thesepron.adj.

Brit.

/ðiːz/, U.S.

/ðiz/

Forms: Illustration of Forms.

α. Old English–Middle English ðás, þás, þōs: see those pron. and adj.

β. Old English ðǽs, Old English–Middle English þǽs, Middle English þēs, Middle English ðēs, Middle English þeos, ( teos, þeors), Middle English þies, thees, Middle English–1500s thes, thies, 1500s thyes, thez, theis. Early inflections: dative Old English ðisum; ðiosum, ðissum, ðassum, Middle English þison, -an, Middle English þissen, þisse, Middle English þisen, Middle English þesse. genitive Old English ðissa; ðeossa, ðassa, þisra, Middle English þisse, þissere.c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxxii. §2 Hwelc þæs flæslican good sien.971 Blickl. Hom. 5 Þeos halige fæmne..brohte eallum geleaffullum þæs bletsunga.c1175 Lamb. Hom. 11 Moyses þe hehte heom feste þes daȝes uppon þe munte of synai.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 19 Nu ich eu habbe opened þes fif word... Hereð nu þes oðre.c1230 Hali Meid. 5 Þeos þohtes warp ut of þin heorte.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2307 We..nuten næuere þæs gumen [c1300 Otho þis gomes].c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 521 Þæs [c1300 Otho þeos] tiðende him weren læðe.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1643 Iacob ðes hirdes freinen gan.a1375 Lay Folks Mass Bk. App. iv. 175 Þeos Auctours alle.c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. II. 113 Studie þes wordis.1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xvi. 65 By what wayes he maye notyfye thees thynges to Dydo.c1500 New Not-br. Mayd 235 Ayenst thyes thre.1529 T. Wolsey in W. B. Scoones Four Cent. Eng. Lett. (1880) 10 Thes thyngs consyderyd.c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 1454 All thies maters.1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 74 Theis iiij. knyghttes.a1596 Sir Thomas More (1911) ii. ii. 26 Fier the howses Of theis audatious strangers.dat.c825 Vesp. Psalter xvii[i]. 18 From ðissum ða fiodon me.c893 tr. Orosius Hist. ii. ii. §2 He þa Romulus æfter þiosan underfeng Cirinensa gewinn.c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xviii. 138 Betweox ðissum.c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xxi. 162 Be ðiosum git is swiðe ryhtlice gecweden.c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) iii. 9 Of þysum stanum.c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxvii. 21 Hwæþerne..of þisum twam? [c1160 Hatt. G. of þisen stanen..Of þisan twam?].c1175 Lamb. Hom. 11 On þisse gastliche daȝen.c1175 Lamb. Hom. 37 Summe of þisse þinge.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 217 On þesse fewe litele wored... Ac ich ne mai ne ich ne can þesse [pr. þosse] on openi.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13154 No aȝæf þissen [c1300 Otho to þeos] eorlen.1340 Ayenbite (1866) 218 Of þisen we habbeþ ane uorbisne ine þe godspelle.gen.c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xiv. 82 Mid nanum ðissa.c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxi. 3 Hlaferd ðisra nytt hæfeð.c1000 Ælfric Lives Saints xxiii. 137 Menn..þisra seofona georne heddon.c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xiii. 22 Leasung þissa woruld-welena.c1160 Hatton Gosp. Matt. xiii. 22 Leasunge þissere worlde welen.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7400 Ich æm þissere leodene king [c1300 Otho þis leod-king].

γ. Middle English þis, Middle English–1600s this, ( Middle English–1500s thys).c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 211 On þis fuwer laȝes.1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 320 Þes men of þis wilde bestes slowe & caȝte inowe.1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 15^v Thou hast ben in all this dangers.1534 in T. Wright Three Chapters Lett. Suppression Monast. (1843) 11 Yn thys thynges I desyryd you to do that you thowht metyst.1622 S. Ward Christ All in All (1627) 13 This Eagles feathers will not abide blending with others.

δ. Middle English þus ( ü), þuse, thus(e.1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 11950 Þus sixe iwis.a1300 Fragm. Pop. Sc. (Wright, 1841) 135/124 Of thuse four elementz ech quik best y-maked is.c1300 Beket 890 Thuse kniȝtes ich lovie more.c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1012 Þus þay prikede, þuse two baroun hure frendes to rescowe.c1420 Chron. Vilod. 41 And hade þuse foure in his gouernynge.c1420 Chron. Vilod. 1359 And dred þus laudable wordus.

