Stygianadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈstɪdʒɪən/, U.S.

/ˈstɪdʒ(i)ən/

Forms: Also 1500s Stygion, 1500s–1600s stigian, 1600s stigean, ( stageoun).

Etymology: < Latin Stygius ( < Greek Στύγιος , < Στυγ- : see Styx n.) + -an suffix. Compare French Stygien.

A. adj.

a. Pertaining to the river Styx, or, in wider sense, to the infernal regions of classical mythology. Stygian Jove, Stygian Jupiter (= Latin Juppiter Stygius): Pluto, the god of the lower world.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > hell > [adjective] > of classical mythology > of parts of

Stygial1523

Stygian1566

Phlegethontic1600

Phlegethontala1649

1566 J. Studley tr. Seneca Agamemnon 545 Wher as the stygion porter doth aduaunce with lustye crakes.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. sig. S5 If euer he transgrest the fatall Stygian lawes.

1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier Cornelia iii. i. 138 It eyther turneth to the Stygian Lake, Or staies for euer in th' Elisian fields.

?1602 Narcissus (MS Bodl. Rawl. poet. 212) (1893) 658 Stray, soule..vnto the Stingian [sic] strand.

1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iii. ii. 8 Like to a strange soule vpon the Stigian bankes Staying for waftage.

c1610 J. Sempill in Sempill Ballatis (1872) 242 I sweere..by the stageoun stankes of hell, by which the gods do sweir.

1631 R. Knevet Rhodon & Iris v. iii. sig. H3 Where..Thou mai'st a thousand heroicke soules send packing Vnto the Stygian shore.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iii. 14 Thee [sc. holy light] I re-visit now with bolder wing, Escap't the Stygian Pool, though long detain'd In that obscure sojourn.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 323 Thus will I pay my Vows, to Stygian Jove.

1827 T. Hood Ode to Melancholy 49 Ay, let us think of Him a while, That, with a coffin for a boat, Rows daily o'er the Stygian moat.

1860 W. M. Thackeray Lovel (1861) vi. 225 In that omnibus I had been carried over to t'other side of the Stygian Shore. I returned but as a passionless ghost.

1900 Bridges Recoll. Solit. 49 Ere ye the mournful Stygian river crost.

figurative and in extended use.1602 W. Watson Decacordon Ten Quodlibeticall Questions 46 As men inuolued in laberinths of errours, drowne themselues in the Stigean lake of their owne folly.1802 J. Britton & E. W. Brayley Beauties Eng. & Wales III. 111 The plain [near Solway Moss] that was covered by this stygian torrent, has since been reclaimed.1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul I. ii. vii. 119 Content to wallow, like natural brute beasts, in the Stygian pool of a hideous immorality.

b. Of an oath: Supremely binding, inviolable like the oath by the Styx, which the gods themselves feared to break.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > [adjective]

fastOE

faithfula1500

obligatory1502

obligatoriousa1555

astrictivea1575

bounded1586

debt-bound1588

obliged1594

obligative1596

Stygian1608

obligator1609

binding1611

imperative1621

obligant1624

ligatory1625

obliging1638

obstrictive1642

boundant1649

self-binding1685

hard1935

1608 G. Chapman Trag. Duke of Byron v, in Conspiracie Duke of Byron sig. P3 His vowes And othes so Stygian.

1646 H. More Cupids Conflict 3 in Democritus Platonissans But O that envious Destinie, Or Stygian vow, or thrice accursed charm Should [etc.].

a1682 Sir T. Browne Christian Morals (1716) iii. 104 Astrologers..Kill us not with Stygian Oaths and merciless necessity, but leave us hopes of evasion.

a1682 Sir T. Browne Christian Morals (1716) iii. 107 But Honest Mens Words are Stygian Oaths, and Promises inviolable.

2. Infernal, hellish.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > hell > [adjective]

nethereOE

hellena1225

infernalc1374

infern?a1513

hellish1530

helly1532

Avernal?1548

hellic1566

subterrestrial1592

Plutonic1596

Acherontic1597

Plutonical1599

Stygian1601

subterranean1603

Plutonian1604

Acherontical1610

subterraneous1631

subterraneal1643

Tophetical1684

pandemoniac1793

submundane1805

subterrene1809

netherworld1828

pandemonic1833

Acheronian1849

transacherontic1854

Avernian1864

trans-Stygian1899

1601 R. Yarington Two Lamentable Trag. sig. I We have such euidence, To ratifie your Stigian cruelty, That cannot be deluded any way.

a1627 T. Middleton Mayor of Quinborough (1661) v. ii. 72 If this be not the man, whose Stygian Soul Breath'd forth that counsel to me.

1635 F. Quarles Emblemes i. x. 41 Sometime they whoope; sometimes their Stigian cries Send their Black-Santos to the blushing Skies.

