sweetenv.

/ˈswiːt(ə)n/

Etymology: < sweet adj. + -en suffix⁵.

1. transitive.

a. To make sweet to the taste; esp. to add sugar or other sweet substance to (food or drink) so as to impart a sweet flavour; also absol.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > sweetness > sweeten [verb (transitive)]

sweetc1000

dulcorate?a1425

doucea1475

sugar1530

sweeten1552

condulcate1569

dulcerate?1586

nectarize1592

dulcify1599

asweeten1605

ensweeten1607

besugar1611

endulce1611

indulcate1628

besweeten1648

dulcescate1657

obdulcorate1657

edulcorate1661

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > sweetening > sweeten [verb (transitive)]

sweetc1000

dulcorate?a1425

doucea1475

sweeten1552

nectarize1592

dulcify1599

asweeten1605

ensweeten1607

endulce1611

indulcate1628

dulcescate1657

obdulcorate1657

edulcorate1661

oversweeten1823

1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Sweten or make swete, dulco.

1609 W. Shakespeare Louers Complaint in Sonnets sig. L^v Loues armes are peace,..And sweetens in the suffring pangues it beares, The Alloes of all forces.

1665 R. Boyle Disc. iv. iv, in Occas. Refl. sig. F4^v The Fruit..being neither sweetned nor concocted by Maturity.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 69. ¶4 The Infusion of a China Plant sweetned with the Pith of an Indian Cane.

1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery ix. 78 Add half a Pint of White Wine, and sweeten to your Palate.

a1777 in Jrnl. Friends' Hist. Soc. Oct. (1914) 188 Sweeten it to your taste and put in a Quarter of a pound of plimpd Currants.

1833 H. Martineau Briery Creek iii. 60 To get something to sweeten my husband's toddy with.

1883 Cassell's Dict. Cookery 771/2 Rose Custard. Boil a pint of good milk,..sweeten to taste, adding some essence of rose.

b. To make sweet to the smell; to fill or imbue with fragrance.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > impart perfume [verb (transitive)]

embalm1447

aromatize1480

fumea1483

incense?1504

fumigate1530

perfume1539

suffume1540

scent1567

aromatizate1576

sweetena1586

suffumigate1599

frot1608

inodorate1623

suffite1657

essencificate1658

essence1675

essencify1707

balmify1733

odoriferize1824

fragrance1854

reperfume1885

smeech1897

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. xii. sig. X5^v The world the garden is, she is the flower That sweetens all the place.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iv. ii. 221 With fayrest Flowers..Ile sweeten thy sad graue.

1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 67 This perfume..hath ascended to my brain, and sweetned all the cells thereof.

1867 O. W. Holmes in Atlantic Almanac 1868 6/2 The azalea, wild honeysuckle, is sweetening the roadsides.

2. To free from offensive taste or smell; to render fresh; to free from taint, purify, bring into a wholesome condition.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > remove impurities from [verb (transitive)]

mereeOE

spurge1303

fine1340

sendre1340

purea1350

purgec1350

purifya1398

depurea1400

clarifyc1430

expurge1483

defecatec1487

subtiliate1551

refine?1572

neatify1581

distil1599

sublimate1601

sweeten1601

depurate1620

infresh1635

lustre1645

lustrate1653

freshen1710

chasten1715

epurate1799

enchastena1806

dispollute1862

1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love Praeludium sig. A4^v I would thou hadst some Sugar Candyed, to sweeten thy Mouth.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) v. i. 49 Heere's the smell of the blood still: all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) ii. i. 158 There's not a graine of it, the face to sweeten Of the whole dungy-earth.

1692 R. South 12 Serm. I. 578 The Sea swallows them [sc. Rivers of fresh Water] all, but is not at all changed, or sweetned, by them.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 16. ¶2 The one might be employ'd in healing those Blotches and Tumours which break out in the Body, while the other is sweetning the Blood and rectifying the Constitution.

1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 280 Measures for airing and sweetning their Houses.

1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 287 Fixed air most assuredly has the power of sweetening the putrid effluvium.

3. To make sweet to the ear; to impart a pleasant sound to.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > pleasantness of sound > make pleasant sound [verb (transitive)]

sweeten1578

1578 H. Wotton tr. J. Yver Courtlie Controuersie 90 Mine aduersary (who as the crafty fowler sweeteneth his voice to deceiue).

a1630 F. Moryson in Shakespeare's Europe (1903) iv. iii. 377 The language of the Netherlanders is a Dialect of the German toung, but sweetned with the leuity of the French toung.

1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho III. xi. 382 The horns, placed in a distant part of the woods, where an echo sweetened and prolonged their melancholy tones, broke softly on the stillness of the scene.

4. To make pleasant or agreeable; sometimes, to make more pleasant, add to the sweetness of.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pleasure > action of making pleasant > make pleasant [verb (transitive)]

sugar1412

saucec1530

gratify1577

sweetena1586

candy1592

rose-water1655

candify1777

genialize1821

sugar-coat1870

treacle1873

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. x. sig. V3 One was the Prince Plangus (whose name was sweetened by your breath, peerlesse Ladie, when the last daie it pleased you to mention him vnto me).

1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxxxi. 257 That comfort which sweetneth life to them that spend it in these trauayles vpon their owne.

1601 J. Marston et al. Iacke Drums Entertainm. Introd. sig. A2^v His industry should sweat To sweeten your delights.

1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper i. 5 The whole sentence is sweetned with a continued allegory.

