Sumeriann.adj.

Brit.

/s(j)ᵿˈmɪərɪən/,

/s(j)ᵿˈmɛːrɪən/, U.S.

/suˈmɛriən/,

/suˈmɪriən/

Forms: 1800s Shumerian, 1800s Sumirian, 1800s– Sumerian.

Origin: From a proper name, combined with an English element; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: proper name Sumer , -ian suffix.

Etymology: < Sumer, the name of a region in southern Mesopotamia (Akkadian Šumeru: see note) + -ian suffix, after French Sumérien (1873 as masculine noun, denoting the language, and as adjective, designating the language: J. Oppert, in Journal asiatique (7th series) 1 113; 1875 or earlier as masculine plural noun, denoting the people).The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíi⁶-ga , lit. ‘black-headed people’, and to their land as ki-en-gi.r , of unknown meaning, but probably incorporating ki , ‘place’, and possibly, although usually with variant spelling, gi⁷.r , perhaps ‘native’; they referred to their language with a term usually spelt eme-gi⁷.r , perhaps ‘native tongue’. The Akkadians called the region Šumeru ; this place name is of unknown origin. Compare the following slightly earlier use of Sumiri as a plural form referring to the Sumerian people (compare sense A. 1); the designation ‘people of the dog's language’ probably reflects a misapprehension of Sumerian ur-gi(r) ‘dog’ ( < ur a kind of animal + gi⁷.r, perhaps ‘native, local’).1872 A. H. Sayce Assyrian Gram. 179 The Cassi, I now find, were not identical with the Sumiri or people ‘of the dog's language’.

historical.

A. n.

1. A member of an ancient non-Semitic people inhabiting the southern part of south Mesopotamia.The Sumerians' civilization was at its height in the third millennium b.c.In the mid 19th century the Sumerians were referred to as Akkadians (see Akkadian n. 1b), but this is now the standard term for a different, Semitic, people (cf. Akkadian n. 2b).

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Near East, Middle East, or Asia Minor > native or inhabitant of Iran, Iraq, or the Gulf > [noun]

MedeeOE

Persianc1375

Persec1384

Medianc1400

Lydian1545

Mesopotamian1553

Meccana1618

Ma'dan1792

Omanic1819

Iraqi1824

Yemenite1864

Sumerian1873

Akkadian1908

Yemeni1916

Marsh Arab1917

Medinese1922

Iraqian1923

Kuwaiti1928

Tehrani1939

Qatari1954

1873 Academy 1 Dec. 460/1 M. Oppert has pointed out that the Sumirians are identified with the Assyrians.

1923 D. A. Mackenzie China & Japan (1994) ix. 109 The Sumerians and early Babylonians had, like the Egyptians, their Islands of the Blest.

1947 J. C. Rich Materials & Methods Sculpt. vi. 172 The Sumerians..fashioned high reliefs, approaching sculpture in the full round, from thin sheets of the metal.

2004 B. Bunch & A. Hellemans Hist. Sci. & Technol. 37/3 2500 BCE..Standard weights, used in trade, are developed by the Sumerians.

2. An ancient non-Semitic language of the southern part of south Mesopotamia.This language is attested by texts written in Sumerian from at least the early third to the late first millennia b.c. and attested by Sumerian logograms in texts written in Akkadian until the first century a.d. It is known chiefly from cuneiform inscriptions, and was formerly called Akkadian (see Akkadian n. 1a and cf. note at sense A. 1).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > isolates or no known affiliations > [noun] > others

Eteocretan?1615

Etruscan1768

Akkadian1856

Sumerian1873

Lycaonian1893

Gilyak1913

Subarian1926

Carian1933

Mysian1939

Mapuche1941

Cappadocian1954

1873 Academy 1 Dec. 460/1 M. Lenormant seems to me to have fully disproved the novel view of M. Oppert that the old Turanian language of Chaldaea was termed Sumerian, and to have shown that it really belonged to the Accadians.

1887 A. H. Sayce Lect. Relig. Anc. Babylon App. i. 421 Semitic wives would not have spoken Sumerian with the same purity as their non-Semitic husbands.

1949 W. F. Albright Archaeol. Palestine viii. 183 The Hurrian language was a complex agglutinative tongue, resembling Sumerian or Turkish more closely in structure than either Semitic or Indo-European, but not related to any of them.

2005 J. Huehnergard Gram. Akkadian (ed. 2) p. xxv Speakers of Sumerian and speakers of Akkadian coexisted in southern Babylonia for centuries.

