boroughn.

Brit.

/ˈbʌrə/, U.S.

/ˈbəroʊ/,

/ˈbərə/

Forms: Old English burg, burug, Old English–Middle English burh, Middle English burch, bure(g)h, ( burehg), beriȝ, Middle English buruh, Middle English burrh ( Orm.), burwe, buri, Middle English burȝ, buruȝ, borh, borȝ, boruȝ, boru, Middle English burw, burȝe, borȝ(e, bourȝ, borou, borwȝ, borwgh, borw(e, borgh(e, Middle English burghe, Middle English–1500s (also Scottish1600s–1800s) burgh, borogh, Middle English–1600s borowe, Middle English burwgh, borowgh, burwhe, borugh(e, burwe, bourg, Middle English–1500s bourgh, Middle English–1600s burrow(e, 1500s borrowe, ( bourg), burow, 1500s–1600s boroughe, 1500s–1700s burrough, (1600s burrowghe, 1700s borrough), 1500s– borough. dative singular Old English byrig, burge, Middle English birie, berie, Middle English biri, burie, buri.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Common Germanic: Old English burg , burh = Old Frisian burch , Old Saxon burg (Middle Dutch burch , borch , Dutch burg ), Old High German burug (Middle High German burc(g-) , modern German burg ), Old Norse (Swedish, Danish) borg , Gothic baurgs < Germanic *burg-s strong feminine. Apparently < same root as Germanic *berg-an strong verb ‘to shelter’: see bergh v.; but the phonology is not quite clear. In German and Old Norse the word is recorded chiefly in the primary sense of ‘fortress, castle’, but there are traces of the sense of ‘town, civic community’, which is found in Gothic and Old English, and may therefore be assumed to have been developed in Germanic. Of the immense variety of spellings current in Middle English, burrough became the prevalent one in early modern English, but was subsequently displaced by borough in England and Ireland, while the form established in Scotland was burgh n. The Danish borg n. and French bourg n. have also been used by historical writers in special senses. See also burrow n.¹, berry n.³Like other feminine consonant stems, the Old English burg had vowel change (byrig) in genitive and dative singular, and nominative accusative plural, which survived in dative singular to the 13th cent. This dative, biri, berie, buri, was also at times used for the nominative; whence the modern Bury, -bury, in place-names.

†1.

a. A fortress, castle, or citadel. Obsolete. (Unequivocal instances of this sense are rare, even in Old English In quot. 1394 the word denotes simply a large building; and 1425 is quite doubtful.)

ΚΠ

c820 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 63 Ad arcem et ad mœnia, to burge and to wealle.

a1000 Anglo-Saxon Chron. ann. 920 Eadweard cyning..getimbrede þa burg.

1394 P. Pl. Crede 118 We buldeþ a burwȝ a brod and a large.

c1425 Wyntoun Cron. viii. xiii. 125 Castellis, Bowrrowys and Fortalys.]

†b. A court, a manor-house. Hence probably in place-names, e.g. Edgeware Bury, Hertingford Bury.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > types of house > [noun] > manor house

hallc1000

boroughc1175

court1297

manorc1300

palacec1300

mansion1375

placea1387

manor-place1392

chemis1408

head-place1463

mansion place1473

manse1490

court-hall1552

manery1563

manor house1575

seat1607

country seat1615

great house1623

mansion house1651

country house1664

manor-seata1667

place-house1675

mansion-seat1697

hall-house1702

big house1753

ha'-house1814

manoir1830

manor hall1840

yashiki1863

seigneury1895

stately home1934

stately2009

c1175 Cott. Hom. 231 And þider geclepien alle his under~þeod þat hi bi éne féce to his curt (berie) come sceolde.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2257 He ledde hem alle to Iosepes biri.

1596 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent (rev. ed.) 418 Bury, or Biry..was used for a court, or place of assembly.]

†2.

a. A fortified town; a town possessing municipal organization (cf. Old English burhwaru body of citizens); more generally, any inhabited place larger than a village. (The three notions were originally co-extensive. When the word became restricted to the modern sense ( 3) its wider sense passed to town.) Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fort or fortified town > [noun]

chestera855

boroughc893

fastnessOE

strength?c1225

warnestore1297

fortress13..

holdc1330

strongholdc1384

motec1390

fortalicec1425

garnisonc1430

garrisonc1430

town of war1441

wall-town1488

strengh1489

afforciament1509

piece1525

forcea1552

citadel1567

fort1569

place1575

holt1600

alcazar1623

fasthold1623

afforcement1642

castle-town1646

post1648

garrison-town1649

bridlea1661

palank1685

place of arms1704

ostrog1761

qila1761

presidio1763

gurry1786

thana1803

pa1823

castrum1836

lis1845

Gibraltar1856

training post1867

kasbah1902

jong1904

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun]

boroughc893

towneOE

portOE

city?c1225

bourg1536

burgh1798

voil1821

nagar1921

c893 tr. Orosius Hist. ii. viii. §1 Hie binnan þære byrig up eodon..ond þa burg [10th c. MS. burh] mid ealle awestan.

c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxi. 17 Of þære byrig.

c1160 Hatton G. Matt. xxi. 17 Of þare berig.

c1175 Cott. Hom. 225 Hi woldan wercen ane burch · and enne stepel binnan þara birie.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 111 He makede ane heȝe burh [c1300 Otho borȝ].

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1053 Get sat loth at ðe burges gate.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1666 I haf bigged Babiloyne, burȝ alþerrychest.

1483 Cath. Angl. 48 A Burghe burgus.

1520 Chron. Eng. v. f. 43^v/2 Cytees, and borughs, and townes that the Saxons hadde destroyed.

†b. figurative. Cf. burrow n.¹ shelter, which Feltham may have confounded with borough.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun] > shelter > giving or affording shelter > means of shelter

blockhouse1559

shelter1594

canopy1603

borough1628

to-fall1871

1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. lii. sig. R4^v The minde is then shut vp in the Burrough of the body.

a. A town possessing a municipal corporation and special privileges conferred by royal charter (hence the sovereign is said to create a borough). Also a town which sends representatives to parliament. (A municipal borough often differs in territorial extent from the parliamentary borough of the same name.) The word is commonly restricted to towns which do not possess the more dignified title of city n. For the Scottish uses, see burgh n.Early examples are necessarily not distinct in sense from the preceding.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > right to vote at elections > [noun] > constituency > type of

borough1512

close borough1771

pocket borough1783

borough-constituency1868

index constituency1888

Euro-constituency1957

supermarginal1960

marginal1966

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 283 Be it castel, burgh, outher Cite.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xiv. ii. 691 Þe erþe is yhiȝte with so many grete citees and bowrys [1495 de Worde borughes].]