ε. Middle English þise, Middle English thise, Middle English thyse.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 4573 Wha sitt iss þatt follȝheþþ wel. & filleþþ þise mahhtess.c1220 Bestiary 514 Ðis cete ðanne..ðise fisses alle in sukeð.c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Prol. 560 Thise wermes, ne thise Motthes, ne thise mytes.a1500 (?c1450) Merlin i. 23 Whan alle thise thynges were don.a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. xxxix The best men of y^e cytie by thyse ryotous persones were spoyled & robbid.

ζ. Middle English ðese, Middle English þese, Middle English– these, (Middle English þeose, þiese, Middle English þeese, 1500s theese, theise).c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 13 Ðese six werkes..ben cleped lihtes scrud.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3697 Forð was gon al ðese oðer ger.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 16767 + 65 These ilk wordez said he.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 4597 Þeese oþere seuen woful neet.c1565 Disc. Common Weal Eng. (1893) iii. 139 In consideration of theise thinges.c1565 Disc. Common Weal Eng. (1893) iii. 139 At theise dayes.

Etymology: This word has a complicated history. The Old English plural of ðes, ðéos, ðis, was ðás , less commonly ðǽs ( < Old Germanic *þai-se , -si ), dative ðiosum , ðis(s)um , genitive ðissa , ðisra . The form ðás remained in Middle English as þās , which was duly retained in the north, and by regular phonetic development became þōs in the midlands and south. The Old English ðǽs gave Middle English þǣs , þēs , þeos , and their local variants, including south-western þüs . A frequent form of þēs from the 12th to the 16th cent. was þis , identical with the singular: see γ below. The two forms þēs and þās became differentiated in use after 1250–1300, þēs and its variants remaining in the south as plural of this pron. and adj., while þās became synonymous with þā , the plural of se , séo , þæt , that pron.¹, adj., adv., and n. This was probably due to assimilation, þēs , þis , etc. being more like the singular and the dative and genitive plural, while þās was in vowel like þat and þā . Apparently the assumption of þās as plural of þat began in the north, and slowly spread to the south in the form þōs : see those pron. and adj. But from the 12th cent. there was evidently a tendency in the midland dialects to differentiate the plural of this by adding -e , as in the plural of adjectives (al , alle , sum , sume , his , hise , etc.), so that from c1200 to 1500 a frequent midland form was þis-e (2 syllables in Ormin, etc.); in east midland also þese appears c1200. Even the south-western þüs varied with þüse . Of all these varieties, these was the survivor. Also, of thō and thōs , the two plurals of that , the former was finally dropped in the course of the 16th cent.; so that there now remain in standard English only the two forms these and those (thoos , thōs )—both in their origin plurals of this ; the original plural of that being lost in standard English, though in Scotland and the northern counties of England it survives dialectally as thae , theä , theeä : see thae pron. and adj. In the same district these has been superseded by thir pron. and adj. (thur , thor ). (The original plural þās , þōs is treated under those pron. and adj., to which it belongs in form, though in meaning it belongs here.)

Signification.

The plural of this pron. and adj.

I. Demonstrative pronoun.

1. Denoting things or persons actually or ideally present or near; esp. those that have just been mentioned.

a. things: plural of this pron. and adj. 1a.

ΚΠ

c893 [see β. forms].

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12998 Ær þe king hæfde þæs ful isæide.

1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 11112 Þese are þo yche twey verse Þat to holynes are reuers.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 97 Þise byeþ þe seve ruieles of holy lyf þet þe soþe salomon tekþ to his children.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 10115 Lecchery and gloteny þourȝe þese am I doun dryuen.

1474 Coventry Leet Bk. 397 If he do the contrary to any of thies his fyne is at euery tyme xl d.

1582 W. Allen Briefe Hist. Glorious Martyrdom sig. d1 These are the wordes of S. Paule.

1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 211 Such conceipts as these seem somewhat too fine among this Rubbage.

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 56 For want of these, they have seen the medicine of the state corrupted into its poison.

1862 J. Ruskin Unto this Last iv. 158 His [sc.man's] race has its bounds also; but these have not yet been reached.

b. persons.Still used without the restriction to which the singular this is now subject: see this pron. and adj. 1b.

ΚΠ

c825 [see β. forms].

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 547 Þes were as þre kinges.

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 13395 Bifore Arthur schuld þeos alle wende.

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Rev. vii. 13, 14 Who ben thes..and of whennus camen thei?.. Thes ben thei, that camen fro greet tribulacioun.

c1440 Gesta Romanorum (Harl.) lxiii. 274 Þees ben þei, that sleith hire soulis.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) John xxi. f. clij^v Lovest thou me more then these?