B. adj.

1. Of or relating to the region of Sumer, located in the southern part of south Mesopotamia, or the ancient civilization which was prominent there in the third millennium b.c. (see sense A. 1).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > isolates or no known affiliations > [adjective] > others

Lycaonian1582

Etruscan1607

Basquish1612

Rhaeto-Etruscan1848

Sumerian1874

Sumerian1875

Mysian1884

Keftian1903

Subarian1923

Mapuche1961

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Near East, Middle East, and Asia Minor > [adjective] > Asia Minor > specific lands

Pontic?1556

Aeolian1567

Hyrcan1567

Median1577

Albanian1578

Parthian1581

Lycaonian1582

Lydian1584

Anatolian1590

Cilician1597

Lycian1598

Hyrcanian1600

Cappadocian1607

Mysian1613

Chaldaic1662

Pergamenian1680

Sogdian1700

Chaldean1732

Carian1818

Pontine1832

Anatolic1853

Medic1869

Sumerian1874

Mitannian1897

Mitannite1911

1874 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 22 May 660/2 Scientific meetings for the ensuing week... Mr. Hyde Clarke, ‘On Researches in Pre-historic and Proto-historic Comparative Philology, Mythology and Archæology, in connection with the Origin of Culture in America, and its Propagation by the Sumerian or Akkad Races.’

1923 D. A. Mackenzie China & Japan (1994) vi. 74 A form of the god Tammuz, namely the god Nin-Girsu (‘Lord of Girsu’) of the Sumerian city of Lagash.., was a lion-headed eagle.

1976 Biblical Archeologist 39 49/1 The presence in the Eblaite pantheon of some Sumerian deities.

2006 Independent 18 Oct. (Extra section) 15/1 The simsimiyya is a five-string lyre, dating back to Pharaonic times, and to the Sumerian civilisation.

2. Of or relating to the language of an ancient non-Semitic people inhabiting the southern part of south Mesopotamia (see sense A. 2). Also: designating this language.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > isolates or no known affiliations > [adjective] > others

Lycaonian1582

Etruscan1607

Basquish1612

Rhaeto-Etruscan1848

Sumerian1874

Sumerian1875

Mysian1884

Keftian1903

Subarian1923

Mapuche1961

1875 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 4 207 (heading) Appendix table of Sumerian words.

1887 A. H. Sayce Lect. Relig. Anc. Babylon App. i. 422 Most of the religious and other texts were composed in the Sumerian language.

1934 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 54 79 This fact promises to throw light upon some of the puzzling problems presented by the polyphony of the Sumerian syllabary.

1991 Jrnl. Theol. Stud. 42 112 Scribes sometimes wrote a Sumerian word-sign, reading it in Akkadian, and sometimes spelt out the same word syllabically in Akkadian.