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 471. ¶11 The Influence of Hope in general sweetens Life.

1747 T. Gray Ode Eton Coll. 5 Graver Hours, that bring Constraint To sweeten Liberty.

1857 J. Ruskin Polit. Econ. Art i. 21 All acts and services were..to be sweetened by brotherly concord.

1888 M. E. Braddon Fatal Three I. iv. 48 The home ties and tender associations which sweeten other lives were unknown to her.

with advs.1594 C. Marlowe & T. Nashe Dido i. i Venus Swannes shall shed their siluer downe, To sweeten out the slumbers of thy bed.1611 B. Jonson Catiline ii. sig. E2 I would haue my Loue Angry, sometimes, to sweeten off the rest Of her behauiour. a1644 F. Quarles Solomons Recantation (1645) Soliloquy ix. 48 Goe, sweeten up thy labours and thy life With fresh delights.a1644 F. Quarles Solomons Recantation (1645) Soliloquy x. 52 She will..direct thy ways In sacred Ethicks, sweetning out thy days..With season'd Knowledge.

a. To make less unpleasant or painful; to alleviate, lighten, mitigate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > make less violent or severe [verb (transitive)] > mitigate or alleviate

lithec897

lighteOE

lissea1000

stillc1000

alightOE

alithe?a1200

softc1225

swagec1330

abate?c1335

easea1374

accoya1375

allegea1375

stintc1374

slakea1387

assuage1393

planea1400

slecka1400

plasterc1400

soften?c1415

lighten?a1425

mitigate?a1425

relievec1425

asoftc1430

alleviate?a1475

allevya1500

sletcha1500

alleve1544

allevate1570

salve?1577

sweetena1586

smooth1589

disembitter1622

deleniate1623

slaken1629

tranquillitate1657

soothe1711

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. ii. sig. P1 She the sweetnesse of my harte, euen sweetning the death, which her sweetnesse drew vpon me.

1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. ii. 398 Thus Noah sweetens his Captiuitie, Beguiles the time, and charmes his miserie.

1622 H. Peacham Compl. Gentleman x. 78 To sweeten your seuerer studies, by this time vouchsafe Poetry your respect.

1682 A. Behn Roundheads iv. ii. 37 This mighty Pleasure comes A propo To sweeten all the heavy Toyls of Empire.

1706 J. Savage tr. R. de Piles Art of Painting 83 He us'd to Sing to himself to sweeten his Labour.

1844 A. W. Kinglake Eothen xviii. 285 The [burial] ground..has nothing to sweeten melancholy.

1870 J. H. Newman Ess. Gram. Assent ii. x. 396 Hope of future good, as we know, sweetens all suffering.

b. To make less harsh, offensive, or objectionable; to soften, palliate, extenuate. Now rare or Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > say in a particular manner [verb (transitive)] > say pleasingly or distinctly > sweeten the language

sweeten1635

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > excuse > excuse (a person or fault) [verb (transitive)] > extenuate

whiteOE

gloze1390

colourc1400

emplasterc1405

littlec1450

polish?c1450

daub1543

plaster1546

blanch1548

flatter1552

extenuate1570

alleviate1577

soothe1587

mincea1591

soothe1592

palliate1604

sweeten1635

rarefy1637

mitigate1651

glossa1656

whitewash1703

qualify1749

1635 in W. Foster Court Minutes E. India Company (1907) 115 Wherein hee shall find any harsh or bitter language, to sweeten the same in a more mild and gentle phrase.

1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng (1725) 10 Learned Men have usually extenuated and sweetned the Failures and Mistakes of others.

1700 P. Rycaut Hist. Turks III. 333 He endeavoured to sweeten the matter, and render the case as plausible as might be.

6. With personal object (a person, or his mind, temper, etc.):

a. To produce a pleasant disposition in; to make gracious, mild, or kind; to refine.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > treat kindly [verb (transitive)] > make kind

sweeten1561

1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer ii. sig. M.iiii^v Those sightes sweeten the mindes of the hearers.

a1628 J. Preston Saints Daily Exercise (1629) 138 It sweetens his spirit, it makes him more gracious.

1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ ii. iv. §7 Rather to transport men beyond the power of their reason, then to compose and sweeten it.

1706 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels III. 31 Though it be the very End of this Religion to correct and sweeten the Tempers of Men.

1867 A. Trollope Last Chron. Barset II. lvi. 123 [Her] temper..was not sweetened by her husband's very uncivil reference to her sex.

1883 H. Drummond Nat. Law in Spiritual World (1884) 192 He whose spirit is purified and sweetened becomes proof against these germs of sin.

b. To make things pleasant for, relieve, comfort, soothe, gratify. Now rare or Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pleasure > state of being consoled or relieved > be relieved of [verb (transitive)] > console or relieve

froverc900

hearteOE

lighteOE

onlightc1175

salvec1175

leathc1200

solace1297

stillc1315

to put in comfortc1320

easec1385

comfort1389

fordilla1400

recomforta1400

ronea1400

solancea1400

cheer?a1425

acheerc1450

consolate1477

repease1483

dilla1500

recreate?a1500

sporta1500

dulcerate?1586

comfit1598

comfortize1600

reassure1604

sweeten1647

console1693

re-establish1722

release1906

1647 T. May Hist. Parl. i. vii. 76 [They] would still take all harsh, distastefull things, upon themselves, to cleare, to sweeten their Master.