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 14022 (heading) Thez Paris slogh in the ffeld.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) ii. ii. 88 These are diuels; O defend me.

a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 198 One of these being taken, and apprehending he was in danger.

1869 Ld. Tennyson Coming of Arthur 52 He..rode a simple knight among his knights, And many of these in richer arms than he.

c. Referring to things mentioned or enumerated immediately after: plural of this pron. and adj. 1d; cf. 3b.

ΚΠ

a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 16 Þe vif vreisuns beoð þeos. Deus qui sanctam crucem [etc.].

c1380 Lay Folks Catech. 349 These ben also þy fyue Inwyttys, Wyl, Resoun, Mynd, ymaginacioun, and thogth.

c1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 68 Þes er þe tokenys of a good stomak—lightnes of body, clernes of vnderstondynge, stiryng appetyt.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Gal. v. 19 The dedes of the flesshe are manyfest, whiche are these, advoutrie, fornicacion [etc.].

1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 190 Such sayings as these: All our righteousnesses are as filthy rags [etc.] .

1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess ii. 27 Then an officer Rose up, and read the statutes, such as these: Not for three years to correspond with home [etc.].

2. In opposition to †tho, those (of things or persons); sometimes spec. = ‘the latter’: plural of this pron. and adj. 3. Also †these..they = some..others (quot. ?c1450).

ΚΠ

c893 tr. Orosius Hist. i. xi geþence þonne þara tida and nu þissa.

?c1450 in G. J. Aungier Hist. & Antiq. Syon Monastery (1840) 266 Other sustres..nowe these, now thei, owe of pyte..to visitte suche prysoners.

1611 Bible (King James) Ezek. i. 21 When the liuing creatures were lift vp from the earth, the wheels were lift up... When those went, these went, and when those stood, these stood.

1674 A. Cremer tr. J. Scheffer Hist. Lapland 15 The Russians are generally tall, the Laplanders..very short; those are fat and corpulent, these lean and slender.

1734 A. Pope Ess. Man: Epist. IV 22 Some place the bliss in Action, some in Ease, Those call it Pleasure, and Contentment these.

1902 Westm. Gaz. 20 Feb. 2/1 I left the skaters flitting to and fro, these with their hockey sticks, those with their sledges.

II. Demonstrative determiner.

a. Indicating things or persons present or near (actually, or in thought, esp. as having just been mentioned): plural of this pron. and adj. 5.

ΚΠ

c888 [see β. forms].

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 107 Hu þes halie mihten ouercumað þa sunnan.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14865 Þæs [c1300 Otho þeos] tiðende come to Austine sone.

c1290 Beket 308 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 115 Þis wise men þat weren is Messagers.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 7 Þise þri hestes diȝteþ ous to gode specialliche.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 34 Yet these clerkes alday preche And sein, good dede may non be.

1411 Rolls of Parl. III. 650/2 I..dyd assemble thise persones that here been.

c1440 Alphabet of Tales 42 Nowder of þies two did itt; I did it my selfe.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xx. f. xxviij These my two sonnes.

1557 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes 50 This daungerous and perillous warres.

1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler ii. 69 I'l give you another dish of fish one of these dayes.

1869 J. R. Lowell Yussouf ii His who buildeth over these Our tents His glorious roof of night and day.

1872 Ld. Tennyson Gareth & Lynette 51 Well that ye came, or else these caitiff rogues Had wreak'd themselves on me.

b. Referring to something immediately following: plural of this pron. and adj. 5b.

ΚΠ

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 16 Efter þis falleð acneon..mid þase vif gretunges... ‘Adoramus te criste [etc.]’.

c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 346 And þeos [c1275 Calig. þas] word seide Brutus þe sele. Niþinc þou art dead.

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. Prol. 184 A mous..to þe route of ratones reherced þese wordes: ‘Thouȝ we culled þe catte [etc.]’.

c1420 Chron. Vilod. 2454 And þuse wordus to hym dude say.

1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. iv. 122 Also ye finde these words, penetrate, penetrable, indignitie.

1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 80 Then was he glad, and that for these reasons: First [etc.].

1737 Gentleman's Mag. Mar. 182/2 Under the Inscription are these Words, in Greek Letters, Kairos ὁ Pandamatôr.

c. Referring to things or persons familiarly known, esp. to the whole class of such things or persons: plural of this pron. and adj. 5d.

ΚΠ

c1325 Poem Times Edw. II 49 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 326 Thise ersedeknes that ben set to visite holi churche.

c1386 G. Chaucer Franklin's Prol. 1 Thise olde gentil Britons.

