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单词 subsistence
释义

subsistencen.

Brit. /səbˈsɪst(ə)ns/, U.S. /səbˈsɪstəns/
Forms:

α. late Middle English– subsistence.

β. 1500s– subsistance (now nonstandard).

Origin: Perhaps of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Perhaps also partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: French subsistence ; Latin subsistentia ; subsist v., -ance suffix.
Etymology: < (i) Middle French subsistence (in theology) hypostasis, fact of subsisting by oneself (a1481; earlier in philosophy in sense ‘form, shape’ (1372); French †subsistence ), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin subsistentia existence, person (of the Trinity) (4th cent.), substance, essence (5th cent.), stability, firmness (15th cent.), sediment (1542 or earlier), basis, foundation (1581 in the passage translated in quot. 1586 at sense 6) < classical Latin subsistent- , present participial stem of subsistere subsist v. + -ia -ia suffix1 (see -ence suffix), after ancient Greek ὑπόστασις hypostasis n. (see note). In β. forms either an alteration of α. forms after -ance suffix, or in some instances (especially in branch III.) perhaps independently < subsist v. + -ance suffix; compare also Middle French, French subsistance kind of taxation for the maintenance of troops (1471), food, provender (1642), means of living (1652), continued existence (1689). Compare Spanish subsistencia (early 15th cent.), Italian sussistenza (1321). Compare earlier substance n. With branch II. compare earlier hypostasis n.Post-classical Latin subsistentia is used to translate several different Greek words. In the sense ‘existence’ (see sense 1) it may correspond to Hellenistic Greek ὕπαρξις hyparxis n., ancient Greek σύστασις systasis n., or Byzantine Greek οὐσίωσις (compare ousia n.). In the sense ‘person of the Trinity’ (see sense 2a) it generally corresponds to ancient Greek ὑπόστασις (used in Hellenistic Greek in this sense: see hypostasis n.). In sense ‘base, foundation’ (see sense 6) it may correspond to ancient Greek ὑπόστασις (used in Hellenistic Greek in this sense) or Hellenistic Greek ὕπαρξις.
I. Senses relating to existence as a being.
1. Originally: being or existence, esp. as possessed by an actual entity or substance (see substance n. 2); an instance of this. (Frequently in theological or philosophical contexts.) Now also more narrowly in Philosophy: the kind of being possessed by abstract objects, universals, etc., as opposed to actual concrete reality. Cf. subsist v. 6a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > [noun] > substantiality or subsistence
substancec1430
subsistence?a1475
substantialityc1480
subsisting1578
body1647
substantivity1851
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1871) III. 221 Plato, whiche putte in God a cause of subsistence to be [L. qui dixit in Deo causam esse subsistendi].
1567 J. Rastell Briefe Shew False Wares iv. f. 46 Heretiques..imagine, that the Blessed Virgine was Mother of Christ man, not of the worde God, as though the manhoode had anie personall subsistence, separate from the Godheade.
1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1032 It [sc. the soul] hath the subsistence and composition by harmony, but harmonie it is none.
1637 G. Gillespie Dispute against Eng.-Popish Ceremonies iii. iv. 65 An abstract is no more an abstract, if it have a subsistence.
1680 Bp. G. Burnet Some Passages Life Rochester (1692) 57 He believed the soul had a distinct subsistence.
a1711 T. Ken Wks. (1721) I. 28 A Drop, which has Subsistence when alone, Will loose it when into the Ocean thrown.
1736 S. Chandler Hist. Persecution 43 Beryllus also..taught that our Saviour had no proper personal subsistence before his becoming Man.
1738 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses I. 47 This reason is a mere abstract Notion, which hath no real Subsistence.
1771 S. Newton Leading Sentim. Quakers Examined iii. 56 Mr. P. intimates and supposes, that we have yet remaining very probable evidences of its [sc. prophecy's] real subsistence in these latter ages.
1838 F. Haywood tr. I. Kant Critick Pure Reason ii. 654 Subsistence (Subsistenz) the existence of the substance, as inherence is that of the accident.
1888 W. G. T. Shedd Dogmatic Theol. I. 166 The soul being indissoluble and indivisible, has a subsistence of its own apart from and independent of the body.