1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII xi The Bourgh of Lymyngton with thappurtenaunces.

1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xiiii The auncyent townes called borughes the moost auncyent and eldest townes that be within Englande.

1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1276/1 To this man King Henrie the third..did grant that his towne of Wigan should be a burrow.

1652 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 134. 2083 A list of the Burroughs that have since assented to the Union.

1718 Free-thinker No. 67. 2 Your Counties and your Burroughs do not send you into Parliament.

1738 Hist. View Court of Exchequer ii. 20 Several of the Demesne Lands were given to Burroughs.

1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. II. xiii. 381 Edward VI. created fourteen boroughs.

1845 H. J. Stephen New Comm. Laws Eng. II. 357 A ‘borough’ is properly a town or city represented in parliament, although the term has occasionally (as in the Municipal Corporation Act) a wider signification.

b. the Borough: esp. that of Southwark. Cf. 5.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > named cities or towns > [noun] > in Britain > London > parts of

vintrya1456

steelyard1474

tower hillc1480

city1556

Bow-bell1600

row1607

gate1723

east end1742

Mayfair1754

garden1763

warren1769

west?1789

the Borough1797

west end1807

Holy Land1821

Belgravia1848

Tyburnia1848

Mesopotamia1850

South Kensington1862

Dockland1904

South Ken1933

Fitzrovia1958

square mile1966

1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Cade xxi To Southwarke borow where it lay a night.]

1797 Ann. Reg. 28 A dreadful fire broke out yesterday morning in the High-Street in the Borough.

1886 Daily News 18 Dec. 6/2 Fire in the Borough.

c. to own a borough, to buy a borough: to possess or to buy the power of controlling the election of a member of parliament for a borough. close borough n. a borough ‘owned’ by some person.pocket, rotten borough: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

borough1512

close borough1771

pocket borough1783

borough-constituency1868

index constituency1888

Euro-constituency1957

supermarginal1960

marginal1966

society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > right to vote at elections > invest with right to vote [verb (transitive)] > hold constituency under private control > buy power of

to buy a borough1771

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 193 The practice of buying boroughs, and canvassing for votes.

d. An incorporated town or village; a town having a warden or chief burgess as its official head. U.S.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough > in U.S.

towneOE

cityc1300

borough1718

1718 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1852) III. 58 The said town might be erected into a Borough by a Charter of Incorporacon.

1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Borough,..in Connecticut, this word is used for a town or a part of a town, or a village, incorporated with certain privileges, distinct from those of other towns and of cities; as the Borough of Bridgeport.

1854 Stat. State Connecticut 329 The wardens and a majority of the burgesses of any such borough, may, in like manner, authorize such an alley to be kept at any place in any such city or borough.

1919 H. L. Mencken Amer. Lang. 296 This is now Allegany for the Maryland county..and Allegheny for the Pittsburg borough and the Pennsylvania county.

1925 G. P. Krapp Eng. Lang. in Amer. I. iii. 178 Now that the word Manhattan has been legalized as the name of the Borough of Manhattan, it is possible it may become colorlessly official and lose some of its romantic glamour.

e. (a) In New Zealand, a village, township, or town having a special governing body called a borough council. (b) In New South Wales, a municipal corporation of not less than 1,000 inhabitants and not more than 9 square miles in area. In Victoria, such a municipality of not less than 300 inhabitants.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough > in Australia

borough1865

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough > in New Zealand

borough1865

1865 R. P. Whitworth Bailliere's Vict. Gazetteer 59 Brunswick is a borough township,..in the..electoral district of E. Bourke boroughs.

1867 Acts N.Z. 31 Vict. No. 24. §29 There shall be in and for each single borough a council consisting of nine councillors.

1874 Silver's Handbk. Australia & N.Z. (ed. 2) 131 At the end of 1871 there were sixty-four corporate towns and boroughs, containing within their municipal limits about one-half the population. A borough must not have an area of more than nine square miles.

f. Any of the five administrative divisions of New York City (see quot. 1948).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > in U.S.A. > in New York City

borough1897

1897 Independent 11 Mar. 306/1 The Charter provides..that the Borough of Brooklyn may have a professionally conducted school system.

1948 Chicago Tribune 18 Mar. iii. 4/5 The jubilee commemorates the 50th anniversary of the consolidation of the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens and Staten Island into New York City.

1970 N.Y. Times Encycl. Almanac 222/2 Thus the city today consists of five boroughs, each a county in its own right: Manhattan is New York County; Brooklyn is Kings County; Staten Island is Richmond County; and Queens and the Bronx bear the same county as borough names.

1986 New Yorker 3 Feb. 90/3 On January 8th,..the borough president of Queens, who is also the Democratic boss of that borough..had spent much of the day at City Hall.

g. An administrative district of Greater London in which services, etc., are provided by a local authority. Cf. metropolitan adj. 2a.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > administrative divisions in Britain > other small administrative divisions > in parts of Britain and Ireland

ward1431

graveship1460

commot1495

sheading1577

toughe1584

baronya1599

riding1675

graviate1728

borough1899

1899 Act 62 & 63 Vict. c. 14 § 1 The whole of the administrative county of London, exclusive of the City of London, shall be divided into metropolitan boroughs (in this Act referred to as boroughs).

1963 Act 11 & 12 Eliz. II c. 33 §1 ii. 1 The boundary between the London boroughs numbered 6 and 17 respectively..in the existing metropolitan borough of Woolwich shall be the..centre of the navigable channel of the River Thames at low water.

1976 Times 21 May 2/5 Dr. Douglas Chambers, the coroner, asked whether it might not be desirable for checks to be made in other London boroughs.

h. In Alaska: a territorial and administrative division corresponding to a county elsewhere in the United States.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > in U.S.A. > in Alaska

borough1956

1956 Fairbanks (Alaska) Daily News-Miner 6 Feb. 7 All local government powers shall be vested in boroughs and cities. The State may delegate taxing powers to boroughs and cities only.