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet ii. ii. 221 These tedious old fooles.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) i. iii. 102 These women are shrewd tempters with their tongues.

a1704 T. Brown Match for Devil in Wks. (1709) IV. i. 33 These Husbands are such very Drones.

1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. iv. 39 These rufflings, and pinkings, and patchings, will only make us hated.

1821 Ld. Byron Marino Faliero (2nd issue) iv. ii. 114 These city slaves have all their private bias.

1912 N.E.D. at These Mod. Do you approve of these old age pensions? Who are these Manchu's in China?

d. Used instead of this with a singular noun of multitude (formerly with company, number; now only with collectives in plural sense, as vermin); or esp. with kind, sort (†form, †manner) followed by of with plural noun (cf. kind n. 8b, those pron. and adj. 6c).

ΚΠ

a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1537) Let. xii. sig. Ooij^v As I say of these smalle nombre, I myght say of many other.

1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. Mii^v Then marche these heathen company towards the Church.

a1643 J. Shute Judgem. & Mercy (1645) 108 All the land was covered with these vermin.

1797 R. Southey Lett. from Spain xxv. 473 A faithful picture of these vermin.

e. With a numeral (definite or indefinite) in expressions of time referring to a period immediately past or immediately future.

ΚΠ

c1386 G. Chaucer Merchant's Prol. 22 I haue ywedded bee Thise Monthes two.

1552 R. Ascham in Orig. Lett. Eminent Literary Men (1843) (Camden) 11 Any thing that hapt vnto me, thies many years.

a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iv. i. 168 For these two houres Rosalinde, I wil leaue thee.

1641 R. Baillie Let. 19 Mar. (1841) I. 313 These three or four yeares bygone.

1655 in E. Nicholas Nicholas Papers (1892) II. 209 Att the French Court they expect not the conclusion these 4 monthes.

1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 44 Where has the Wench been these Three Hours?

1764 S. Foote Patron iii. 68 I warrant he won't shew his head for these six months.

1782 W. Cowper John Gilpin ii Though wedded we have been These twice ten tedious years.

1852 W. M. Thackeray Henry Esmond II. x. 185 Dan Chaucer's, who's dead these ever so many hundred years.

1865 W. Whewell in J. M. Douglas Life & Corr. W. Whewell (1881) 549 As I have done any time these twenty years and more.

f. these days adverbial phrase, nowadays, at present.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [noun]

instancec1374

nowa1393

presenta1425

nowadays?c1425

the time1484

presentens1509

here1608

present tense1630

now1633

the now1720

day1766

today1831

this day and age1832

of the period1859

nowaday1886

these days1936

1936 R. Lehmann Weather in Streets i. v. 97 An estate like this must be a terrible problem these days.

1948 M. Dickens Joy & Josephine i. iv. 132 ‘Play golf?’ Mr. Gray asked George, who answered: ‘Not these days,’ as if he ever had.

1960 S. Barstow Kind of Loving ii. iii. 181 He looks as though he's walked out of an American picture. It's all Yankeeland these days.

1981 Woman 5 Dec. 5/1 These days women are educated to expect some choice in how they spend their lives.

4. In opposition to those: plural of this pron. and adj. 6.

ΚΠ

a1629 W. Hinde Faithfull Remonstr. (1641) xxxiii. 104 O how great is the difference betwixt those holy exercises of Religion..and these prophane exercises of corruption and lust!

1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements v. 103 The number of these parts is equall to the number of those.

1810 G. Crabbe Borough iv. 47 And these fair Acres rented and enjoy'd, May those excell by Solway-Moss destroy'd.

1912 N.E.D. at These Mod. Do you think these scissors sharper than those you had yesterday?

Compounds

these-like adj. like these, such as these: cf. this-like adj. at this pron. and adj. Compounds.

ΚΠ

1644 J. Milton Areopagitica 22 Every acute reader upon the first sight of a pedantick licence, will be ready with these like words to ding the book a coits distance from him.

