| 释义 |
tithingn.1 Origin: Apparently formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: tenth adj., -ing suffix3 Etymology: Apparently < Old English tēogoþa, tēoþa tenth adj. + -ing suffix3 (compare farthing n.), but already in Old English remodelled after -ing suffix1. In later use in sense 1 probably partly associated with tithing n.3; compare also tithe v.2 and slightly later tithe n.2With sense 1 compare teinding n. at teind v. Derivatives; compare also post-classical Latin decima tithe (see decima n.), decimatio tithe (see decimation n.). With sense 2 compare post-classical Latin tethinga , tithinga (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources); compare also trithing n. In Old English usually a strong feminine (like nouns in -ing suffix1), rarely a strong masculine (compare e.g. quot. OE1 at sense 1aβ. ). 1. society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > fixed proportion dues or taxes > [noun] > tithe society > faith > worship > benefice > other financial matters > [noun] > church dues > tithe α. OE Ælfric (Royal) (1997) xi. 273 We scolon ealle þa ðinc þe us gescotað of ures geares teolunge gode þa teoðunge syllan. OE (Corpus Cambr.) xviii. 12 Ic sylle teoþunga [c1200 Hatton Gospels gife teondunge] ealles þæs þe ic hæbbe. OE (Corpus Cambr. 201) i. Prol. 146 Þæt ge ærest of minum agenum gode agifan ða teoðunga, ægðer ge on cwicum ceape ge on ðæs geares eorðwæstmum. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris (1873) 2nd Ser. 215 Þu þe prest bitechest alle þine teðinge. a1300 in R. Morris (1872) 77 If he steleþ cristes theoþinge [?a1300 Digby 86 teuþinge]. a1325 (2011) xx. 79 Offrendres ore tuþinges þat habbez ben iȝeuene ant vsed. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1882) VIII. 257 (MED) All teþynge [c1400 Tiber. tueþyng] schulde be payde to þe moder chirche. c1485 (?a1400) Child Bristow l. 364 in C. Horstmann (1881) 2nd Ser. 319 Tethynges & offrynges, sone, he sayd, For y them neuer truly payd. a1500 (?c1425) (1936) 90 In the Olde Testament and in the olde lawe it was commaundid for to yeve teþyngis and also prymycies, scilicet, yche firste birthe. 1764 2 cvii. 362 Repeating the practice till there be thirty or forty tything brought together. 1794 T. Davis 76 The general custom..is, to set up the sheafs in double rows, usually ten sheaves together, (provincially a tything) for the convenience of the tything-man. 1811 T. Davis (new ed.) 265 Tithings, ten sheaves of wheat set up together in a double row. 1893 G. E. Dartnell & E. H. Goddard Tithing,..a shock of ten sheaves, for convenience in tithe-taking. a1904 W. F. Shaw in (1905) VI. 167/1 [Kent] When it was the custom to take tithes in kind, a shock always consisted of ten sheaves, one of which belonged to the tithe-owner. Now the number of sheaves in a shock is uncertain but if I wanted ten sheaves I should say ‘a tithing shock’. society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > administrative divisions in Britain > tithing OE (Nero) ii. xx. 322 We wyllað, þæt ælc freoman beo on hundrede & on teoðunge gebroht, þe lade wyrðe beon wylle oððon weres wyrðe. lOE (Rochester) vi. viii. §1. 178 Þæt we us gegaderian a emban ænne monað, gif we magon.., þa hyndenmenn & þa þe ða teoþunge bewitan. 1274–5 in W. Illingworth (1818) II. 272 (MED) Praeterea, idem Vicecomes capit decem marcas de thethingis. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) l. 5402 He by vond..þat ech man wiþ oute gret lond In þe teþinge were ydo & þat ech man knewe oþer þat in teþinge were. a1400 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith (1870) 361 Ȝef a foreyne empledy þe teþynge, þe teþynge ne haþ bote þre dayes to shewynge... Whanne þe teþynge empledeþ a foreyn, þe foreyn haþ his delay. 1432 (Electronic ed.) Parl. May 1432 §36. m. 6 The decennare and decennes, oder wyse called thethyngman and thethyngs. 1538 A. Fitzherbert 129 In Towne, Tithinge, Village, or Hamlet. 1576 W. Lambarde 21 Some were called.., Tithings,..bycause there were in eche of them to the number of ten persons, whereof eche one was suretie and pledge for others good abearing. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden i. 158 Hee caused the Counties to be parted into Centuries, that is, Hundreds, and Decimes, that is, Tithings. 1646 W. Hughes tr. A. Horne i. 5 These divisions in some places are called Hundreds..and in some places Tythings, or Wapentakes, according to the English. 1761 D. Hume I. ii. 64 The neighbouring householders were formed into one corporation, who, under the name of a tything, decennary, or fribourg, were answerable for each other's conduct. 1839 T. Keightley (new ed.) I. vi. 81 The institution of tithings did not prevail all through England, perhaps not to the north of the Trent. 1874 W. Stubbs I. v. 86 (note) Tithings at present exist in Somersetshire and Wiltshire. 1948 15 Oct. 787/2 The castle in the neighbourhood is situated a mile or two away..in the tithing of North Warneborough, which is part of the parish of Odiham. 