1904 B. Russell in Mind 13 217 The Being, or, as Meinong says, the subsistence, of the non-existent is often immediately known.
1969 N. Rescher Ess. Philos. Anal. iv. 91 ‘Objects’ are not created by thought but presupposed by it. But for the subsistence of objects, thought about nonexistents could be infeasible.
2004 M. Grossman in C. G. Martin Milton & Gender ii. v. 98 The personification of Night [in Paradise Lost is] an integral element in the poem's theodicy, which requires the subsistence of an innocent pre-existing matter.
2.
a. Theology. Any of the three persons or hypostases of the Trinity, as distinct from the divine nature or substance (see substance n. 1). See hypostasis n. 5. Cf. subsistency n. 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > deity > Christian God > the Trinity > [noun] > person of
persona1325
governorc1400
hypostasisa1529
hypostasy1551
subsistence1551
subsistency1577
inbeing1587
subsistent1650
personality1678
prosopon1842
1551 S. Gardiner Explic. Catholique Fayth f. 117 In that vnion the rest is an ineffable mysterie, the two natures in Christ to haue one subsistence called & termed an hypostasie.
1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. i. xiii. f. 32 I call therefore a Persone, a subsistence in the essence of God.
1577 H. I. tr. H. Bullinger 50 Godlie Serm. II. iv. iii. sig. Ddd.iiij/1 We doe neither confound, nor yet denye or take away the three Subsistences or persons of the diuine essence.
1641 J. Milton Of Reformation 87 The third subsistence of Divine Infinitude, illumining Spirit.
1715 R. South 12 Serm. IV. 295 One single, undivided Nature's casting itself into three Subsistences, without receding from its own Unity.
1751 W. Blennerhassett New Hist. Eng. V. xxviii. 2222 Dr South..explained the Trinity in the common Method, that the Deity was one Essence in three Subsistences.
1815 A. Serle Horæ Solitariæ II. 3 We believe only those distinctions of persons, hypostases, or subsistences in him, of which he himself hath been pleased to give a revelation.
1887 H. Ierson Notes Amended Eng. Bible 50 It was assumed, moreover, that the separate Personality of the Third Subsistence in the Trinity was a special Christian revelation.
1917 A. G. Voigt Biblical Dogmatics I. 23 To exclude heresies the ancient Church declared that there are three persons or hypostases in one essence. The essence is the divine nature. The persons are three subsistences.
2002 D. W. Johnson Experiencing Trinity ii. 50 Augustine came to understand the three subsistences of the one essence in terms of love.
†b. gen. The substance of a thing. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun] > essence or essential constituent
substancec1480
basea1550
marrowbone1554
ground1580
subsistence1581
basis1601
essence1656
body1664
hardpan1842
1581 T. Rogers tr. N. Hemmingsen Faith of Church Militant 509 The argument is alwaie good from the subsistence of anie subiect, vnto the natural propertie of the same.
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. Gg4v The one [sc. power] expressed in making the subsistence of the mater, & the other [sc. wisdom] in disposing the beauty of the fourme. View more context for this quotation
1653 H. More Antidote against Atheisme Pref. sig. B2v The framing of matter into the bare subsistence of an Animall.
†c. Something that has substantial or real existence. Cf. sense 2a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > [noun] > substantiality or subsistence > that which has substantial existence
substance1340
substant1597
substantiality1603
subsistence1605
subsistencya1628
existency1651
subsistent1656
substander1662
1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke i. ii. 7 The soule and body of the world are knit together by the..æthereal spirits,..Joyning each part of the whole into one subsistence.
1650 Earl of Monmouth tr. J. F. Senault Man become Guilty 50 When she [sc. the soul] withdraws within her self she knows subsistences, she treats with spirits.
1659 J. Moxon Tutor to Astron. & Geogr. i. 1 They..concluded the Parts to be Round: I meane, Every intire Subsistence, as the Stars, Planets, and the Earth.
a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. ii. 107 Because substances cannot inexist in any thing, much less co-exist in the same subject, Therefore he [sc. Plato] stiled them Hypostases or Subsistences.
