substantialadj.n.adv.

Brit.

/səbˈstanʃl/,

/səbˈstɑːnʃl/, U.S.

/ˌsəbˈstæn(t)ʃəl/

Forms: Middle English substancal, Middle English substanciale, Middle English substancialle, Middle English substanciel, Middle English substanciell, Middle English substancyal, Middle English substancyalle, Middle English substaunceal, Middle English substauncyel, Middle English–1500s substancyall, Middle English–1500s substauncyall, Middle English–1600s substanciall, Middle English–1600s substantiall, Middle English–1700s substancial, Middle English– substantial, 1500s substaunciall, 1600s substantiell.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French substantial; Latin substantialis.

Etymology: < (i) Middle French substantial, substanciel, substantiel (French substantiel ) essential, fundamental (1265 in Old French), (of food) nourishing, sustaining, necessary for subsistence (1279 in pain sustancial ), (in philosophy) relating to substance or essence (1561), real (1580), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin substantialis of or relating to substance, real, essential (from early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), material (early 5th cent.), (in legal use) essential, important, of substance (from 14th cent. in British sources) < classical Latin substantia substance n. + -ālis -al suffix¹, after Hellenistic Greek οὐσιωδής. Compare Old Occitan substancial (14th cent.), Catalan substancial (14th cent.), Spanish sustancial (c1381–1415 or earlier), Italian sostanziale (a1294). Compare also German substantialisch, substanzialisch (a1541), substantial, substanzial (1544; < Latin), substantiell, substanziell (1728; < or after French). With use as noun compare post-classical Latin substantialia (neuter plural) essentials (from 13th cent. in British sources, especially in legal use).

A. adj.

I. Relating to size, quantity, solidity, etc.

1. Of food, a meal, etc.: ample and nourishing; (in some contexts) large and heavy.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > meal > [adjective] > qualities of meals

substantial1340

simplea1387

dry1483

of substance?c1500

large1528

hearty?1550

abstemious1604

scrambling1607

running1618

lusty1672

sit-down1789

well-served1796

à la carte1816

slap-up1823

quaresimal1828

scratch1851

square1868

scrambly1900

set1914

handout1915

all-you-can-eat1940

spready1960

carbo-load1986

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 113 Þe more þet he [sc. food] is norissinde, me zayþ þet he is þe substancieler.

c1390 (?c1350) St. Paula l. 60 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 4 (MED) Cumforte þi brayn beter wiþ sum bred And wiþ sum substancial mete.

c1425 Myrour to Lewde Men & Wymmen (Harl.) (1981) 97 Men seith þat þe mete is substancial þat is mete of grete norischinge.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 67 Thei feeden hem with sweete stonding potagis and with sweete bake metis, and leuen othere substancial and necessarie metis.

a1533 Ld. Berners in tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1537) End note f.167 Many bokes there be of substancial meates.

1578 Bk. Christian Prayers in Private Prayers (1851) 451 We be able to brook substantialer meat, because we be grown to further years of discretion.

1634 W. Tirwhyt tr. J. L. G. de Balzac Lett. 115 Whilest others fill themselves with substantiall and most ponderous cates.

1659 A. Speed Adam out of Eden v. 38 Clovergrass..renders abundance of very exquisite hay, very great substantial and much desired.

1754 R. Brookes Gen. Pract. Physic (ed. 2) I. 276 All Things that raise a Commotion in the Blood, and stimulate the Bowels, are bad; as also Aliment that is too substantial.

a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. iv. xxxvii. 411 We say roast beef is good substantial food, but water gruel not.

1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 173 One substantial meal of solid animal food daily.

1855 Frank Leslie's N.Y. Jrnl. Sept. 192/2 Air may do for camomiles and other reptiles... But I know that men must have something more substantialler.

1903 Janesville (Wisconsin) Daily Gaz. 23 July 3/3 The substantial American breakfast with plenty of everything good from coffee to buckwheat cakes.

1932 J. C. Powys Glastonbury Romance xxvi. 894 Half his normal appetite was enough..to dispose of the more substantial viands.

1972 V. Canning Rainbird Pattern vi. 115 He was restless himself from a substantial dinner and lay awake for hours wishing he had brought some stomach powder.

2001 M. Hughes et al. World Food: India 26 Lunch is a substantial meal and..will usually be the local version of the thali.

a. Of a structure, etc.: of solid material or workmanship, stout, solid.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > [adjective] > consisting or full of solid material

substantiala1393

substantious1529

stuffy1551

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > [adjective] > qualities of building generally

substantious1529

lightsome1548

standing1624

substantial1624

prospectless1656

light1765

pukka1777

low-browed1810

tavernous1866

barrack-like1915

demountable1939

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 226 Erthe..Which..in his forme is schape round, Substancial, strong, sadd and sound.

a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 5116 Thei [sc. women] made ware of a ribbe,..Which more strong is, and substancial, Þan slyme of eerthe.

1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 39 A substanciall and a sqwar dore of free stoon.

1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 1 §3 Goode and substanciall bulwarkes..in every landyng place.

1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia sig. Hii^v A brydge..with gorgious and substanciall archeis.

1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia v. 189 Then they built no more Cabbens, but substantiall houses.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 189 Some rich Burgher, whose substantial dores, Cross-barrd and bolted fast, fear no assault.

1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husb. I. 296 Country Houses ought to be substantial, and able to encounter all the shocks of the Wind.

1734 Builder's Dict. I. at Dial You may, if you please, do it over again with the same Colour: The Work will be the substantialler, and last the longer.

1845 B. Disraeli Sybil II. iii. iii. 44 Behind the substantial counter which was an impregnable fortification.

1874 J. Stainer in E. H. Plumptre Bible Educator I. 18/1 Music could reach a very high standard amongst nomadic tribes, whose roof was never more substantial than a tent.

1935 E. Glasgow Vein of Iron (1936) i. iv. 40 The great bed, so substantial that it took two men to push it.

1969 E. Connell Mr Bridge lxvii. 180 He listened without a word, eyes half shut, to the voices soaring from the substantial walnut console.

2004 Electronic Engin. Times (Nexis) 3 May 20 Such networks would not leak through substantial brickwork and masonry.

b. Of a person, a part of the body, or (esp. in later use) a person's physique, etc.: solid, sturdy; strong, burly; muscular; well-built.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [adjective]

stalworthc1175

thicka1250

stubblea1300

quarryc1300

stalworthyc1300

stoura1350

sturdyc1386

buirdlya1400

squarec1430

couragec1440

craskc1440

substantialc1460

ample1485

stalwart1508

puddinga1540

full-bodied1588

robust1666

two-handed1687

swankinga1704

strapping1707

broad-set1708

thick-set1724

throddy?1748

thick-bodied1752

broad-built1771

junky1825

swankie1838

stodgy1854

wide-bodied1854

beefish1882

hunky1911

buff1982

buffed1986

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust

strongeOE

hardOE

stalworthc1175

starka1250

stiff1297

steel to the (very) backa1300

stalworthyc1300

wightc1300

stable13..

valiant1303

stithc1325

toughc1330

wrast1338

stoura1350

sadc1384

wighty14..

derfc1440

substantialc1460

well-jointed1483

felon1487

robust1490

stalwart1508

stoutya1529

robustous?1531

rankc1540

hardy1548

robustious1548

stout1576

rustical1583

rustic1620

iron1638

robustic1652

swankinga1704

strapping1707

rugged1731

solid1741

vaudy1793

flaithulach1829

ironbark1833

swankie1838

tough as (old) boots or leather1843

skookum1847

hard (also tough, sharp) as nails1862

hard-assed1954

nails1974

c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn l. 2518 (MED) Geffrey was riȝt myȝty & wele his age did bere, ffor natur was more substancial, when tho dayis were, Then nowe in our tyme.

a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 83 (MED) It behoveth hym to be a man substanciall [c1484 J. de Caritate substancal], faire chered and wele arraied.

1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) 52 b [Vociferation] maketh the members of the body substancial and stronge.

1578 G. Whetstone Promos & Cassandra: 2nd Pt. iv. i. sig. K.iij^v, (heading) Gresco, a good substantiall Offycer.

1602 in F. Moryson Itinerary (1617) ii. 250 Men broken, and not substantiall in war.

1657 N. Billingsley Brachy-martyrologia xiv. 48 Tormentors, pray procure Substantialler than these; these are too small.

1847 G. Simpson Narr. of Journey round World II. xx. 223 The women are generally red-faced, red-handed, red-heeled, strong-featured wenches of substantial build.

1865 St. James' Mag. 18 463 It was the ‘peasant’ who brought the substantial thews and sinews to aid in those mighty struggles.

1919 C. K. Harrington Capt. Bickel of Inland Sea i. 31 Tall and of substantial physique, he made on one the impression of strength and vigour.

1978 C. Matthews Power Seekers iv. 53 She had a substantial figure, what little Levi had been able to glimpse of it under all the crinoline and lace.

2004 C. Sudbery Dying of Delight vi. 87 He placed his hand on the man's substantial forearm. The man shook Andy off violently, almost hitting him in the face.

3. Of ample or considerable amount or size; sizeable.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > considerable in amount or degree

goodeOE

fairOE

goodlyc1275

largea1375

no littlea1413

substantial1413

unleast?1440

prettya1475

reasonablea1500

substantious1545

substantive1575

sensible1581

pretty and ——1596

goody1597

greatish1611

considerable1651

sonsy1721

respectable1736

smart1750

quite a little ——1763

gey1796

smartish1799

canny1805

serious1810

right smart1825

dunnamuch1831

snug1833

tidy1839

bonnyish1855

largish1872

a nice little ——1891

significant1898

healthy1901

beaucoup1917

the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > largeness > [adjective] > somewhat large

substantial1413

indifferent1548

handsome1577

biggish1611

sizeable1613

well-sized?1614

considerable1651

good-sized1657

largish1752

snug1833

fairish1858

1413 T. Hoccleve Balade Henry V l. 33 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 40 Syn god hath sent yow wit substancial, And kynges might vertu, putte in assay!

1453–4 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Mar. 1453 §54. m. 10 That substantiall provision be made in all hast..for the kepyng of the see.

a1500 (a1451) in Ld. Clermont Wks. J. Fortescue (1869) I. 551 Ynglond ys no lytyll londe but a substauncyall londe.

1539 C. Tunstall Serm. Palme Sondaye (1823) 81 Yf a manne wolde offre a greatte substantiall suretie.

1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus ii. f. 26^v He thocht the price was ouir substanciall.

1616 in S. R. Gardiner Fortescue Papers (1871) 17 Although you are not capable (through your fulnes) of any substantiall addition from me.

1690 C. Ness Compl. Hist. & Myst. Old & New Test. I. 138 The wealth of a man is..reckoned..by the substantial bills and bonds, &c. he is able to produce.

1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. v. 319 Often..one finds good substantial Leagues dwindling into even Liliputian Furlongs.

1780 T. Jefferson Corr. in Wks. (1859) I. 274 Were it possible to arm men, we would send on substantial reinforcements to you.

1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 335 One of us at least would..have made something substantial by the venture.

1908 Outlook 8 Aug. 178/2 These two substantial volumes.

1957 W. S. Churchill Hist. Eng.-speaking Peoples III. ix. iii. 218 A substantial section of the population..were largely exempt from taxation.

1976 Sunday Times 30 May 24/4 (advt.) It is mandatory that candidates have experience of..the control and motivation of a substantial work force.

2010 Ideal Home May 170/2 Substantial energy savings will come too through fitting the latest energy-efficient glazing.

4. Firmly or solidly established; of solid worth or value; of real significance, weighty; reliable; important, worthwhile.

a. Of a statement, discourse, writing.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > foundation in fact, validity > [adjective]

goodOE

substantial1419

soundc1440

allowablec1443

stronga1475

stable1481

infallible1526

sore1530

sincere1536

acknowledged1548

of…validity1581

firm1600

acknowledgeable1630

valiant1632

infallid1635

valid1651

copper-bottomed1890

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > proof, demonstration > [adjective] > strong, convincing

strongc1405

substantial1419

pregnant?a1475

pregnablea1500

vehement1530

pungent1619

stringent1653

1419–23 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 306 (MED) We wol þat ye do write hit ayein of a more substancial hande.

a1456 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 41 With Crystis worde substancial in sentence.

1468 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 19 By substanciall wrytyng undre sealez.

1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe in Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (1870) 96 In great matters aske substancial counsell.

1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 151 My letters cannot make you such substanciall assuraunce, of my desire touching your safetie, as it is in deede.

a1591 R. Greenham Wks. (1599) 56 The Lord..vrgeth him with substantiall questions.