2002 66 73 Scattered townships and tithings made up the rest of the parish and housed a substantial proportion of its population. the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > ten > [noun] > a tenth c1300 Judas Iscariot (Harl.) l. 133 in F. J. Furnivall (1862) 110 Þe teoþing þerof was þrettie pans. a1325 (c1280) (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 790 (MED) Þe teoþing of þreo hondred pans þritty pans is. a1382 (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. vi. 12 Ther shal be multeplied that was laft in the myddel of the erthe, and ȝit in it tithing [c1450 Arun. dymy; L. decimatio]; and it shal ne conuertid. a1425 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (Harl. 1900) (1879) VII. 520 Of the Normans that were brouȝt forthe, he slouȝ alwey nyne and kept the tenthe. And hym thouȝt that the tethinge were to many ylefte; and teothed efte the teothinge. 1610 II. Isa. vi. 13 And yet there shal be tithing in it, and she shal be converted [1611 But yet in it shalbe a tenth, and it shall returne]. Compoundssociety > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > fixed proportion dues or taxes > [adjective] > relating to tithes > liable to pay or subject to tithes OE 39 Hwæt se æþela lareow sægde be manna teoþungceape. OE (Nero E.i) iv. i. 206 Mid þam oftige þæs neadgafoles, þe Cristene men Gode gelæstan scoldon on heora teoðingcsceattum. a1275 in (1940) 18 8 (MED) Debent venire de eodem manerio iiii homines et prepositus per summonitionem et ad dictos dies qui vocantur Thedhingdayes et Lipidies. 1515 Act 7 Henry VIII c. 1 in (1963) III. 176 Tythyng houses and other enhabitacions in any paryshe. c1540 (1892) 45 The said Hayside had sowlde the said tythyng ootys. ?1548 D. Lindsay sig. C.v Ye wyl not want, teathing sheaffe, nor offerings, Tithing wol, teathing lambe, teathing calfe, & like thinges. 1654 R. Vilvain Suppl. 238 Not a tithing part of Mankind can possibly find place to stand on a new Earth. 1732 W. Bohun (title) A tithing table, shewing..of what things tithes are or are not due, either by common law, custom, or prescription. 1830 T. K. Hervey (ed. 2) 63 His sleeves were of lawn,—and each of them Would have held a tithing pig. 1907 June 796 The farmer was bound to cart his tithing-sheaves to the parson's barn. 1997 D. Crane in J. Marston iii. ii. 63 (note) A parish so poor that it does not even afford him a tithing pig. C2. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > storage or preservation of crops > [noun] > barn > types of 1659 F. Gawler 15 Cardiff, where he hath a Tithing barn. 1804 8 Mar. (advt.) To be Sold, the Rectorial or Sheaf Tithes of the Parish of Brampford-Speke, with a Tithing-Barn, and about Half an Acre of Land. 1906 19 July 82/1 In Bradford stands one of the few ‘tithing barns’ remaining in the kingdom. 2007 (Nexis) 12 Dec. 7 An endless array of thatched roofs..and medieval tithing barns. 1696 J. Tyrrell I. Gen. Introd. p. lxxxi (margin) The Decennary, or Tything Court. 1745 S. Squire 235 In the tything-court all such lesser matters of dispute as might arise between the several masters of families of the same tything were heard and decided. 1847 Sept. 318 The general..affairs of the neighbouring district..were discussed in the tithing court, the hundred court, and the county court. 1902 N. Case 317 Gradually the Tithing Court was abandoned. 1977 C. Bonwick vi. 169 Regular courts, called tithing courts, would keep the peace and adjust differences between neighbors without expense. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † tithingn.2Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: tithe v.1, -ing suffix1. Etymology: < tithe v.1 + -ing suffix1. With sense 2 compare earlier tithe n.1 Obsolete. a1225 (c1200) (1888) 119 (MED) Aȝeanes ðat Adames hierte was i-attred ðurh dieules meneȝinge, swa ðat him baðe hit wel likede and ec teiþede..and aȝeanes ða twa michele likinge and teiþinge, us comen twa michele ȝode [read gode] of ðare hali wunde, þat was, water and blod. the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > reward or a reward > [noun] the mind > possession > giving > gift or present > [noun] > grant or boon a1300 in R. Morris (1872) 101 Þat..He vs skere of þe tyþing þat sunfule schulle an-vnderfon. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online September 2021). tithingn.3 Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: tithe v.2, -ing suffix1. Etymology: < tithe v.2 + -ing suffix1. Compare tithe n.2 1. society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > fixed proportion dues or taxes > [noun] > tithe > payment of tithes society > faith > worship > benefice > other financial matters > [noun] > church dues > tithe > giving or granting c1300 St. Swithun (Harl.) l. 40 in F. J. Furnivall (1862) 44 Ech man wolde þurf þe lond his teoþing wel do. c1390 in C. Horstmann (1892) i. 342 (MED) Of al þat neweþ him be ȝere, Do his tiþinge. c1450 (1900) 38 Ryȝt so, schalt þou do in tythyng of wyn, of frute of treen, of sedys, of herbys, of curtylage..of alle þise þou owyst to paye þe tythe. 