1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie iv. ii. sig. Pppp^v A Crown being sent him by King Iames with many other rich presents, the better to sweeten and oblige him.

1666 J. Bunyan Grace Abounding §202 Something..which, with this Text, did sweeten my heart.

1832 Ld. Tennyson Dream Fair Women lxvi, in Poems (new ed.) 138 The kiss he gave me, ere I fell, Sweetens the spirit still.

c. To free from bitter or angry feeling; to mollify, appease. Now rare or Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > dissent > absence of dissension or peace > bringing about concord or peace > bring to peace (strife or discord) [verb (transitive)] > appease or propitiate

soft?c1225

queema1325

appeasec1374

pleasea1382

softena1382

mollifya1450

pacifya1500

apeace1523

temper1525

mitigatea1535

qualify?c1550

thaw1582

propitiate1583

aslake1590

smooth1608

to lay down1629

addulce1655

sweeten1657

acquiesce1659

gentle1663

palliate1678

placate1678

conciliate1782

to pour oil on the waters (also on troubled waters)1847

square1859

square1945

1657 A. Sparrow Rationale Bk. Common Prayer (1661) Pref. He will perhaps be so sweetned as..to pardon those who [etc.].

1691 A. Gavin Frauds Romish Monks 392 The Abbot having heard what they had to say, endeavour'd what he could to sweeten them,..but all this did but incense them the more.

1693 tr. J. Le Clerc Mem. Count Teckely ii. 124 The Emperor to sweeten the People, restor'd the Confiscated Goods.

1714 E. Budgell tr. Theophrastus Moral Characters i. 6 He redoubles his Professions of Friendship, and sweetens him out of his Resentments.

7. To persuade by flattery or gifts; to cajole; to decoy, take in; to bribe. Also with up. (Cf. sweetener n. 3) Now only slang or dialect.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [verb (transitive)] > bribe

meedOE

underorna1325

corrump1387

forbuy1393

hirec1400

wage1461

fee1487

under-arearc1503

bribe1528

grease1528

money1528

corrupt1548

budc1565

to feed with money1567

to put out a person's eyes with (a gift, bribe, etc.)1580

sweeten1594

to grease the fist or (one) in the fist1598

over-bribe1619

to buy off1629

palter1641

to take off1646

buy1652

overmoneya1661

bub1684

to speak to ——1687

to tickle in the palm1694

daub1699

overbuy1710

touch1752

palm1767

to get at ——1780

fix1790

subsidize1793

sop1837

to buy over1848

backsheesh1850

nobble1856

square1859

hippodrome1866

see1867

boodleize1883

boodle1886

to get to ——1901

reach1906

straighten1923

lubricate1928

to keep (someone) sweet1939

sling1939

to pay off1942

bung1950

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > persuasive flattery or cajolery > cajole [verb (transitive)]

fagea1400

fleechc1425

flatter?a1513

stroke1513

sweeten1594

ingle1602

honey1604

coga1616

cajole1645

collogue1660

wheedle1661

coax1663

to wheedle with1664

to cajole with1665

tweedle1715

whilly1721

whillywha1816

to salve over1862

schmooze1899

plámás1919

sweet-talk1936

1594 R. Carew tr. J. Huarte Exam. Mens Wits xiii. 202 With his lips he sweetneth, and in his hart he betraieth thee.

1623 in S. R. Gardiner Documents Impeachm. Duke of Buckingham (1889) 72 What somme wilbe fitt..to sweeten him for their future occasions.

1664 S. Pepys Diary 16 June (1971) V. 181 The talk..is..that the Hollands Embassador here doth endeavour to sweeten us with fair words.

1678 W. Winstanley Four for a Penny 8 Which Species of Wheedling in Terms of their [sc. the Bum-bailiffs'] Art is called Sweeten and Pinch.

1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew To Sweeten, to decoy, draw in.

1821 Life D. Haggart (ed. 2) 61 We went to jail to see the boy, and sweetened the toping cove [= hangman] with plenty of budge [= drink].

1872 J. Hartley Yorks. Ditties 2nd Ser. 96 All seekin' for orders an' jobs An' sweetenin th' sarvents wi' tips.

1875 ‘M. Twain’ in Atlantic Monthly Aug. 195/1 Stephen sweetened him up and put him off a week.

1971 ‘E. Lathen’ Ashes to Ashes x. 99 I know Unger is just trying to sweeten us up... Maybe we should be trying to sweeten him up.

8. In various technical uses: To bring to the desired quality or condition.

a. To make pliable; to cause to work smoothly or easily.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [verb (transitive)]

beetc975

betterOE

goodOE

sharpa1100

amendc1300

enhance1526

meliorate1542

embetter1568

endeara1586

enrich1598

meliorize1598

mend1603

sweeten1607

improve1617

to work up1641

ameliorate1653

solace1667

fine1683

ragout1749

to make something of1778

richen1795

transcendentalize1846

to tone up1847

to do something (also things) for (also to)1880

rich1912

to step up1920

uprate1965

up1968

nice1993

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > shipbuilding and repairing > build a ship [verb (transitive)] > fit out or equip > bring to desired condition

sweeten1898

1607 G. Markham Cavelarice ii. 51 This [smooth] Cannon ordereth and sweeteneth the Horses mouth.

1898 R. Kipling Day's Work 85 Every inch of her [sc. a ship]..has to be livened up and made to work wi' its neighbour— sweetenin' her, we call it, technically.

b. Painting and Drawing. To free from harshness, soften (a tint, line, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > [verb (transitive)] > soften

sweeten1688

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 152/2 Sweeten your Shaddow, is to breath on the Glass, and strike it lightly over with the Washer Brush.

