† tirvev.¹

Forms: Middle English–1500s tirue, tyrue (= -ve), Middle English turue (= -ve), (Middle English terve), 1500s tirve, tyrff.

Etymology: Not in Old English; known from 1300. Identical in meaning with tirr v. (which seems to be a reduced form of the same word), and tirl v.² Apparently distinct in sense < tirve v.²; but, formally, *tyrfan and *tierfan might both be derived from different grades of a verbal ablaut series *terƀ-, tarƀ-, turƀ-. It has also been suggested to represent an Old English *tyrfan , derivative of turf , turf n.¹, to have originally meant ‘to strip the turf off the ground’, and to have been extended to stripping the turf or thatch off roofs, the clothes off persons, and the hides off beasts. This is plausible, but is not favoured by the chronology of the senses.

Obsolete.

a. transitive. To roll or pull back, or pluck off (the covering, clothes, skin, etc. from a person or animal); to strip off (clothes, armour; the thatch, slates, or roof of a house, stack, etc.).

ΘΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip off (a covering)

shredc1000

tirvec1300

to turn offc1390

stripc1430

tirr1584

tirl1603

skin1659

c1300 Havelok (1902) 603 [They] sone..funden, Als he [= they] tirueden of [= off] his serk On his rith shuldre a kyne merk.

a1400–50 Alexander 4114 Tuke out þe tuskis & þe tethe & teruen of þe skinnes.

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 1921 Syþen þay tan Reynarde & tyruen of his cote.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 630 He [Abraham] cached to his cobhous & a calf bryngez..bed tyrue of þe hyde.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid v. v. 32 A habirgeoun..Quhilk he,..with his strang handis two, Tirvit and rent of bald Demoleo.

b. To strip (a person) of his clothes, etc., (an animal) of its skin, (a house) of its roof; to strip naked or bare; to unroof.

ΘΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare

strip?c1225

nakena1250

unhelea1250

unhilla1250

tirvec1386

barec1440

plumec1450

strope1527

unstrip1596

bald1602

unvest1609

denudate1634

flay1636

denude1658

nudate1721

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 918 Ful wel kan ich cleuen shides, Eles to-turuen of here hides.]

c1386 G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Prol. & Tale (Ellesm.) 721 The deuel out of his skyn Hym terve [other MSS. torne, turne] I pray to god.

a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Passioun in Poems (1998) I. 34 Of his claythis thay tirvit him bair.

a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Passioun in Poems (1998) I. 35 In tene thay tirvit him agane, And till ane pillar thai him band.

1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. v. xi. 187 He gart tirve [v.r. tyrff] þis maister nakit of al his clothis.

1590–1 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. IV. 587 The said Naper..and others..come and tirvit the said complenaris houssis, and tuke of the rigging and thak thairof.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

† tirvetervev.²

Forms: Middle English tirue, tirve, tyrve, tyrwe, Middle English–1500s terue ( terve), 1500s—1600s turf (1800s tirvie).

Etymology: Known c1330 in the compound over-terve v.: apparently representing an Old English *tierfan = Old Low German *tęrƀan, Old High German zęrben, < *zarƀjan, reflexive, to turn, turn over or about: compare Old English tearflian to roll over and over, wallow. If this is right, the better form is terve. (Texts of manuscripts printed before 1900 have usually n for u (= v), the word being taken as a variant of turn.)

Obsolete.

1. intransitive. To turn; esp. to turn upside down, topple over, fall down; also figurative to turn to some course or action.

ΘΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > falling > fall [verb (intransitive)] > topple over

welt13..

tiltc1390

overfalla1400

waltc1400

tirvec1425

top over tervea1450

overtumble1487

overwelta1522

to fall over1541

top1545

topple1600

tramble1609

tope1796

tottle1830

overtopple1855

whemmel1895

pitch-pole1896

the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > recourse > have recourse to [verb (transitive)] > specifically a course of action

runOE

goOE

drawc1275

to found to1352

resorta1425

tirvec1425

to fall on ——1634

to fall into ——1668

to fall back on1777

the world > space > shape > curvature > be or become curved or bent [verb (intransitive)]

beyc888

bowOE

fold13..

crumpc1325

windc1374

courbe1377

curb1377

plyc1395

bend1398

ploy?1473

bowl1513

bought1521

tirve1567

crookle1577

crook1579

compass1588

round1613

incurvate1647

circumflex1661

arcuate1678

to round off1678

sweep1725

curve1748

curvaturea1811

c1425 Disp. Mary & Cross xxxvii, in Leg. Rood 207 (Royal) Truyt and treget to helle schal terve.

c1440 Psalmi Penitent. (1894) 45 To trecherie schulde we noght terve [rhyme kerve].

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 430 Erthe dymmed by dene, ded men Roose, The gret tempull top terued to ground.

1567 A. Golding tr. Ovid Metamorphosis (new ed.) v. f. 61^v Ioues ymage..made with crooked welked hornes that inward still doe terue [rhyme serue].

1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 206 He made him tirvie down and tapple Head-foremost wi' a bang.]

a. transitive. To turn; esp. to overturn, overthrow; also figurative.

ΘΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (transitive)] > overthrow or overturn

to-warpc888

overwarpeOE

fallOE

cumber1303

overthrowc1375

overturna1382

subverta1382

overwalta1400

sinka1400

to wend downa1400

tuyrec1400

reverse1402

tirvec1420

pervert?a1425

to put downa1425

cumrayc1425

downthringc1430

overthwart?a1439

thringc1480

subvertise1484

succumb1490

renverse1521

precipitate?1528

everta1538

wrake1570

ruinate1590

profligate1643

wreck1749

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > capsize or upset

overcastc1230

overturnc1300

overthrowc1330

to-turna1382

overwhelm?a1400

tilta1400

tipa1400

welt?a1400

overtiltc1400

tirvec1420

reverse?a1439

devolvec1470

subvert1479

welter?a1505

renverse1521

tumble1534

verse1556

upturn1567

overwhirl1577

rewalt1587

subverse1590

overset1599

overtumble1600

walt1611

to fetch up1615

ramvert1632

treveer1636

transvolve1644

capsize1788

upset1806

keel1828

overwelt1828

pitch-pole1851

purl1856

c1420 Brut 378 Our stakez made hem top ouyr terve, eche on oþer, þat þay lay on hepis.

c1422 T. Hoccleve Min. Poems xxiv. 573 Shee That had him terued with false deceitis.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 1512 How his towne was taken and tiruyt to grounde.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 4763 The grete toures þai toke, tiruyt the pepull.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 10197 To take you with tene & tirue you to ground.

b. To turn to some course or to do something.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 2943 Throgh whiche treason betydes, & teruys vmqwhile Bolde men to batell and biker with hond.

c. To turn over, up, or down (the edge or hem of a garment). (Cf. tarf n., turf n.²)

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > providing with clothing > provide with clothing [verb (transitive)] > adjust or arrange > turn or fold over, back, up, or down

tuckc1440

tirve1482

to turn upa1586

to turn back1683

to turn down1841

1482 W. Caxton Higden's Polychron. viii. xiii The yemanry hadde theyr hosen teruen [? terued] or bounden bynethe the knee hauynge longe jackys.

1592 ‘C. Cony-Catcher’ Def. Conny-catching sig. F A beauer Hat turft with veluet, so quaintly as if hee had been some Espagnolo trickt vp.

1620 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Phylaster iv. 41 Mary his steward would haue the villuet head [of the deer]..to turfe his hat withall.