1820 J. Keats Hyperion: a Fragm. i, in Lamia & Other Poems 148 Some mourning words, which in our feeble tongue Would come in these like accents.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	these
释义	† thesen. Etymology: < French thèse (1579 in Godefroy Compl.), or < medieval Latin thesis. Scottish. = thesis n. 3, 4. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > non-fiction > treatise or dissertation > [noun] > thesis commonplace1595 thesea1600 law-act1645 thesis1653 thema1888 a1600 A. Montgomerie Sonnets lxiv. 11 Fy! I refuse sik filthie these or theam. 1640 R. Baillie Ladensium Αὐτοκατάκρισις ii. 29 The Authour..avowes..that the These alledged, and all the rest of his booke doeth perfectly agree with the English articles. 1648 R. Baillie Let. 23 Aug. (1842) III. 63 The generall These which he professed to maintaine. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online March 2021). thesepron.adj. Brit. /ðiːz/, U.S. /ðiz/ Forms: Illustration of Forms. α. Old English–Middle English ðás, þás, þōs: see those pron. and adj. β. Old English ðǽs, Old English–Middle English þǽs, Middle English þēs, Middle English ðēs, Middle English þeos, ( teos, þeors), Middle English þies, thees, Middle English–1500s thes, thies, 1500s thyes, thez, theis. Early inflections: dative Old English ðisum; ðiosum, ðissum, ðassum, Middle English þison, -an, Middle English þissen, þisse, Middle English þisen, Middle English þesse. genitive Old English ðissa; ðeossa, ðassa, þisra, Middle English þisse, þissere.c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxxii. §2 Hwelc þæs flæslican good sien.971 Blickl. Hom. 5 Þeos halige fæmne..brohte eallum geleaffullum þæs bletsunga.c1175 Lamb. Hom. 11 Moyses þe hehte heom feste þes daȝes uppon þe munte of synai.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 19 Nu ich eu habbe opened þes fif word... Hereð nu þes oðre.c1230 Hali Meid. 5 Þeos þohtes warp ut of þin heorte.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2307 We..nuten næuere þæs gumen [c1300 Otho þis gomes].c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 521 Þæs [c1300 Otho þeos] tiðende him weren læðe.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1643 Iacob ðes hirdes freinen gan.a1375 Lay Folks Mass Bk. App. iv. 175 Þeos Auctours alle.c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. II. 113 Studie þes wordis.1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xvi. 65 By what wayes he maye notyfye thees thynges to Dydo.c1500 New Not-br. Mayd 235 Ayenst thyes thre.1529 T. Wolsey in W. B. Scoones Four Cent. Eng. Lett. (1880) 10 Thes thyngs consyderyd.c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 1454 All thies maters.1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 74 Theis iiij. knyghttes.a1596 Sir Thomas More (1911) ii. ii. 26 Fier the howses Of theis audatious strangers.dat.c825 Vesp. Psalter xvii[i]. 18 From ðissum ða fiodon me.c893 tr. Orosius Hist. ii. ii. §2 He þa Romulus æfter þiosan underfeng Cirinensa gewinn.c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xviii. 138 Betweox ðissum.c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xxi. 162 Be ðiosum git is swiðe ryhtlice gecweden.c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) iii. 9 Of þysum stanum.c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxvii. 21 Hwæþerne..of þisum twam? [c1160 Hatt. G. of þisen stanen..Of þisan twam?].c1175 Lamb. Hom. 11 On þisse gastliche daȝen.c1175 Lamb. Hom. 37 Summe of þisse þinge.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 217 On þesse fewe litele wored... Ac ich ne mai ne ich ne can þesse [pr. þosse] on openi.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13154 No aȝæf þissen [c1300 Otho to þeos] eorlen.1340 Ayenbite (1866) 218 Of þisen we habbeþ ane uorbisne ine þe godspelle.gen.c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xiv. 82 Mid nanum ðissa.c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxi. 3 Hlaferd ðisra nytt hæfeð.c1000 Ælfric Lives Saints xxiii. 137 Menn..þisra seofona georne heddon.c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xiii. 22 Leasung þissa woruld-welena.c1160 Hatton Gosp. Matt. xiii. 22 Leasunge þissere worlde welen.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7400 Ich æm þissere leodene king [c1300 Otho þis leod-king]. γ. Middle English þis, Middle English–1600s this, ( Middle English–1500s thys).c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 211 On þis fuwer laȝes.1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 320 Þes men of þis wilde bestes slowe & caȝte inowe.1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 15^v Thou hast ben in all this dangers.1534 in T. Wright Three Chapters Lett. Suppression Monast. (1843) 11 Yn thys thynges I desyryd you to do that you thowht metyst.1622 S. Ward Christ All in All (1627) 13 This Eagles feathers will not abide blending with others. δ. Middle English þus ( ü), þuse, thus(e.1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 11950 Þus sixe iwis.a1300 Fragm. Pop. Sc. (Wright, 1841) 135/124 Of thuse four elementz ech quik best y-maked is.c1300 Beket 890 Thuse kniȝtes ich lovie more.c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1012 Þus þay prikede, þuse two baroun hure frendes to rescowe.c1420 Chron. Vilod. 