1966 R. A. Cooley Alaska viii. 103 The creation of new units of government, the boroughs, has brought in its wake yet another series of problems... The boroughs are only now coming into existence. At the present time there are nine of them.

1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia I. 413/1 State and borough governments have difficulty in providing the usual range of services because of the limited extent of the economy.

†4. At Richmond, Yorkshire, and perhaps other northern old corporate towns: a property held by burgage n., and formerly qualifying for a vote for members of parliament. Cf. borough-holder n.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > a legal holding > [noun] > held by burgage

burgage1362

burgh-lands?1507

burgage-land1586

burgage-house1710

borough1715

burgage-tenement1828

1715 London Gaz. No. 5296/4 A Very large Burrough, standing in..the Market-place of Richmond in Yorkshire, consisting of three Dwelling Houses, and two large shops.

†5. In 14th to 16th centuries sometimes used for the suburbs of a city, the portion lying outside the wall. Cf. contemporary use of French bourg.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough

burrows-townc1175

mayor-town1375

boroughc1380

borough-town1382

burghc1425

corporate town1478

royal burgh1591

county borough1708

municipality1790

Royal Borough1805

county1888

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town or city > part of town or city > [noun] > suburb

boroughc1380

suburba1387

faubourg1483

fabor1488

suburbar1530

suburb1568

purlieu1619

suburbanity1623

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1767 Til þay wer passed þe borwgh.

a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xviii. 291 Kynge Arans..hadde all day assailed the Castell of Arondell, but..no-thinge thei wonne, saf only thei hadde brente the bourgh with-oute.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cxc. 225 The gate..bytwene the..borowe and the cytie. [At Oxford, the suburb of St. Clement's, east of the Cherwell, is traditionally called ‘the Borough’.]

6. Archæological and historical uses.

a. Adopted to translate Greek δῆμος and Latin pagus in the sense of township or district.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > in ancient Greece or Rome

county1601

borougha1747

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough > in ancient Greece or Rome

township1602

borougha1747

demos1762

deme1833

a1747 Abp. Potter in T. Mitchell tr. Aristophanes Comedies (1822) II. 160 The Athenians..delivered in their names, together with the names of their father and borough.

1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives (1879) I. 81/2 Numa..divided the country into..portions, which he called pagi, or boroughs.

1850 F. D. Maurice Moral & Metaphysical Philos. (ed. 2) I. iii Socrates was born in a little burgh of Attica.

b. English History in various archaic forms: used by some writers on the Old English period. See also borg n., bourg n., burg n., burgh n.

ΚΠ

1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. Introd. 11 The Burh, of burgh of early days.

1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (ed. 2) I. v. 92 The ‘burh’ of the Anglo-Saxon period was simply a more strictly organised form of the township.

1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (ed. 2) I. v. 93 (note) The five Danish burhs..had not only special privileges of their own, but a common organization.

Compounds

†C1. Obsolete law terms used in historical contexts by writers of 16th cent. onwards; most recent writers retain the Old English spelling.

burgh-bote n. [Old English burh-bót ; compare boot n.¹] a tax for the repair of fortresses.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > dues or tolls for upkeep or maintenance > [noun]

bridge-boteOE

bridge silverc1254

parkbotea1315

fosse-silver?a1325

pontagea1325

murage1424

pavagec1450

bridge money1482

fox-hen1528

jail money1600

water-corn1600

beaconage1607

castle-bote1628

burgh-bote1647

barbicanage1691

highway rate1697

fossage1757

mint duties1782

1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 82 Power to charge one another with the maintenance of these Fortifications by an imposition called Burghbote.

1845 J. Lingard Hist. & Antiq. Anglo-Saxon Church (ed. 3) I. vi. 241 Burgh-bot, or contributions towards the maintenance of the burghs or places of defence.

burgh-breche n. [Old English burh-bryce ; compare breach n.] close-breaking, burglary.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > burglary > [noun]

housebreachlOE

burgh-brechea1387

burglary1532

housebreaking1607

breaking and entering1617

game1811

crack1819

screwing1819

effraction1840

burst1857

burglarizing1872

burgling1880

ship-breaking1901

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > [noun] > act or instance of

robbinga1300

ravina1325

robberya1325

burgh-brechea1387

reif1533

hoist1714

jump1777

speak1811

trick1865

clean-up1928

heist1930

knock-off1969

society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > specific offences > [noun] > illegal entry

housebreachlOE

burgh-brechea1387

entry1588

trusiona1604

housebreaking1607

breaking1617

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 95 Burghbreche a Frensche blesmure de court ou de cloys.

1598 Tate in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) I. 4 Borrowbreach is interpreted Civitas rupta.

1641 Rastell's Termes de la Ley (new ed.) f. 44 Burbreach..trespasses done in Citie or Borough against the peace.

burgh-mote n. (also borough-moot) [Old English burh-gemót ; compare moot n.¹] the judicial assembly of a borough.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > local or town court

portmoot1266

burgh-motea1400

byrlaw-court1597

birliea1609

borough court1769

borough sessions1835

a1400 Vsages of Wynchestre in Eng. Gilds 350 At þe borghmot of seynt mychel.

1747 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. I. 311 A court or burghmote was held thrice a year for determining all causes between the inhabitants.

1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 130 The later county court of the Vicecomes or Sheriff..held three times a year as a Burh-gemote in the leading burgh of the district.

1880 Antiquary June 255 The ancient Burghmote horn of Ipswich.

†C2. Other obsolete compounds:

borough-folk n. (Old English burh-folc) the people of a town.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > collectively

borough-folkc1200

borough-werenc1275

burgh-werec1275

cityc1300

town folkc1325

towna1382

commonity1456

nation1523

portery1565

town1582

townspeople1587

civility1598

municipality1790

citizenry1795

citizenhood1851

burgherage1858

burgherdom1884

burgherhood1885

c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 89 Þat *burh folc hihten þe heȝe strete.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1854 Emor..And his burge-folc, fellen in wi.

borough-weren n. [Old English burhwaru, -ware, -waran] the people or community of a town, the townsmen.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > collectively

borough-folkc1200

borough-werenc1275

burgh-werec1275

cityc1300

town folkc1325

towna1382

commonity1456

nation1523

portery1565

town1582

townspeople1587

civility1598

municipality1790

citizenry1795

citizenhood1851

burgherage1858

burgherdom1884

burgherhood1885

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14159 Iherden þa burh-weren [c1300 Otho borh-men] hu hit was il ifaren.

burgh-kenning n. coined by Stow as an etymological rendering of barbican n. (!).