1648 W. Jenkyn Ὁδηγος Τυϕλος i. 3 I know not one..left him to contend with for mastery in the..art of lying.., unlesse it be his stygian teacher.

a1652 J. Smith Select Disc. (1660) ii. 27 The broad gates of hell are opened, the rivers of fire and Stygian inundations run down as a swelling flood.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 453 Amaz'd At that so sudden blaze the Stygian throng Bent thir aspect.

1669 J. Dryden Wild Gallant i. i. 5 What a Stygian woman's this to talk thus?

1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 738 To be preferred to smoke, to the eclipse That Metropolitan volcanoes make, Whose Stygian throats breathe darkness all day long.

1876 T. Hardy Hand of Ethelberta I. xxvii. 290 But what Stygian sound was this?.. ‘We are close to a kennel of hounds,’ said Ethelberta.

3. Black as the river Styx; dark or gloomy as the region of the Styx.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > [adjective]

blinda1000

darkOE

lightlessOE

murkOE

therka1325

murkfula1400

unsheena1400

tenebrousc1420

tenebrose1490

tenebrate1492

sable?a1513

unlightsome1574

tenebrious1594

blindfold1601

Stygian1602

dayless1657

unenlightened1662

darklinga1718

rayless1727

tenebrific1786

twinkless1830

transdiurnal1848

glimmerless1889

gleamless1891

unlightened1896

1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge i. i. sig. A4 Will I not turne a glorious bridall morne Vnto a Stygian night?

1637 J. Milton Comus 5 Mysterious Dame That ne're art [printed at] call'd, but when the Dragon woome Of Stygian darknesse spets her thickest gloome.

1744 E. Young Complaint: Night the Sixth 5 Life In stronger Thread of brighter Colour spun..; Dipt by cruel Fate In Stygian Die, how Black, how Brittle here?

1815 W. Wordsworth Poems I. 227 The conscious Parcæ threw Upon those roseate lips a Stygian hue.

1876 R. W. Emerson Immortality in Wks. (1906) III. 277 Swedenborg..announced many things true and admirable, though always clothed in somewhat sad and Stygian colours.

1910 Bible in World Jan. 28/1 Old prints show us the Irwell, whose stygian waters are now walled in.., flowing through green fields and wooded banks.

†4. Stygian water, Stygian liquor [translating modern Latin aqua Stygia] : in Old Chemistry, a name for nitrohydrochloric acid and other strong mineral acids. Also applied to virulent poisons. Stygian liquor (jocularly): a black nauseous drink. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > other drinks > [noun]

Galianesc1386

tawnyc1430

Stygian liquor1638

cool-drink1667

pearl julep1680

ambrosia1685

content1699

amazake1727

carrot juice1772

arrowroot1822

fox-whelp1837

Badminton1845

bug juice1889

mahewu1936

Clamato1951

Arnold Palmer1991

Butterbeer1999

boba2000

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [noun] > mineral poison > others

Stygian liquor1638

succession powdera1821

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > acids > [noun] > acids-named > other named acids

Stygian water1638

mineral acid1700

vague acid1741

manganesic acid1789

caseic acid1810

botulinic acid1832

mechloic acid1836

dialuric acid1839

sericic acid1841

allanturic acid1842

allituric acid1846

ricinostearic acid1849

ricinolic acid1851

cellulic acid1859

digitalinic acid1861

carbonic acid1867

perboric acid1881

mechlorinic acid1890

nitrolic acid1892

perrhenic acid1929

rhenic acid1931

pertechnetic acid1962

1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 220 In the evening many Mussulmen assemble to sip a sort of Stigian liquour; a black, thick, bitter potion, brewed out of Bunchie or Bunnu berries.

1661 R. Boyle Physico-chym. Ess. Salt-petre in Certain Physiol. Ess. 118 Upon the mixture of these two Liquors there also obtrudes it self upon the Sense a very strong and offensive smell..which perhaps occasion'd some Chymists to call a Menstruum (wherein that Nitrous spirit and smell is predominant) the Stygian water.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Stygian Liquors, are Acid Spirits, so call'd by Chymists, from their Power to destroy or dissolve Mixt Bodies.

1797 W. Johnston tr. J. Beckmann Hist. Inventions & Discov. I. 100 The means Mr. Bell employed to analyse these stygian drops.

1797 W. Johnston tr. J. Beckmann Hist. Inventions & Discov. I. 101 That there are more kinds than one of this stygian water.

1797 W. Johnston tr. J. Beckmann Hist. Inventions & Discov. II. 44 The horns of a Scythian animal, in which the Stygian water that destroyed every other vessel could be contained.

B. n.

A dweller by the Styx.Apparently an isolated use.

ΚΠ

1860 W. M. Thackeray Dessein's in Roundabout Papers And so..even among these Stygians this envy and quarrelsomeness..survive?