41 And hade þuse foure in his gouernynge.c1420 Chron. Vilod. 1359 And dred þus laudable wordus. ε. Middle English þise, Middle English thise, Middle English thyse.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 4573 Wha sitt iss þatt follȝheþþ wel. & filleþþ þise mahhtess.c1220 Bestiary 514 Ðis cete ðanne..ðise fisses alle in sukeð.c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Prol. 560 Thise wermes, ne thise Motthes, ne thise mytes.a1500 (?c1450) Merlin i. 23 Whan alle thise thynges were don.a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. xxxix The best men of y^e cytie by thyse ryotous persones were spoyled & robbid. ζ. Middle English ðese, Middle English þese, Middle English– these, (Middle English þeose, þiese, Middle English þeese, 1500s theese, theise).c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 13 Ðese six werkes..ben cleped lihtes scrud.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3697 Forð was gon al ðese oðer ger.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 16767 + 65 These ilk wordez said he.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 4597 Þeese oþere seuen woful neet.c1565 Disc. Common Weal Eng. (1893) iii. 139 In consideration of theise thinges.c1565 Disc. Common Weal Eng. (1893) iii. 139 At theise dayes. Etymology: This word has a complicated history. The Old English plural of ðes, ðéos, ðis, was ðás , less commonly ðǽs ( < Old Germanic þai-se , -si* ), dative ðiosum , ðis(s)um , genitive ðissa , ðisra . The form ðás remained in Middle English as þās , which was duly retained in the north, and by regular phonetic development became þōs in the midlands and south. The Old English ðǽs gave Middle English þǣs , þēs , þeos , and their local variants, including south-western þüs . A frequent form of þēs from the 12th to the 16th cent. was þis , identical with the singular: see γ below. The two forms þēs and þās became differentiated in use after 1250–1300, þēs and its variants remaining in the south as plural of this pron. and adj., while þās became synonymous with þā , the plural of se , séo , þæt , that pron.¹, adj., adv., and n. This was probably due to assimilation, þēs , þis , etc. being more like the singular and the dative and genitive plural, while þās was in vowel like þat and þā . Apparently the assumption of þās as plural of þat began in the north, and slowly spread to the south in the form þōs : see those pron. and adj. But from the 12th cent. there was evidently a tendency in the midland dialects to differentiate the plural of this by adding -e , as in the plural of adjectives (al , alle , sum , sume , his , hise , etc.), so that from c1200 to 1500 a frequent midland form was þis-e (2 syllables in Ormin, etc.); in east midland also þese appears c1200. Even the south-western þüs varied with þüse . Of all these varieties, these was the survivor. Also, of thō and thōs , the two plurals of that , the former was finally dropped in the course of the 16th cent.; so that there now remain in standard English only the two forms these and those (thoos , thōs )—both in their origin plurals of this ; the original plural of that being lost in standard English, though in Scotland and the northern counties of England it survives dialectally as thae , theä , theeä : see thae pron. and adj. In the same district these has been superseded by thir pron. and adj. (thur , thor ). (The original plural þās , þōs is treated under those pron. and adj., to which it belongs in form, though in meaning it belongs here.) Signification. The plural of this pron. and adj. I. Demonstrative pronoun. 1. Denoting things or persons actually or ideally present or near; esp. those that have just been mentioned. a. things: plural of this pron. and adj. 1a. ΚΠ c893 [see β. forms]. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12998 Ær þe king hæfde þæs ful isæide. 1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 11112 Þese are þo yche twey verse Þat to holynes are reuers. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 97 Þise byeþ þe seve ruieles of holy lyf þet þe soþe salomon tekþ to his children. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 10115 Lecchery and gloteny þourȝe þese am I doun dryuen. 1474 Coventry Leet Bk. 397 If he do the contrary to any of thies his fyne is at euery tyme xl d. 1582 W. Allen Briefe Hist. Glorious Martyrdom sig. d1 These are the wordes of S. Paule. 1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 211 Such conceipts as these seem somewhat too fine among this Rubbage. 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 56 For want of these, they have seen the medicine of the state corrupted into its poison. View more context for this quotation 1862 J. Ruskin Unto this Last iv. 158 His [sc.man's] race has its bounds also; but these have not yet been reached. b. persons.Still used without the restriction to which the singular this is now subject: see this pron. and adj. 1b. ΚΠ c825 [see β. forms]. 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 547 Þes were as þre kinges. c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 13395 Bifore Arthur schuld þeos alle wende. 