1889 W. T. Harris Spiritual Sense of Dante's ‘Divina Commedia’ xxxi. 126 In the heaven of the sun we hear from St. Thomas the wisdom of Solomon—the doctrine of the Word and the Spirit and the nine Subsistences.
†3. The condition or quality of inhering or residing in something. Occasionally without construction. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [noun]
inherence1577
subsistence1593
inherency1601
inbeing1617
immanency1619
inhesiona1631
inexistence1635
inexistency1674
intrinsicalness1676
immanence1687
intrinsicality1852
1593 A. Willet Tetrastylon Papisticum 145 They distinguish of the being and subsistence of the accidents of bread and wine in the Eucharist without their subiects.
1628 T. Spencer Art of Logick 50 The forme is not the difference it selfe: for, a forme is a subsistence in an vnitie.
1650 T. Hobbes De Corpore Politico 133 The Subsistence and Migration of Accidents from place to place.
1740 A. Baxter Matho I. vi. 417 Nor can it [sc. truth] have a Subsistence in any Thing surd, and unintelligent.
1798 Christian Mag. 5 Nov. 484 Faith is called the substance of these things, because thereby they have a subsistence in our minds.
1821 T. Taylor tr. Iamblichus On Myst. of Egyptians, Chaldeans, & Assyrians 292 The intellectual and divine symbolical character of divine similitude must be admitted to have a subsistence in names.
†4. A state or mode of existence. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > [noun]
statec1225
estatec1230
farea1325
casec1325
beingc1330
degreec1330
condition1340
suita1375
stature?a1513
existence1530
affection?1543
existency1587
subsistence1597
consistence1626
subsistency1628
tone1641
consistency1690
attitude1744
situation1765
working order1784
faring1811
status1837
figure1858
1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. li. 107 Euery person hath his owne subsistence which no other besides hath.
1627 in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll. (1659) 499 Let us all labor to get the King on our side, and this may be no hard matter, considering the neer subsistence between the King and people.
a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) 299 The Watry Consistence, left in a circular subsistence by the subsiding of the Ball of Earth into the common Center of the Universe.
5. Continued existence; continuance. In later use chiefly in legal contexts: the state of remaining in effect or force.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > lasting quality, permanence > [noun] > continuance, duration
arrestc1386
continuance1393
tenor1398
lasta1400
lastinga1400
abiding?a1425
demur1533
remanence1558
subsistence1600
continualness1611
incessancy?1615
continuancy1621
uncessantness1627
mansion1637
subsistency1642
remanency1647
unintermissiveness1651
indesinency1657
continuation1664
unintermission1681
incessantness1727
unceasingness1727
unintermittingness1866
1600 R. Churche tr. M. Fumée Hist. Troubles Hungarie Ep. to People of France sig. A6 A humaine bodie..hath neede (for the better subsistance of it [Fr. pour subsister]) that all [its members] with one accord doe accomplish their naturall functions.
1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Subsistence, the abiding or continuance of a thing in it owne estate.
1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 122 A thing of perpetuall subsistance and continuance.
1642 in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 771 This time of urgent Necessity, which so much importeth the Safety, and even the very subsistence of Us and Our good People.
1649 J. Milton Εικονοκλαστης xxvii. 217 This Liberty of the Subject concerns himself and the subsistence of his own regal power.
a1687 H. More in Glanvill's Sadducismus (1689) 445 Believing no subsistence of the Soul of Christ after Death.
1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. viii. 151 It is necessary for the very Subsistence of the World, that..Injustice and Cruelty, should be punished.
1769 W. Robertson Hist. Charles V III. vii. 3 This barbarous outrage, committed, during the subsistence of truce.
1820 Q. Rev. Jan. 538 The statute of Charles, both by its extreme restrictiveness, and its having been enacted..during the subsistence of a very different state of things, was not applicable.
1875 T. M. Gorman tr. E. Swedenborg Christian Psychol. ii. 19 Subsistence is the plain proof of existence. Hence the well-known maxim, Subsistence is perpetual existence.
1901 Sc. Law Times 23 Mar. 443/2 During the subsistence of the marriage she acquired further estate to the amount of £4118.