1602 in F. Moryson Itinerary (1617) ii. 238 We have not heard any such substantiall intelligence.

1691 A. Wood Athenæ Oxonienses II. 607 His..practical, spiritual, substantial preaching.

1710 J. Addison Tatler No. 158. ⁋1 This he looks upon to be sound learning, and substantial criticism.

1742 A.Corbiere Let. 26 June in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. i. 277 Few words but substantial ones you will like best I suppose.

1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola II. xiv. 174 His mind glanced round..to see how far those words could have the force of a substantial threat.

1873 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) Introd. 68 This division is substantial and useful.

1979 C. James Pillars of Hercules i. vi. 80 It is a deceptively substantial little book which looks like a slim volume only by accident.

2010 D. J. Chalmers Char. Consciousness i. 33 If Dennett can elaborate this into a substantial argument, that would be a very useful service.

b. Of an action, condition, result, idea, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > advantage > [adjective] > worthwhile

worthc1405

substantial?a1425

worthwhile1565

rewarding1570

tantia1593

?a1425 (a1415) Lanterne of Liȝt (Harl.) (1917) 26 (MED) Þer ben oþir foure doweris of substancial mede wiþ þe whiche we schal be dowid in oure soule.

1565 W. Allen Def. & Declar. Doctr. Purgatory ii. xvii. f. 282 Do yow not see here a trim faith and a substantiall?

1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. B4 Now trust mee a substantiall trade.

1622 M. Drayton 2nd Pt. Poly-olbion xxiv. 80 The Christian Faith, for whose substantiall planting, Saint Augustine from Rome was to this Iland sent.

1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia iii. xii. 94 Ten good workemen would haue done more substantiall worke in a day, then ten of them in a weeke.

1696 N. Tate & N. Brady New Version Psalms of David cxix. 165 Secure, substantial Peace have they.

1749 T. Smollett Regicide v. i. 65 Life with substantial Ills, enough is curs'd.

1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison V. xliii. 278 She has substantial notions still left, I find, of ideal Love.

1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 300 Foolish man..quits..Substantial happiness for transient joy.

1812 S. T. Coleridge Friend 316 Where he deems his interference warranted by substantial experience.

1867 J. Ruskin Time & Tide ii. §7 To..complete his home gradually with more delicate and substantial comforts.

1902 Cosmopolitan Feb. 433/1 Substantial hopes which less than a year of working and of waiting would change into permanent realities.

1955 R. C. Hutchinson Stepmother xxvi. 245 The warmth of Patricia's welcome had made the present substantial enough to live in.

2009 Times (Nexis) 11 Apr. (Features) 1 We need something more substantial than happiness.

c. Of a reason, a cause, evidence.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > initiating or causing to begin > [adjective] > founding or instituting > settled or established

rootfastlOE

stablec1290

institutec1325

sad1340

firmc1374

rooteda1393

stabledc1400

substantialc1449

well-foundeda1450

surec1475

standing1549

afloat1551

well-established1559

steadyc1571

naturalized1590

erected1603

established1642

instituted1647

settled1649

riveted1652

radicate1656

inrooted1660

institute1668

statuminated1674

planted1685

stablished1709

deep-seated1741

founded1771

set-up1856

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > [adjective] > supported by evidence > firmly

ygroundedc1369

well-recordeda1393

substantialc1449

grounded1548

solid1615

well-attested1652

well-authenticated1761

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 46 (MED) The euydencis..which Holi Scripture bringith ben not more substancial and strenger..than ben the euydencis..which doom of resoun therto bringeth.

1528 in N. Pocock Rec. Reformation (1870) I. li. 121 Very good matter and substantial why the said matrimony should be dissolved.

a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in Wks. (1557) 50/1 For that I se some men so gredye withowte any substaunciall cause.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) ii. ii. 106 Your reason was not substantiall .

a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1691) v. 88 Although there be not naturally substantial reasons..why there should be such differences.

?1795 Explan. Word Equality 4 Mr Reeves..has some substantial reasons for opposing all levelling systems.

1847 G. Grote Hist. Greece III. ii. xvi. 273 In itself a substantial testimony.

1866 S. Baring-Gould Curious Myths Middle Ages 1st Ser. i. 23 How wanting they are in all substantial evidence which could make us regard the story in any other light than myth.

1920 Harvard Law Rev. 33 949 There must be substantial reason for treating the donee as an equitable owner.

1948 Bull. Atomic Scientists Feb. 47 The decision was supported by substantial evidence.

2002 Time 2 Sept. 34/3 Saddam Hussein's links to bin Laden could undermine more substantial reasons for taking down a dangerous criminal.

†5. Of an action, measure, etc.: having weight, force, or effect; effective, thorough. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > advantage > efficacy > [adjective]

frameeOE

goodeOE

mightyOE

vailanta1325

sicker1338

mightful1340

suffisant1340

virtuousa1387

effectivea1398

effectuala1398

worthya1398

availingc1420

effectuous?a1425

operant?a1425

substantialc1449

virtual?a1475

substantious1483

available1502

efficacious1528

energial1528

working1532

operatory1551

operatoriousa1555

stately1567

feckful1568

efficace?1572

shifty1585

operative1590

instrumental1601

efficable1607

speeding1612

effectuating1615

officious1618

availsome1619

prevailable1624

valid1651

perficient1659

affectuous1664

implemental1676

virtual1760

efficient1787

sufficient1831

slick1833

roadworthy1837

practician1863

positive1903

performant1977

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 54 (MED) The verri lawe of kinde and of feith..and so the substancial lawe of God to man in erthe, is wors knowen than of manye othere.

1523 Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII c. 3 §1 The true and substanciall makyng of the said clothes.

a1525 ( Coventry Leet Bk. (1908) II. 523 Thobseruyng..such sad direccions and substanciall ordinaunces.

a1525 (?1461) Coventry Leet Bk. (1908) II. 314 The good & substanciall rule and guydyng that ye kepe theryn.

1550 R. Crowley Way to Wealth sig. Aii^v The moste substanciall waye in curinge diseases, is by puttinge awaye the causes.

1551 in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) II. ii. iv. 272 That substantial Order be taken forth~with for the pulling down all Altars.

1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 341 There is no substantial remedying this fault, but by making a new Head.

6. Of a person or thing: of real worth, reliability, or repute; respected, honoured.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > reputation > good repute > reputability or honourableness > [adjective]

faireOE

wortheOE

worthlyeOE

worthfulOE

menskful?c1225

toldc1275

digne1297

of price?a1300

worshiply1340

worthya1350

menska1375

thriftyc1374

worshipfula1375

worthilya1375

honesta1382

honourablec1384

unshamedc1384

sada1387

of reputationc1390

well-nameda1393

reverent1398

worthy (worshipful, wise) in wanea1400

celebrable?c1400

honouredc1400

worshipablec1425

substantialc1449

undefameda1450

unreviled?1457

honorousa1500

reputed?1532

well-thought-ona1533

well-spoken1539

credible1543

undespised?1548

imitable1550

famous1555

undistained1565

undefame1578

untarred1579

well-reputed1583

unsoiledc1592

dishonourless1595

well-deemed1595

nameworthy1598

regardful1600

indisgraced1606

credenta1616

undishonoureda1616

unscandalized1618

unscandalous1618

unslandered1622

untainted1627

dignousa1636

undisparaged1636

considerable1641

unbranded1641

glorifiable1651

reputable1671

unsullied1743

unstigmatized1778

undisgraced1812

unstained1863

well-thought-of1865

uncompromised1882

scandal-proof1904

cred1987

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 85 Substancial clerkis weel leerned in logik.

1562 W. Turner Herball (1568) ii. 72 Theophrast so ancient and substantiall autor.

1588 R. Greene Pandosto sig. F^v That he might goe like an honest substantiall man to tell his tale.

a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1690) 74 Another Book written by a substantial Author.

1716 I. Newton Let. 25 Aug. in Corr. (1976) VI. 367 In the presence of Substantial Witnesses.

1814 W. Wilson Hist. Dissenting Churches IV. 310 Mr. Sheffield was a sound and substantial scholar.

1867 J. A. Froude Short Stud. 1st Ser. I. 228 Till it be so agreed, the substantial intellect of the country will not throw itself into the question.

1910 Bookman Dec. 32 He was the son of a gentleman, a substantial scholar,..highly cultivated, restless intellectually.

1957 H. Levin Contexts of Crit. 38 The orator was advising the antiquarian..to look for authoritative precedents in some first-class and substantial author.

1990 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 15 Feb. 15/1 He had been a substantial critic, and widely read.

2009 Clin. Psychiatry News (Nexis) July 46 I saw in him the potential for being a substantial citizen, one whose head was very much ‘together’.

7. Of a person: possessing property, or wealth; well-to-do, wealthy; hence of social standing or influence.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [adjective] > influential

substantial?c1450

weighty1560

momentous1667

society > authority > power > influence > [adjective] > influential

mightyOE

substantial?c1450

prevalent?a1475

grave1541

upstantial1590

prevailent1623

influxive1624

weighty1662

momentous1667

influentiala1734

influencive1809

high-power1906

high-powered1917

?c1450 Brut (Trin. Cambr.) (1908) 479 They..ordeyned .iiij. enquestes within the Cite, of substantiall peple.

1461 J. Berney in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 241 Any substancyall gentylman.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. clxix^v The Maire..assembled a great numbre of substanciall and graue citezens.

1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares 37 All which were of the Nobles, Gentlemen, and substantialest men of the Iewes.

1602 F. Marbury Serm. preached at Paules Crosse sig. F There are enow penurious and idle male-contents euerie night couching, to expell all the substantiall inhabitants of the towne out of their houses.

1642 Prince Rupert Declar. 4 The Knights, Aldermen, and substantiall Citizens of London.

1695 C. Davenant Ess. Ways & Means supplying War 80 All substantial Merchants will acknowledge, that Stealing Customs, and Running Goods, is against their Common Interest.

1714 J. Fortescue-Aland in J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. Pref. 10 A Jury of twelve upright and substantial Men, is by the Law, to be summon'd.

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 185 The substantial tradesman, who wont to pass his evenings at the ale-house for fourpence half-penny, now spends three shillings at the tavern.

1833 H. Martineau Brooke & Brooke Farm (ed. 3) viii. 94 In former times,..the proprietor or occupier of thirty or forty acres was thought a substantial farmer.

1883 S. C. Hall Retrospect Long Life II. 276 Among our few fellow-passengers..was a substantial Scottish grazier.

1911 A. L. Sawyer Hist. Northern Peninsula Michigan III. 1212 One of the substantial farmers and highly honored citizens of that county.

1958 D. J. Boorstin Americans xviii. 109 The social gulf between a substantial gentleman planter and everybody else was probably never wider in Virginia than around the year 1750.

1993 D. Pool What Jane Austen ate & Charles Dickens Knew 40 Squires per se were merely substantial landowners with a long residence in a particular country area.

II. Relating to nature, essence, etc.

a. Of or relating to the tissue of the body, an organ, etc. (in an animal or plant); cf. substance n. 9. Also: composed of or involving tissue; spec. = substantive adj. 6. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily substance > [adjective]

substantiala1398

histioid1864

histoid1865

tissular1965

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. iv. iv. 144 Ȝif þe substancial moisture [L. humiditate substantiali] is destroyed in þe body, al þe worchinge of þe soule is ilett.

c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 14^v The veyne is a consimile membre..in substancial complexioun, sche is cold and drie, but sche is hoot and moist hauynge reward to hise contentis.

a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) l. 1726 So nothing els is oure digestion But of humour substancial a create perfeccion.

1620 T. Venner Via Recta viii. 192 By reason of much resolution of the nutrimentall and substantiall moisture through the pores.

1672 M. Lister Let. 10 Jan. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1971) VIII. 464 For, as it is truth-like of all the other substantial parts of plants, yt they are actually in, & common to all plants, though specifyed by divers accidents in figure & texture.

1774 J. Hill Constr. Timber (ed. 2) 43 Mean time the Bark remains what it was, covering the more substantial parts.

1797 R. Couper Speculations Impregnation (ed. 2) 115 The substantial parts of the body are gradually developed.

1820 J. Johnson Infl. Civic Life 64 An important mean of distinguishing sympathetic, from substantial disease of this organ, is percussion of the chest.

1884 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 15 Mar. 498/1 We may say in our haste the uterus has no substantial diseases; that its affections are all neurotic.

1889 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 120 Transition from substantial to membranous parietes.

