botulinumn.

Brit.

/ˌbɒtjᵿˈlʌɪnəm/,

/ˌbɒtʃᵿˈlʌɪnəm/, U.S.

/ˌbɑtʃəˈlaɪnəm/

Forms:

α. 1800s– botulinus.

β. 1900s– botulinum.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin botulinum.

Etymology: < scientific Latin botulinum, specific name (in Clostridium botulinum: 1920 or earlier), alteration of the former specific name botulinus (in Bacillus botulinus: E. van Ermengem 1896, in Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. 19 443) < classical Latin botulus sausage (see botulism n.) + -inus -ine suffix². Compare earlier botulinic adj., botulism n.Change of the name Bacillus botulinus to Clostridium botulinum was recommended by a committee of the American Society of Bacteriologists in 1920 ( Jrnl. Bacteriol. 5 222).

I. Compounds.

1. attributive, esp. in botulinum toxin. Designating any of a group of toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (formerly Bacillus botulinus), which are proteins which block the transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction. Cf. botulin n.The botulinum toxins are divided into seven serotypes, A to G, which differ in their effects on various species of animal as well as in their antigenicity. Preparations of botulinum toxin are used medicinally for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders, and in cosmetic surgery; cf. Botox n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [noun] > poison affecting the nerves > specific

botulin1878

botulinum toxin1923

botulinum1939

1897 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 27 Nov. 85/3 Botulinus toxin given to animals in non-lethal doses eventually produces a fatal cachexia.

1923 Poultry Sci. 2 75 Pontius fed botulinum toxin to experimental horses, mules, cattle,..rabbits, and chickens.

1955 F. G. Ashbrook Butchering, Processing & Preserv. Meat xii. 269 It is possible for meat to contain botulinus poison without showing it.

1993 Independent 11 Jan. 13/8 Botulinum A toxin..relieves the symptoms totally in almost a third of patients with blepharospasm.

2012 Church Times 3 Aug. 13/5 Honey is full of botulinum toxin, and poisonous to babies, whose digestive acids have not yet fully developed.

2. attributive. Of or relating to this toxin. Also: of or relating to the bacterium Clostridium botulinum; designating this bacterium.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [adjective] > specific

botulinum1910

pesticidal1937

fungitoxic1945

embryotoxic1949

lathyrogenic1958

scombrotoxic1967

genotoxic1973

the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [adjective] > types of

vibrionic1850

vibrioid1864

micrococcal1881

gonococcal1888

pneumococcic1891

spirillar1891

pneumococcal1895

pneumococcous1897

streptococcal1897

streptococcic1897

paratyphoid1898

schizomycetic1898

amphitrichous1900

lophotrichous1900

staphylococcal1900

streptococcous1902

streptothricial1903

staphylococcic1904

rhizobial1906

meningococcal1907

meningococcic1907

clostridial1909

botulinum1910

coccoid1912

treponemal1913

Salmonella1916

leptospiral1924

neisserian1925

rickettsial1925

coccal1928

amphitrichate1929

botulinal1939

eubacterial1946

myxococcal1946

coryneform1952

neisserial1955

myxobacterial1957

listerial1961

listeric1961

cyanobacterial1974

1910 M. Herzog Text-bk. Dis.-producing Microörganisms xlii. 455 Kempner has prepared an antitoxic botulinus serum which proved efficacious in protecting animals.

1923 Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 33 282 Fractional sterilization at 100 C. for 1 hour or less on successive days cannot be counted on to kill all botulinum spores.

1978 Science 1 Sept. 799/1 Recently, this hypothesis gained support when botulinum bacteria were found in fecal specimens taken from ten infants who had died suddenly.

1999 Vanity Fair May 98/1 In the end, the F.D.A. decided to grant waivers..for the rarely used and as yet unlicensed vaccine botulinum toxoid.

II. Simple uses.

3. The bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which is a Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobe widely distributed in soil and in freshwater and marine sediments, and can also be isolated from animals and animal products. Cf. Clostridium n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [noun] > types of