1999 J. O'Brien Smith's Confl. of Laws 419 The English court may be asked to dissolve or annul a marriage or make a declaration of its validity, subsistence or termination.
†II. Senses relating to the basis or foundation of existence.
6. Basis, foundation; = hypostasis n. 2. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > basis or foundation > [noun]
ground1340
root1340
substancec1384
fundament1395
foundationc1400
groundment?a1412
footing1440
anvila1450
bottom ground1557
groundwork1557
foot1559
platform1568
subsistence1586
subject matter1600
ground-colour1614
basisa1616
substratum1631
basement1637
bottoma1639
fonda1650
fibre1656
fund1671
fundamen1677
substruction1765
starting ground1802
fundus1839
1586 tr. J. F. Salvart Harmony Confessions Faith 245 Faith is the grounde or sure subsistence of things hoped for [L. est autem fides eorum quae sperantur: ὑπόστασις, vel subsistentia firma].
a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1958) X. 46 Let us therefore looke first to..Reason; For if we lose that..there is no footing, no subsistence for grace.
1678 R. Cudworth tr. Marcilius Ficinus in True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 348 What is God, but the very Being of all things that yet are not, and the Subsistence [Gk. ὕπαρξις] of things that are.
7. Sediment; = hypostasis n. 1a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being solid rather than fluid > [noun] > solid matter which falls to bottom of liquid
drega1300
groundsa1340
upon the lee1390
foundersc1450
residence1539
sediment1547
resident1558
precipitate1594
settling1594
precipitation1605
crassament1615
subsistence1622
subsidence1646
sedimen1655
crassamentum1657
deposit1781
sludge1839
ppt1864
1622 H. Peacham Compl. Gentleman i. 16 The pure Oyle cannot mingle with the water, no more this extracted quintessence and Spirit of Vertue, with the dregges and subsistence of vnworthinesse.
III. Senses relating to the maintenance and support of life.
8.
a.
(a) The means of supporting life in persons or animals; the means of support or livelihood. Also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > [noun] > as dependent on sustenance > means of life
bylivec1000
sustenancec1300
sustaining1395
sap1526
livinga1538
maintenance1540
life-breath1597
support1599
subsistence1606
through-bearing1705
1606 E. Forset Compar. Disc. Bodies Nat. & Politique 13 There is not in the Commonwealth,..the least member for vse and benefit, which is not replenished with this power, and sucketh from this ouerflowing cesterne, all his subsistance and performance.
1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre i. xxiv. 39 As for the brook Cedron, it was dried up, as having no subsistence of it self.
1687 J. Dryden Hind & Panther iii. 87 If reduc'd subsistence to implore, In common prudence they wou'd pass your door.
1765 T. Hutchinson Hist. Colony Massachusets-Bay, 1628–91 (ed. 2) ii. 232 The country..but just affording subsistence.
1833 H. Martineau French Wines & Politics viii I thought our poor helped out their subsistence by nettle broth and frog stew.
1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. iii. iii. 630 It is the interest of the monarch that his subjects should have subsistence and abundance.
1918 R. Batchelder Camp Devens 76/1 These are the men whose fathers and grandfathers..earned their subsistence by fishing trips to the banks of Newfoundland.
1980 Jrnl. Afr. Law 24 63 The people of the neighbourhoods..gain their subsistence through a combination of hunting and fishing, grain cultivation and stock-keeping.
2008 D. P. Levine Welfare, Right, & State ii. vi. 112 Because the worker receives neither more nor less than the amount of money needed for him to acquire his subsistence, the worker in effect receives his subsistence in the transaction.
(b) As a count noun: a means of gaining a livelihood; a living, livelihood. Now often with reference to a bare or minimum level of existence.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > livelihood
lifeOE
foodOE
livelihoodc1300
livingc1330
ploughc1390
purchasec1475
daily bread1526
being1570
governing1572
shift1572
supportation1576
thrift1579
livelihead1590
thrive1592
breadwinnera1614
subsistence1644
gain1655
bread and butter1691
through-bearing1705
bread1719
bread ticket1801
daily1817
lifehood1823
rice bowl1853
crust1916
1644 J. Goodwin Θεομαχια 25 How they, who shall compell men..to..run the hazard of losing a subsistence in that which is to come, will answer it..is above my apprehension.