1900 Philadelphia Med. Jrnl. 10 Mar. 580/1 As a primary or substantial disease it is a disease of old age.

b. Relating to or deriving from the essence of a thing.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [adjective]

substantial?a1425

essential1495

quidditativec1600

quiddative1642

substantial1649

the world > existence and causation > causation > source or origin > [adjective] > originated or derived > from some specific source

substantial1649

fire-born?a1656

1649 W. Charleton tr. J. B. van Helmont Ternary of Paradoxes 122 An Angel is not that substantiall light, nor hath he any light geniall and inherent to his essence, but is onely a mirror of the increated light.

1672 N. Grew Anat. Veg. iii. 47 In all such Roots, the Pith is..of the same substantial nature.

1718 M. Prior Solomon on Vanity i, in Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 415 Now shine these Planets with substantial Rays?

1737 B. Franklin in Pennsylvania Gaz. 8–15 Dec. Dr. Lister is of Opinion, that the material Cause of Thunder, Lightning and Earthquakes, is one and the same, viz. the inflammable Breath of the Pyrites, which is a substantial Sulphur.

1879 E. W. Fox Mechanism of Man II. xii. 497 It is merely nerve force, and not the substantial constituents of body.

1884 tr. A. R. Serbati Psychol. I. ix. 69 To the perceived substance of the soul corresponds the substantial essence.

1935 G. de Purucker Esoteric Trad. I. iv. 128 The substantial root of all beings and things, man therefore included, is the cosmic Brahman or Cosmic Spirit.

1973 J. F. Quinn Hist. Constit. St. Bonaventure's Philos. ii. 202 Spirit designates the whole of the rational soul as the substantial foundation of superior reason.

2003 G. C. Burneko By Torch of Chaos & Doubt v. 164 While we have designated thus the substantial origin, we have not designated the epistemological or meaning origin.

a. That is, constitutes, or involves an essential part, point, or feature; essential, material. Cf. substantive adj. 3. Now rare.In later use difficult to distinguish from senses A. 3 or A. 4.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [adjective] > essential or constituting the essence

formalc1386

substantial1422

essential1546

radical1562

constitutive1610

essentifical1656

constituent1659

vital1659

qualifying1704

constitutional1750

staminal1798

substantive1858

1422 in A. T. Bannister Reg. Thome Spofford (1919) 80 (MED) Wee ordeyne..that the thre substancyalle articles of your professyon, that es to say, dow obedyence, wylfulle povertee, and clene chastytee, be observed and keped contynually.

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1879) VII. 399 (MED) A decrete was made that the substantiall partes of that rule scholde be kepede, and oþer thynges as superfluous to be refusede.

?1541 R. Copland Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens ii. sig. Gj Be the addicions abouesayd other bones than the bone of y^e sholdre? Answere. No,..but are substancyall party of it.

1588 T. Kyd tr. T. Tasso Housholders Philos. f. 18^v Those compasses..which though they be diuers according to the variety of Countreys, is (notwithstanding) no occasion of substantiall difference.

1627 G. Markham 2nd Pt. Soldiers Gram. 47 I must confesse they carry a greete shew of substantiall truth, did not some impediment crosse in the way.

1686 J. Goad Astro-meteorologica ii. viii. 273 I would not have it destitute of a Limme that is substantial, or one of its vital Parts.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 11 The common misfortune of Princes, that in so substantial a part of their Happyness..Themselves had never any part.

1729 W. Law Serious Call iv. 52 Most of the employments of life are..lawful; and all those that are so, may be made a substantial part of our duty to God.

1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) II. 188 He could not find any substantial distinction between that case, and the principal one.

1867 J. Ruskin Time & Tide viii. §35 Under..Divine guidance, securing them from substantial error.

1968 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 114 1186/1 This leads to a substantial criticism..which amounts to a rejection of these terms.

b. Law. = substantive adj. 4a.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal concepts > [adjective]

substantive1729

substantial1768

statistic1871

society > law > jurisprudence > [adjective] > relating to essential merits of a matter

substantial1768

1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 397 That the defendant do answer over, respondeat ouster; that is, put in a more substantial plea.

1775 J. Rayner Readings on Statutes 153 There is no real Variance between the material and the substantial Charge, and the Evidence.

1837 W. Tidd New Pract. Courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, & Exchequer of Pleas xxxvii. 504 The judge will consider what is the substantial fact to be made out, and on whom it lies to make it out.

1839 J. Bouvier Law Dict. U.S.A. II. 426/1 If the matter pleaded be in itself insufficient, without reference to the manner of pleading it, the defect is substantial.

1868 Bouvier's Law Dict. U.S.A. (ed. 12) II. 486/1 Right to begin,..The party who asserts the affirmative of an issue has the right to begin and reply, as on him is the burden of proof. The substantial affirmative, not the verbal, gives the right.

1904 D. S. Garland et al. Amer. & Eng. Encycl. Law (ed. 2) XXVII. 287/2 A substantial right has been defined as one involving a legal right, such a right as may be enforced and protected by law.

1940 Law Jrnl. Rep.: King's Bench 109 754 If the Court is satisfied that a defendant who gives such a notice is merely a formal defendant, or has no substantial cause to interfere in the conduct.

2008 W. Weigel Econ. of Law v. 124 While the formal requirements are thus perfectly met, the substantial content of such acts can be questionable.

c. That is such in the main; real or true for the most part.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > [adjective] > generally applicable > that is such in the main

substantial1771

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adjective] > resembling truth > to limited extent

truish1633

substantial1771

falsish1873

1771 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) II. xliv. 167 I should be contented to renounce the forms of the constitution.., if there were no other way to obtain substantial justice for the people.

1790 W. Paley Horæ Paulinæ i. 8 It establishes the substantial truth of the narration.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xviii. 150 The Tories..though they could not deny that there had been some hard cases, maintained that, on the whole, substantial justice had been done.

1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) III. 115 He argues rightly for the substantial genuineness of the text.

1901 Med. Examiner June 284/1 There can be no reasonable doubt of the substantial accuracy of the returns.

1963 W. F. LaFeber New Empire ii. 95 On some of the most vital issues they reached a substantial consensus.

1991 H. R. McAdoo Anglican Heritage vi. 90 Substantial agreement as a term in inter-Church dialogue made its first..appearance at the Malines Conversations.

10. That is, or exists as, a substance; having a real existence; subsisting by itself.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > [adjective]

substantiala1425

subsistent1597

subsisting1597

substant1618

subsistential1620

substanding1662

substantive1787

substantival1884

a1425 (?a1400) Bk. Priue Counseling in P. Hodgson Cloud of Unknowing (1944) 144 (MED) Þof al þou haddest a biginnyng in þi substancyal creacion, þe whiche was sumtyme nouȝt, ȝit haþ þi being ben euer-more in hym wiþ-outyn beginnyng.

1493 Chastysing Goddes Chyldern (de Worde) xviii. sig. Div/2 Eche thynge that is noo body if it be substancyall it is callid a spiryte.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer ii. f. cccxlviii^v Naturel goodnesse of euery substaunce is nothing els than his substancial beyng.

1547 J. Hooper Answer Detection Deuyls Sophistrye sig. O4^v Christes uery naturall corporall, phisicall, substanciall and reall body is in the sacrament.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxiv. 211 Some such apparitions [sc. Dæmons] may be reall, and substantiall; that is to say, subtile Bodies, which God can form by the same power, by which he formed all things.

1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe Pref. aig. A4^v The General Ranks of Substantiall Beings, below the Deity.

1704 E. Pelling Disc. conc. Existence of God II. iii. 66 The Souls of Men are substantial Beings, distinct from Matter, and therefore not Formable out of Matter, or Creatable by Atoms.

1794 N. E. Kindersley tr. Hist. Nella-Rajah in Specimans Hindoo Lit. 112 He is beautiful as the god of love, the only difference between them is, that the one has a substantial body, the other none.

1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. I. xii. 248 The want of substantial reality in the objects of the senses, according to the sceptics.

1890 G. M. Duncan tr. G. W. Leibniz Wks. 376 (Notes) I was compelled to have recourse to a real or animated point, so to speak, or to a substantial atom.

1916 Encycl. Relig. & Ethics VIII. 492/1 A philosopher who..assigns to a Supreme Being a substantial body, is not a materialist.

1994 F. Lachman tr. Z. Zawirski Life & Work 214 This contradiction gave impetus to Plotinus's successors..to consider time as a substantial being.

†11. Relating to or proceeding from the essence of a thing. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [adjective]

substantial?a1425

essential1495

quidditativec1600

quiddative1642

substantial1649

?a1425 in A. Hudson Eng. Wycliffite Serm. (1990) I. 567 Crist..was of þe same kynde þat is eche man his broþur, and þis licnesse is in substancial kynde.

?c1450 (a1388) tr. Richard of Wallingford Exafrenon (Digby) in J. D. North Wks. Richard of Wallingford (1976) I. 183 (MED) Thu most knawe the strenghtis and vertues substancial of all the planetis.

1517 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xviii. 84 Your hert is your by substancyall lyne It is not in my domynacyon.

1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Dvij^v If he can learne firste to se the verye nature, & substantial propretye of euery thyng.

a1653 H. Binning Common Princ. Christian Relig. in Wks. (1735) 30/2 Christ may be called the Truth indeed, the substantial Word of God, for he is the very Substance of the written and preached Word.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 485 To give thee being I lent Out of my side to thee, neerest my heart Substantial Life.

1731 A. Hill Advice to Poets Epist. 5 A Poet is..an Exalter of what is most dignified, and substantial, in Nature.

1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. i. 127 Their substantial union was taken away, and nothing but a numerical or moral union was left.

12. Philosophy. Of, relating to, or inherent in substance, rather than an accident or attribute; that is substance. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > [adjective] > of or relating to substance

substantial1526

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. FFFvi^v Howe to the actiue lyfe perteyneth accidentall ioye, but to the contemplatiue, the substanciall crowne of glory.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer ii. f. cccxliii Thilke thynges that we clepe power, is but accident to the flesshly body, and so they may not haue that suretie in might, whiche wanteth in the substancial body.

1580 T. Blundeville Foure Offices Horsemanship (rev. ed.) iv. iv. 3 Sickness..is knowne..by inseparable or substantiall accidents, as by the shape, number, qualitie, & site of the part, or member diseased.

1642 J. Denham Sophy v. 39 If happinesse be a substantiall good, Not fram'd of accidents, nor subject to 'em.

1664 H. More Apol. 498 Calvin seems to be affraid of the opinion of the Body being Spiritual, as implying a Substantial change.

1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 147 There are seven Causes consider'd in Judgment, viz. the Material, Efficient, and Formal Cause; and likewise a Natural, Substantial, and Accidental Cause; and lastly a Final Cause.

1781 J. Clowes tr. E. Swedenborg True Christian Relig. II. xii. 319 Here all Things are Substantial, and not material, and material Things derive their Origin from Things substantial.

1895 E. B. Spears & J. B. Sanderson tr. G. W. F. Hegel Lect. Philos. Relig. I. ii. 323 These two sides are now opposed as infinite and finite—the one as pure Being, the other as determinate Being—as substantial and accidental, as universal and as particular.

1915 Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 12 164 This book..construes the phenomenal world in the light of esthetics as the place of joy, the causal world by means of ethics as the place of work, and the substantial world after the manner of religion as the place of truth.

1939 Thomist 1 101 We are compelled to substitute an accidental for a substantial difference.

2005 C. J. Shields Aristotle ii. 63 Being human, unlike having an even number of hairs upon your head, qualifies as a substantial form of yours.

13. Having a corporeal or bodily form; consisting of solid matter; corporeal, material. Now rare.In later use frequently difficult to distinguish from sense A. 14a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [adjective]

bodyc1175

materialc1390

corporal?1520

physical1547

substantialc1550

materiate1588

elementated1605

corporeala1620

corpulenta1620

crass1649

materiable1652

corporeous1669

bodysome1674

hylical1708

hylic1853

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) v. 26 That var[l]d that the pepil malingnis, is nocht ane substancial material mas maid of eird.

1589 J. Lyly Pappe with Hatchet sig. E I came so neere, that I could feele a substantiall knaue from a sprites shadowe.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iii. i. 532 To draw with ydle Spiders strings Most ponderous and substantiall things.

1653 H. More Second Lash of Alazonomastix (1713) 184 He means no substantialler a Being by Matter than what may well be called Metaphysical.

1784 Eng. Rev. Sept. 189 The ghost of our artists is a very muscular and substantial ghost indeed!

1819 W. Scott Bride of Lammermoor ix, in Tales of my Landlord 3rd Ser. II. 220 Neither was there pressure of the grass, nor any other circumstance, to induce him to believe that what he had seen was real and substantial.

1883 Arthur's Home Mag. Sept. 643/1 That was a very substantial ghost..to judge from the creaking of those old stairs as he came down.