vibrio1850

micrococcus1870

microzyme1870

Spirillum1875

mycothrix1876

leptothrix1877

Spirochaete1877

streptococcus1877

Actinomyces1879

frogspawn1880

schizophyte1880

schizomycetes1881

gonococcus1882

saprophile1882

vibrion1882

coccus1883

diplococcus1883

streptobacteria1883

Clostridium1884

actinomycetes1885

pneumococcus1885

macrococcus1887

staphylococcus1887

iron bacterium1888

Proteus1888

ferrobacterium1890

meningococcus1890

rhizobium1890

sulphobacteria1890

nitrobacterium1891

Streptothrix1891

sulphur bacterium1891

myxobacter1892

Myxococcus1892

tetracoccus1893

coli1894

Pasteurella1895

pyrotoxin1895

Gaertner1897

purple bacterium1897

myxobacterium1898

pseudomonas1899

thiobacteria1900

treponema1908

corynebacterium1909

mycobacterium1909

Salmonella1913

Neisseria1915

botulinum1916

rickettsia1916

leptospira1918

acetobacter1920

Brucella1920

pseudomonad1921

strep1927

enterobacterium1929

opportunist1937

eubacterium1939

agrobacterium1942

persister1944

Moraxella1948

enteric1956

streptomycete1956

leptospire1957

transformant1957

lysogen1958

listeria1961

C. difficile1962

yersinia1967

Campylobacter1971

cyanobacterium1973

coryneform1976

eubacterium1977

legionella1979

acetogen1982

C. diff.1990

acidophilous1996

1916 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 44 78 Dr. Adler said E. S. Faust has separated in crystalline form the two parts of the toxin of botulinus.

1941 Lake Benton News (Minnesota) 11 Sept. 2/3 The botulinus is harmless, the doctors point out.

1962 A. MacLean Satan Bug xi. 192 It's hygroscopic... The botulinus, I mean.

1989 What Diet & Lifestyle Dec. 19/1 Irradiation to cut salmonella will kill the natural yeasts and moulds which compete with botulinum, allowing, under favourable conditions, its quicker growth.

2003 Vanity Fair May 197/1 A swashbuckling German doctor named Justinus Kerner began dabbling with botulinum, the insidious bacillus of botulism.

4. Botulinum toxin (see sense 1).

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [noun] > poison affecting the nerves > specific

botulin1878

botulinum toxin1923

botulinum1939

1939 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 40 394 Administered at intervals during the transition or the depressed phase it [sc. picrotoxin] antagonizes the toxic action of botulinus.

1997 Time 24 Nov. 50/3 Saddam has produced anthrax in large amounts, along with botulinum, a poison that kills by paralyzing the victim, and aflatoxin, a carcinogen.