ΚΠ

1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 241 A Burgh-Kening (or Watch Tower) of the citie.

burgh-were n. plural.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > collectively

borough-folkc1200

borough-werenc1275

burgh-werec1275

cityc1300

town folkc1325

towna1382

commonity1456

nation1523

portery1565

town1582

townspeople1587

civility1598

municipality1790

citizenry1795

citizenhood1851

burgherage1858

burgherdom1884

burgherhood1885

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14171 Hi bi-hehte þere burȝe-were auer-mare freo laȝe.

C3. General attributive in sense 3. Also with reference to parliamentary representation.

Categories »

borough-accountant n.

Categories »

borough-architect n.

borough-bailiff n.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > an officer of the court > [noun] > official who executes orders of court > bailiff

beadlec1000

ridemanlOE

cacherela1325

outrider1332

bailiff1377

catchpolea1382

bailiec1386

officer?1387

sheriff's manc1400

attacher1440

messenger1482

tipped staffc1500

servitor1527

bailie-errant1528

processar1534

bum-bailiff1560

tipstaff1570

nut-hook1600

saffo1607

servera1612

bailiff-errant1612

bum-bailey1615

process servera1616

buckle-bosom1622

bumbee1653

exploiter1653

moar1656

bum1659

bummer1675

bumbail1696

bulldog1699

sheriff's officer1703

bum-trap1749

bound-bailiff1768

shelly-coata1774

body snatcher1778

lurcher1785

fool-finder1796

messenger1801

bugaboo1809

borough-bailiff1812

sheriff mair1812

speciality1815

grab1823

legalist1835

candy man1863

writter1882

sheriff1928

1812 G. Crabbe Tales v. 79 A Borough-Bailiff, who to law was train'd.

Categories »

borough-surveyor n.

borough-constituency n.

ΘΚΠ

borough1512

close borough1771

pocket borough1783

borough-constituency1868

index constituency1888

Euro-constituency1957

supermarginal1960

marginal1966

1868 J. Bright Speeches Public Policy I. 380 Wherever the borough constituencies are so small.

Categories »

borough-election n.

Categories »

borough faction n.

Categories »

borough-influence n.

borough-patron n.

ΘΚΠ

borough-master1790

borough-patron1811

seat-owner1818

1811 Edinb. Rev. 17 258 Having..prohibited the sale of seats by borough-patrons.

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borough-politics n.

borough-slave n.

ΚΠ

1813 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. xxxiii. 81 Like a set of borough-slaves, submitting to choose a second member at the dictation of Sir Francis Burdett.

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borough-traitor n.

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borough-tyrant n.

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borough-voter n.

C4.

borough council n. [council n. 10] a local council which conducts the affairs of a borough.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > local government body > [noun] > town or borough council

corporation1463

Common Council1467

consulatea1513

state1516

town council1637

commonality1649

regency1704

communa1711

municipality1790

municipal corporation1833

commune1837

borough council1879

municipy1882

1879 Contemp. Rev. 34 695 One change is imperatively called for—the getting rid of the incubus of aldermen in the city and borough councils.

1900 G. B. Shaw Let. 31 Oct. (1972) II. 189 Candidates for appointments should be examined by some public educational body entirely independent of the Borough Council.

1918 Existing Law Boroughs Penn. xxvi. 220 The borough council may fill any vacancy in their body until the municipal election next following.

a1974 R. Crossman Diaries (1977) III. 484 As a result of the [Maud] proposals, 124 county and borough councils and over 1,000 district councils would disappear.

1985 Whitaker's Almanack 620/1 The Greater London Council and the six metropolitan county councils are to be abolished and most of their functions made the responsibility of the existing borough and district councils.

borough court n. a court of limited jurisdiction held in a borough by special privilege.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > local or town court

portmoot1266

burgh-motea1400

byrlaw-court1597

birliea1609

borough court1769

borough sessions1835

1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. Index Borough courts.

1959 Earl Jowitt & C. Walsh Dict. Eng. Law I. 266/2 Borough courts..are now of little importance, most business having been transferred..to the county court.

borough-jobber n. = boroughmonger n.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [noun] > bribe > one who bribes > type of

borough-jobber1733

boroughmonger1809

borough-jobber1733

jobber1762

seat-seller1821

1733 Revol. Politicks iv. 8 What pity, say some, the Art of Borough-Jobbers had not been found out then, to compleat the King's Scheme.

1758 S. Johnson Idler 27 May 57 Capt. Grim, who never owed any of his advancement to Borough-jobbers, or any other Corrupters of the People.

a1797 H. Walpole Mem. George II (1847) II. xi. 373 He would be no borough-jobber.

borough-jobbing n. = boroughmongering n. and adj. at boroughmonger n. Derivatives.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [noun] > bribe > bribery > to secure vote

treating1709

quilling1770

boroughmongering1798

borough-jobbing1803

boroughmongery1820

1803 J. Bristed Ανθρωπλανομενος II. 345 Exaltation by the usual gradations of borough-jobbing, of courtierizing, and a peerage.

borough-rate n. a rate levied by the municipality of a borough.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > local or municipal taxes or dues > [noun] > rates

cess1531

rate1601

county rate1665

rating1859

borough-rate1863

1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. iii. ix. 730 Householders..paying poor-rates and borough-rates.