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Rev. vii. 13, 14 Who ben thes..and of whennus camen thei?.. Thes ben thei, that camen fro greet tribulacioun. c1440 Gesta Romanorum (Harl.) lxiii. 274 Þees ben þei, that sleith hire soulis. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) John xxi. f. clij^v Lovest thou me more then these? c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 14022 (heading) Thez Paris slogh in the ffeld. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) ii. ii. 88 These are diuels; O defend me. View more context for this quotation a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 198 One of these being taken, and apprehending he was in danger. 1869 Ld. Tennyson Coming of Arthur 52 He..rode a simple knight among his knights, And many of these in richer arms than he. c. Referring to things mentioned or enumerated immediately after: plural of this pron. and adj. 1d; cf. 3b. ΚΠ a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 16 Þe vif vreisuns beoð þeos. Deus qui sanctam crucem [etc.]. c1380 Lay Folks Catech. 349 These ben also þy fyue Inwyttys, Wyl, Resoun, Mynd, ymaginacioun, and thogth. c1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 68 Þes er þe tokenys of a good stomak—lightnes of body, clernes of vnderstondynge, stiryng appetyt. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Gal. v. 19 The dedes of the flesshe are manyfest, whiche are these, advoutrie, fornicacion [etc.]. 1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 190 Such sayings as these: All our righteousnesses are as filthy rags [etc.] . View more context for this quotation 1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess ii. 27 Then an officer Rose up, and read the statutes, such as these: Not for three years to correspond with home [etc.]. 2. In opposition to †tho, those (of things or persons); sometimes spec. = ‘the latter’: plural of this pron. and adj. 3. Also †these..they = some..others (quot. ?c1450). ΚΠ c893 tr. Orosius Hist. i. xi geþence þonne þara tida and nu þissa. ?c1450 in G. J. Aungier Hist. & Antiq. Syon Monastery (1840) 266 Other sustres..nowe these, now thei, owe of pyte..to visitte suche prysoners. 1611 Bible (King James) Ezek. i. 21 When the liuing creatures were lift vp from the earth, the wheels were lift up... When those went, these went, and when those stood, these stood. 1674 A. Cremer tr. J. Scheffer Hist. Lapland 15 The Russians are generally tall, the Laplanders..very short; those are fat and corpulent, these lean and slender. 1734 A. Pope Ess. Man: Epist. IV 22 Some place the bliss in Action, some in Ease, Those call it Pleasure, and Contentment these. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 20 Feb. 2/1 I left the skaters flitting to and fro, these with their hockey sticks, those with their sledges. II. Demonstrative determiner. 3. a. Indicating things or persons present or near (actually, or in thought, esp. as having just been mentioned): plural of this pron. and adj. 5. ΚΠ c888 [see β. forms]. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 107 Hu þes halie mihten ouercumað þa sunnan. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14865 Þæs [c1300 Otho þeos] tiðende come to Austine sone. c1290 Beket 308 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 115 Þis wise men þat weren is Messagers. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 7 Þise þri hestes diȝteþ ous to gode specialliche. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 34 Yet these clerkes alday preche And sein, good dede may non be. 1411 Rolls of Parl. III. 650/2 I..dyd assemble thise persones that here been. c1440 Alphabet of Tales 42 Nowder of þies two did itt; I did it my selfe. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xx. f. xxviij These my two sonnes. 1557 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes 50 This daungerous and perillous warres. 1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler ii. 69 I'l give you another dish of fish one of these dayes. View more context for this quotation 1869 J. R. Lowell Yussouf ii His who buildeth over these Our tents His glorious roof of night and day. 1872 Ld. Tennyson Gareth & Lynette 51 Well that ye came, or else these caitiff rogues Had wreak'd themselves on me. b. Referring to something immediately following: plural of this pron. and adj. 5b. ΚΠ ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 16 Efter þis falleð acneon..mid þase vif gretunges... ‘Adoramus te criste [etc.]’. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 346 And þeos [c1275 Calig. þas] word seide Brutus þe sele. Niþinc þou art dead. 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. Prol. 184 A mous..to þe route of ratones reherced þese wordes: ‘Thouȝ we culled þe catte [etc.]’. c1420 Chron. Vilod. 2454 And þuse wordus to hym dude say. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. iv. 122 Also ye finde these words, penetrate, penetrable, indignitie. 1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 80 Then was he glad, and that for these reasons: First [etc.]. 