnson Journey W. Islands 276 A Scotchman must be a very sturdy moralist, who does not love Scotland better than truth.
1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 128 His sturdy principles of integrity could not bend to any of the arguments, founded on expediency.
1828 Hazlitt Self-love & Benev. in Sketches & Ess. (1872) 77 I respect that fine old sturdy fellow Hobbes.
1866 C. Kingsley Hereward the Wake I. ix. 207 They were distinguished..for sturdy independence, and for what generally accompanies it—sturdy common sense.
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People vii. §1. 344 The sturdy good sense of the man shook off the pedantry of the schools.
b. Of expressions: Vigorous, lusty.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > vigour or force > [adjective]
sensiblea1393
eloquent1393
rhetoricc1450
mightya1500
pithy1529
grave1541
pithful1548
weighty1560
sappy1563
emphatical1567
fasta1568
thwacking1567
forceful1571
enforceable1589
energetical1596
eloquious1599
sinewy1600
emphatic1602
sinewed1604
strong1604
tonitruous1606
nervose1645
nervous1663
energetic1674
energic1683
strong1685
cogent1718
lapidary1724
forcible1726
authoritative1749
terse1777
telling1819
vigorous1821
sturdy1822
tonitruant1861
meaty1874
vertebrate1882
energized1887
jawy1898
heavy1970
1822 Ld. Byron Vision of Judgm. lix Here crash'd a sturdy oath of stout John Bull.
1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits xiv. 236 The more hearty and sturdy expression may indicate that the savageness of the Norseman was not all gone.
B. n.
1.
a. A brain-disease in sheep and cattle, which makes them run round and round; the turnsick.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle, horse, or sheep > [noun] > staggers or gid
turn?1523
sturdiness1552
turn-sick1566
sturdy1570
dazy1577
stavers1597
(to have) the staggers1599
gid1601
giddy1603
turnabout1605
stacker1610
turning-evil1614
megrims1639
blind staggers1784
the goggles1793
dazing1799
stomach-staggers1831
turn-sick1834
turn-side1845
phalaris staggers1946
1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Hiii/2 Ye Sturdy, vertigo.
1598 I. R. Fitzherbert's Bk. Husbandry (rev. ed.) ii. xxvii. 63 Of the turne, otherwise called the sturdy.
1610 G. Markham Maister-peece i. xxx. 59 The horse will turne round like a beast that is troubled with the sturdy.
1718 A. Ramsay Christ's-kirk on Green iii. 30 Fast frae the Company he fled, As he had tane the Sturdy.
1799 A. Young Gen. View Agric. County Lincoln 329 The sturdy, or bladder on the brain.
1869 E. A. Parkes Man. Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 187 The so-called ‘gid’, ‘sturdy’ or ‘turnsick’.
b. A sheep afflicted with ‘sturdy’.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle, horse, or sheep > [noun] > staggers or gid > animal affected
sturdy1807
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > genus Ovus > [noun] > Ovus Aries (domestic sheep) > body and parts of > diseased
sturdy1807
1807 Prize Ess. & Trans. Highland Soc. Scotl. 3 402 A large parcel of lambs, whose bleating brought all the sturdies of the neighbourhood to them.
2. A name for darnel or some similar stupefying weed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > plants perceived as weeds or harmful plants > poisonous or harmful plants > [noun] > darnel
cockleOE
drakea1325
darnelc1325
raya1398
popplea1425
ivray1578
white darnel1597
sturdy1683
roseager1692
drunken rye-grass1891
1683 R. Dobbs Descr. Antrim in Antrim & Down Gloss. (at cited word) A sort of Poyson..called darnell, rises in the oats and other grain,..ye country people call it sturdy, from the effects of making people light-headed.
1802 G. V. Sampson Statist. Surv. Londonderry 409 Another very injurious grain is thrown into the malt without reserve. It is called sturdy, and is the lolium secalinum of the botanists.
1802 G. V. Sampson Statist. Surv. Londonderry App. 15 Bromus Secalinus, field brome-grass; called by the farmers sturdy.
1824 J. Mactaggart Sc. Gallovidian Encycl. 441.
3. A sturdy person.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > obstinate or stubborn person
obstinate1435
mumpsimus1530
obstinant1581
ram-head1605
sitfast1606
stiff-stander1642
obduratea1665
ironface1697
sturdy1704
stiffrump1709
sturdy-boots1762
stickfast1827
impracticable1829
mule1846
bullet-head1848
hardshell1849
die-hard1857
hog on ice1857
last-ditcher1862
thick-and-thinnite1898
jusqu'auboutiste1916
stiff-neck1921
dead-ender1956
toughie1960
the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [noun] > sturdiness > person
sturdy1895
1704 W. Penn in Mem. Hist. Soc. Pennsylvania (1870) IX. 305 Those sturdies will never leave off until they catch a Tartar.
1895 G. Meredith Amazing Marriage II. xxx. 339 The boy'll be a sturdy. She'll see he has every chance. He's a lucky little one to have that mother.

Compounds

C1. sturdy-chested, sturdy-hearted adjs.
ΚΠ
1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour iii. ii. sig. Yiij The infinite numbre of the sturdye harted Jues could neuer haue ben gouerned by any wisedome, if they had nat ben brideled with ceremonyes.
1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 2nd Ser. 104 A stout, broad-shouldered, sturdy-chested man.
C2.
† sturdy-boots n. [see boots n.1 3] jocular Obsolete an obstinate person.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > obstinate or stubborn person
obstinate1435
mumpsimus1530
obstinant1581
ram-head1605
sitfast1606
stiff-stander1642
obduratea1665
ironface1697
sturdy1704
stiffrump1709
sturdy-boots1762
stickfast1827
impracticable1829
mule1846
bullet-head1848
hardshell1849
die-hard1857
hog on ice1857
last-ditcher1862
thick-and-thinnite1898
jusqu'auboutiste1916
stiff-neck1921
dead-ender1956
toughie1960
1762 I. Bickerstaff Love in Village i. x Well said, sturdy-boots.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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