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	stygian
释义	Stygianadj.n. Brit. /ˈstɪdʒɪən/, U.S. /ˈstɪdʒ(i)ən/ Forms: Also 1500s Stygion, 1500s–1600s stigian, 1600s stigean, ( stageoun). Etymology: < Latin Stygius ( < Greek Στύγιος , < Στυγ- : see Styx n.) + -an suffix. Compare French Stygien. A. adj. 1. a. Pertaining to the river Styx, or, in wider sense, to the infernal regions of classical mythology. Stygian Jove, Stygian Jupiter (= Latin Juppiter Stygius): Pluto, the god of the lower world. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > hell > [adjective] > of classical mythology > of parts of Stygial1523 Stygian1566 Phlegethontic1600 Phlegethontala1649 1566 J. Studley tr. Seneca Agamemnon 545 Wher as the stygion porter doth aduaunce with lustye crakes. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. sig. S5 If euer he transgrest the fatall Stygian lawes. 1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier Cornelia iii. i. 138 It eyther turneth to the Stygian Lake, Or staies for euer in th' Elisian fields. ?1602 Narcissus (MS Bodl. Rawl. poet. 212) (1893) 658 Stray, soule..vnto the Stingian [sic] strand. 1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iii. ii. 8 Like to a strange soule vpon the Stigian bankes Staying for waftage. c1610 J. Sempill in Sempill Ballatis (1872) 242 I sweere..by the stageoun stankes of hell, by which the gods do sweir. 1631 R. Knevet Rhodon & Iris v. iii. sig. H3 Where..Thou mai'st a thousand heroicke soules send packing Vnto the Stygian shore. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iii. 14 Thee [sc. holy light] I re-visit now with bolder wing, Escap't the Stygian Pool, though long detain'd In that obscure sojourn. View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 323 Thus will I pay my Vows, to Stygian Jove. 1827 T. Hood Ode to Melancholy 49 Ay, let us think of Him a while, That, with a coffin for a boat, Rows daily o'er the Stygian moat. 1860 W. M. Thackeray Lovel (1861) vi. 225 In that omnibus I had been carried over to t'other side of the Stygian Shore. I returned but as a passionless ghost. 1900 Bridges Recoll. Solit. 49 Ere ye the mournful Stygian river crost. figurative and in extended use.1602 W. Watson Decacordon Ten Quodlibeticall Questions 46 As men inuolued in laberinths of errours, drowne themselues in the Stigean lake of their owne folly.1802 J. Britton & E. W. Brayley Beauties Eng. & Wales III. 111 The plain [near Solway Moss] that was covered by this stygian torrent, has since been reclaimed.1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul I. ii. vii. 119 Content to wallow, like natural brute beasts, in the Stygian pool of a hideous immorality. b. Of an oath: Supremely binding, inviolable like the oath by the Styx, which the gods themselves feared to break. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > [adjective] fastOE faithfula1500 obligatory1502 obligatoriousa1555 astrictivea1575 bounded1586 debt-bound1588 obliged1594 obligative1596 Stygian1608 obligator1609 binding1611 imperative1621 obligant1624 ligatory1625 obliging1638 obstrictive1642 boundant1649 self-binding1685 hard1935 1608 G. Chapman Trag. Duke of Byron v, in Conspiracie Duke of Byron sig. P3 His vowes And othes so Stygian. 1646 H. More Cupids Conflict 3 in Democritus Platonissans But O that envious Destinie, Or Stygian vow, or thrice accursed charm Should [etc.]. a1682 Sir T. Browne Christian Morals (1716) iii. 104 Astrologers..Kill us not with Stygian Oaths and merciless necessity, but leave us hopes of evasion. a1682 Sir T. Browne Christian Morals (1716) iii. 107 But Honest Mens Words are Stygian Oaths, and Promises inviolable. 2. Infernal, hellish. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > hell > [adjective] nethereOE hellena1225 infernalc1374 infern?a1513 hellish1530 helly1532 Avernal?1548 hellic1566 subterrestrial1592 Plutonic1596 Acherontic1597 Plutonical1599 Stygian1601 subterranean1603 Plutonian1604 Acherontical1610 subterraneous1631 subterraneal1643 Tophetical1684 pandemoniac1793 submundane1805 subterrene1809 netherworld1828 pandemonic1833 Acheronian1849 transacherontic1854 Avernian1864 trans-Stygian1899 1601 R. Yarington Two Lamentable Trag. sig. I We have such euidence, To ratifie your Stigian cruelty, That cannot be deluded any way. a1627 T. Middleton Mayor of Quinborough (1661) v. ii. 72 If this be not the man, whose Stygian Soul Breath'd forth that counsel to me. 1635 F. Quarles Emblemes i. x. 41 Sometime they whoope; sometimes their Stigian cries Send their Black-Santos to the blushing Skies. 