2004 Daily Tel. 13 Jan. 11/1 They were ready to use the deadly toxins ricin and botulinum.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	botulinum
释义	botulinumn. Brit. /ˌbɒtjᵿˈlʌɪnəm/, /ˌbɒtʃᵿˈlʌɪnəm/, U.S. /ˌbɑtʃəˈlaɪnəm/ Forms: α. 1800s– botulinus. β. 1900s– botulinum. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin botulinum. Etymology: < scientific Latin botulinum, specific name (in Clostridium botulinum: 1920 or earlier), alteration of the former specific name botulinus (in Bacillus botulinus: E. van Ermengem 1896, in Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. 19 443) < classical Latin botulus sausage (see botulism n.) + -inus -ine suffix². Compare earlier botulinic adj., botulism n.Change of the name Bacillus botulinus to Clostridium botulinum was recommended by a committee of the American Society of Bacteriologists in 1920 ( Jrnl. Bacteriol. 5 222). I. Compounds. 1. attributive, esp. in botulinum toxin. Designating any of a group of toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (formerly Bacillus botulinus), which are proteins which block the transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction. Cf. botulin n.The botulinum toxins are divided into seven serotypes, A to G, which differ in their effects on various species of animal as well as in their antigenicity. Preparations of botulinum toxin are used medicinally for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders, and in cosmetic surgery; cf. Botox n. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [noun] > poison affecting the nerves > specific botulin1878 botulinum toxin1923 botulinum1939 1897 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 27 Nov. 85/3 Botulinus toxin given to animals in non-lethal doses eventually produces a fatal cachexia. 1923 Poultry Sci. 2 75 Pontius fed botulinum toxin to experimental horses, mules, cattle,..rabbits, and chickens. 1955 F. G. Ashbrook Butchering, Processing & Preserv. Meat xii. 269 It is possible for meat to contain botulinus poison without showing it. 1993 Independent 11 Jan. 13/8 Botulinum A toxin..relieves the symptoms totally in almost a third of patients with blepharospasm. 2012 Church Times 3 Aug. 13/5 Honey is full of botulinum toxin, and poisonous to babies, whose digestive acids have not yet fully developed. 2. attributive. Of or relating to this toxin. Also: of or relating to the bacterium Clostridium botulinum; designating this bacterium. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [adjective] > specific botulinum1910 pesticidal1937 fungitoxic1945 embryotoxic1949 lathyrogenic1958 scombrotoxic1967 genotoxic1973 the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [adjective] > types of vibrionic1850 vibrioid1864 micrococcal1881 gonococcal1888 pneumococcic1891 spirillar1891 pneumococcal1895 pneumococcous1897 streptococcal1897 streptococcic1897 paratyphoid1898 schizomycetic1898 amphitrichous1900 lophotrichous1900 staphylococcal1900 streptococcous1902 streptothricial1903 staphylococcic1904 rhizobial1906 meningococcal1907 meningococcic1907 clostridial1909 botulinum1910 coccoid1912 treponemal1913 Salmonella1916 leptospiral1924 neisserian1925 rickettsial1925 coccal1928 amphitrichate1929 botulinal1939 eubacterial1946 myxococcal1946 coryneform1952 neisserial1955 myxobacterial1957 listerial1961 listeric1961 cyanobacterial1974 1910 M. Herzog Text-bk. Dis.-producing Microörganisms xlii. 455 Kempner has prepared an antitoxic botulinus serum which proved efficacious in protecting animals. 1923 Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 33 282 Fractional sterilization at 100 C. for 1 hour or less on successive days cannot be counted on to kill all botulinum spores. 1978 Science 1 Sept. 799/1 Recently, this hypothesis gained support when botulinum bacteria were found in fecal specimens taken from ten infants who had died suddenly. 1999 Vanity Fair May 98/1 In the end, the F.D.A. decided to grant waivers..for the rarely used and as yet unlicensed vaccine botulinum toxoid. II. Simple uses. 3. The bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which is a Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobe widely distributed in soil and in freshwater and marine sediments, and can also be isolated from animals and animal products. Cf. Clostridium n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [noun] > types of vibrio1850 micrococcus1870 microzyme1870 Spirillum1875 mycothrix1876 leptothrix1877 Spirochaete1877 streptococcus1877 Actinomyces1879 frogspawn1880 schizophyte1880 schizomycetes1881 gonococcus1882 saprophile1882 vibrion1882 coccus1883 diplococcus1883 streptobacteria1883 Clostridium1884 actinomycetes1885 pneumococcus1885 macrococcus1887 staphylococcus1887 iron bacterium1888 Proteus1888 ferrobacterium1890 meningococcus1890 rhizobium1890 sulphobacteria1890 nitrobacterium1891 Streptothrix1891 sulphur bacterium1891 myxobacter1892 Myxococcus1892 tetracoccus1893 coli1894 Pasteurella1895 pyrotoxin1895 Gaertner1897 purple bacterium1897 myxobacterium1898 pseudomonas1899 thiobacteria1900 treponema1908 corynebacterium1909 mycobacterium1909 Salmonella1913 Neisseria1915 botulinum1916 rickettsia1916 leptospira1918 acetobacter1920 Brucella1920 pseudomonad1921 strep1927 enterobacterium1929 opportunist1937 eubacterium1939 agrobacterium1942 persister1944 Moraxella1948 enteric1956 streptomycete1956 leptospire1957 transformant1957 lysogen1958 listeria1961 C. difficile1962 yersinia1967 Campylobacter1971 cyanobacterium1973 coryneform1976 eubacterium1977 legionella1979 acetogen1982 C. diff.1990 acidophilous1996 1916 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 44 78 Dr. Adler said E. S. Faust has separated in crystalline form the two parts of the toxin of botulinus. 1941 Lake Benton News (Minnesota) 11 Sept. 2/3 The botulinus is harmless, the doctors point out. 1962 A. MacLean Satan Bug xi. 192 It's hygroscopic... The botulinus, I mean. 1989 What Diet & Lifestyle Dec. 19/1 Irradiation to cut salmonella will kill the natural yeasts and moulds which compete with botulinum, allowing, under favourable conditions, its quicker growth. 2003 Vanity Fair May 197/1 A swashbuckling German doctor named Justinus Kerner began dabbling with botulinum, the insidious bacillus of botulism. 4. Botulinum toxin (see sense 1). ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [noun] > poison affecting the nerves > specific botulin1878 botulinum toxin1923 botulinum1939 1939 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 40 394 Administered at intervals during the transition or the depressed phase it [sc. picrotoxin] antagonizes the toxic action of botulinus. 1997 Time 24 Nov. 50/3 Saddam has produced anthrax in large amounts, along with botulinum, a poison that kills by paralyzing the victim, and aflatoxin, a carcinogen. 2004 Daily Tel. 13 Jan. 11/1 They were ready to use the deadly toxins ricin and botulinum. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1897
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