1913 A. Preuss tr. J. Pohle Christology i. ii 42 We believe that the body of Christ was not imaginary, nor a mere phantasm, but real and substantial.

14.

a. Having substance in reality; not imaginary, unreal, or only apparent; true, actual, real.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > reality or real existence or actuality > [adjective] > as opposed to apparent, spiritual, or intellectual

naturalc1487

authentical1593

substantial1597

real1607

unimaginary1608

authentic1664

1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet ii. i. 183 All this is but a dreame..Too flattering true to be substantiall .

a1632 T. Middleton & J. Webster Any Thing for Quiet Life (1662) i. sig. B2^v Her railing did appear but a vision, till certain scratches on my hand and face, assur'd me it was substantial.

1639 R. Davenport New Tricke to cheat Divell iii. i. sig. E1^v Dreame I? or i'st substantiall that I see?

1705 tr. T. Boccalino Advices from Parnassus ii. xl. 263 Neapolitans, and other Nations,..who are more fond of vain Appearance than of substantial Reality.

1729 N. Tindal tr. P. Rapin de Thoyras Hist. Eng. IX. xvii. 23 Not by Words..but chiefly by very substantial Deeds.

1798 S. Lee Young Lady's Tale in H. Lee Canterbury Tales II. 15 His substantial wealth vanished, but the shadow still remained.

1862 B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. II. i. 27 We should..not be led away from that which is real and substantial by the pursuit of the shadowy and fantastic.

1883 J. A. Froude Short Stud. IV. iii. 265 Rich men could not easily abandon substantial enjoyments in pursuit of so imaginary an object.

1949 G. Blake Paying Guest i. 9 The understanding was at the basis of their undeclared but substantial friendship.

1965 J. N. Rosen in L. E. Abt & S. L. Weissman Acting Out ii. 26 These are not wishes for any actual, substantial satisfactions... The psychotic's wishes are for imaginary satisfactions.

2000 E. Graver Honey Thief 99 Here, her own man, actual, substantial, in the flesh. She realized she had never quite expected to find one.

†b. That is really such; thorough, real. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adjective] > real, actual

substantial1656

true1735

unfiguratea1752

actual1869

your actual ——1966

1656 J. Bramhall Replic. to Bishop of Chalcedon iii. 128 If he [sc. Henry VIII] was a Protestant, doubtlesse he was a substantiall Protestant, But why a Protestant?

1665 S. Patrick Parable of Pilgrim xx. 205 I mean..that it must appear to the world, that you are a substantial Christian by all the acts of an Holy Life.

a1694 J. Tillotson Serm. (1742) IV. liii. 497 To become wise and peaceable and substantial Christians.

B. n.

1. In plural. Those things belonging to or constituting the substance; the essential parts or elements; (the) essentials. Also occasionally in singular (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun] > essential elements

substantialsa1398

internala1594

formal1605

fundamental1617

materialsa1631

essentials1663

hardtack1888

basic1934

funda1989

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. ci. 992 Alle þe substancials [L. substantialia] of þis tree hauen sournesse and vertu of byndyng.

c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 495 Þe lijf now lad in þis world here and þe lijf to be lad aftir in heuene accorden in hir substancialis.

1567 Reg. Privy Council Scott. 1st Ser. I. 547 Alwayis kepand all the uther substantiallis of the formar seill.

1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. xlvii. sig. Q5^v All this change, without the losse of any visible substantiall.

1652 J. Gaule Πυς-μαντια 77 Neither doth nature prefer any creature for its adventitials, or accidentals; but for its substantials or essentials.

1661 R. Baxter Accompt Proc. Commissioners i. 4 Those who in the substantials of the Protestant Religion are of the same perswasions with our selves.

1681 E. Stillingfleet Unreasonableness of Separation ii. 150 They agree with us in the Substantial of Religion.

1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 75 Altho' a Custom introduc'd against the Substantials of an Appeal be not valid..yet a Custom may be introduc'd against the Accidentals of an Appeal.

1815 J. Scott Visit to Paris xi. 226 In the substantials of knowledge and conduct, they are below both these.

1854 H. D. Thoreau Walden 52 A September gale would strip them [sc. architectural ornaments] off, like borrowed plumes, without injury to the substantials.

1870 J. R. Lowell Love among my Bks. 26 His judgement in substantials, like that of Johnson, is always worth having.

1907 Overland Monthly Dec. 551/2 An undaunted effort to procure enough of the substantials of life to satisfy every one.

1934 Steubenville (Ohio) Herald-Star 29 Jan. 5/2 Dargusch told a forum gathering that food and substantials should be exempted under a sales tax.

2008 BusinessWorld (Nexis) 15 Dec. s1/4 The ability and willingness to give and take, to compromise in nonessentials, never in substantials.

†2. With the. Persons of influence or substance. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > one who is important > one who has influence

substantial1548

men of light and leading1790

big fish1827

big1833

sommité1856

leader1858

baron1876

heavyweight1889

Big Daddy1898

uncrowned king (queen)1917

big boy1921

top gun1941

society > authority > power > influence > [noun] > one who or that which influences > influential people

substantial1548

men of light and leading1790

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxx^v The French kyng had onely called suche of Burgoyne, as hym pleased, and not the substanciall of the countrey.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 331 The Maior of London, and the substanciall of the Citie toke counsaile together.

3. That which has substance; the substantial element. Cf. sense A. 10.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun]

pitheOE

i-cundeeOE

roota1325

substancec1330

juicec1380

marrowa1382

formc1385

acta1398

quidditya1398

substantial forma1398

inward1398

savourc1400

inwardc1450

allaya1456

essencya1475

being1521

bottom1531

spirit?1534

summary1548

ecceity1549

core1556

flower1568

formality1570

sum and substance1572

alloy1594

soul1598

inwardness1605

quid1606

fibre1607

selfness1611

whatness1611

essentialityc1616

propera1626

the whole shot1628

substantiala1631

esse1642

entity1643

virtuality1646

ingeny1647

quoddity1647

intimacy1648

ens1649

inbeing1661

essence1667

interiority1701

intrinsic1716

stamen1758

character1761

quidditas1782

hyparxis1792

rasa1800

bone1829

what1861

isness1865

inscape1868

as-suchness1909

Wesen1959

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > being or entity > that exists by itself

substance1340

subject1387

ens reale1565

individual1582

suppositum1593

supposite1612

substantiala1631

secondary substance1774

absolute1858

a1631 J. Downe Christs Prayer for Church 131 in Certaine Treatises (1633) The Substantiall, is the very Godhead it selfe considered in its Nature together with all the essentiall properties thereof.

1838 F. Haywood tr. I. Kant Critick Pure Reason i. 327 That which..might yet seem to be an idea of transcendental reason, would be the conception of the substantial.

1856 J. F. Ferrier Inst. Metaphysic (ed. 2) xvi. 328 There is a substantial in cognition; in other words, substance is knowable, and is known by us.

1966 F. C. Copleston Hist. Philos. viii. 215 The elimination of substance, of the substantial, is skilfully used to suggest that all finite things are adjectival to one reality.

1991 M. Roseman Healing Sounds from Malaysian Rainforest iii. 54 Like sound, odor calls into question the distinction between the substantial and the insubstantial, for it is both perceptible or existent and yet invisible.

†4. In plural. Substantial or solid things. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > [noun] > substantiality or subsistence > substantial things

substantialsa1639

a1639 J. Stoughton Forme Wholsome Words (1640) iii. 75 There is no beauty or pleasantnesse in such a sight, yet there are all the substantials whereof the body is made.

a1653 H. Binning Serm. (1845) 570 All these substantials we let go, that we may get hold of some empty unedifying notions.

1796 M. Robinson Angelina I. 155 We look sharp after the substantials, and leave the shadows to your end of the town.

1824 S. E. Ferrier Inheritance I. xxviii. 317 Too busy with the substantials of marriage, to have much time to bestow on the empty speculations of love.

5. In plural. The substantial or solid parts of a meal; (also esp.) a main course or dish. Now chiefly North American.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > consistency of food > [noun] > solid or substantial food

substantials1751

solid1786

substantialities1813

1751 R. Paltock Life Peter Wilkins I. xii. 120 From Day to Day I found out something new to add to my Repasts, either in Substantials, or by Way of Desert.

1765 H. Walpole Let. 7 Apr. (1840) V. 17 Instead of substantials, there was nothing but a profusion of plates striped red, green, and yellow, gilt plate, blacks and uniforms!

1804 E. Johnson Let. 9 Jan. in Francis Lett. (1901) II. 540 The substantials yesterday were dwindled to roast mutton at one end & boiled mutton & broth at the other.

1865 J. Cameron Malayan India 301 Soup and fish generally both precede the substantials... The substantials are invariably followed by curry and rice.

1950 Williamsburg (Iowa) Jrnl. Tribune 15 June 1/2 Tables were spread with the good substantials for men had work to do.

2009 Toronto Sun (Nexis) 30 Aug. (Lifestyle) 39 Most of the substantials (a.k.a. mains) come with at least one side.

†C. adv.

= substantially adv. Obsolete. [It is possible that quot. 1447 may instead show a use of the adjective.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [adverb]

formlyc1374

virtuallya1398

essentially1398

pithily1434

substantial1447

in substance1460

quidditativelyc1600

absolutely1654

constitutionally1766

essential1827

substantively1828

the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adverb] > considerably

substantial1447

respectably1911

1447 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) i. 13 (MED) Tho that beth substancialle grete and grevous to us, and somme cause and begynnyng of alle this debate, lete tham be so answered.

c1475 tr. C. de Pisan Livre du Corps de Policie (Cambr.) (1977) 98 (MED) Ther be but fewe that is substanciall perfoundid in the said science.

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. xxviij^v/1 Consideryng that hys fee is competent for a substanciall lerned man.

1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 726/1 That substaunciall wel learned man Lyre.

?1561 A.B.C. for Chyldren sig. B.i^v In the Latin tongue, and other substancial congrue languages.

Compounds

C1.

substantial-looking adj.

ΚΠ

1804 R. Bisset Mod. Lit. III. i. 19 A decent substantial looking man declared himself extremely delighted.

1897 ‘A. Hope’ Phroso (1905) iv. 73 He held a very substantial-looking whip in his hand.

1993 Time 1 Nov. 85/1 Eugene Lee's sets eschew his customary found-object minimalism in favor of substantial-looking streetscapes.

C2.

substantial form chiefly Philosophy [compare post-classical Latin substantialis forma (from c1200 in British sources), Byzantine Greek οὐσιῶδες εἶδος (Philoponus in Aristotelis Categorias commentarium), Middle French forme substanciele (1377); compare form n. 4a] the nature or distinctive character by virtue of possessing which a thing is what it (specifically or individually) is.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun]

pitheOE

i-cundeeOE

roota1325

substancec1330

juicec1380

marrowa1382

formc1385

acta1398

quidditya1398

substantial forma1398

inward1398

savourc1400

inwardc1450

allaya1456

essencya1475

being1521

bottom1531

spirit?1534

summary1548

ecceity1549

core1556

flower1568

formality1570

sum and substance1572

alloy1594

soul1598

inwardness1605

quid1606

fibre1607

selfness1611

whatness1611

essentialityc1616

propera1626

the whole shot1628

substantiala1631

esse1642

entity1643

virtuality1646

ingeny1647

quoddity1647

intimacy1648

ens1649

inbeing1661

essence1667

interiority1701

intrinsic1716

stamen1758

character1761

quidditas1782

hyparxis1792

rasa1800

bone1829

what1861

isness1865

inscape1868

as-suchness1909

Wesen1959

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. xxviii. 508 And þe substancial fourme [L. substantiali forma] of eueriche is saaf, by þe which forme eueriche is diuers fro oþir.

a1450 St. Katherine (Richardson 44) (1884) 37 Þe same god schold not mowe take vppon hym þe substancial forme of man.

1697 tr. F. Burgersdijck Monitio Logica i. xvi. 56 The Substantial Form of a Musician, as he is a Man, is the Rational Soul; Accidental as he is a Musician, Musick.

1775 J. Harris Philos. Arrangem. xvi. 387 Here we find the Phrase εἶδος γαιῶδες, commonly called Substantial Form.

1886 J. F. Smith in Encycl. Brit. XXI. 412/1 The sum of being consists of the two systems of substantial forms and interactional relations.