1648 W. Jenkyn Ὁδηγος Τυϕλος i. 3 I know not one..left him to contend with for mastery in the..art of lying.., unlesse it be his stygian teacher. a1652 J. Smith Select Disc. (1660) ii. 27 The broad gates of hell are opened, the rivers of fire and Stygian inundations run down as a swelling flood. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 453 Amaz'd At that so sudden blaze the Stygian throng Bent thir aspect. View more context for this quotation 1669 J. Dryden Wild Gallant i. i. 5 What a Stygian woman's this to talk thus? 1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 738 To be preferred to smoke, to the eclipse That Metropolitan volcanoes make, Whose Stygian throats breathe darkness all day long. 1876 T. Hardy Hand of Ethelberta I. xxvii. 290 But what Stygian sound was this?.. ‘We are close to a kennel of hounds,’ said Ethelberta. 3. Black as the river Styx; dark or gloomy as the region of the Styx. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > [adjective] blinda1000 darkOE lightlessOE murkOE therka1325 murkfula1400 unsheena1400 tenebrousc1420 tenebrose1490 tenebrate1492 sable?a1513 unlightsome1574 tenebrious1594 blindfold1601 Stygian1602 dayless1657 unenlightened1662 darklinga1718 rayless1727 tenebrific1786 twinkless1830 transdiurnal1848 glimmerless1889 gleamless1891 unlightened1896 1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge i. i. sig. A4 Will I not turne a glorious bridall morne Vnto a Stygian night? 1637 J. Milton Comus 5 Mysterious Dame That ne're art [printed at] call'd, but when the Dragon woome Of Stygian darknesse spets her thickest gloome. 1744 E. Young Complaint: Night the Sixth 5 Life In stronger Thread of brighter Colour spun..; Dipt by cruel Fate In Stygian Die, how Black, how Brittle here? 1815 W. Wordsworth Poems I. 227 The conscious Parcæ threw Upon those roseate lips a Stygian hue. 1876 R. W. Emerson Immortality in Wks. (1906) III. 277 Swedenborg..announced many things true and admirable, though always clothed in somewhat sad and Stygian colours. 1910 Bible in World Jan. 28/1 Old prints show us the Irwell, whose stygian waters are now walled in.., flowing through green fields and wooded banks. †4. Stygian water, Stygian liquor [translating modern Latin aqua Stygia] : in Old Chemistry, a name for nitrohydrochloric acid and other strong mineral acids. Also applied to virulent poisons. Stygian liquor (jocularly): a black nauseous drink. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > other drinks > [noun] Galianesc1386 tawnyc1430 Stygian liquor1638 cool-drink1667 pearl julep1680 ambrosia1685 content1699 amazake1727 carrot juice1772 arrowroot1822 fox-whelp1837 Badminton1845 bug juice1889 mahewu1936 Clamato1951 Arnold Palmer1991 Butterbeer1999 boba2000 the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [noun] > mineral poison > others Stygian liquor1638 succession powdera1821 the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > acids > [noun] > acids-named > other named acids Stygian water1638 mineral acid1700 vague acid1741 manganesic acid1789 caseic acid1810 botulinic acid1832 mechloic acid1836 dialuric acid1839 sericic acid1841 allanturic acid1842 allituric acid1846 ricinostearic acid1849 ricinolic acid1851 cellulic acid1859 digitalinic acid1861 carbonic acid1867 perboric acid1881 mechlorinic acid1890 nitrolic acid1892 perrhenic acid1929 rhenic acid1931 pertechnetic acid1962 1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 220 In the evening many Mussulmen assemble to sip a sort of Stigian liquour; a black, thick, bitter potion, brewed out of Bunchie or Bunnu berries. 1661 R. Boyle Physico-chym. Ess. Salt-petre in Certain Physiol. Ess. 118 Upon the mixture of these two Liquors there also obtrudes it self upon the Sense a very strong and offensive smell..which perhaps occasion'd some Chymists to call a Menstruum (wherein that Nitrous spirit and smell is predominant) the Stygian water. 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Stygian Liquors, are Acid Spirits, so call'd by Chymists, from their Power to destroy or dissolve Mixt Bodies. 1797 W. Johnston tr. J. Beckmann Hist. Inventions & Discov. I. 100 The means Mr. Bell employed to analyse these stygian drops. 1797 W. Johnston tr. J. Beckmann Hist. Inventions & Discov. I. 101 That there are more kinds than one of this stygian water. 1797 W. Johnston tr. J. Beckmann Hist. Inventions & Discov. II. 44 The horns of a Scythian animal, in which the Stygian water that destroyed every other vessel could be contained. B. n. A dweller by the Styx.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1860 W. M. Thackeray Dessein's in Roundabout Papers And so..even among these Stygians this envy and quarrelsomeness..survive? This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1566
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