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus I. Luke xix. 149 Their colde & feble doctryne..concernyng the true tithyng of myntes & rue. 1580 T. Tusser (new ed.) f. 11v Though some in their tithing, be slack or too bold. 1625 S. Nettles 141 Their practise for the tithing of Cattell. 1682 Bp. G. Burnet (new ed.) i. 20 That the tything of Mint and Anise should not be left undone. 1730 W. Bohun iii. 90 A..Custom, or Prescription of tithing has in many Places been introduced. 1783 J. Rayner II. 814 The defendant..had carried on his milking, and the tithing of his milch cows. 1870 17 Mar. 82/6 A perpetual reminder of the duty of tithing. 1929 R. S. Lynd & H. M. Lynd xxii. 356 Traditionally every Christian ‘returns a tenth of his substance to the Lord’. A few families in Middletown continue this practice of tithing, but..the great majority contribute far less than a tenth. 2011 13 July 2/2 Lessons should focus on the maths involved in..‘tithing’—giving 10 per cent of one's income to the Church. society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > fixed proportion dues or taxes > [noun] > tithe > exaction of 1528 sig. gviiiv They are redyer to take vp tythynge, Then to preache to theym frutfully. 1591 tr. A. Saravia ii. x. 202 The right of tything, is also antiquated with the Priest-hoode. 1601 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero 45 The tithing of springals is made euery third yeere. 1650 C. Elderfield x. 74 The tything of the profits. 1700 C. Leslie xxii. 215 The Levites Tything of the People, or putting them under that Tribute. 1768 W. Blackstone III. vii. 89 If the defendant pleads any custom..or other matter whereby the right of tithing is called in question. 1843 F. Marryat III. viii. 163 He is receiving regular pay, derived from the tithing of this warlike people. 1888 9 280 The tithing of produce has been abolished in the United Kingdom. 1929 9 263 A special system of tithing by the papacy emerged in financing the Crusades. 2010 Apr. 568 To amass enormous wealth through kickbacks and the tithing of public salaries. society > authority > punishment > capital punishment > [noun] > execution of one in ten society > authority > punishment > capital punishment > [noun] > execution of nine out of ten the world > life > death > killing > slaughter > [noun] > of nine out of ten the world > life > death > killing > slaughter > [noun] > of one out of ten ?a1475 in C. D. Eckhardt (1982) 77 Aftir þis tithyng he lete slee euery tenþe man of þies that were left. 1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye I. 768 The tithing [Fr. decimation] of armies..when euery tenth man throughout a whole hoste was by lot put to death. 1601 F. Godwin 24 In that same terrible tithing of the Danes..all the monks were slaine, except onely fower. 1683 J. Clapham v. 21 Then he caused a second Decimation or Tything of them,..which they suffered patiently. Compounds1548 Act 2 & 3 Edward VI c. 13 §2 in (1963) IV. i. 56 As often as the saide predyall Tythes shalbe due, and at the tythinge tyme of the same. 1691 C. Mather ii. iv. 56 He was very sollicitous that the Lambs might pass under the Lords Tything Rod. 1800 W. Cowper (new ed.) II. 336 But oh! it cuts him like a sithe When tithing time draws near. 1850 G. Grote VIII. ii. lxiii. 171 This place he..erected..into a regular tithing port for levying toll on all vessels coming out of the Euxine. 1904 F. W. Maitland 19 May (1965) 305 We still want a little more light on the tithing system. 1990 28 June 17/1 (advt.) Gavitt's study examines the change in the tithing patterns of wealthy Florentines as they began to give less money to the religious orders. 2011 7 Jan. 4/3 The maintenance of the tithing system that supported the Anglican clergy in Ireland. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). tithingadj.Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: tithe v.2, -ing suffix2. Etymology: < tithe v.2 + -ing suffix2. Compare earlier tithing n.1 and tithing n.3 1590 H. Barrow & J. Greenwood sig. Gijv Aswell tything priests as hyred lecturers. 1645 J. Lilburne 42 The Tything and gripeing clawes of the Clergy. 1659 F. Howgill 19 We, which are of the tything Presbyterian order. 1751 T. Wight & J. Rutty (rev. ed.) iii. 201 William Edmundson set..the free Gospel of Christ Jesus above the Tything Priests. 1852 T. J. Vaiden 479 Here is Melchisedek, the tithing priest. 1926 1 July 610/1 Dr. Smith made a most eloquent appeal for a tithing church. 1965 M. J. C. Calley ix. 111 Everybody [in the congregation]..gives generously, probably more than the tenth required by tithing sects. 2011 (Nexis) 18 June Unity is a tithing church, meaning that it follows biblical guidance of giving 10 percent of one's income. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1OE n.2a1225 n.3c1300adj.1590 |