1695 J. Dryden tr. C. A. Du Fresnoy De Arte Graphica 75 Correggio has made his Memory immortal..by sweetning his Lights and Shadows, and melting them into each other so happily, that they are even imperceptible.

?1790 J. Imison Curious & Misc. Articles (new ed.) 62 in School of Arts (ed. 2) Sweeten that part with the finger as little as possible.

1873 E. Spon Workshop Receipts 1st Ser. 100/2 The chief use of the badger tool is to soften or sweeten broad tints.

c. To render (soil) mellow and fertile.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > prepare land or soil [verb (transitive)]

sweeten1733

resoil1817

green-soil1859

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > fertilize or manure [verb (transitive)]

gooda1525

marl1528

plentify1555

fat1562

fatten1563

season1563

heart1573

manure1577

soil1593

hearten1594

remanure1598

enrich1601

teasel1610

battle1611

batten1612

bedung1649

sweeten1733

top-dress1733

top1856

side-dress1888

1733 W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farming 36 This sort of Ploughing sweetens the Ground better than bouting.

1842 Penny Cycl. XXIII. 313/2 The system of fallowing to clean the land, and to ‘sweeten’ it, as old farmers say.

1851 B'ham & Midl. Gardeners' Mag. Apr. 30 Many of the little growers in the North..were compelled to cleanse and sweeten their soils for Carnations by baking them in small ovens.

d. To neutralize (an acid) by means of an alkali.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > subject to chemical reactions or processes [verb (transitive)] > subject to named chemical reaction or process > subject to miscellaneous other processes

reduce?a1425

weaken1540

projecta1550

brown1570

spiritualize1593

colliquate1603

redisperse1621

imbibe1626

educe1651

to cant off1658

part1663

regalize1664

dint1669

roche1679

subtilizea1722

neutralize1744

develop1756

evolve1772

extricate1790

separate1805

unburn1815

leach1860

methylate1864

nitrate1872

nitre1880

sweeten1885

deflocculate1909

hybridize1959

1681 [implied in: P. Bellon tr. F. de Monginot New Mystery Physick Introd. 34 Alcalies and other Sweetners should be employed. (at sweetener n. 1b)].

1885 J. J. Hummel Dyeing Textile Fabrics v. 83 Another plan to avoid tendering, is to let the goods steep in a weak soda-ash solution for a short time... This is termed ‘sweetening’ the goods.

e. Oil Industry. To free (petroleum products) from sulphur or sulphur compounds.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > oil refining or separating processes > [verb (transitive)]

crack1868

strip1922

sweeten1924

re-refine1973

1924 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Nov. 1113 Although naphthas and kerosenes have been sweetened by the sodium plumbite method for many years, the process is entirely empirical.

1975 W. G. Roberts Quest for Oil (rev. ed.) ix. 92 The lighter distillates, liquid petroleum gas, gasolenes and kerosenes, can be sweetened by simple chemical treatments which either remove the sulphur compounds or turn them into harmless and non-smelly forms.

9. slang.

a. Cards. To increase the stakes; esp. at poker, to increase the stakes in a pot that has not been opened.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > play a card [verb (transitive)] > actions or tactics > bid or stake > increase or equal stakes

revie1577

see1599

raise1814

call1840

sweeten1896

up1915

1896 [implied in: J. F. B. Lillard Poker Stories viii. 191 Then along came a big jack pot that had been enlarged by repeated sweetenings. (at sweetening n. 1d)].

1903 J. S. Farmer & W. E. Henley Slang VII. i. 42/2 Sweeten,..To contribute to the pool. Hence Sweetening = money paid into the pool or kitty.

1910 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 901/1 Sweeten, chipping to a jack-pot after a failure to open.

b. To bid at an auction merely in order to raise the price.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > buying > buy [verb (transitive)] > bid for or offer to buy > raise (the price) by bidding

bid1864

trot1864

sky1892

sweeten1904

1904 Daily Chron. 23 Sept. 6/4 ‘Safe bidding’ or ‘sweetening’ at an auction sale was a fraud on the public. Most men bidding at an auction trusted the other bidders. A ‘sweetener’ was a man who was not ‘playing the game’.

Categories »

c. Finance. To increase the collateral of a loan by adding further securities.

10. intransitive. To become sweet (in various senses).

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > sweetness > sweeten [verb (intransitive)]

sweeten1626

the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > emit fragrance [verb (intransitive)] > become fragrant

sweeten1626

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > sweetening > become sweet [verb (intransitive)]

sweeten1626

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > soil qualities > [verb (intransitive)] > become fertile

sweeten1765

batten1855

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §325 Where a waspe..hath bitten, in a Grape, or any Fruit, it will sweeten hastily.

1765 Museum Rusticum 4 178 Those lands which have that bitterness are several years a sweetening.

1794 J. MacPhail Treat. Culture Cucumber 73 When frames are new painted, they should be suffered to lie and sweeten for some time.

1840 Peter Parley's Ann. 173 The various articles of wearing apparel, hung out to dry and sweeten.

1851 T. T. Lynch Unaddr. Lett. iv, in Lett. to Scattered (1872) 184 Papa..laughed, and said, George was coming on; he would sweeten by and by.