Derivatives

† tirving n. Obsolete turning; concrete a border turned back or up.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > parts of clothing > [noun] > turn-up

reversa1382

tirvingc1400

turfc1440

turn-up1688

turnback1843

reverse1859

upturn1923

c1400 Promptorium Parvulorum 494/2 Tyrf, or tyrvynge [v.r. tyrwynge] vp on an hoode or sleue.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

单词	tirve
释义	† tirvev.¹ Forms: Middle English–1500s tirue, tyrue (= -ve), Middle English turue (= -ve), (Middle English terve), 1500s tirve, tyrff. Etymology: Not in Old English; known from 1300. Identical in meaning with tirr v. (which seems to be a reduced form of the same word), and tirl v.² Apparently distinct in sense < tirve v.²; but, formally, tyrfan and tierfan might both be derived from different grades of a verbal ablaut series terƀ-, tarƀ-, turƀ-. It has also been suggested to represent an Old English tyrfan , derivative of turf , turf n.¹, to have originally meant ‘to strip the turf off the ground’, and to have been extended to stripping the turf or thatch off roofs, the clothes off persons, and the hides off beasts. This is plausible, but is not favoured by the chronology of the senses. Obsolete. a. transitive. To roll or pull back, or pluck off (the covering, clothes, skin, etc. from a person or animal); to strip off (clothes, armour; the thatch, slates, or roof of a house, stack, etc.). ΘΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip off (a covering) shredc1000 tirvec1300 to turn offc1390 stripc1430 tirr1584 tirl1603 skin1659 c1300 Havelok (1902) 603 [They] sone..funden, Als he [= they] tirueden of [= off] his serk On his rith shuldre a kyne merk. a1400–50 Alexander 4114 Tuke out þe tuskis & þe tethe & teruen of þe skinnes. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 1921 Syþen þay tan Reynarde & tyruen of his cote. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 630 He [Abraham] cached to his cobhous & a calf bryngez..bed tyrue of þe hyde. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid v. v. 32 A habirgeoun..Quhilk he,..with his strang handis two, Tirvit and rent of bald Demoleo. b. To strip (a person) of his clothes, etc., (an animal) of its skin, (a house) of its roof; to strip naked or bare; to unroof. ΘΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare strip?c1225 nakena1250 unhelea1250 unhilla1250 tirvec1386 barec1440 plumec1450 strope1527 unstrip1596 bald1602 unvest1609 denudate1634 flay1636 denude1658 nudate1721 c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 918 Ful wel kan ich cleuen shides, Eles to-turuen of here hides.] c1386 G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Prol. & Tale (Ellesm.) 721 The deuel out of his skyn Hym terve [other MSS. torne, turne] I pray to god. a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Passioun in Poems (1998) I. 34 Of his claythis thay tirvit him bair. a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Passioun in Poems (1998) I. 35 In tene thay tirvit him agane, And till ane pillar thai him band. 1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. v. xi. 187 He gart tirve [v.r. tyrff] þis maister nakit of al his clothis. 1590–1 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. IV. 587 The said Naper..and others..come and tirvit the said complenaris houssis, and tuke of the rigging and thak thairof. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † tirvetervev.² Forms: Middle English tirue, tirve, tyrve, tyrwe, Middle English–1500s terue ( terve), 1500s—1600s turf (1800s tirvie). Etymology: Known c1330 in the compound over-terve v.: apparently representing an Old English tierfan = Old Low German tęrƀan, Old High German zęrben, < zarƀjan, reflexive, to turn, turn over or about: compare Old English tearflian* to roll over and over, wallow. If this is right, the better form is terve. (Texts of manuscripts printed before 1900 have usually n for u (= v), the word being taken as a variant of turn.) Obsolete. 