1690 J. Child Disc. Trade i. 29 A trading Country affording comfortable Subsistances to more Families than a Country destitute of Trade.
?1718 A. Pope Corr. (1956) I. 510 There is yet a small subsistance left them [sc. rats] in the few remaining books of the Library.
1780 London Rev. Eng. & Foreign Lit. Apr. 277 My father..asked me positively, how I intended to gain a subsistence, since I had no fortune to depend upon?
1832 H. Martineau Hill & Valley viii. 127 You offered your labour in return for a subsistence paid out of our capital.
1864 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend (1865) I. i. vi. 56 A knot of those amphibious human-creatures who appear to have some mysterious power of extracting a subsistence out of tidal water by looking at it.
1922 L. Stoddard Revolt against Civilization i. 23 This civilization offers him few benefits and fewer hopes. It usually affords him little beyond a meagre subsistence.
2005 P. Bonner in S. Dubow & A. Jeeves S. Africa's 1940s viii. 185 Many women..sought new ways of earning a subsistence in the towns.
b. A supply of food; food, provender.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > supply of food or provisions > [noun]
victualsa1375
substancec1384
repasta1393
kitchenc1400
tablec1405
stuff1436
acates1465
acatry1522
victualling1532
provision1555
achates1570
plate1577
avitaile1592
support1599
horn and corn1633
subsistence1640
cribbing1652
purvey1678
commissariat1811
ration1814
commissary1883
1640 W. Somner Antiq. Canterbury 60 Remaines of their food..were distributed as a main part of their subsistence, to certain almes-people consisting of a society of Brothers and Sisters.
1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World iv. 77 Their subsistence is much the same as in the other Islands; they having some Goats [etc.].
1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 278 All the subsistance the poor people have besides is curds milk and fish.
1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. xi. 286 They [sc. kinds of rude produce] have become worth..a greater quantity of labour and subsistence . View more context for this quotation
1788 Encycl. Brit. (1797) II. 756/1 The seal..being their principal subsistence.
1876 T. P. Cook Life & Public Services Hon. S. J. Tilden 420 They were compelled to eat dogs and wolves and ponies as their only subsistence.
2008 S. C. Jersey Hell's Islands: Untold Story of Guadalcanal xiv. 330 No food had arrived from the outside, and thus their main subsistence was island produce and fish.
c. = subsistence money n. 1, 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > [noun] > pay in advance
prest1359
press money1434
imprest1568
impress1600
fore-wages1606
subsistence money1677
subsistence1688
subsist money1749
sub1779
sub money1779
subsist1814
subsistence allowance1860
1688 Order Privy Council 14 Dec. in E. Bohun Hist. Desertion (1689) 99 All Irish Officers and Souldiers..shall have Subsistence pay'd them, till they shall be otherwise provided for or imployed.
1702 Mil. Dict. (1704) Subsistance, is Mony paid Weekly or Monthly, or otherwise to Soldiers, for them to subsist on till the general Pay days.
1798 R. Jackson Outl. Hist. & Cure Fever 395 The pay of a soldier, while at home, the ration, on foreign service, with a small addition, or weekly stoppage from the subsistence, will be found equal to furnish every comfort..which a sick man can require.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Subsistence, the amount to be issued to troops as daily pay, after making the regulated deductions for rations, necessaries, etc.
1942 Salt Lake Tribune 4 Oct. 6 b/3 The government will pay trainees $24 a week, plus $14 weekly subsistence.
2004 N. L. Edwards Times in my Life i. vi. 80 We were paid subsistence once a month.
9.
a. The action or fact of providing support for human or animal life; the provision of food or provender. In modern use often with reference to a bare or minimum level of existence (see also Compounds 1b). Frequently in means of subsistence.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > [noun]
nourishmentc1330
nurshinga1382
nurshmenta1382
sustenance1389
nutrition?a1425
nutrure?c1450
sustentation1452
nutrifaction?1503
education1533
feeding1547
nourishing1560
nutriture1568
cherishment1593
subsistence1615
nutrication1623
alimentation1626
keeping1644
alition1650
alumnation1658
focillation1658
aliture1721
altion1721
the world > food and drink > food > supply of food or provisions > [noun] > action of supplying
purveyancea1387
victualling1462
subsistence1615
1615 R. Hamor True Disc. Present Estate Virginia 19 He shall be furnished with necessary tooles of all sorts, and for his better subsistance he shall haue Poultry, and swine.