2003 J. Haldane Intelligent Person's Guide to Relig. vi. 156 For the medievals the central descriptive and explanatory idea was that of the ‘substantial form’ of a thing (forma rei) as revealed through its activities.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	substantial
释义	substantialadj.n.adv. Brit. /səbˈstanʃl/, /səbˈstɑːnʃl/, U.S. /ˌsəbˈstæn(t)ʃəl/ Forms: Middle English substancal, Middle English substanciale, Middle English substancialle, Middle English substanciel, Middle English substanciell, Middle English substancyal, Middle English substancyalle, Middle English substaunceal, Middle English substauncyel, Middle English–1500s substancyall, Middle English–1500s substauncyall, Middle English–1600s substanciall, Middle English–1600s substantiall, Middle English–1700s substancial, Middle English– substantial, 1500s substaunciall, 1600s substantiell. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French substantial; Latin substantialis. Etymology: < (i) Middle French substantial, substanciel, substantiel (French substantiel ) essential, fundamental (1265 in Old French), (of food) nourishing, sustaining, necessary for subsistence (1279 in pain sustancial ), (in philosophy) relating to substance or essence (1561), real (1580), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin substantialis of or relating to substance, real, essential (from early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), material (early 5th cent.), (in legal use) essential, important, of substance (from 14th cent. in British sources) < classical Latin substantia substance n. + -ālis -al suffix¹, after Hellenistic Greek οὐσιωδής. Compare Old Occitan substancial (14th cent.), Catalan substancial (14th cent.), Spanish sustancial (c1381–1415 or earlier), Italian sostanziale (a1294). Compare also German substantialisch, substanzialisch (a1541), substantial, substanzial (1544; < Latin), substantiell, substanziell (1728; < or after French). With use as noun compare post-classical Latin substantialia (neuter plural) essentials (from 13th cent. in British sources, especially in legal use). A. adj. I. Relating to size, quantity, solidity, etc. 1. Of food, a meal, etc.: ample and nourishing; (in some contexts) large and heavy. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > meal > [adjective] > qualities of meals substantial1340 simplea1387 dry1483 of substance?c1500 large1528 hearty?1550 abstemious1604 scrambling1607 running1618 lusty1672 sit-down1789 well-served1796 à la carte1816 slap-up1823 quaresimal1828 scratch1851 square1868 scrambly1900 set1914 handout1915 all-you-can-eat1940 spready1960 carbo-load1986 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 113 Þe more þet he [sc. food] is norissinde, me zayþ þet he is þe substancieler. c1390 (?c1350) St. Paula l. 60 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 4 (MED) Cumforte þi brayn beter wiþ sum bred And wiþ sum substancial mete. c1425 Myrour to Lewde Men & Wymmen (Harl.) (1981) 97 Men seith þat þe mete is substancial þat is mete of grete norischinge. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 67 Thei feeden hem with sweete stonding potagis and with sweete bake metis, and leuen othere substancial and necessarie metis. a1533 Ld. Berners in tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1537) End note f.167 Many bokes there be of substancial meates. 1578 Bk. Christian Prayers in Private Prayers (1851) 451 We be able to brook substantialer meat, because we be grown to further years of discretion. 1634 W. Tirwhyt tr. J. L. G. de Balzac Lett. 115 Whilest others fill themselves with substantiall and most ponderous cates. 1659 A. Speed Adam out of Eden v. 38 Clovergrass..renders abundance of very exquisite hay, very great substantial and much desired. 1754 R. Brookes Gen. Pract. Physic (ed. 2) I. 276 All Things that raise a Commotion in the Blood, and stimulate the Bowels, are bad; as also Aliment that is too substantial. a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. iv. xxxvii. 411 We say roast beef is good substantial food, but water gruel not. 1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 173 One substantial meal of solid animal food daily. 1855 Frank Leslie's N.Y. Jrnl. Sept. 192/2 Air may do for camomiles and other reptiles... But I know that men must have something more substantialler. 1903 Janesville (Wisconsin) Daily Gaz. 23 July 3/3 The substantial American breakfast with plenty of everything good from coffee to buckwheat cakes. 1932 J. C. Powys Glastonbury Romance xxvi. 894 Half his normal appetite was enough..to dispose of the more substantial viands. 1972 V. Canning Rainbird Pattern vi. 115 He was restless himself from a substantial dinner and lay awake for hours wishing he had brought some stomach powder. 2001 M. Hughes et al. World Food: India 26 Lunch is a substantial meal and..will usually be the local version of the thali. 2. a. Of a structure, etc.: of solid material or workmanship, stout, solid. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > [adjective] > consisting or full of solid material substantiala1393 substantious1529 stuffy1551 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > [adjective] > qualities of building generally substantious1529 lightsome1548 standing1624 substantial1624 prospectless1656 light1765 pukka1777 low-browed1810 tavernous1866 barrack-like1915 demountable1939 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 226 Erthe..Which..in his forme is schape round, Substancial, strong, sadd and sound. a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 5116 Thei [sc. women] made ware of a ribbe,..Which more strong is, and substancial, Þan slyme of eerthe. 1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 39 A substanciall and a sqwar dore of free stoon. 1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 1 §3 Goode and substanciall bulwarkes..in every landyng place. 1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia sig. Hii^v A brydge..with gorgious and substanciall archeis. 1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia v. 189 Then they built no more Cabbens, but substantiall houses. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 189 Some rich Burgher, whose substantial dores, Cross-barrd and bolted fast, fear no assault. View more context for this quotation 1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husb. I. 296 Country Houses ought to be substantial, and able to encounter all the shocks of the Wind. 1734 Builder's Dict. I. at Dial You may, if you please, do it over again with the same Colour: The Work will be the substantialler, and last the longer. 1845 B. Disraeli Sybil II. iii. iii. 44 Behind the substantial counter which was an impregnable fortification. 1874 J. Stainer in E. H. Plumptre Bible Educator I. 18/1 Music could reach a very high standard amongst nomadic tribes, whose roof was never more substantial than a tent. 1935 E. Glasgow Vein of Iron (1936) i. iv. 40 The great bed, so substantial that it took two men to push it. 1969 E. Connell Mr Bridge lxvii. 180 He listened without a word, eyes half shut, to the voices soaring from the substantial walnut console. 2004 Electronic Engin. Times (Nexis) 3 May 20 Such networks would not leak through substantial brickwork and masonry. b. Of a person, a part of the body, or (esp. in later use) a person's physique, etc.: solid, sturdy; strong, burly; muscular; well-built. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [adjective] stalworthc1175 thicka1250 stubblea1300 quarryc1300 stalworthyc1300 stoura1350 sturdyc1386 buirdlya1400 squarec1430 couragec1440 craskc1440 substantialc1460 ample1485 stalwart1508 puddinga1540 full-bodied1588 robust1666 two-handed1687 swankinga1704 strapping1707 broad-set1708 thick-set1724 throddy?1748 thick-bodied1752 broad-built1771 junky1825 swankie1838 stodgy1854 wide-bodied1854 beefish1882 hunky1911 buff1982 buffed1986 the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust strongeOE hardOE stalworthc1175 starka1250 stiff1297 steel to the (very) backa1300 stalworthyc1300 wightc1300 stable13.. valiant1303 stithc1325 toughc1330 wrast1338 stoura1350 sadc1384 wighty14.. derfc1440 substantialc1460 well-jointed1483 felon1487 robust1490 stalwart1508 stoutya1529 robustous?1531 rankc1540 hardy1548 robustious1548 stout1576 rustical1583 rustic1620 iron1638 robustic1652 swankinga1704 strapping1707 rugged1731 solid1741 vaudy1793 flaithulach1829 ironbark1833 swankie1838 tough as (old) boots or leather1843 skookum1847 hard (also tough, sharp) as nails1862 hard-assed1954 nails1974 c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn l. 2518 (MED) Geffrey was riȝt myȝty & wele his age did bere, ffor natur was more substancial, when tho dayis were, Then nowe in our tyme. a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 83 (MED) It behoveth hym to be a man substanciall [c1484 J. de Caritate substancal], faire chered and wele arraied. 1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) 52 b [Vociferation] maketh the members of the body substancial and stronge. 1578 G. Whetstone Promos & Cassandra: 2nd Pt. iv. i. sig. K.iij^v, (heading) Gresco, a good substantiall Offycer. 1602 in F. Moryson Itinerary (1617) ii. 250 Men broken, and not substantiall in war. 1657 N. Billingsley Brachy-martyrologia xiv. 48 Tormentors, pray procure Substantialler than these; these are too small. 1847 G. Simpson Narr. of Journey round World II. xx. 223 The women are generally red-faced, red-handed, red-heeled, strong-featured wenches of substantial build. 1865 St. James' Mag. 18 463 It was the ‘peasant’ who brought the substantial thews and sinews to aid in those mighty struggles. 1919 C. K. Harrington Capt. Bickel of Inland Sea i. 31 Tall and of substantial physique, he made on one the impression of strength and vigour. 1978 C. Matthews Power Seekers iv. 53 She had a substantial figure, what little Levi had been able to glimpse of it under all the crinoline and lace. 2004 C. Sudbery Dying of Delight vi. 87 He placed his hand on the man's substantial forearm. The man shook Andy off violently, almost hitting him in the face. 3. Of ample or considerable amount or size; sizeable. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > considerable in amount or degree goodeOE fairOE goodlyc1275 largea1375 no littlea1413 substantial1413 unleast?1440 prettya1475 reasonablea1500 substantious1545 substantive1575 sensible1581 pretty and ——1596 goody1597 greatish1611 considerable1651 sonsy1721 respectable1736 smart1750 quite a little ——1763 gey1796 smartish1799 canny1805 serious1810 right smart1825 dunnamuch1831 snug1833 tidy1839 bonnyish1855 largish1872 a nice little ——1891 significant1898 healthy1901 beaucoup1917 the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > largeness > [adjective] > somewhat large substantial1413 indifferent1548 handsome1577 biggish1611 sizeable1613 well-sized?1614 considerable1651 good-sized1657 largish1752 snug1833 fairish1858 1413 T. Hoccleve Balade Henry V l. 33 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 40 Syn god hath sent yow wit substancial, And kynges might vertu, putte in assay! 1453–4 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Mar. 1453 §54. m. 10 That substantiall provision be made in all hast..for the kepyng of the see. a1500 (a1451) in Ld. Clermont Wks. J. Fortescue (1869) I. 551 Ynglond ys no lytyll londe but a substauncyall londe. 1539 C. Tunstall Serm. Palme Sondaye (1823) 81 Yf a manne wolde offre a greatte substantiall suretie. 1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus ii. f. 26^v He thocht the price was ouir substanciall. 1616 in S. R. Gardiner Fortescue Papers (1871) 17 Although you are not capable (through your fulnes) of any substantiall addition from me. 1690 C. Ness Compl. Hist. & Myst. Old & New Test. I. 138 The wealth of a man is..reckoned..by the substantial bills and bonds, &c. he is able to produce. 1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. v. 319 Often..one finds good substantial Leagues dwindling into even Liliputian Furlongs. 1780 T. Jefferson Corr. in Wks. (1859) I. 274 Were it possible to arm men, we would send on substantial reinforcements to you. 1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 335 One of us at least would..have made something substantial by the venture. 1908 Outlook 8 Aug. 178/2 These two substantial volumes. 1957 W. S. Churchill Hist. Eng.-speaking Peoples III. ix. iii. 218 A substantial section of the population..were largely exempt from taxation. 1976 Sunday Times 30 May 24/4 (advt.) It is mandatory that candidates have experience of..the control and motivation of a substantial work force. 2010 Ideal Home May 170/2 Substantial energy savings will come too through fitting the latest energy-efficient glazing. 4. Firmly or solidly established; of solid worth or value; of real significance, weighty; reliable; important, worthwhile. a. Of a statement, discourse, writing. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > foundation in fact, validity > [adjective] goodOE substantial1419 soundc1440 allowablec1443 stronga1475 stable1481 infallible1526 sore1530 sincere1536 acknowledged1548 of…validity1581 firm1600 acknowledgeable1630 valiant1632 infallid1635 valid1651 copper-bottomed1890 the mind > attention and judgement > testing > proof, demonstration > [adjective] > strong, convincing strongc1405 substantial1419 pregnant?a1475 pregnablea1500 vehement1530 pungent1619 stringent1653 1419–23 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 306 (MED) We wol þat ye do write hit ayein of a more substancial hande. a1456 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 41 With Crystis worde substancial in sentence. 1468 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 19 By substanciall wrytyng undre sealez. 1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe in Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (1870) 96 In great matters aske substancial counsell. 