1858 G. Glenny Gardener's Every-day Bk. (new ed.) 163/1 The soil laid in a heap to sweeten.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	sweeten
释义	sweetenv. /ˈswiːt(ə)n/ Etymology: < sweet adj. + -en suffix⁵. 1. transitive. a. To make sweet to the taste; esp. to add sugar or other sweet substance to (food or drink) so as to impart a sweet flavour; also absol. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > sweetness > sweeten [verb (transitive)] sweetc1000 dulcorate?a1425 doucea1475 sugar1530 sweeten1552 condulcate1569 dulcerate?1586 nectarize1592 dulcify1599 asweeten1605 ensweeten1607 besugar1611 endulce1611 indulcate1628 besweeten1648 dulcescate1657 obdulcorate1657 edulcorate1661 the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > sweetening > sweeten [verb (transitive)] sweetc1000 dulcorate?a1425 doucea1475 sweeten1552 nectarize1592 dulcify1599 asweeten1605 ensweeten1607 endulce1611 indulcate1628 dulcescate1657 obdulcorate1657 edulcorate1661 oversweeten1823 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Sweten or make swete, dulco. 1609 W. Shakespeare Louers Complaint in Sonnets sig. L^v Loues armes are peace,..And sweetens in the suffring pangues it beares, The Alloes of all forces. 1665 R. Boyle Disc. iv. iv, in Occas. Refl. sig. F4^v The Fruit..being neither sweetned nor concocted by Maturity. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 69. ¶4 The Infusion of a China Plant sweetned with the Pith of an Indian Cane. 1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery ix. 78 Add half a Pint of White Wine, and sweeten to your Palate. a1777 in Jrnl. Friends' Hist. Soc. Oct. (1914) 188 Sweeten it to your taste and put in a Quarter of a pound of plimpd Currants. 1833 H. Martineau Briery Creek iii. 60 To get something to sweeten my husband's toddy with. 1883 Cassell's Dict. Cookery 771/2 Rose Custard. Boil a pint of good milk,..sweeten to taste, adding some essence of rose. b. To make sweet to the smell; to fill or imbue with fragrance. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > impart perfume [verb (transitive)] embalm1447 aromatize1480 fumea1483 incense?1504 fumigate1530 perfume1539 suffume1540 scent1567 aromatizate1576 sweetena1586 suffumigate1599 frot1608 inodorate1623 suffite1657 essencificate1658 essence1675 essencify1707 balmify1733 odoriferize1824 fragrance1854 reperfume1885 smeech1897 a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. xii. sig. X5^v The world the garden is, she is the flower That sweetens all the place. a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iv. ii. 221 With fayrest Flowers..Ile sweeten thy sad graue. View more context for this quotation 1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 67 This perfume..hath ascended to my brain, and sweetned all the cells thereof. 1867 O. W. Holmes in Atlantic Almanac 1868 6/2 The azalea, wild honeysuckle, is sweetening the roadsides. 2. To free from offensive taste or smell; to render fresh; to free from taint, purify, bring into a wholesome condition. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > remove impurities from [verb (transitive)] mereeOE spurge1303 fine1340 sendre1340 purea1350 purgec1350 purifya1398 depurea1400 clarifyc1430 expurge1483 defecatec1487 subtiliate1551 refine?1572 neatify1581 distil1599 sublimate1601 sweeten1601 depurate1620 infresh1635 lustre1645 lustrate1653 freshen1710 chasten1715 epurate1799 enchastena1806 dispollute1862 1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love Praeludium sig. A4^v I would thou hadst some Sugar Candyed, to sweeten thy Mouth. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) v. i. 49 Heere's the smell of the blood still: all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) ii. i. 158 There's not a graine of it, the face to sweeten Of the whole dungy-earth. View more context for this quotation 1692 R. South 12 Serm. I. 578 The Sea swallows them [sc. Rivers of fresh Water] all, but is not at all changed, or sweetned, by them. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 16. ¶2 The one might be employ'd in healing those Blotches and Tumours which break out in the Body, while the other is sweetning the Blood and rectifying the Constitution. 1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 280 Measures for airing and sweetning their Houses. 1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 287 Fixed air most assuredly has the power of sweetening the putrid effluvium. 3. To make sweet to the ear; to impart a pleasant sound to. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > pleasantness of sound > make pleasant sound [verb (transitive)] sweeten1578 1578 H. Wotton tr. J. Yver Courtlie Controuersie 90 Mine aduersary (who as the crafty fowler sweeteneth his voice to deceiue). a1630 F. Moryson in Shakespeare's Europe (1903) iv. iii. 377 The language of the Netherlanders is a Dialect of the German toung, but sweetned with the leuity of the French toung. 1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho III. xi. 382 The horns, placed in a distant part of the woods, where an echo sweetened and prolonged their melancholy tones, broke softly on the stillness of the scene. 4. To make pleasant or agreeable; sometimes, to make more pleasant, add to the sweetness of. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pleasure > action of making pleasant > make pleasant [verb (transitive)] sugar1412 saucec1530 gratify1577 sweetena1586 candy1592 rose-water1655 candify1777 genialize1821 sugar-coat1870 treacle1873 a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. x. sig. V3 One was the Prince Plangus (whose name was sweetened by your breath, peerlesse Ladie, when the last daie it pleased you to mention him vnto me). 