1622 Orders & Constit. Summer-Islands 62 Prouided that there be alwaies meanes left of liuelihood and subsistance, to the Occupiers of the Land.
1641 G. Langbaine in J. Cheke Hurt of Sedicion (new ed.) sig. Cv William Grindall,..whom being destitute of other meanes of subsistance, M. Cheek took into his service.
1655 O. Cromwell Let. Nov. (1845) II. 390 What necessary supplies, as well for comfortable subsistence as for your security against the Spaniard, this place may afford.
a1704 T. Brown Declam. Praise Poverty (rev. ed.) in Wks. (1730) I. 104 Tilling their own few acres of ground for the subsistence of their families.
1794 S. Williams Nat. & Civil Hist. Vermont 103 As the means of subsistence were destroyed, they removed further to the westward.
1833 H. Martineau Brooke & Brooke Farm (ed. 3) iii. 39 I should not wonder if you must pay for the subsistence of your cow this winter by extra labour.
1867 S. Smiles Huguenots Eng. & Ireland xiii. 290 Finding the door to promotion or even to subsistence closed against him.
1884 Law Times Rep. 50 9/2 We submit that the court will not reduce the defendant to beggary by selling his only means of subsistence.
1937 Handbk. Farmers S. Afr. (S. Afr. Dept. Agric.) (new ed.) 386 The perennial bushes form the staple, and at times indeed the only, means of subsistence in the Karroo veld.
1989 P. van der Merwe Origins Pop. Style (1992) vi. 43 He devoted most of his land and time to food crops for the subsistence of his own family.
2010 Observer (Nexis) 30 May 33 If I buy products from India, I'm encouraging child-labour and grim sweatshops. If I don't, I'm depriving the world's poorest families of their only means of subsistence.
b. The provision of supplies for troops; the upkeep or support of an army.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military organization > logistics > [noun] > provision or procurement of supplies
victualling1462
outputting1640
subsistence1642
procurement1918
1642 R. Codrington tr. Declar. to King France & Spayne from Catholiques in Ireland 6 All shall be left to the free disposition of the Directors to bee imployed for the subsistance of the Souldiers.
1695 C. Davenant Ess. Ways & Means supplying War 10 They [sc. the French] are Skilful in Encampments, they order a Battel well; and no People contrive better for the Subsistance of an Army.
1746 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1851) V. 41 The providing a sufficient quantity of Provisions for the subsistence of the Troops which shall be raised here.
1793 C. Lindsay (title) Extracts from Colonel Tempelhoffe's History of the Seven Years' War; his remarks..on the subsistence of armies, and on the march of convoys.
1834 Duke of Wellington in P. H. Stanhope Conversat. (1888) 60 I have always taken most especial care of the subsistence of my troops.
1884 D. G. Thompson Syst. of Psychol. II. viii. lxi. 436 They are drained of their wealth by the prodigious expense incurred in the equipment of fleets, and the subsistence of armies in remote parts.
1943 Quartermaster Operations (U.S. War Dept.) iii. 47 These and their substitutes are prescribed in Army Regulations for the subsistence of troops.
2003 R. L. Johnson Warriors into Workers ii. iv. 168 Gradually, the federal government assumed financial responsibility for the arming and subsistence of soldiers.

Compounds

C1.
a. General attributive.
subsistence dole n.
ΚΠ
1897 Daily News 30 Mar. 3/1 330,000 gratuitously relieved by subsistence doles.
1934 Denton (Texas) Record-Chron. 8 Feb. 5/8 Do you think if we had 2,000,000 or more unemployed workmen in France on a bare subsistence dole..that they would sit quietly about on park benches?
2003 Canad. Dimension (Nexis) Aug. The choice was between being unemployed and receiving a subsistence dole of $50 dollars (150 pesos) per month.
b. With reference to farming, in which the produce is used for the producer's own subsistence and not for exchange.
subsistence agriculture n.