1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 151 My letters cannot make you such substanciall assuraunce, of my desire touching your safetie, as it is in deede. a1591 R. Greenham Wks. (1599) 56 The Lord..vrgeth him with substantiall questions. 1602 in F. Moryson Itinerary (1617) ii. 238 We have not heard any such substantiall intelligence. 1691 A. Wood Athenæ Oxonienses II. 607 His..practical, spiritual, substantial preaching. 1710 J. Addison Tatler No. 158. ⁋1 This he looks upon to be sound learning, and substantial criticism. 1742 A.Corbiere Let. 26 June in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. i. 277 Few words but substantial ones you will like best I suppose. 1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola II. xiv. 174 His mind glanced round..to see how far those words could have the force of a substantial threat. 1873 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) Introd. 68 This division is substantial and useful. 1979 C. James Pillars of Hercules i. vi. 80 It is a deceptively substantial little book which looks like a slim volume only by accident. 2010 D. J. Chalmers Char. Consciousness i. 33 If Dennett can elaborate this into a substantial argument, that would be a very useful service. b. Of an action, condition, result, idea, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > advantage > [adjective] > worthwhile worthc1405 substantial?a1425 worthwhile1565 rewarding1570 tantia1593 ?a1425 (a1415) Lanterne of Liȝt (Harl.) (1917) 26 (MED) Þer ben oþir foure doweris of substancial mede wiþ þe whiche we schal be dowid in oure soule. 1565 W. Allen Def. & Declar. Doctr. Purgatory ii. xvii. f. 282 Do yow not see here a trim faith and a substantiall? 1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. B4 Now trust mee a substantiall trade. 1622 M. Drayton 2nd Pt. Poly-olbion xxiv. 80 The Christian Faith, for whose substantiall planting, Saint Augustine from Rome was to this Iland sent. 1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia iii. xii. 94 Ten good workemen would haue done more substantiall worke in a day, then ten of them in a weeke. 1696 N. Tate & N. Brady New Version Psalms of David cxix. 165 Secure, substantial Peace have they. 1749 T. Smollett Regicide v. i. 65 Life with substantial Ills, enough is curs'd. 1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison V. xliii. 278 She has substantial notions still left, I find, of ideal Love. 1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 300 Foolish man..quits..Substantial happiness for transient joy. 1812 S. T. Coleridge Friend 316 Where he deems his interference warranted by substantial experience. 1867 J. Ruskin Time & Tide ii. §7 To..complete his home gradually with more delicate and substantial comforts. 1902 Cosmopolitan Feb. 433/1 Substantial hopes which less than a year of working and of waiting would change into permanent realities. 1955 R. C. Hutchinson Stepmother xxvi. 245 The warmth of Patricia's welcome had made the present substantial enough to live in. 2009 Times (Nexis) 11 Apr. (Features) 1 We need something more substantial than happiness. c. Of a reason, a cause, evidence. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > initiating or causing to begin > [adjective] > founding or instituting > settled or established rootfastlOE stablec1290 institutec1325 sad1340 firmc1374 rooteda1393 stabledc1400 substantialc1449 well-foundeda1450 surec1475 standing1549 afloat1551 well-established1559 steadyc1571 naturalized1590 erected1603 established1642 instituted1647 settled1649 riveted1652 radicate1656 inrooted1660 institute1668 statuminated1674 planted1685 stablished1709 deep-seated1741 founded1771 set-up1856 the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > [adjective] > supported by evidence > firmly ygroundedc1369 well-recordeda1393 substantialc1449 grounded1548 solid1615 well-attested1652 well-authenticated1761 c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 46 (MED) The euydencis..which Holi Scripture bringith ben not more substancial and strenger..than ben the euydencis..which doom of resoun therto bringeth. 1528 in N. Pocock Rec. Reformation (1870) I. li. 121 Very good matter and substantial why the said matrimony should be dissolved. a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in Wks. (1557) 50/1 For that I se some men so gredye withowte any substaunciall cause. a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) ii. ii. 106 Your reason was not substantiall . View more context for this quotation a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1691) v. 88 Although there be not naturally substantial reasons..why there should be such differences. ?1795 Explan. Word Equality 4 Mr Reeves..has some substantial reasons for opposing all levelling systems. 1847 G. Grote Hist. Greece III. ii. xvi. 273 In itself a substantial testimony. 1866 S. Baring-Gould Curious Myths Middle Ages 1st Ser. i. 23 How wanting they are in all substantial evidence which could make us regard the story in any other light than myth. 1920 Harvard Law Rev. 33 949 There must be substantial reason for treating the donee as an equitable owner. 1948 Bull. Atomic Scientists Feb. 47 The decision was supported by substantial evidence. 2002 Time 2 Sept. 34/3 Saddam Hussein's links to bin Laden could undermine more substantial reasons for taking down a dangerous criminal. †5. Of an action, measure, etc.: having weight, force, or effect; effective, thorough. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > advantage > efficacy > [adjective] frameeOE goodeOE mightyOE vailanta1325 sicker1338 mightful1340 suffisant1340 virtuousa1387 effectivea1398 effectuala1398 worthya1398 availingc1420 effectuous?a1425 operant?a1425 substantialc1449 virtual?a1475 substantious1483 available1502 efficacious1528 energial1528 working1532 operatory1551 operatoriousa1555 stately1567 feckful1568 efficace?1572 shifty1585 operative1590 instrumental1601 efficable1607 speeding1612 effectuating1615 officious1618 availsome1619 prevailable1624 valid1651 perficient1659 affectuous1664 implemental1676 virtual1760 efficient1787 sufficient1831 slick1833 roadworthy1837 practician1863 positive1903 performant1977 c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 54 (MED) The verri lawe of kinde and of feith..and so the substancial lawe of God to man in erthe, is wors knowen than of manye othere. 1523 Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII c. 3 §1 The true and substanciall makyng of the said clothes. a1525 ( Coventry Leet Bk. (1908) II. 523 Thobseruyng..such sad direccions and substanciall ordinaunces. a1525 (?1461) Coventry Leet Bk. (1908) II. 314 The good & substanciall rule and guydyng that ye kepe theryn. 1550 R. Crowley Way to Wealth sig. Aii^v The moste substanciall waye in curinge diseases, is by puttinge awaye the causes. 1551 in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) II. ii. iv. 272 That substantial Order be taken forth~with for the pulling down all Altars. 1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 341 There is no substantial remedying this fault, but by making a new Head. 6. Of a person or thing: of real worth, reliability, or repute; respected, honoured. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > reputation > good repute > reputability or honourableness > [adjective] faireOE wortheOE worthlyeOE worthfulOE menskful?c1225 toldc1275 digne1297 of price?a1300 worshiply1340 worthya1350 menska1375 thriftyc1374 worshipfula1375 worthilya1375 honesta1382 honourablec1384 unshamedc1384 sada1387 of reputationc1390 well-nameda1393 reverent1398 worthy (worshipful, wise) in wanea1400 celebrable?c1400 honouredc1400 worshipablec1425 substantialc1449 undefameda1450 unreviled?1457 honorousa1500 reputed?1532 well-thought-ona1533 well-spoken1539 credible1543 undespised?1548 imitable1550 famous1555 undistained1565 undefame1578 untarred1579 well-reputed1583 unsoiledc1592 dishonourless1595 well-deemed1595 nameworthy1598 regardful1600 indisgraced1606 credenta1616 undishonoureda1616 unscandalized1618 unscandalous1618 unslandered1622 untainted1627 dignousa1636 undisparaged1636 considerable1641 unbranded1641 glorifiable1651 reputable1671 unsullied1743 unstigmatized1778 undisgraced1812 unstained1863 well-thought-of1865 uncompromised1882 scandal-proof1904 cred1987 c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 85 Substancial clerkis weel leerned in logik. 1562 W. Turner Herball (1568) ii. 72 Theophrast so ancient and substantiall autor. 1588 R. Greene Pandosto sig. F^v That he might goe like an honest substantiall man to tell his tale. a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1690) 74 Another Book written by a substantial Author. 1716 I. Newton Let. 25 Aug. in Corr. (1976) VI. 367 In the presence of Substantial Witnesses. 1814 W. Wilson Hist. Dissenting Churches IV. 310 Mr. Sheffield was a sound and substantial scholar. 1867 J. A. Froude Short Stud. 1st Ser. I. 228 Till it be so agreed, the substantial intellect of the country will not throw itself into the question. 1910 Bookman Dec. 32 He was the son of a gentleman, a substantial scholar,..highly cultivated, restless intellectually. 1957 H. Levin Contexts of Crit. 38 The orator was advising the antiquarian..to look for authoritative precedents in some first-class and substantial author. 1990 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 15 Feb. 15/1 He had been a substantial critic, and widely read. 2009 Clin. Psychiatry News (Nexis) July 46 I saw in him the potential for being a substantial citizen, one whose head was very much ‘together’. 7. Of a person: possessing property, or wealth; well-to-do, wealthy; hence of social standing or influence. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [adjective] > influential substantial?c1450 weighty1560 momentous1667 society > authority > power > influence > [adjective] > influential mightyOE substantial?c1450 prevalent?a1475 grave1541 upstantial1590 prevailent1623 influxive1624 weighty1662 momentous1667 influentiala1734 influencive1809 high-power1906 high-powered1917 ?c1450 Brut (Trin. Cambr.) (1908) 479 They..ordeyned .iiij. enquestes within the Cite, of substantiall peple. 1461 J. Berney in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 241 Any substancyall gentylman. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. clxix^v The Maire..assembled a great numbre of substanciall and graue citezens. 1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares 37 All which were of the Nobles, Gentlemen, and substantialest men of the Iewes. 1602 F. Marbury Serm. preached at Paules Crosse sig. F There are enow penurious and idle male-contents euerie night couching, to expell all the substantiall inhabitants of the towne out of their houses. 1642 Prince Rupert Declar. 4 The Knights, Aldermen, and substantiall Citizens of London. 1695 C. Davenant Ess. Ways & Means supplying War 80 All substantial Merchants will acknowledge, that Stealing Customs, and Running Goods, is against their Common Interest. 1714 J. Fortescue-Aland in J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. Pref. 10 A Jury of twelve upright and substantial Men, is by the Law, to be summon'd. 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 185 The substantial tradesman, who wont to pass his evenings at the ale-house for fourpence half-penny, now spends three shillings at the tavern. 1833 H. Martineau Brooke & Brooke Farm (ed. 3) viii. 94 In former times,..the proprietor or occupier of thirty or forty acres was thought a substantial farmer. 1883 S. C. Hall Retrospect Long Life II. 276 Among our few fellow-passengers..was a substantial Scottish grazier. 1911 A. L. Sawyer Hist. Northern Peninsula Michigan III. 1212 One of the substantial farmers and highly honored citizens of that county. 1958 D. J. Boorstin Americans xviii. 109 The social gulf between a substantial gentleman planter and everybody else was probably never wider in Virginia than around the year 1750. 1993 D. Pool What Jane Austen ate & Charles Dickens Knew 40 Squires per se were merely substantial landowners with a long residence in a particular country area. II. Relating to nature, essence, etc. 8. a. Of or relating to the tissue of the body, an organ, etc. (in an animal or plant); cf. substance n. 9. Also: composed of or involving tissue; spec. = substantive adj. 6. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily substance > [adjective] substantiala1398 histioid1864 histoid1865 tissular1965 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. iv. iv. 144 Ȝif þe substancial moisture [L. humiditate substantiali] is destroyed in þe body, al þe worchinge of þe soule is ilett. c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 14^v The veyne is a consimile membre..in substancial complexioun, sche is cold and drie, but sche is hoot and moist hauynge reward to hise contentis. a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) l. 1726 So nothing els is oure digestion But of humour substancial a create perfeccion. 1620 T. Venner Via Recta viii. 192 By reason of much resolution of the nutrimentall and substantiall moisture through the pores. 1672 M. Lister Let. 10 Jan. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1971) VIII. 464 For, as it is truth-like of all the other substantial parts of plants, yt they are actually in, & common to all plants, though specifyed by divers accidents in figure & texture. 1774 J. Hill Constr. Timber (ed. 2) 43 Mean time the Bark remains what it was, covering the more substantial parts. 1797 R. Couper Speculations Impregnation (ed. 2) 115 The substantial parts of the body are gradually developed. 1820 J. Johnson Infl. Civic Life 64 An important mean of distinguishing sympathetic, from substantial disease of this organ, is percussion of the chest. 1884 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 15 Mar. 498/1 We may say in our haste the uterus has no substantial diseases; that its affections are all neurotic. 1889 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 120 Transition from substantial to membranous parietes. 1900 Philadelphia Med. Jrnl. 10 Mar. 580/1 As a primary or substantial disease it is a disease of old age. b. Relating to or deriving from the essence of a thing. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [adjective] substantial?a1425 essential1495 quidditativec1600 quiddative1642 substantial1649 the world > existence and causation > causation > source or origin > [adjective] > originated or derived > from some specific source substantial1649 fire-born?a1656 1649 W. Charleton tr. J. B. van Helmont Ternary of Paradoxes 122 An Angel is not that substantiall light, nor hath he any light geniall and inherent to his essence, but is onely a mirror of the increated light. 1672 N. Grew Anat. Veg. iii. 47 In all such Roots, the Pith is..of the same substantial nature. 1718 M. Prior Solomon on Vanity i, in Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 415 Now shine these Planets with substantial Rays? 1737 B. Franklin in Pennsylvania Gaz. 8–15 Dec. Dr. Lister is of Opinion, that the material Cause of Thunder, Lightning and Earthquakes, is one and the same, viz. the inflammable Breath of the Pyrites, which is a substantial Sulphur. 1879 E. W. Fox Mechanism of Man II. xii. 497 It is merely nerve force, and not the substantial constituents of body. 1884 tr. A. R. Serbati Psychol. I. ix. 69 To the perceived substance of the soul corresponds the substantial essence. 1935 G. de Purucker Esoteric Trad. I. iv. 128 The substantial root of all beings and things, man therefore included, is the cosmic Brahman or Cosmic Spirit. 1973 J. F. Quinn Hist. Constit. St. Bonaventure's Philos. ii. 202 Spirit designates the whole of the rational soul as the substantial foundation of superior reason. 2003 G. C. Burneko By Torch of Chaos & Doubt v. 164 While we have designated thus the substantial origin, we have not designated the epistemological or meaning origin. 9. a. That is, constitutes, or involves an essential part, point, or feature; essential, material. Cf. substantive adj. 3. Now rare.In later use difficult to distinguish from senses A. 3 or A. 4. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [adjective] > essential or constituting the essence formalc1386 substantial1422 essential1546 radical1562 constitutive1610 essentifical1656 constituent1659 vital1659 qualifying1704 constitutional1750 staminal1798 substantive1858 1422 in A. T. Bannister Reg. Thome Spofford (1919) 80 (MED) Wee ordeyne..that the thre substancyalle articles of your professyon, that es to say, dow obedyence, wylfulle povertee, and clene chastytee, be observed and keped contynually. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1879) VII. 399 (MED) A decrete was made that the substantiall partes of that rule scholde be kepede, and oþer thynges as superfluous to be refusede. ?1541 R. Copland Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens ii. sig. Gj Be the addicions abouesayd other bones than the bone of y^e sholdre? Answere. No,..but are substancyall party of it. 1588 T. Kyd tr. T. Tasso Housholders Philos. f. 18^v Those compasses..which though they be diuers according to the variety of Countreys, is (notwithstanding) no occasion of substantiall difference. 1627 G. Markham 2nd Pt. Soldiers Gram. 47 I must confesse they carry a greete shew of substantiall truth, did not some impediment crosse in the way. 1686 J. Goad Astro-meteorologica ii. viii. 273 I would not have it destitute of a Limme that is substantial, or one of its vital Parts. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 11 The common misfortune of Princes, that in so substantial a part of their Happyness..Themselves had never any part. 1729 W. Law Serious Call iv. 52 Most of the employments of life are..lawful; and all those that are so, may be made a substantial part of our duty to God. 1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) II. 188 He could not find any substantial distinction between that case, and the principal one. 1867 J. Ruskin Time & Tide viii. §35 Under..Divine guidance, securing them from substantial error. 1968 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 114 1186/1 This leads to a substantial criticism..which amounts to a rejection of these terms. b. Law. = substantive adj. 4a. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal concepts > [adjective] substantive1729 substantial1768 statistic1871 society > law > jurisprudence > [adjective] > relating to essential merits of a matter substantial1768 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 397 That the defendant do answer over, respondeat ouster; that is, put in a more substantial plea. 1775 J. Rayner Readings on Statutes 153 There is no real Variance between the material and the substantial Charge, and the Evidence. 1837 W. Tidd New Pract. Courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, & Exchequer of Pleas xxxvii. 504 The judge will consider what is the substantial fact to be made out, and on whom it lies to make it out. 1839 J. Bouvier Law Dict. U.S.A. II. 426/1 If the matter pleaded be in itself insufficient, without reference to the manner of pleading it, the defect is substantial. 1868 Bouvier's Law Dict. U.S.A. (ed. 12) II. 486/1 Right to begin,..The party who asserts the affirmative of an issue has the right to begin and reply, as on him is the burden of proof. The substantial affirmative, not the verbal, gives the right. 1904 D. S. Garland et al. Amer. & Eng. Encycl. Law (ed. 2) XXVII. 287/2 A substantial right has been defined as one involving a legal right, such a right as may be enforced and protected by law. 1940 Law Jrnl. Rep.: King's Bench 109 754 If the Court is satisfied that a defendant who gives such a notice is merely a formal defendant, or has no substantial cause to interfere in the conduct. 2008 W. Weigel Econ. of Law v. 124 While the formal requirements are thus perfectly met, the substantial content of such acts can be questionable. c. That is such in the main; real or true for the most part. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > [adjective] > generally applicable > that is such in the main substantial1771 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adjective] > resembling truth > to limited extent truish1633 substantial1771 falsish1873 1771 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) II. xliv. 167 I should be contented to renounce the forms of the constitution.., if there were no other way to obtain substantial justice for the people. 1790 W. Paley Horæ Paulinæ i. 8 It establishes the substantial truth of the narration. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xviii. 150 The Tories..though they could not deny that there had been some hard cases, maintained that, on the whole, substantial justice had been done. 1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) III. 115 He argues rightly for the substantial genuineness of the text. 1901 Med. Examiner June 284/1 There can be no reasonable doubt of the substantial accuracy of the returns. 1963 W. F. LaFeber New Empire ii. 95 On some of the most vital issues they reached a substantial consensus. 1991 H. R. McAdoo Anglican Heritage vi. 90 Substantial agreement as a term in inter-Church dialogue made its first..appearance at the Malines Conversations. 10. That is, or exists as, a substance; having a real existence; subsisting by itself. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > [adjective] substantiala1425 subsistent1597 subsisting1597 substant1618 subsistential1620 substanding1662 substantive1787 substantival1884 a1425 (?a1400) Bk. Priue Counseling in P. Hodgson Cloud of Unknowing (1944) 144 (MED) Þof al þou haddest a biginnyng in þi substancyal creacion, þe whiche was sumtyme nouȝt, ȝit haþ þi being ben euer-more in hym wiþ-outyn beginnyng. 1493 Chastysing Goddes Chyldern (de Worde) xviii. sig. Div/2 Eche thynge that is noo body if it be substancyall it is callid a spiryte. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer ii. f. cccxlviii^v Naturel goodnesse of euery substaunce is nothing els than his substancial beyng. 1547 J. Hooper Answer Detection Deuyls Sophistrye sig. O4^v Christes uery naturall corporall, phisicall, substanciall and reall body is in the sacrament. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxiv. 211 Some such apparitions [sc. Dæmons] may be reall, and substantiall; that is to say, subtile Bodies, which God can form by the same power, by which he formed all things. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe Pref. aig. A4^v The General Ranks of Substantiall Beings, below the Deity. 1704 E. Pelling Disc. conc. Existence of God II. iii. 66 The Souls of Men are substantial Beings, distinct from Matter, and therefore not Formable out of Matter, or Creatable by Atoms. 1794 N. E. Kindersley tr. Hist. Nella-Rajah in Specimans Hindoo Lit. 112 He is beautiful as the god of love, the only difference between them is, that the one has a substantial body, the other none. 1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. I. xii. 248 The want of substantial reality in the objects of the senses, according to the sceptics. 1890 G. M. Duncan tr. G. W. Leibniz Wks. 376 (Notes) I was compelled to have recourse to a real or animated point, so to speak, or to a substantial atom. 1916 Encycl. Relig. & Ethics VIII. 492/1 A philosopher who..assigns to a Supreme Being a substantial body, is not a materialist. 1994 F. Lachman tr. Z. Zawirski Life & Work 214 This contradiction gave impetus to Plotinus's successors..to consider time as a substantial being. †11. Relating to or proceeding from the essence of a thing. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [adjective] substantial?a1425 essential1495 quidditativec1600 quiddative1642 substantial1649 ?a1425 in A. Hudson Eng. Wycliffite Serm. (1990) I. 567 Crist..was of þe same kynde þat is eche man his broþur, and þis licnesse is in substancial kynde. ?c1450 (a1388) tr. Richard of Wallingford Exafrenon (Digby) in J. D. North Wks. Richard of Wallingford (1976) I. 183 (MED) Thu most knawe the strenghtis and vertues substancial of all the planetis. 1517 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xviii. 84 Your hert is your by substancyall lyne It is not in my domynacyon. 1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Dvij^v If he can learne firste to se the verye nature, & substantial propretye of euery thyng. a1653 H. Binning Common Princ. Christian Relig. in Wks. (1735) 30/2 Christ may be called the Truth indeed, the substantial Word of God, for he is the very Substance of the written and preached Word. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 485 To give thee being I lent Out of my side to thee, neerest my heart Substantial Life. View more context for this quotation 1731 A. Hill Advice to Poets Epist. 5 A Poet is..an Exalter of what is most dignified, and substantial, in Nature. 1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. i. 127 Their substantial union was taken away, and nothing but a numerical or moral union was left. 12. Philosophy. Of, relating to, or inherent in substance, rather than an accident or attribute; that is substance. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > [adjective] > of or relating to substance substantial1526 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. FFFvi^v Howe to the actiue lyfe perteyneth accidentall ioye, but to the contemplatiue, the substanciall crowne of glory. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer ii. f. cccxliii Thilke thynges that we clepe power, is but accident to the flesshly body, and so they may not haue that suretie in might, whiche wanteth in the substancial body. 1580 T. Blundeville Foure Offices Horsemanship (rev. ed.) iv. iv. 3 Sickness..is knowne..by inseparable or substantiall accidents, as by the shape, number, qualitie, & site of the part, or member diseased. 1642 J. Denham Sophy v. 39 If happinesse be a substantiall good, Not fram'd of accidents, nor subject to 'em. 1664 H. More Apol. 498 Calvin seems to be affraid of the opinion of the Body being Spiritual, as implying a Substantial change. 1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 147 There are seven Causes consider'd in Judgment, viz. the Material, Efficient, and Formal Cause; and likewise a Natural, Substantial, and Accidental Cause; and lastly a Final Cause. 1781 J. Clowes tr. E. Swedenborg True Christian Relig. II. xii. 319 Here all Things are Substantial, and not material, and material Things derive their Origin from Things substantial. 1895 E. B. Spears & J. B. Sanderson tr. G. W. F. Hegel Lect. Philos. Relig. I. ii. 323 These two sides are now opposed as infinite and finite—the one as pure Being, the other as determinate Being—as substantial and accidental, as universal and as particular. 1915 Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 12 164 This book..construes the phenomenal world in the light of esthetics as the place of joy, the causal world by means of ethics as the place of work, and the substantial world after the manner of religion as the place of truth. 1939 Thomist 1 101 We are compelled to substitute an accidental for a substantial difference. 2005 C. J. Shields Aristotle ii. 63 Being human, unlike having an even number of hairs upon your head, qualifies as a substantial form of yours. 13. Having a corporeal or bodily form; consisting of solid matter; corporeal, material. Now rare.In later use frequently difficult to distinguish from sense A. 14a. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [adjective] bodyc1175 materialc1390 corporal?1520 physical1547 substantialc1550 materiate1588 elementated1605 corporeala1620 corpulenta1620 crass1649 materiable1652 corporeous1669 bodysome1674 hylical1708 hylic1853 c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) v. 26 That var[l]d that the pepil malingnis, is nocht ane substancial material mas maid of eird. 1589 J. Lyly Pappe with Hatchet sig. E I came so neere, that I could feele a substantiall knaue from a sprites shadowe. a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iii. i. 532 To draw with ydle Spiders strings Most ponderous and substantiall things. View more context for this quotation 1653 H. More Second Lash of Alazonomastix (1713) 184 He means no substantialler a Being by Matter than what may well be called Metaphysical. 