1. intransitive. To turn; esp. to turn upside down, topple over, fall down; also figurative to turn to some course or action. ΘΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > falling > fall [verb (intransitive)] > topple over welt13.. tiltc1390 overfalla1400 waltc1400 tirvec1425 top over tervea1450 overtumble1487 overwelta1522 to fall over1541 top1545 topple1600 tramble1609 tope1796 tottle1830 overtopple1855 whemmel1895 pitch-pole1896 the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > recourse > have recourse to [verb (transitive)] > specifically a course of action runOE goOE drawc1275 to found to1352 resorta1425 tirvec1425 to fall on ——1634 to fall into ——1668 to fall back on1777 the world > space > shape > curvature > be or become curved or bent [verb (intransitive)] beyc888 bowOE fold13.. crumpc1325 windc1374 courbe1377 curb1377 plyc1395 bend1398 ploy?1473 bowl1513 bought1521 tirve1567 crookle1577 crook1579 compass1588 round1613 incurvate1647 circumflex1661 arcuate1678 to round off1678 sweep1725 curve1748 curvaturea1811 c1425 Disp. Mary & Cross xxxvii, in Leg. Rood 207 (Royal) Truyt and treget to helle schal terve. c1440 Psalmi Penitent. (1894) 45 To trecherie schulde we noght terve [rhyme kerve]. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 430 Erthe dymmed by dene, ded men Roose, The gret tempull top terued to ground. 1567 A. Golding tr. Ovid Metamorphosis (new ed.) v. f. 61^v Ioues ymage..made with crooked welked hornes that inward still doe terue [rhyme serue]. 1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 206 He made him tirvie down and tapple Head-foremost wi' a bang.] 2. a. transitive. To turn; esp. to overturn, overthrow; also figurative. ΘΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (transitive)] > overthrow or overturn to-warpc888 overwarpeOE fallOE cumber1303 overthrowc1375 overturna1382 subverta1382 overwalta1400 sinka1400 to wend downa1400 tuyrec1400 reverse1402 tirvec1420 pervert?a1425 to put downa1425 cumrayc1425 downthringc1430 overthwart?a1439 thringc1480 subvertise1484 succumb1490 renverse1521 precipitate?1528 everta1538 wrake1570 ruinate1590 profligate1643 wreck1749 the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > capsize or upset overcastc1230 overturnc1300 overthrowc1330 to-turna1382 overwhelm?a1400 tilta1400 tipa1400 welt?a1400 overtiltc1400 tirvec1420 reverse?a1439 devolvec1470 subvert1479 welter?a1505 renverse1521 tumble1534 verse1556 upturn1567 overwhirl1577 rewalt1587 subverse1590 overset1599 overtumble1600 walt1611 to fetch up1615 ramvert1632 treveer1636 transvolve1644 capsize1788 upset1806 keel1828 overwelt1828 pitch-pole1851 purl1856 c1420 Brut 378 Our stakez made hem top ouyr terve, eche on oþer, þat þay lay on hepis. c1422 T. Hoccleve Min. Poems xxiv. 573 Shee That had him terued with false deceitis. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 1512 How his towne was taken and tiruyt to grounde. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 4763 The grete toures þai toke, tiruyt the pepull. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 10197 To take you with tene & tirue you to ground. b. To turn to some course or to do something. Π c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 2943 Throgh whiche treason betydes, & teruys vmqwhile Bolde men to batell and biker with hond. c. To turn over, up, or down (the edge or hem of a garment). (Cf. tarf n., turf n.²) ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > providing with clothing > provide with clothing [verb (transitive)] > adjust or arrange > turn or fold over, back, up, or down tuckc1440 tirve1482 to turn upa1586 to turn back1683 to turn down1841 1482 W. Caxton Higden's Polychron. viii. xiii The yemanry hadde theyr hosen teruen [? terued] or bounden bynethe the knee hauynge longe jackys. 1592 ‘C. Cony-Catcher’ Def. Conny-catching sig. F A beauer Hat turft with veluet, so quaintly as if hee had been some Espagnolo trickt vp. 1620 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Phylaster iv. 41 Mary his steward would haue the villuet head [of the deer]..to turfe his hat withall. Derivatives † tirving n. Obsolete turning; concrete a border turned back or up. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > parts of clothing > [noun] > turn-up reversa1382 tirvingc1400 turfc1440 turn-up1688 turnback1843 reverse1859 upturn1923 c1400 Promptorium Parvulorum 494/2 Tyrf, or tyrvynge [v.r. tyrwynge] vp on an hoode or sleue. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online June 2021). < v.¹c1300v.²c1400
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† tirvev.1

† tirvetervev.2

Derivatives

† tirvev.¹

† tirvetervev.²