1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxxxi. 257 That comfort which sweetneth life to them that spend it in these trauayles vpon their owne. 1601 J. Marston et al. Iacke Drums Entertainm. Introd. sig. A2^v His industry should sweat To sweeten your delights. 1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper i. 5 The whole sentence is sweetned with a continued allegory. 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 471. ¶11 The Influence of Hope in general sweetens Life. 1747 T. Gray Ode Eton Coll. 5 Graver Hours, that bring Constraint To sweeten Liberty. 1857 J. Ruskin Polit. Econ. Art i. 21 All acts and services were..to be sweetened by brotherly concord. 1888 M. E. Braddon Fatal Three I. iv. 48 The home ties and tender associations which sweeten other lives were unknown to her. with advs.1594 C. Marlowe & T. Nashe Dido i. i Venus Swannes shall shed their siluer downe, To sweeten out the slumbers of thy bed.1611 B. Jonson Catiline ii. sig. E2 I would haue my Loue Angry, sometimes, to sweeten off the rest Of her behauiour. View more context for this quotationa1644 F. Quarles Solomons Recantation (1645) Soliloquy ix. 48 Goe, sweeten up thy labours and thy life With fresh delights.a1644 F. Quarles Solomons Recantation (1645) Soliloquy x. 52 She will..direct thy ways In sacred Ethicks, sweetning out thy days..With season'd Knowledge. 5. a. To make less unpleasant or painful; to alleviate, lighten, mitigate. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > make less violent or severe [verb (transitive)] > mitigate or alleviate lithec897 lighteOE lissea1000 stillc1000 alightOE alithe?a1200 softc1225 swagec1330 abate?c1335 easea1374 accoya1375 allegea1375 stintc1374 slakea1387 assuage1393 planea1400 slecka1400 plasterc1400 soften?c1415 lighten?a1425 mitigate?a1425 relievec1425 asoftc1430 alleviate?a1475 allevya1500 sletcha1500 alleve1544 allevate1570 salve?1577 sweetena1586 smooth1589 disembitter1622 deleniate1623 slaken1629 tranquillitate1657 soothe1711 a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. ii. sig. P1 She the sweetnesse of my harte, euen sweetning the death, which her sweetnesse drew vpon me. 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. ii. 398 Thus Noah sweetens his Captiuitie, Beguiles the time, and charmes his miserie. 1622 H. Peacham Compl. Gentleman x. 78 To sweeten your seuerer studies, by this time vouchsafe Poetry your respect. 1682 A. Behn Roundheads iv. ii. 37 This mighty Pleasure comes A propo To sweeten all the heavy Toyls of Empire. 1706 J. Savage tr. R. de Piles Art of Painting 83 He us'd to Sing to himself to sweeten his Labour. 1844 A. W. Kinglake Eothen xviii. 285 The [burial] ground..has nothing to sweeten melancholy. 1870 J. H. Newman Ess. Gram. Assent ii. x. 396 Hope of future good, as we know, sweetens all suffering. b. To make less harsh, offensive, or objectionable; to soften, palliate, extenuate. Now rare or Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > say in a particular manner [verb (transitive)] > say pleasingly or distinctly > sweeten the language sweeten1635 society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > excuse > excuse (a person or fault) [verb (transitive)] > extenuate whiteOE gloze1390 colourc1400 emplasterc1405 littlec1450 polish?c1450 daub1543 plaster1546 blanch1548 flatter1552 extenuate1570 alleviate1577 soothe1587 mincea1591 soothe1592 palliate1604 sweeten1635 rarefy1637 mitigate1651 glossa1656 whitewash1703 qualify1749 1635 in W. Foster Court Minutes E. India Company (1907) 115 Wherein hee shall find any harsh or bitter language, to sweeten the same in a more mild and gentle phrase. 1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng (1725) 10 Learned Men have usually extenuated and sweetned the Failures and Mistakes of others. 1700 P. Rycaut Hist. Turks III. 333 He endeavoured to sweeten the matter, and render the case as plausible as might be. 6. With personal object (a person, or his mind, temper, etc.): a. To produce a pleasant disposition in; to make gracious, mild, or kind; to refine. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > treat kindly [verb (transitive)] > make kind sweeten1561 1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer ii. sig. M.iiii^v Those sightes sweeten the mindes of the hearers. a1628 J. Preston Saints Daily Exercise (1629) 138 It sweetens his spirit, it makes him more gracious. 1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ ii. iv. §7 Rather to transport men beyond the power of their reason, then to compose and sweeten it. 1706 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels III. 31 Though it be the very End of this Religion to correct and sweeten the Tempers of Men. 1867 A. Trollope Last Chron. Barset II. lvi. 123 [Her] temper..was not sweetened by her husband's very uncivil reference to her sex. 1883 H. Drummond Nat. Law in Spiritual World (1884) 192 He whose spirit is purified and sweetened becomes proof against these germs of sin. b. To make things pleasant for, relieve, comfort, soothe, gratify. Now rare or Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pleasure > state of being consoled or relieved > be relieved of [verb (transitive)] > console or relieve froverc900 hearteOE lighteOE onlightc1175 salvec1175 leathc1200 solace1297 stillc1315 to put in comfortc1320 easec1385 comfort1389 fordilla1400 recomforta1400 ronea1400 solancea1400 cheer?a1425 acheerc1450 consolate1477 repease1483 dilla1500 recreate?a1500 sporta1500 dulcerate?1586 comfit1598 comfortize1600 reassure1604 sweeten1647 console1693 re-establish1722 release1906 1647 T. May Hist. Parl. i. vii. 76 [They] would still take all harsh, distastefull things, upon themselves, to cleare, to sweeten their Master. 