1784 Eng. Rev. Sept. 189 The ghost of our artists is a very muscular and substantial ghost indeed! 1819 W. Scott Bride of Lammermoor ix, in Tales of my Landlord 3rd Ser. II. 220 Neither was there pressure of the grass, nor any other circumstance, to induce him to believe that what he had seen was real and substantial. 1883 Arthur's Home Mag. Sept. 643/1 That was a very substantial ghost..to judge from the creaking of those old stairs as he came down. 1913 A. Preuss tr. J. Pohle Christology i. ii 42 We believe that the body of Christ was not imaginary, nor a mere phantasm, but real and substantial. 14. a. Having substance in reality; not imaginary, unreal, or only apparent; true, actual, real. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > reality or real existence or actuality > [adjective] > as opposed to apparent, spiritual, or intellectual naturalc1487 authentical1593 substantial1597 real1607 unimaginary1608 authentic1664 1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet ii. i. 183 All this is but a dreame..Too flattering true to be substantiall . View more context for this quotation a1632 T. Middleton & J. Webster Any Thing for Quiet Life (1662) i. sig. B2^v Her railing did appear but a vision, till certain scratches on my hand and face, assur'd me it was substantial. 1639 R. Davenport New Tricke to cheat Divell iii. i. sig. E1^v Dreame I? or i'st substantiall that I see? 1705 tr. T. Boccalino Advices from Parnassus ii. xl. 263 Neapolitans, and other Nations,..who are more fond of vain Appearance than of substantial Reality. 1729 N. Tindal tr. P. Rapin de Thoyras Hist. Eng. IX. xvii. 23 Not by Words..but chiefly by very substantial Deeds. 1798 S. Lee Young Lady's Tale in H. Lee Canterbury Tales II. 15 His substantial wealth vanished, but the shadow still remained. 1862 B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. II. i. 27 We should..not be led away from that which is real and substantial by the pursuit of the shadowy and fantastic. 1883 J. A. Froude Short Stud. IV. iii. 265 Rich men could not easily abandon substantial enjoyments in pursuit of so imaginary an object. 1949 G. Blake Paying Guest i. 9 The understanding was at the basis of their undeclared but substantial friendship. 1965 J. N. Rosen in L. E. Abt & S. L. Weissman Acting Out ii. 26 These are not wishes for any actual, substantial satisfactions... The psychotic's wishes are for imaginary satisfactions. 2000 E. Graver Honey Thief 99 Here, her own man, actual, substantial, in the flesh. She realized she had never quite expected to find one. †b. That is really such; thorough, real. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adjective] > real, actual substantial1656 true1735 unfiguratea1752 actual1869 your actual ——1966 1656 J. Bramhall Replic. to Bishop of Chalcedon iii. 128 If he [sc. Henry VIII] was a Protestant, doubtlesse he was a substantiall Protestant, But why a Protestant? 1665 S. Patrick Parable of Pilgrim xx. 205 I mean..that it must appear to the world, that you are a substantial Christian by all the acts of an Holy Life. a1694 J. Tillotson Serm. (1742) IV. liii. 497 To become wise and peaceable and substantial Christians. B. n. 1. In plural. Those things belonging to or constituting the substance; the essential parts or elements; (the) essentials. Also occasionally in singular (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun] > essential elements substantialsa1398 internala1594 formal1605 fundamental1617 materialsa1631 essentials1663 hardtack1888 basic1934 funda1989 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. ci. 992 Alle þe substancials [L. substantialia] of þis tree hauen sournesse and vertu of byndyng. c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 495 Þe lijf now lad in þis world here and þe lijf to be lad aftir in heuene accorden in hir substancialis. 1567 Reg. Privy Council Scott. 1st Ser. I. 547 Alwayis kepand all the uther substantiallis of the formar seill. 1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. xlvii. sig. Q5^v All this change, without the losse of any visible substantiall. 1652 J. Gaule Πυς-μαντια 77 Neither doth nature prefer any creature for its adventitials, or accidentals; but for its substantials or essentials. 1661 R. Baxter Accompt Proc. Commissioners i. 4 Those who in the substantials of the Protestant Religion are of the same perswasions with our selves. 1681 E. Stillingfleet Unreasonableness of Separation ii. 150 They agree with us in the Substantial of Religion. 1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 75 Altho' a Custom introduc'd against the Substantials of an Appeal be not valid..yet a Custom may be introduc'd against the Accidentals of an Appeal. 1815 J. Scott Visit to Paris xi. 226 In the substantials of knowledge and conduct, they are below both these. 1854 H. D. Thoreau Walden 52 A September gale would strip them [sc. architectural ornaments] off, like borrowed plumes, without injury to the substantials. 1870 J. R. Lowell Love among my Bks. 26 His judgement in substantials, like that of Johnson, is always worth having. 1907 Overland Monthly Dec. 551/2 An undaunted effort to procure enough of the substantials of life to satisfy every one. 1934 Steubenville (Ohio) Herald-Star 29 Jan. 5/2 Dargusch told a forum gathering that food and substantials should be exempted under a sales tax. 2008 BusinessWorld (Nexis) 15 Dec. s1/4 The ability and willingness to give and take, to compromise in nonessentials, never in substantials. †2. With the. Persons of influence or substance. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > one who is important > one who has influence substantial1548 men of light and leading1790 big fish1827 big1833 sommité1856 leader1858 baron1876 heavyweight1889 Big Daddy1898 uncrowned king (queen)1917 big boy1921 top gun1941 society > authority > power > influence > [noun] > one who or that which influences > influential people substantial1548 men of light and leading1790 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxx^v The French kyng had onely called suche of Burgoyne, as hym pleased, and not the substanciall of the countrey. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 331 The Maior of London, and the substanciall of the Citie toke counsaile together. 3. That which has substance; the substantial element. Cf. sense A. 10. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun] pitheOE i-cundeeOE roota1325 substancec1330 juicec1380 marrowa1382 formc1385 acta1398 quidditya1398 substantial forma1398 inward1398 savourc1400 inwardc1450 allaya1456 essencya1475 being1521 bottom1531 spirit?1534 summary1548 ecceity1549 core1556 flower1568 formality1570 sum and substance1572 alloy1594 soul1598 inwardness1605 quid1606 fibre1607 selfness1611 whatness1611 essentialityc1616 propera1626 the whole shot1628 substantiala1631 esse1642 entity1643 virtuality1646 ingeny1647 quoddity1647 intimacy1648 ens1649 inbeing1661 essence1667 interiority1701 intrinsic1716 stamen1758 character1761 quidditas1782 hyparxis1792 rasa1800 bone1829 what1861 isness1865 inscape1868 as-suchness1909 Wesen1959 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > being or entity > that exists by itself substance1340 subject1387 ens reale1565 individual1582 suppositum1593 supposite1612 substantiala1631 secondary substance1774 absolute1858 a1631 J. Downe Christs Prayer for Church 131 in Certaine Treatises (1633) The Substantiall, is the very Godhead it selfe considered in its Nature together with all the essentiall properties thereof. 1838 F. Haywood tr. I. Kant Critick Pure Reason i. 327 That which..might yet seem to be an idea of transcendental reason, would be the conception of the substantial. 1856 J. F. Ferrier Inst. Metaphysic (ed. 2) xvi. 328 There is a substantial in cognition; in other words, substance is knowable, and is known by us. 1966 F. C. Copleston Hist. Philos. viii. 215 The elimination of substance, of the substantial, is skilfully used to suggest that all finite things are adjectival to one reality. 1991 M. Roseman Healing Sounds from Malaysian Rainforest iii. 54 Like sound, odor calls into question the distinction between the substantial and the insubstantial, for it is both perceptible or existent and yet invisible. †4. In plural. Substantial or solid things. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > [noun] > substantiality or subsistence > substantial things substantialsa1639 a1639 J. Stoughton Forme Wholsome Words (1640) iii. 75 There is no beauty or pleasantnesse in such a sight, yet there are all the substantials whereof the body is made. a1653 H. Binning Serm. (1845) 570 All these substantials we let go, that we may get hold of some empty unedifying notions. 1796 M. Robinson Angelina I. 155 We look sharp after the substantials, and leave the shadows to your end of the town. 1824 S. E. Ferrier Inheritance I. xxviii. 317 Too busy with the substantials of marriage, to have much time to bestow on the empty speculations of love. 5. In plural. The substantial or solid parts of a meal; (also esp.) a main course or dish. Now chiefly North American. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consistency of food > [noun] > solid or substantial food substantials1751 solid1786 substantialities1813 1751 R. Paltock Life Peter Wilkins I. xii. 120 From Day to Day I found out something new to add to my Repasts, either in Substantials, or by Way of Desert. 1765 H. Walpole Let. 7 Apr. (1840) V. 17 Instead of substantials, there was nothing but a profusion of plates striped red, green, and yellow, gilt plate, blacks and uniforms! 1804 E. Johnson Let. 9 Jan. in Francis Lett. (1901) II. 540 The substantials yesterday were dwindled to roast mutton at one end & boiled mutton & broth at the other. 1865 J. Cameron Malayan India 301 Soup and fish generally both precede the substantials... The substantials are invariably followed by curry and rice. 1950 Williamsburg (Iowa) Jrnl. Tribune 15 June 1/2 Tables were spread with the good substantials for men had work to do. 2009 Toronto Sun (Nexis) 30 Aug. (Lifestyle) 39 Most of the substantials (a.k.a. mains) come with at least one side. †C. adv. = substantially adv. Obsolete. [It is possible that quot. 1447 may instead show a use of the adjective.] ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [adverb] formlyc1374 virtuallya1398 essentially1398 pithily1434 substantial1447 in substance1460 quidditativelyc1600 absolutely1654 constitutionally1766 essential1827 substantively1828 the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adverb] > considerably substantial1447 respectably1911 1447 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) i. 13 (MED) Tho that beth substancialle grete and grevous to us, and somme cause and begynnyng of alle this debate, lete tham be so answered. c1475 tr. C. de Pisan Livre du Corps de Policie (Cambr.) (1977) 98 (MED) Ther be but fewe that is substanciall perfoundid in the said science. c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. xxviij^v/1 Consideryng that hys fee is competent for a substanciall lerned man. 1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 726/1 That substaunciall wel learned man Lyre. ?1561 A.B.C. for Chyldren sig. B.i^v In the Latin tongue, and other substancial congrue languages. Compounds C1. substantial-looking adj. ΚΠ 1804 R. Bisset Mod. Lit. III. i. 19 A decent substantial looking man declared himself extremely delighted. 1897 ‘A. Hope’ Phroso (1905) iv. 73 He held a very substantial-looking whip in his hand. 1993 Time 1 Nov. 85/1 Eugene Lee's sets eschew his customary found-object minimalism in favor of substantial-looking streetscapes. C2. substantial form chiefly Philosophy [compare post-classical Latin substantialis forma (from c1200 in British sources), Byzantine Greek οὐσιῶδες εἶδος (Philoponus in Aristotelis Categorias commentarium), Middle French forme substanciele (1377); compare form n. 4a] the nature or distinctive character by virtue of possessing which a thing is what it (specifically or individually) is. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun] pitheOE i-cundeeOE roota1325 substancec1330 juicec1380 marrowa1382 formc1385 acta1398 quidditya1398 substantial forma1398 inward1398 savourc1400 inwardc1450 allaya1456 essencya1475 being1521 bottom1531 spirit?1534 summary1548 ecceity1549 core1556 flower1568 formality1570 sum and substance1572 alloy1594 soul1598 inwardness1605 quid1606 fibre1607 selfness1611 whatness1611 essentialityc1616 propera1626 the whole shot1628 substantiala1631 esse1642 entity1643 virtuality1646 ingeny1647 quoddity1647 intimacy1648 ens1649 inbeing1661 essence1667 interiority1701 intrinsic1716 stamen1758 character1761 quidditas1782 hyparxis1792 rasa1800 bone1829 what1861 isness1865 inscape1868 as-suchness1909 Wesen1959 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. xxviii. 508 And þe substancial fourme [L. substantiali forma] of eueriche is saaf, by þe which forme eueriche is diuers fro oþir. a1450 St. Katherine (Richardson 44) (1884) 37 Þe same god schold not mowe take vppon hym þe substancial forme of man. 1697 tr. F. Burgersdijck Monitio Logica i. xvi. 56 The Substantial Form of a Musician, as he is a Man, is the Rational Soul; Accidental as he is a Musician, Musick. 1775 J. Harris Philos. Arrangem. xvi. 387 Here we find the Phrase εἶδος γαιῶδες, commonly called Substantial Form. 1886 J. F. Smith in Encycl. Brit. XXI. 412/1 The sum of being consists of the two systems of substantial forms and interactional relations. 2003 J. Haldane Intelligent Person's Guide to Relig. vi. 156 For the medievals the central descriptive and explanatory idea was that of the ‘substantial form’ of a thing (forma rei) as revealed through its activities. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.adv.1340
随便看	furcraea furcraeas furcuffed furcula furculae furcular furculas furcule furculum furdel furdle furdled furdling furdressing fure furel furer furest furfabric furfarm furfarmer furfarming furfever furfur furfuraceous