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swinkn. Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly (i) a word inherited from Germanic. Partly (ii) formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymons: English geswinc ; i-swinch n. Etymology: In early use probably partly (i) < the same Germanic base as swink v., and partly (ii) (especially in α. forms) shortened < Old English geswinc i-swinch n. In later use (in β. forms) also partly directly < swink v. Compare swing n.1In Old English the unprefixed word is rare compared to prefixed i-swinch n., and also first attested relatively late (11th cent.). Compare the interplay between prefixed and unprefixed forms evidenced by e.g. the variant reading in quot. OE1 at sense 1aα. and by the derivatives swinkful adj., swinkless adj. The Middle English unprefixed forms probably at least partly show phonological (aphetic) loss of the prefix. Old English swinc may partly represent unassibilated forms (and therefore early β. forms); conversely, the earliest attestations of Middle English swinc at β. forms may reflect Old English spelling practice and show assibilated forms (α. forms); compare discussion at i-swinch n. Forms with the stem vowel u show the rounding influence of preceding w . With forms such as swenke at β. forms perhaps compare swench n., swench v. 1. the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > labour or toil α. OE Ælfric (Julius) (1900) II. 402 Ic hæbbe ænne wyrhtan.., and swa hwæt swa he begit his swinces [c1175 Cambr. Ii.1.33 geswinces] to medes, he hit bringð to me. OE Poenitentiale Theodori & Capitula d'Acheriana (Brussels) in F. J. Mone (1830) 527 Ne bið alyfeð æt þam þeowan his feoh to nimanne, þæt he mid his swynce begiteð. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris (1873) 2nd Ser. 179 On sore eche we hider cumen. On swunche we here wunien. In wowe we henne witeð. a1225 (c1200) (1888) 93 Mi saule was ofþerst..after ðe, hlauerd, and min flesch..for ðo manifelde swinches of fasten and of his biliue, ðe ic for mine sennen mid mine swote biȝatt. ?c1250 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Egerton) l. 369 in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 181 Þer is wele abute grame and reste abuten swinche. c1300 (Harl. 2277) (1845) l. 9 In stronge swynche niȝt and dai to ofswynche here mete stronge. a1450 (a1396) W. Hilton 15 (MED) The first degre is in..strong stryuynge aȝens al maner vicis..and þouȝtis..wiþ soore swynche of bodi and of soule for to aȝeinstonde hem. OE Homily: Sermonem Angelorum Nomina (Corpus Cambr. 419) in A. S. Napier (1883) 229 Ic hate, þæt ge gangen to minum cyricum, and þær ge eower geswinc sellað.] a1225 (c1200) (1888) 3 Asolkenesse..me haueð ofte idon eten oðermannes sare swink all un-of-earned. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 978 Sum o þine ful mikel sal thinc To giue þe teind part þare suinc. c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 542 His tythes payde he ful faire and wel Bothe of his propre swynk and his catel. the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory (Hatton) (1871) xvi. 97 Ac sie se lareow eallum monnum se niehsta & eallum monnum efnðrowiende on hira gesuincum.] a1250 in C. Brown (1932) 7 Þu miht forȝelden lihtliche mine gretunge, Al mi swinc & mi sor. c1450 (Lamb.) (1911) 15 Whanne þat erþe upon erþe is brouȝt withinne þe brink, Þan schal erþe of þe erþe haue a rewful swynk. c1450 (c1350) (Bodl.) (1929) l. 921 Aftur swaginge of swine [read swinc] swiþe comeþ joie. 1908 J. Payne 113 There's none may think Of care or swink That looks upon thy face. the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > excess in drinking > [noun] 1611 R. Cotgrave at Dodo Apres bu dodo, Prov. After swink sleepe. 1992 P. O'Brian (1997) vi. 147 The sash-light could be reached by a spring from the canoe: Killick, though totty from his swink, attempted it, fell back into the sea.., tried again and this time grasped the sill. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022). swinkv.Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: < a Germanic base of unknown origin. Compare i-swinch n., swink n., and also swench v. and swench n. Compare further swing v.2In Old English a strong verb of Class III, which suggests a Germanic origin even in the absence of cognates. (Old Icelandic (rare) svinka to work, labour (with weak past participle), is apparently < English.) The antiquity of the word is also strongly suggested by the early attestation of ablaut and stem variants of the same base, e.g. swench v., i-swinch n. Occasional early Middle English forms with assibilation (e.g. swynche at Forms 1, swunche at Forms 2a(ii)α. ) may reflect analogical levelling within the conjugation in Old English from forms where palatalization and assibilation may have taken place before an original following i (as in the 2nd and 3rd singular present indicative), or may show influence from related words where palatalization and assibilation were regular, as swench v., i-swinch n. The stem vowel of Middle English swenke perhaps shows influence from swench v., swench n. Inflection. The word began to develop weak past tense and past participle forms during the Middle English period, and by the end of the 17th cent. these appear to have replaced the strong forms (although any inflected forms are rare after that time). With the past participle forms compare later swinked adj. and the variants at that entry, and also significantly later swunk adj. Prefixed forms. In Old English the prefixed form geswincan to labour, to suffer pain (compare y- prefix) is also attested; compare also Old English beswincan beswink v., and Middle English aswink v. 1. the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)] > toil the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself [verb (reflexive)] > with toil OE (2008) 517 Git on wæteres æht seofon niht swuncon. OE Ælfric (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xxix. 256 Martha swanc and Maria sæt æmtig. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris (1873) 2nd Ser. 179 Ðe underlinges þenchen oðe dai hu hie muȝen mest swinken, and spenen here flesh and here blod. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 1047 Adam..suanc and suet and eue his wif, Of þe erth to win þar lijf. a1450 (?a1390) J. Mirk (Claud.) (1974) l. 1234 (MED) Hast þou I-stole mete or drynke, For þou woldest not þerfore swynke? c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 1175 Hit..maketh alle my wyt to swynke On this castel to be-thynke. 1564 T. Becon New Catech. in 289 Their pelfe, for the which they haue so swincked and sweate. 1591 E. Spenser Prosopopoia in 163 For they doo swinke and sweate to feed the other. 1642 H. More sig. F3 Long have I swonk with anxious assay To finden out what this hid soul may be. 1679 in J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Spanish Curate (new ed.) iii. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher sig. S4v/1 We'll labour and swinck. 1714 ‘N. Ironside’ xxxiv. 22 Many to up-climb it vainly strove, Swinking and sweating with their utmost Might. 1748 J. Thomson ii. ii. 42 And they are sure of Bread who swink and moil. a1822 P. B. Shelley Let. to — in (1824) 61 That dew which the gnomes drink When at their subterranean toil they swink. 1872 O. W. Holmes i. 10 We poor wives must swink for our masters. 1885 R. L. Stevenson ii. i. 68 The fellow swinking in a byre, whom fools point out for the exception. 2003 25 Nov. i. 15/2 Richard Chartres [the Bishop of London] is concerned we are all swinking so hard we have no time to have lunch. OE tr. (Vitell.) 249 Ðonne þam wifum þe æfter beorþre on sumum stowum swincen [?a1200 Harl. 6258B swincon; L. a quibusdam locis laborant], þæt ylce do to drence fæstendum on wearmum wætere. 1340 (1866) 171 Ich zuynke [c1450 Bk. Vices & Virtues worche; L. Laboravi] and trauayli ine mine zykinges. a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) vi. 6 in C. Horstmann (1896) II. 136 (MED) I swanke in mi sighinge-stede. c1450 C. d'Orleans (1941) 28 (MED) How y lyue and in such sorow swynke. society > travel > [verb (intransitive)] > toilsomely c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 15761 Crist for ec till ȝerrsalæm. To don uss tunnderrstanndenn. Þatt uss iss swiþe mikell god. To swinnkenn ferr till hallȝhenn. a1325 (c1250) (1968) l. 1656 Laban fagnede him in frendes wune, Feren swunken ysaaces sunen. Iacob tolde him for-quat he swanc So fer. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 1779 Al for noght þai suanc [a1400 Gött. suank, a1400 Fairf. ȝode, a1400 Trin. Cambr. went] a fote. †2. the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [verb (transitive)] > perform with labour, toil at the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [verb (transitive)] > perform with labour, toil at > gain by c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 6103 Swa þatt tin swinnc be clene swinnc. & att rihht time swunnkenn. a1200 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Trin. Cambr.) l. 321 in R. Morris (1873) 2nd Ser. 229 Swunke [?c1250 Egerton Sswunche] [we] for godes luue half þat we doð for eihte, Nare we naht swo ofte bicherd ne swo euele bikeihte. c1405 (c1380) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 21 Slouthe hir holdeth in a lees Oonly for to slepe and ete and drynken And to deuouren al that othere swynken. c1450 (c1350) (Bodl.) (1929) l. 855 Whan ȝe mow take..No swiche werkus to swinke as oþur swainus usen. a1500 (a1325) (Ashm. 750) (1887) l. 299 Our lord sayd ȝyt to Adam..‘þow schalt in the world swynk þi mete [c1390 Vernon swynke & swete]’. the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [verb (transitive)] > put the limbs or faculties to abnormal exertion c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Otho) (1963) l. 7877 Ne doþ hii noht moche scaþe, bote swinkeþ men on sleape. a1325 (c1250) (1968) l. 4018 He..wende wended godes ðogt, Oc al he swinkeð him for nogt. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 23051 [Þai] suonken þam bath dai and night, For to beserue vr lauerd dright. a1450 (a1400) (1951) l. 323 (MED) Þrytty myles off hard way I haue reden, siþ it was day; Ful sore I gan me swynke. c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 16 Ne neuer thinke To besely my Wytte to swinke To knowe of hir signifiaunce. the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > [verb (intransitive)] > drink deeply or copiously the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > [verb (transitive)] > drink deeply a1563 J. Bale (1969) ii. 2029 S. Lang. I am sure, than, thu wylt geue it hym in a drynke. Diss. Marry, that I wyll, and the one half with hym swynke To encourage hym to drynke the botome off. 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe 319 Swill and swincke soundly, make meery mightely. 1590 R. Greene 14 That one Darius a great King, being dry, was glad to swincke his fill of a shepheardes bottle. 1590 68 Yet to drinke he would neare lin: But swincked with all his might. 1884 R. M. Fergusson 171 He'll drink mair drink than we can swink. 1969 G. M. Brown 135 An' he wad drink mair drink Or a' that we can swither or swink. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.OEv.OE |