2007 Jrnl. Cuneiform Stud. 59 20/1 Since Akkadian has a system with four vowel-qualities (/a/, /e/, /i/, and /u/), any Sumerian vowels that cannot be represented within that system are hidden to us.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	sumerian
释义	Sumeriann.adj. Brit. /s(j)ᵿˈmɪərɪən/, /s(j)ᵿˈmɛːrɪən/, U.S. /suˈmɛriən/, /suˈmɪriən/ Forms: 1800s Shumerian, 1800s Sumirian, 1800s– Sumerian. Origin: From a proper name, combined with an English element; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: proper name Sumer , -ian suffix. Etymology: < Sumer, the name of a region in southern Mesopotamia (Akkadian Šumeru: see note) + -ian suffix, after French Sumérien (1873 as masculine noun, denoting the language, and as adjective, designating the language: J. Oppert, in Journal asiatique (7th series) 1 113; 1875 or earlier as masculine plural noun, denoting the people).The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíi⁶-ga , lit. ‘black-headed people’, and to their land as ki-en-gi.r , of unknown meaning, but probably incorporating ki , ‘place’, and possibly, although usually with variant spelling, gi⁷.r , perhaps ‘native’; they referred to their language with a term usually spelt eme-gi⁷.r , perhaps ‘native tongue’. The Akkadians called the region Šumeru ; this place name is of unknown origin. Compare the following slightly earlier use of Sumiri as a plural form referring to the Sumerian people (compare sense A. 1); the designation ‘people of the dog's language’ probably reflects a misapprehension of Sumerian ur-gi(r) ‘dog’ ( < ur a kind of animal + gi⁷.r, perhaps ‘native, local’).1872 A. H. Sayce Assyrian Gram. 179 The Cassi, I now find, were not identical with the Sumiri or people ‘of the dog's language’. historical. A. n. 1. A member of an ancient non-Semitic people inhabiting the southern part of south Mesopotamia.The Sumerians' civilization was at its height in the third millennium b.c.In the mid 19th century the Sumerians were referred to as Akkadians (see Akkadian n. 1b), but this is now the standard term for a different, Semitic, people (cf. Akkadian n. 2b). ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Near East, Middle East, or Asia Minor > native or inhabitant of Iran, Iraq, or the Gulf > [noun] MedeeOE Persianc1375 Persec1384 Medianc1400 Lydian1545 Mesopotamian1553 Meccana1618 Ma'dan1792 Omanic1819 Iraqi1824 Yemenite1864 Sumerian1873 Akkadian1908 Yemeni1916 Marsh Arab1917 Medinese1922 Iraqian1923 Kuwaiti1928 Tehrani1939 Qatari1954 1873 Academy 1 Dec. 460/1 M. Oppert has pointed out that the Sumirians are identified with the Assyrians. 1923 D. A. Mackenzie China & Japan (1994) ix. 109 The Sumerians and early Babylonians had, like the Egyptians, their Islands of the Blest. 1947 J. C. Rich Materials & Methods Sculpt. vi. 172 The Sumerians..fashioned high reliefs, approaching sculpture in the full round, from thin sheets of the metal. 2004 B. Bunch & A. Hellemans Hist. Sci. & Technol. 37/3 2500 BCE..Standard weights, used in trade, are developed by the Sumerians. 2. An ancient non-Semitic language of the southern part of south Mesopotamia.This language is attested by texts written in Sumerian from at least the early third to the late first millennia b.c. and attested by Sumerian logograms in texts written in Akkadian until the first century a.d. It is known chiefly from cuneiform inscriptions, and was formerly called Akkadian (see Akkadian n. 1a and cf. note at sense A. 1). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > isolates or no known affiliations > [noun] > others Eteocretan?1615 Etruscan1768 Akkadian1856 Sumerian1873 Lycaonian1893 Gilyak1913 Subarian1926 Carian1933 Mysian1939 Mapuche1941 Cappadocian1954 1873 Academy 1 Dec. 460/1 M. Lenormant seems to me to have fully disproved the novel view of M. Oppert that the old Turanian language of Chaldaea was termed Sumerian, and to have shown that it really belonged to the Accadians. 1887 A. H. Sayce Lect. Relig. Anc. Babylon App. i. 421 Semitic wives would not have spoken Sumerian with the same purity as their non-Semitic husbands. 1949 W. F. Albright Archaeol. Palestine viii. 183 The Hurrian language was a complex agglutinative tongue, resembling Sumerian or Turkish more closely in structure than either Semitic or Indo-European, but not related to any of them. 2005 J. Huehnergard Gram. Akkadian (ed. 2) p. xxv Speakers of Sumerian and speakers of Akkadian coexisted in southern Babylonia for centuries. B. adj. 1. Of or relating to the region of Sumer, located in the southern part of south Mesopotamia, or the ancient civilization which was prominent there in the third millennium b.c. (see sense A. 1). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > isolates or no known affiliations > [adjective] > others Lycaonian1582 Etruscan1607 Basquish1612 Rhaeto-Etruscan1848 Sumerian1874 Sumerian1875 Mysian1884 Keftian1903 Subarian1923 Mapuche1961 the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Near East, Middle East, and Asia Minor > [adjective] > Asia Minor > specific lands Pontic?1556 Aeolian1567 Hyrcan1567 Median1577 Albanian1578 Parthian1581 Lycaonian1582 Lydian1584 Anatolian1590 Cilician1597 Lycian1598 Hyrcanian1600 Cappadocian1607 Mysian1613 Chaldaic1662 Pergamenian1680 Sogdian1700 Chaldean1732 Carian1818 Pontine1832 Anatolic1853 Medic1869 Sumerian1874 Mitannian1897 Mitannite1911 1874 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 22 May 660/2 Scientific meetings for the ensuing week... Mr. Hyde Clarke, ‘On Researches in Pre-historic and Proto-historic Comparative Philology, Mythology and Archæology, in connection with the Origin of Culture in America, and its Propagation by the Sumerian or Akkad Races.’ 1923 D. A. Mackenzie China & Japan (1994) vi. 74 A form of the god Tammuz, namely the god Nin-Girsu (‘Lord of Girsu’) of the Sumerian city of Lagash.., was a lion-headed eagle. 1976 Biblical Archeologist 39 49/1 The presence in the Eblaite pantheon of some Sumerian deities. 2006 Independent 18 Oct. (Extra section) 15/1 The simsimiyya is a five-string lyre, dating back to Pharaonic times, and to the Sumerian civilisation. 2. Of or relating to the language of an ancient non-Semitic people inhabiting the southern part of south Mesopotamia (see sense A. 2). Also: designating this language. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > isolates or no known affiliations > [adjective] > others Lycaonian1582 Etruscan1607 Basquish1612 Rhaeto-Etruscan1848 Sumerian1874 Sumerian1875 Mysian1884 Keftian1903 Subarian1923 Mapuche1961 1875 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 4 207 (heading) Appendix table of Sumerian words. 1887 A. H. Sayce Lect. Relig. Anc. Babylon App. i. 422 Most of the religious and other texts were composed in the Sumerian language. 1934 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 54 79 This fact promises to throw light upon some of the puzzling problems presented by the polyphony of the Sumerian syllabary. 1991 Jrnl. Theol. Stud. 42 112 Scribes sometimes wrote a Sumerian word-sign, reading it in Akkadian, and sometimes spelt out the same word syllabically in Akkadian. 2007 Jrnl. Cuneiform Stud. 59 20/1 Since Akkadian has a system with four vowel-qualities (/a/, /e/, /i/, and /u/), any Sumerian vowels that cannot be represented within that system are hidden to us. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1873
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