1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie iv. ii. sig. Pppp^v A Crown being sent him by King Iames with many other rich presents, the better to sweeten and oblige him. 1666 J. Bunyan Grace Abounding §202 Something..which, with this Text, did sweeten my heart. 1832 Ld. Tennyson Dream Fair Women lxvi, in Poems (new ed.) 138 The kiss he gave me, ere I fell, Sweetens the spirit still. c. To free from bitter or angry feeling; to mollify, appease. Now rare or Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > absence of dissension or peace > bringing about concord or peace > bring to peace (strife or discord) [verb (transitive)] > appease or propitiate soft?c1225 queema1325 appeasec1374 pleasea1382 softena1382 mollifya1450 pacifya1500 apeace1523 temper1525 mitigatea1535 qualify?c1550 thaw1582 propitiate1583 aslake1590 smooth1608 to lay down1629 addulce1655 sweeten1657 acquiesce1659 gentle1663 palliate1678 placate1678 conciliate1782 to pour oil on the waters (also on troubled waters)1847 square1859 square1945 1657 A. Sparrow Rationale Bk. Common Prayer (1661) Pref. He will perhaps be so sweetned as..to pardon those who [etc.]. 1691 A. Gavin Frauds Romish Monks 392 The Abbot having heard what they had to say, endeavour'd what he could to sweeten them,..but all this did but incense them the more. 1693 tr. J. Le Clerc Mem. Count Teckely ii. 124 The Emperor to sweeten the People, restor'd the Confiscated Goods. 1714 E. Budgell tr. Theophrastus Moral Characters i. 6 He redoubles his Professions of Friendship, and sweetens him out of his Resentments. 7. To persuade by flattery or gifts; to cajole; to decoy, take in; to bribe. Also with up. (Cf. sweetener n. 3) Now only slang or dialect. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [verb (transitive)] > bribe meedOE underorna1325 corrump1387 forbuy1393 hirec1400 wage1461 fee1487 under-arearc1503 bribe1528 grease1528 money1528 corrupt1548 budc1565 to feed with money1567 to put out a person's eyes with (a gift, bribe, etc.)1580 sweeten1594 to grease the fist or (one) in the fist1598 over-bribe1619 to buy off1629 palter1641 to take off1646 buy1652 overmoneya1661 bub1684 to speak to ——1687 to tickle in the palm1694 daub1699 overbuy1710 touch1752 palm1767 to get at ——1780 fix1790 subsidize1793 sop1837 to buy over1848 backsheesh1850 nobble1856 square1859 hippodrome1866 see1867 boodleize1883 boodle1886 to get to ——1901 reach1906 straighten1923 lubricate1928 to keep (someone) sweet1939 sling1939 to pay off1942 bung1950 the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > persuasive flattery or cajolery > cajole [verb (transitive)] fagea1400 fleechc1425 flatter?a1513 stroke1513 sweeten1594 ingle1602 honey1604 coga1616 cajole1645 collogue1660 wheedle1661 coax1663 to wheedle with1664 to cajole with1665 tweedle1715 whilly1721 whillywha1816 to salve over1862 schmooze1899 plámás1919 sweet-talk1936 1594 R. Carew tr. J. Huarte Exam. Mens Wits xiii. 202 With his lips he sweetneth, and in his hart he betraieth thee. 1623 in S. R. Gardiner Documents Impeachm. Duke of Buckingham (1889) 72 What somme wilbe fitt..to sweeten him for their future occasions. 1664 S. Pepys Diary 16 June (1971) V. 181 The talk..is..that the Hollands Embassador here doth endeavour to sweeten us with fair words. 1678 W. Winstanley Four for a Penny 8 Which Species of Wheedling in Terms of their [sc. the Bum-bailiffs'] Art is called Sweeten and Pinch. 1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew To Sweeten, to decoy, draw in. 1821 Life D. Haggart (ed. 2) 61 We went to jail to see the boy, and sweetened the toping cove [= hangman] with plenty of budge [= drink]. 1872 J. Hartley Yorks. Ditties 2nd Ser. 96 All seekin' for orders an' jobs An' sweetenin th' sarvents wi' tips. 1875 ‘M. Twain’ in Atlantic Monthly Aug. 195/1 Stephen sweetened him up and put him off a week. 1971 ‘E. Lathen’ Ashes to Ashes x. 99 I know Unger is just trying to sweeten us up... Maybe we should be trying to sweeten him up. 8. In various technical uses: To bring to the desired quality or condition. a. To make pliable; to cause to work smoothly or easily. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [verb (transitive)] beetc975 betterOE goodOE sharpa1100 amendc1300 enhance1526 meliorate1542 embetter1568 endeara1586 enrich1598 meliorize1598 mend1603 sweeten1607 improve1617 to work up1641 ameliorate1653 solace1667 fine1683 ragout1749 to make something of1778 richen1795 transcendentalize1846 to tone up1847 to do something (also things) for (also to)1880 rich1912 to step up1920 uprate1965 up1968 nice1993 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > shipbuilding and repairing > build a ship [verb (transitive)] > fit out or equip > bring to desired condition sweeten1898 1607 G. Markham Cavelarice ii. 51 This [smooth] Cannon ordereth and sweeteneth the Horses mouth. 1898 R. Kipling Day's Work 85 Every inch of her [sc. a ship]..has to be livened up and made to work wi' its neighbour— sweetenin' her, we call it, technically. b. Painting and Drawing. To free from harshness, soften (a tint, line, etc.). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > [verb (transitive)] > soften sweeten1688 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 152/2 Sweeten your Shaddow, is to breath on the Glass, and strike it lightly over with the Washer Brush. 