borough sessions n. a court held by the recorder of a borough, usually quarterly, established under the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > local or town court

portmoot1266

burgh-motea1400

byrlaw-court1597

birliea1609

borough court1769

borough sessions1835

1835 Act 5 & 6 William IV c. 76 §110 (margin) Offenders committed to Borough Sessions whose Jurisdiction is taken away to be tried in the adjoining County.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	borough
释义	boroughn. Brit. /ˈbʌrə/, U.S. /ˈbəroʊ/, /ˈbərə/ Forms: Old English burg, burug, Old English–Middle English burh, Middle English burch, bure(g)h, ( burehg), beriȝ, Middle English buruh, Middle English burrh ( Orm.), burwe, buri, Middle English burȝ, buruȝ, borh, borȝ, boruȝ, boru, Middle English burw, burȝe, borȝ(e, bourȝ, borou, borwȝ, borwgh, borw(e, borgh(e, Middle English burghe, Middle English–1500s (also Scottish1600s–1800s) burgh, borogh, Middle English–1600s borowe, Middle English burwgh, borowgh, burwhe, borugh(e, burwe, bourg, Middle English–1500s bourgh, Middle English–1600s burrow(e, 1500s borrowe, ( bourg), burow, 1500s–1600s boroughe, 1500s–1700s burrough, (1600s burrowghe, 1700s borrough), 1500s– borough. dative singular Old English byrig, burge, Middle English birie, berie, Middle English biri, burie, buri. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Common Germanic: Old English burg , burh = Old Frisian burch , Old Saxon burg (Middle Dutch burch , borch , Dutch burg ), Old High German burug (Middle High German burc(g-) , modern German burg ), Old Norse (Swedish, Danish) borg , Gothic baurgs < Germanic burg-s strong feminine. Apparently < same root as Germanic berg-an strong verb ‘to shelter’: see bergh v.; but the phonology is not quite clear. In German and Old Norse the word is recorded chiefly in the primary sense of ‘fortress, castle’, but there are traces of the sense of ‘town, civic community’, which is found in Gothic and Old English, and may therefore be assumed to have been developed in Germanic. Of the immense variety of spellings current in Middle English, burrough became the prevalent one in early modern English, but was subsequently displaced by borough in England and Ireland, while the form established in Scotland was burgh n. The Danish borg n. and French bourg n. have also been used by historical writers in special senses. See also burrow n.¹, berry n.³Like other feminine consonant stems, the Old English burg had vowel change (byrig) in genitive and dative singular, and nominative accusative plural, which survived in dative singular to the 13th cent. This dative, biri, berie, buri, was also at times used for the nominative; whence the modern Bury, -bury, in place-names. †1. a. A fortress, castle, or citadel. Obsolete. (Unequivocal instances of this sense are rare, even in Old English In quot. 1394 the word denotes simply a large building; and 1425 is quite doubtful.) ΚΠ c820 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 63 Ad arcem et ad mœnia, to burge and to wealle. a1000 Anglo-Saxon Chron. ann. 920 Eadweard cyning..getimbrede þa burg. 1394 P. Pl. Crede 118 We buldeþ a burwȝ a brod and a large. c1425 Wyntoun Cron. viii. xiii. 125 Castellis, Bowrrowys and Fortalys.] †b. A court, a manor-house. Hence probably in place-names, e.g. Edgeware Bury, Hertingford Bury. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > types of house > [noun] > manor house hallc1000 boroughc1175 court1297 manorc1300 palacec1300 mansion1375 placea1387 manor-place1392 chemis1408 head-place1463 mansion place1473 manse1490 court-hall1552 manery1563 manor house1575 seat1607 country seat1615 great house1623 mansion house1651 country house1664 manor-seata1667 place-house1675 mansion-seat1697 hall-house1702 big house1753 ha'-house1814 manoir1830 manor hall1840 yashiki1863 seigneury1895 stately home1934 stately2009 c1175 Cott. Hom. 231 And þider geclepien alle his under~þeod þat hi bi éne féce to his curt (berie) come sceolde. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2257 He ledde hem alle to Iosepes biri. 1596 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent (rev. ed.) 418 Bury, or Biry..was used for a court, or place of assembly.] †2. a. A fortified town; a town possessing municipal organization (cf. Old English burhwaru body of citizens); more generally, any inhabited place larger than a village. (The three notions were originally co-extensive. When the word became restricted to the modern sense ( 3) its wider sense passed to town.) Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fort or fortified town > [noun] chestera855 boroughc893 fastnessOE strength?c1225 warnestore1297 fortress13.. holdc1330 strongholdc1384 motec1390 fortalicec1425 garnisonc1430 garrisonc1430 town of war1441 wall-town1488 strengh1489 afforciament1509 piece1525 forcea1552 citadel1567 fort1569 place1575 holt1600 alcazar1623 fasthold1623 afforcement1642 castle-town1646 post1648 garrison-town1649 bridlea1661 palank1685 place of arms1704 ostrog1761 qila1761 presidio1763 gurry1786 thana1803 pa1823 castrum1836 lis1845 Gibraltar1856 training post1867 kasbah1902 jong1904 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] boroughc893 towneOE portOE city?c1225 bourg1536 burgh1798 voil1821 nagar1921 c893 tr. Orosius Hist. ii. viii. §1 Hie binnan þære byrig up eodon..ond þa burg [10th c. MS. burh] mid ealle awestan. c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxi. 17 Of þære byrig. c1160 Hatton G. Matt. xxi. 17 Of þare berig. c1175 Cott. Hom. 225 Hi woldan wercen ane burch · and enne stepel binnan þara birie. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 111 He makede ane heȝe burh [c1300 Otho borȝ]. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1053 Get sat loth at ðe burges gate. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1666 I haf bigged Babiloyne, burȝ alþerrychest. 1483 Cath. Angl. 48 A Burghe burgus. 1520 Chron. Eng. v. f. 43^v/2 Cytees, and borughs, and townes that the Saxons hadde destroyed. †b. figurative. Cf. burrow n.¹ shelter, which Feltham may have confounded with borough. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun] > shelter > giving or affording shelter > means of shelter blockhouse1559 shelter1594 canopy1603 borough1628 to-fall1871 1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. lii. sig. R4^v The minde is then shut vp in the Burrough of the body. 3. a. A town possessing a municipal corporation and special privileges conferred by royal charter (hence the sovereign is said to create a borough). Also a town which sends representatives to parliament. (A municipal borough often differs in territorial extent from the parliamentary borough of the same name.) The word is commonly restricted to towns which do not possess the more dignified title of city n. For the Scottish uses, see burgh n.Early examples are necessarily not distinct in sense from the preceding. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > right to vote at elections > [noun] > constituency > type of borough1512 close borough1771 pocket borough1783 borough-constituency1868 index constituency1888 Euro-constituency1957 supermarginal1960 marginal1966 c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 283 Be it castel, burgh, outher Cite. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xiv. ii. 691 Þe erþe is yhiȝte with so many grete citees and bowrys [1495 de Worde borughes].] 1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII xi The Bourgh of Lymyngton with thappurtenaunces. 1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xiiii The auncyent townes called borughes the moost auncyent and eldest townes that be within Englande. 1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1276/1 To this man King Henrie the third..did grant that his towne of Wigan should be a burrow. 1652 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 134. 2083 A list of the Burroughs that have since assented to the Union. 1718 Free-thinker No. 67. 2 Your Counties and your Burroughs do not send you into Parliament. 1738 Hist. View Court of Exchequer ii. 20 Several of the Demesne Lands were given to Burroughs. 1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. II. xiii. 381 Edward VI. created fourteen boroughs. 1845 H. J. Stephen New Comm. Laws Eng. II. 357 A ‘borough’ is properly a town or city represented in parliament, although the term has occasionally (as in the Municipal Corporation Act) a wider signification. b. the Borough: esp. that of Southwark. Cf. 5. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > named cities or towns > [noun] > in Britain > London > parts of vintrya1456 steelyard1474 tower hillc1480 city1556 Bow-bell1600 row1607 gate1723 east end1742 Mayfair1754 garden1763 warren1769 west?1789 the Borough1797 west end1807 Holy Land1821 Belgravia1848 Tyburnia1848 Mesopotamia1850 South Kensington1862 Dockland1904 South Ken1933 Fitzrovia1958 square mile1966 1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Cade xxi To Southwarke borow where it lay a night.] 1797 Ann. Reg. 28 A dreadful fire broke out yesterday morning in the High-Street in the Borough. 1886 Daily News 18 Dec. 6/2 Fire in the Borough. c. to own a borough, to buy a borough: to possess or to buy the power of controlling the election of a member of parliament for a borough. close borough n. a borough ‘owned’ by some person.pocket, rotten borough: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > right to vote at elections > [noun] > constituency > type of borough1512 close borough1771 pocket borough1783 borough-constituency1868 index constituency1888 Euro-constituency1957 supermarginal1960 marginal1966 society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > right to vote at elections > invest with right to vote [verb (transitive)] > hold constituency under private control > buy power of to buy a borough1771 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 193 The practice of buying boroughs, and canvassing for votes. d. An incorporated town or village; a town having a warden or chief burgess as its official head. U.S. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough > in U.S. towneOE cityc1300 borough1718 1718 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1852) III. 58 The said town might be erected into a Borough by a Charter of Incorporacon. 1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Borough,..in Connecticut, this word is used for a town or a part of a town, or a village, incorporated with certain privileges, distinct from those of other towns and of cities; as the Borough of Bridgeport. 1854 Stat. State Connecticut 329 The wardens and a majority of the burgesses of any such borough, may, in like manner, authorize such an alley to be kept at any place in any such city or borough. 1919 H. L. Mencken Amer. Lang. 296 This is now Allegany for the Maryland county..and Allegheny for the Pittsburg borough and the Pennsylvania county. 1925 G. P. Krapp Eng. Lang. in Amer. I. iii. 178 Now that the word Manhattan has been legalized as the name of the Borough of Manhattan, it is possible it may become colorlessly official and lose some of its romantic glamour. e. (a) In New Zealand, a village, township, or town having a special governing body called a borough council. (b) In New South Wales, a municipal corporation of not less than 1,000 inhabitants and not more than 9 square miles in area. In Victoria, such a municipality of not less than 300 inhabitants. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough > in Australia borough1865 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough > in New Zealand borough1865 1865 R. P. Whitworth Bailliere's Vict. Gazetteer 59 Brunswick is a borough township,..in the..electoral district of E. Bourke boroughs. 1867 Acts N.Z. 31 Vict. No. 24. §29 There shall be in and for each single borough a council consisting of nine councillors. 1874 Silver's Handbk. Australia & N.Z. (ed. 2) 131 At the end of 1871 there were sixty-four corporate towns and boroughs, containing within their municipal limits about one-half the population. A borough must not have an area of more than nine square miles. f. Any of the five administrative divisions of New York City (see quot. 1948). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > in U.S.A. > in New York City borough1897 1897 Independent 11 Mar. 306/1 The Charter provides..that the Borough of Brooklyn may have a professionally conducted school system. 1948 Chicago Tribune 18 Mar. iii. 4/5 The jubilee commemorates the 50th anniversary of the consolidation of the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens and Staten Island into New York City. 1970 N.Y. Times Encycl. Almanac 222/2 Thus the city today consists of five boroughs, each a county in its own right: Manhattan is New York County; Brooklyn is Kings County; Staten Island is Richmond County; and Queens and the Bronx bear the same county as borough names. 1986 New Yorker 3 Feb. 90/3 On January 8th,..the borough president of Queens, who is also the Democratic boss of that borough..had spent much of the day at City Hall. g. An administrative district of Greater London in which services, etc., are provided by a local authority. Cf. metropolitan adj. 2a. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > administrative divisions in Britain > other small administrative divisions > in parts of Britain and Ireland ward1431 graveship1460 commot1495 sheading1577 toughe1584 baronya1599 riding1675 graviate1728 borough1899 1899 Act 62 & 63 Vict. c. 14 § 1 The whole of the administrative county of London, exclusive of the City of London, shall be divided into metropolitan boroughs (in this Act referred to as boroughs). 1963 Act 11 & 12 Eliz. II c. 33 §1 ii. 1 The boundary between the London boroughs numbered 6 and 17 respectively..in the existing metropolitan borough of Woolwich shall be the..centre of the navigable channel of the River Thames at low water. 1976 Times 21 May 2/5 Dr. Douglas Chambers, the coroner, asked whether it might not be desirable for checks to be made in other London boroughs. h. In Alaska: a territorial and administrative division corresponding to a county elsewhere in the United States. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > in U.S.A. > in Alaska borough1956 1956 Fairbanks (Alaska) Daily News-Miner 6 Feb. 7 All local government powers shall be vested in boroughs and cities. The State may delegate taxing powers to boroughs and cities only. 1966 R. A. Cooley Alaska viii. 103 The creation of new units of government, the boroughs, has brought in its wake yet another series of problems... The boroughs are only now coming into existence. At the present time there are nine of them. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia I. 413/1 State and borough governments have difficulty in providing the usual range of services because of the limited extent of the economy. †4. At Richmond, Yorkshire, and perhaps other northern old corporate towns: a property held by burgage n., and formerly qualifying for a vote for members of parliament. Cf. borough-holder n. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > a legal holding > [noun] > held by burgage burgage1362 burgh-lands?1507 burgage-land1586 burgage-house1710 borough1715 burgage-tenement1828 1715 London Gaz. No. 5296/4 A Very large Burrough, standing in..the Market-place of Richmond in Yorkshire, consisting of three Dwelling Houses, and two large shops. †5. In 14th to 16th centuries sometimes used for the suburbs of a city, the portion lying outside the wall. Cf. contemporary use of French bourg. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough burrows-townc1175 mayor-town1375 boroughc1380 borough-town1382 burghc1425 corporate town1478 royal burgh1591 county borough1708 municipality1790 Royal Borough1805 county1888 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town or city > part of town or city > [noun] > suburb boroughc1380 suburba1387 faubourg1483 fabor1488 suburbar1530 suburb1568 purlieu1619 suburbanity1623 c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1767 Til þay wer passed þe borwgh. a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xviii. 291 Kynge Arans..hadde all day assailed the Castell of Arondell, but..no-thinge thei wonne, saf only thei hadde brente the bourgh with-oute. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cxc. 225 The gate..bytwene the..borowe and the cytie. [At Oxford, the suburb of St. Clement's, east of the Cherwell, is traditionally called ‘the Borough’.] 6. Archæological and historical uses. a. Adopted to translate Greek δῆμος and Latin pagus in the sense of township or district. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > in ancient Greece or Rome county1601 borougha1747 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough > in ancient Greece or Rome township1602 borougha1747 demos1762 deme1833 a1747 Abp. Potter in T. Mitchell tr. Aristophanes Comedies (1822) II. 160 The Athenians..delivered in their names, together with the names of their father and borough. 1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives (1879) I. 81/2 Numa..divided the country into..portions, which he called pagi, or boroughs. 1850 F. D. Maurice Moral & Metaphysical Philos. (ed. 2) I. iii Socrates was born in a little burgh of Attica. b. English History in various archaic forms: used by some writers on the Old English period. See also borg n., bourg n., burg n., burgh n. ΚΠ 1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. Introd. 11 The Burh, of burgh of early days. 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (ed. 2) I. v. 92 The ‘burh’ of the Anglo-Saxon period was simply a more strictly organised form of the township. 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (ed. 2) I. v. 93 (note) The five Danish burhs..had not only special privileges of their own, but a common organization. Compounds †C1. Obsolete law terms used in historical contexts by writers of 16th cent. onwards; most recent writers retain the Old English spelling. burgh-bote n. [Old English burh-bót ; compare boot n.¹] a tax for the repair of fortresses. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > dues or tolls for upkeep or maintenance > [noun] bridge-boteOE bridge silverc1254 parkbotea1315 fosse-silver?a1325 pontagea1325 murage1424 pavagec1450 bridge money1482 fox-hen1528 jail money1600 water-corn1600 beaconage1607 castle-bote1628 burgh-bote1647 barbicanage1691 highway rate1697 fossage1757 mint duties1782 1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 82 Power to charge one another with the maintenance of these Fortifications by an imposition called Burghbote. 1845 J. Lingard Hist. & Antiq. Anglo-Saxon Church (ed. 3) I. vi. 241 Burgh-bot, or contributions towards the maintenance of the burghs or places of defence. burgh-breche n. [Old English burh-bryce ; compare breach n.] close-breaking, burglary. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > burglary > [noun] housebreachlOE burgh-brechea1387 burglary1532 housebreaking1607 breaking and entering1617 game1811 crack1819 screwing1819 effraction1840 burst1857 burglarizing1872 burgling1880 ship-breaking1901 the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > [noun] > act or instance of robbinga1300 ravina1325 robberya1325 burgh-brechea1387 reif1533 hoist1714 jump1777 speak1811 trick1865 clean-up1928 heist1930 knock-off1969 hit1970 society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > specific offences > [noun] > illegal entry housebreachlOE burgh-brechea1387 entry1588 trusiona1604 housebreaking1607 breaking1617 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 95 Burghbreche a Frensche blesmure de court ou de cloys. 1598 Tate in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) I. 4 Borrowbreach is interpreted Civitas rupta. 1641 Rastell's Termes de la Ley (new ed.) f. 44 Burbreach..trespasses done in Citie or Borough against the peace. burgh-mote n. (also borough-moot) [Old English burh-gemót ; compare moot n.¹] the judicial assembly of a borough. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > local or town court portmoot1266 burgh-motea1400 byrlaw-court1597 birliea1609 borough court1769 borough sessions1835 a1400 Vsages of Wynchestre in Eng. Gilds 350 At þe borghmot of seynt mychel. 1747 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. I. 311 A court or burghmote was held thrice a year for determining all causes between the inhabitants. 1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 130 The later county court of the Vicecomes or Sheriff..held three times a year as a Burh-gemote in the leading burgh of the district. 1880 Antiquary June 255 The ancient Burghmote horn of Ipswich. †C2. Other obsolete compounds: borough-folk n. (Old English burh-folc) the people of a town. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > collectively borough-folkc1200 borough-werenc1275 burgh-werec1275 cityc1300 town folkc1325 towna1382 commonity1456 nation1523 portery1565 town1582 townspeople1587 civility1598 municipality1790 citizenry1795 citizenhood1851 burgherage1858 burgherdom1884 burgherhood1885 c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 89 Þat burh folc hihten þe heȝe strete. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod.* (1968) l. 1854 Emor..And his burge-folc, fellen in wi. borough-weren n. [Old English burhwaru, -ware, -waran] the people or community of a town, the townsmen. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > collectively borough-folkc1200 borough-werenc1275 burgh-werec1275 cityc1300 town folkc1325 towna1382 commonity1456 nation1523 portery1565 town1582 townspeople1587 civility1598 municipality1790 citizenry1795 citizenhood1851 burgherage1858 burgherdom1884 burgherhood1885 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14159 Iherden þa burh-weren [c1300 Otho borh-men] hu hit was il ifaren. burgh-kenning n. coined by Stow as an etymological rendering of barbican n. (!). ΚΠ 1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 241 A Burgh-Kening (or Watch Tower) of the citie. burgh-were n. plural. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > collectively borough-folkc1200 borough-werenc1275 burgh-werec1275 cityc1300 town folkc1325 towna1382 commonity1456 nation1523 portery1565 town1582 townspeople1587 civility1598 municipality1790 citizenry1795 citizenhood1851 burgherage1858 burgherdom1884 burgherhood1885 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14171 Hi bi-hehte þere burȝe-were auer-mare freo laȝe. C3. General attributive in sense 3. Also with reference to parliamentary representation. a. Categories » borough-accountant n. Categories » borough-architect n. borough-bailiff n. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > an officer of the court > [noun] > official who executes orders of court > bailiff beadlec1000 ridemanlOE cacherela1325 outrider1332 bailiff1377 catchpolea1382 bailiec1386 officer?1387 sheriff's manc1400 attacher1440 messenger1482 tipped staffc1500 servitor1527 bailie-errant1528 processar1534 bum-bailiff1560 tipstaff1570 nut-hook1600 saffo1607 servera1612 bailiff-errant1612 bum-bailey1615 process servera1616 buckle-bosom1622 bumbee1653 exploiter1653 moar1656 bum1659 bummer1675 bumbail1696 bulldog1699 sheriff's officer1703 bum-trap1749 bound-bailiff1768 shelly-coata1774 body snatcher1778 lurcher1785 fool-finder1796 messenger1801 bugaboo1809 borough-bailiff1812 sheriff mair1812 speciality1815 grab1823 legalist1835 candy man1863 writter1882 sheriff1928 1812 G. Crabbe Tales v. 79 A Borough-Bailiff, who to law was train'd. Categories » borough-surveyor n. b. borough-constituency n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > right to vote at elections > [noun] > constituency > type of borough1512 close borough1771 pocket borough1783 borough-constituency1868 index constituency1888 Euro-constituency1957 supermarginal1960 marginal1966 1868 J. Bright Speeches Public Policy I. 380 Wherever the borough constituencies are so small. Categories » borough-election n. Categories » borough faction n. Categories » borough-influence n. borough-patron n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > right to vote at elections > [noun] > constituency > type of > owner or patron of borough borough-master1790 borough-patron1811 seat-owner1818 1811 Edinb. Rev. 17 258 Having..prohibited the sale of seats by borough-patrons. Categories » borough-politics n. borough-slave n. ΚΠ 1813 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. xxxiii. 81 Like a set of borough-slaves, submitting to choose a second member at the dictation of Sir Francis Burdett. Categories » borough-traitor n. Categories » borough-tyrant n. Categories » borough-voter n. C4. borough council n. [council n. 10] a local council which conducts the affairs of a borough. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > local government body > [noun] > town or borough council corporation1463 Common Council1467 consulatea1513 state1516 town council1637 commonality1649 regency1704 communa1711 municipality1790 municipal corporation1833 commune1837 borough council1879 municipy1882 1879 Contemp. Rev. 34 695 One change is imperatively called for—the getting rid of the incubus of aldermen in the city and borough councils. 1900 G. B. Shaw Let. 31 Oct. (1972) II. 189 Candidates for appointments should be examined by some public educational body entirely independent of the Borough Council. 1918 Existing Law Boroughs Penn. xxvi. 220 The borough council may fill any vacancy in their body until the municipal election next following. a1974 R. Crossman Diaries (1977) III. 484 As a result of the [Maud] proposals, 124 county and borough councils and over 1,000 district councils would disappear. 1985 Whitaker's Almanack 620/1 The Greater London Council and the six metropolitan county councils are to be abolished and most of their functions made the responsibility of the existing borough and district councils. borough court n. a court of limited jurisdiction held in a borough by special privilege. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > local or town court portmoot1266 burgh-motea1400 byrlaw-court1597 birliea1609 borough court1769 borough sessions1835 1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. Index Borough courts. 1959 Earl Jowitt & C. Walsh Dict. Eng. Law I. 266/2 Borough courts..are now of little importance, most business having been transferred..to the county court. borough-jobber n. = boroughmonger n. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [noun] > bribe > one who bribes > type of borough-jobber1733 boroughmonger1809 society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > right to vote at elections > [noun] > constituency > trading in seats > one who borough-jobber1733 jobber1762 seat-seller1821 1733 Revol. Politicks iv. 8 What pity, say some, the Art of Borough-Jobbers had not been found out then, to compleat the King's Scheme. 1758 S. Johnson Idler 27 May 57 Capt. Grim, who never owed any of his advancement to Borough-jobbers, or any other Corrupters of the People. a1797 H. Walpole Mem. George II (1847) II. xi. 373 He would be no borough-jobber. borough-jobbing n. = boroughmongering n. and adj. at boroughmonger n. Derivatives. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > illegal payment or exaction > [noun] > bribe > bribery > to secure vote treating1709 quilling1770 boroughmongering1798 borough-jobbing1803 boroughmongery1820 1803 J. Bristed Ανθρωπλανομενος II. 345 Exaltation by the usual gradations of borough-jobbing, of courtierizing, and a peerage. borough-rate n. a rate levied by the municipality of a borough. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > local or municipal taxes or dues > [noun] > rates cess1531 rate1601 county rate1665 rating1859 borough-rate1863 1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. iii. ix. 730 Householders..paying poor-rates and borough-rates. borough sessions n. a court held by the recorder of a borough, usually quarterly, established under the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > local or town court portmoot1266 burgh-motea1400 byrlaw-court1597 birliea1609 borough court1769 borough sessions1835 1835 Act 5 & 6 William IV c. 76 §110 (margin) Offenders committed to Borough Sessions whose Jurisdiction is taken away to be tried in the adjoining County. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.c820
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