ΚΠ
1898 Econ. Jrnl. 8 390 Give to the net national income the formula: total turnover of retail trade..plus total estimated value of articles consumed by the producers themselves (in the way of subsistence agriculture, or domestic industry), plus or minus the net import or export money.
1937 Geogr. Jrnl. 90 75 This grafting of cash-crop production on subsistence agriculture in tribal communities.
1995 L. Garrett Coming Plague (new ed.) vii. 196 Most Sierra Leonians survived on marginal or subsistence agriculture.
subsistence crop n.
ΚΠ
1855 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 26 June The extraordinary conditions which the war has created for Europe, and the not overly abundant subsistence crops anticipated in many regions, give perhaps to those decrees a special interest and importance.
1936 C. E. Kellogg Devel. & Signif. Great Soil Groups U.S. 32 The Gray-Brown Podzolic soils allow the production of a wide range of crops, including the subsistence crops and fruits, and many kinds of animals.
2001 Nature Conservancy Mar. 18/1 The cooperative also raises subsistence crops of coffee beans, papayas and bananas.
subsistence economy n.
ΚΠ
1880 St. Louis (Missouri) Globe-Democrat 3 Jan. 1/1 Union Market,..is the best depot in the West, if not the world, at which to buy meats, fresh or cured, poultry,..in fact, everything of use in the domestic subsistence economy.
1940 E. Huntingdon Princ. Econ. Geogr. Index 711 Subsistence economy.
1962 R. S. Thoman Geogr. iii. viii. 150/1 The crudest of subsistence economies need not involve markets.
2002 E. Richards Highland Clearances xviii. 302 The old subsistence economy continued to decay and the region remained a rural slum far into the twentieth century.
subsistence farm n.
ΚΠ
1921 Corsicana (Texas) Semi-Weekly Light 15 Nov. He turned the industries of his country into a huge munition factory, raised an army of 5,500,000 soldiers..transformed big estates into subsistence farms and enforced conscription.
1940 R. H. Whitbeck & F. E. Williams Econ. Geogr. S. Amer. (ed. 3) ii. 57 Subsistence crops are found both on tiny subsistence farms and on the commercial plantations.
1990 K. Vonnegut Hocus Pocus iii. 25 There was no prison over there back then, but only a slate quarry and a sawmill and a few subsistence farms.
subsistence farmer n.
ΚΠ
1895 W. Cunningham & E. A. McArthur Outl. Eng. Industr. Hist. viii. 196 We cannot go back to the small holding of the subsistence farmer or of the man who was half weaver and half grazier.
1951 A. L. Rowse Eng. of Elizabeth vi. 231 He was no mere subsistence farmer.
1980 Jrnl. Royal Soc. Arts Mar. 175/2 Let us take as an example..a subsistence farmer debating whether to produce a surplus for sale.
2003 E. Gregg & R. Trillo Rough Guide to Gambia 183 Remote mudblock and thatch villages, where subsistence farmers sustain traditions that have barely changed for centuries.
subsistence farming n.
ΚΠ
1892 Econ. Rev. 2 28 The theory of exchange does not apply to transactions where no true exchange is involved. Such is the subsistence farming of the peasantry in many countries.
1949 W. Smith Econ. Geogr. Great Brit. i. i. 44 As long as subsistence farming was practised..price fluctuations had only a limited significance.
1962 Listener 22 Mar. 496/1 They are undergoing the transition from subsistence farming to being a landless proletariat.
1978 A. J. Huxley Illustr. Hist. Gardening i. 13 The final stage of collapse back into subsistence farming after conquest and pillage is..all too frequent.
2005 Heritage Mar. 56/2 The period from 1600 to 1650 saw considerable changes in agriculture, as subsistence farming was replaced by an efficient industry with surpluses to export.