1695 J. Dryden tr. C. A. Du Fresnoy De Arte Graphica 75 Correggio has made his Memory immortal..by sweetning his Lights and Shadows, and melting them into each other so happily, that they are even imperceptible. ?1790 J. Imison Curious & Misc. Articles (new ed.) 62 in School of Arts (ed. 2) Sweeten that part with the finger as little as possible. 1873 E. Spon Workshop Receipts 1st Ser. 100/2 The chief use of the badger tool is to soften or sweeten broad tints. c. To render (soil) mellow and fertile. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > prepare land or soil [verb (transitive)] sweeten1733 resoil1817 green-soil1859 the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > fertilize or manure [verb (transitive)] gooda1525 marl1528 plentify1555 fat1562 fatten1563 season1563 heart1573 manure1577 soil1593 hearten1594 remanure1598 enrich1601 teasel1610 battle1611 batten1612 bedung1649 sweeten1733 top-dress1733 top1856 side-dress1888 1733 W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farming 36 This sort of Ploughing sweetens the Ground better than bouting. 1842 Penny Cycl. XXIII. 313/2 The system of fallowing to clean the land, and to ‘sweeten’ it, as old farmers say. 1851 B'ham & Midl. Gardeners' Mag. Apr. 30 Many of the little growers in the North..were compelled to cleanse and sweeten their soils for Carnations by baking them in small ovens. d. To neutralize (an acid) by means of an alkali. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > subject to chemical reactions or processes [verb (transitive)] > subject to named chemical reaction or process > subject to miscellaneous other processes reduce?a1425 weaken1540 projecta1550 brown1570 spiritualize1593 colliquate1603 redisperse1621 imbibe1626 educe1651 to cant off1658 part1663 regalize1664 dint1669 roche1679 subtilizea1722 neutralize1744 develop1756 evolve1772 extricate1790 separate1805 unburn1815 leach1860 methylate1864 nitrate1872 nitre1880 sweeten1885 deflocculate1909 hybridize1959 1681 [implied in: P. Bellon tr. F. de Monginot New Mystery Physick Introd. 34 Alcalies and other Sweetners should be employed. (at sweetener n. 1b)]. 1885 J. J. Hummel Dyeing Textile Fabrics v. 83 Another plan to avoid tendering, is to let the goods steep in a weak soda-ash solution for a short time... This is termed ‘sweetening’ the goods. e. Oil Industry. To free (petroleum products) from sulphur or sulphur compounds. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > oil refining or separating processes > [verb (transitive)] crack1868 strip1922 sweeten1924 re-refine1973 1924 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Nov. 1113 Although naphthas and kerosenes have been sweetened by the sodium plumbite method for many years, the process is entirely empirical. 1975 W. G. Roberts Quest for Oil (rev. ed.) ix. 92 The lighter distillates, liquid petroleum gas, gasolenes and kerosenes, can be sweetened by simple chemical treatments which either remove the sulphur compounds or turn them into harmless and non-smelly forms. 9. slang. a. Cards. To increase the stakes; esp. at poker, to increase the stakes in a pot that has not been opened. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > play a card [verb (transitive)] > actions or tactics > bid or stake > increase or equal stakes revie1577 see1599 raise1814 call1840 sweeten1896 up1915 1896 [implied in: J. F. B. Lillard Poker Stories viii. 191 Then along came a big jack pot that had been enlarged by repeated sweetenings. (at sweetening n. 1d)]. 1903 J. S. Farmer & W. E. Henley Slang VII. i. 42/2 Sweeten,..To contribute to the pool. Hence Sweetening = money paid into the pool or kitty. 1910 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 901/1 Sweeten, chipping to a jack-pot after a failure to open. b. To bid at an auction merely in order to raise the price. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > buying > buy [verb (transitive)] > bid for or offer to buy > raise (the price) by bidding bid1864 trot1864 sky1892 sweeten1904 1904 Daily Chron. 23 Sept. 6/4 ‘Safe bidding’ or ‘sweetening’ at an auction sale was a fraud on the public. Most men bidding at an auction trusted the other bidders. A ‘sweetener’ was a man who was not ‘playing the game’. Categories » c. Finance. To increase the collateral of a loan by adding further securities. 10. intransitive. To become sweet (in various senses). ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > sweetness > sweeten [verb (intransitive)] sweeten1626 the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > emit fragrance [verb (intransitive)] > become fragrant sweeten1626 the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > sweetening > become sweet [verb (intransitive)] sweeten1626 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > soil qualities > [verb (intransitive)] > become fertile sweeten1765 batten1855 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §325 Where a waspe..hath bitten, in a Grape, or any Fruit, it will sweeten hastily. 1765 Museum Rusticum 4 178 Those lands which have that bitterness are several years a sweetening. 1794 J. MacPhail Treat. Culture Cucumber 73 When frames are new painted, they should be suffered to lie and sweeten for some time. 1840 Peter Parley's Ann. 173 The various articles of wearing apparel, hung out to dry and sweeten. 1851 T. T. Lynch Unaddr. Lett. iv, in Lett. to Scattered (1872) 184 Papa..laughed, and said, George was coming on; he would sweeten by and by. 1858 G. Glenny Gardener's Every-day Bk. (new ed.) 163/1 The soil laid in a heap to sweeten. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < v.1552
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