1737 Gentleman's Mag. Mar. 182/2 Under the Inscription are these Words, in Greek Letters, Kairos ὁ Pandamatôr. c. Referring to things or persons familiarly known, esp. to the whole class of such things or persons: plural of this pron. and adj. 5d. ΚΠ c1325 Poem Times Edw. II 49 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 326 Thise ersedeknes that ben set to visite holi churche. c1386 G. Chaucer Franklin's Prol. 1 Thise olde gentil Britons. 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet ii. ii. 221 These tedious old fooles. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) i. iii. 102 These women are shrewd tempters with their tongues. View more context for this quotation a1704 T. Brown Match for Devil in Wks. (1709) IV. i. 33 These Husbands are such very Drones. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. iv. 39 These rufflings, and pinkings, and patchings, will only make us hated. 1821 Ld. Byron Marino Faliero (2nd issue) iv. ii. 114 These city slaves have all their private bias. 1912 N.E.D. at These Mod. Do you approve of these old age pensions? Who are these Manchu's in China? d. Used instead of this with a singular noun of multitude (formerly with company, number; now only with collectives in plural sense, as vermin); or esp. with kind, sort (†form, †manner) followed by of with plural noun (cf. kind n. 8b, those pron. and adj. 6c). ΚΠ a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1537) Let. xii. sig. Ooij^v As I say of these smalle nombre, I myght say of many other. 1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. Mii^v Then marche these heathen company towards the Church. a1643 J. Shute Judgem. & Mercy (1645) 108 All the land was covered with these vermin. 1797 R. Southey Lett. from Spain xxv. 473 A faithful picture of these vermin. e. With a numeral (definite or indefinite) in expressions of time referring to a period immediately past or immediately future. ΚΠ c1386 G. Chaucer Merchant's Prol. 22 I haue ywedded bee Thise Monthes two. 1552 R. Ascham in Orig. Lett. Eminent Literary Men (1843) (Camden) 11 Any thing that hapt vnto me, thies many years. a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iv. i. 168 For these two houres Rosalinde, I wil leaue thee. View more context for this quotation 1641 R. Baillie Let. 19 Mar. (1841) I. 313 These three or four yeares bygone. 1655 in E. Nicholas Nicholas Papers (1892) II. 209 Att the French Court they expect not the conclusion these 4 monthes. 1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 44 Where has the Wench been these Three Hours? 1764 S. Foote Patron iii. 68 I warrant he won't shew his head for these six months. 1782 W. Cowper John Gilpin ii Though wedded we have been These twice ten tedious years. 1852 W. M. Thackeray Henry Esmond II. x. 185 Dan Chaucer's, who's dead these ever so many hundred years. 1865 W. Whewell in J. M. Douglas Life & Corr. W. Whewell (1881) 549 As I have done any time these twenty years and more. f. these days adverbial phrase, nowadays, at present. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [noun] instancec1374 nowa1393 presenta1425 nowadays?c1425 the time1484 presentens1509 here1608 present tense1630 now1633 the now1720 day1766 today1831 this day and age1832 of the period1859 nowaday1886 these days1936 1936 R. Lehmann Weather in Streets i. v. 97 An estate like this must be a terrible problem these days. 1948 M. Dickens Joy & Josephine i. iv. 132 ‘Play golf?’ Mr. Gray asked George, who answered: ‘Not these days,’ as if he ever had. 1960 S. Barstow Kind of Loving ii. iii. 181 He looks as though he's walked out of an American picture. It's all Yankeeland these days. 1981 Woman 5 Dec. 5/1 These days women are educated to expect some choice in how they spend their lives. 4. In opposition to those: plural of this pron. and adj. 6. ΚΠ a1629 W. Hinde Faithfull Remonstr. (1641) xxxiii. 104 O how great is the difference betwixt those holy exercises of Religion..and these prophane exercises of corruption and lust! 1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements v. 103 The number of these parts is equall to the number of those. 1810 G. Crabbe Borough iv. 47 And these fair Acres rented and enjoy'd, May those excell by Solway-Moss destroy'd. 1912 N.E.D. at These Mod. Do you think these scissors sharper than those you had yesterday? Compounds these-like adj. like these, such as these: cf. this-like adj. at this pron. and adj. Compounds. ΚΠ 1644 J. Milton Areopagitica 22 Every acute reader upon the first sight of a pedantick licence, will be ready with these like words to ding the book a coits distance from him. 1820 J. Keats Hyperion: a Fragm. i, in Lamia & Other Poems 148 Some mourning words, which in our feeble tongue Would come in these like accents. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < n.a1600pron.adj.c825
随便看	cellobiohydrolase cellobiose cellobioses celloid celloidin celloidins celloist cellular logic cellular membrane cellular membranous cellular pyrites cellular respiration cellular slime mould cellular theory cellular tissue cellularities cellularity cellularization cellularize cellularized cellularly cellulars cellulary cellulase cellulases

† thesen.

thesepron.adj.

Compounds