C2.
subsistence department n. U.S. (now historical) (the name of) the department of the United States Army that has charge of the supply of food and other provisions to troops.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > branch of army > [noun] > administration and supply branches
baggage1603
field train1692
Corps of Wagoners1802
wagon-corps1810
subsistence department1820
baggage-train1841
rear echelon1852
Control Department1867
Army Service Corps1869
A.S.C.1871
pay corps1876
Q1916
echelon1922
1820 Niles' Weekly Reg. 29 July 391/2 Promotions and appointments, made in the army of the United States,..and the recent appointments in the subsistence department.
1863 Congress. Globe App. 184/2 That there be added to the subsistence department of the Army one brigadier general,..who shall be Commissary General of Subsistence.
1912 F. A. Gause & C. C. Carr Story of Panama i. ix. 124 If the Sanitary and the Quartermaster's Departments are essential and basal, no less may be said of the Subsistence Department.
2007 US Fed News (Nexis) 28 June Officers were allowed to buy commissary items at cost from the subsistence department.
subsistence diet n. a diet consisting of only the minimum amount of food requisite to maintain a person in health.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > diet > [noun] > subsistence diet
subsistence diet1864
subsisting diet1865
sustenance diet1876
1864 9th Ann. Rep. Maine Board Agric. ii. 172 In our poor-law unions it is usual to give a subsistence diet.
1900 Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 142 503/1 Notter and Firth give 11.6 grammes as the daily allowance for a mere subsistence diet in temperate regions.
1998 Slavic Rev. 57 522 Rations,..covered no more than a fraction of a subsistence diet.
subsistence level n. the economic level at which only the bare necessities of life can be provided.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poverty level > subsistence level
subsistence level1837
breadline1888
1837 Tait's Edinb. Mag. 4 82/1 That class of labourers were as near the bare ‘subsistence level’, when in full employ, as it was possible to place them.
1923 H. W. B. Joseph Labour Theory of Value in Karl Marx ii. 44 Marx believed in the so-called ‘iron law of wages’, in accordance with which there is a constant tendency under capitalism for wages to sink to the bare subsistence-level.
1978 A. J. Huxley Illustr. Hist. Gardening i. 11 Communities have to raise themselves above the subsistence level before they can really afford to grow..plants not strictly utilitarian.
2005 TASS (Nexis) 5 Oct. The officially fixed minimum wage level is set at just 20% of the actual subsistence level.
subsistence quantity n. an amount of food requisite to maintain a person in health; cf. subsistence diet n.
ΚΠ
1865 L. Playfair Food of Man 26 There is also included in this subsistence quantity [of food] both a limited amount of mental work and a full proportional of assimilative work.
2009 Insurance Business Weekly (Nexis) 18 Jan. 68 The environmental health goals of many Native American tribes are to restore natural resources and ensure that they are safe to harvest and consume in traditional subsistence quantities.
subsistence stores n. U.S. stores required to maintain a supply of food and other provisions (esp. for an army).
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military organization > logistics > [noun] > provision or procurement of supplies > supplies
stuffc1440
supply1510
supply1512
bastiment1594
material1815
matériel1819
subsistence stores1819
1819 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 4 Aug. This is to give notice, that separate proposals will be received..for the supply of subsistence stores.
1898 Daily News 30 June 5/4 Inability to bring the subsistence stores to the front rapidly enough.
1945 Code Federal Reg. U.S.: 1943 Suppl. 2093/1 ‘Consumable stores’ within the meaning of this paragraph are all consumable and subsistence stores (but not radio supplies, expendable equipment, scrap and Junk) listed in United States Maritime Commission Voyage Stores Reports.
2006 A. E. Masich Civil War Arizona i. iv. 94 A number of energetic men saw the profit potential in the contracts for delivering subsistence stores to the military garrisons.
subsistence wage n. the amount of money a person must earn in order to achieve a minimal standard of living.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > [noun] > according to amount
pittance1611
half-pay1664
long shilling1764
overpay1765
living wage1817
subsistence wage1831
existence wage1893
social wage1925
1831 Comm. National Policy & Ireland 341 Farmers contend that the tithes take so much from their produce, they cannot afford to pay subsistence wages to their labourers.
1926 Brit. Worker 10 May 3 Mr. Hebert Smith told to running bursts of sympathy the story of the miners' patient struggle to retain a subsistence wage.
1998 A. Martin Bilton v. 48 I don't think he made much more than a subsistence wage.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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