aestivalestivaladj.

Brit.

/ˈiːstᵻvl/,

/iːsˈtʌɪvl/,

/ɛsˈtʌɪvl/,

/ˈɛstᵻvl/, U.S.

/ˈɛstəv(ə)l/,

/ɛsˈtaɪv(ə)l/

Forms: Middle English estyval, Middle English–1600s estiuall, 1500s aestiual, 1500s–1600s aestiuall, 1500s–1600s aestival, 1500s–1600s aestivall, 1500s–1600s estivall, 1500s– aestival, 1500s– estival, 1600s estiual. N.E.D. (1884) also records a form Middle English estyvall.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French estival; Latin aestīvālis.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French estival of or belonging to summer (1119 in Old French), appearing or produced in summer (1541; rare before 1797) and its etymon classical Latin aestīvālis of summer, designed for summer use (attested in an inscription), in post-classical Latin also of or occurring in summer (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources) < aestīvus aestive adj. + -ālis -al suffix¹; compare vernālis vernal adj., autumnālis autumnal adj., hiemālis hiemal adj. Compare Spanish estival (a1260 as †estiual ), Portuguese estival (c1508), Italian estivale (c1300). Compare pre-aestival adj. at pre- prefix 2a(a)(vi).The stress appears to have varied between the first and the second syllable from an early date.

1. Of or belonging to summer. Formerly also: †of or belonging to the summer solstice (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > sun > solar movement > [adjective] > solstice > summer

aestivalc1386

solstitial1642

the world > time > period > year > season > [adjective] > of or relating to summer

summerlyOE

summerOE

aestivalc1386

estivousc1420

aestive1607

midsummerish1836

midsummery1866

c1386 Almanac (1812) 49 Fro þe stacyon of þe son estyval to þe stacyon of þe son hyemal.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 630 Wher halowed is þe standyng estyval Of fresche Appollo with his golden wayn.

a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 91 In wynter we sowe certeyne seedes, as whete; in veere estiuall seedes as barly.

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 89 Fra the coluyre to tropic estivall.

1590 R. Greene Neuer too Late ii. sig. L When in Æstivall Cancers gloomie bower, The greater glorie of the heauens dooth shine.

1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia ii. x. 63 The Crescent Content is of Increases renewing at seuerall seasons, and thence the denominations of Aestiuall and Brumall are deriued.

1698 R. Ferguson View of Ecclesiastick in Socks & Buskins 106 The Estival or Brumal Temper of the Air.

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Æstival solstice, the time when the sun enters the æstival point.

1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. xxvii. 410 The solstices, you will remember, are two in each year, the æstival or summer solstice, and the hyemal or winter solstice.

1820 W. Barnes Poet. Pieces 5 It was late on the close of an estival day.

1880 M. Collins Thoughts in Garden I. 235 You generally get true summer in August: this year it has been unusually æstival.

1911 St. Paul Med. Jrnl. Aug. 334 The..American humorist, Josh Billings.., delineates his feelings and prospects during the enjoyment of his aestival vacation.

1991 J. Barnes Talking it Over iii. 40 The Principal..indicated that in the course of the aestival recess he might be reconsidering the terms and conditions of my employment.

2. Appearing or produced in summer.

ΚΠ

1613 J. Stephens Cinthia's Revenge ii. vi. sig. G3 You haue engag'd a wise dexterity, And trauaile; to procure the famishment, To puruey, to collect æstiuall corne, Which Haruest will enrich the Rusticks with.

1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot iv. vii. 211 The Trees..were so closely interwoven, that the vernant and æstivall Sunne beames could not pierce their rare imbroydery.

a1682 Sir T. Browne Certain Misc. Tracts (1683) ii. 92 Beside Vernal, Æstival and Autumnal made of Flowers, the Ancients had also Hyemal Garlands.

1731 R. Bradley New Improvem. Planting & Gardening (ed. 6) 165 And if it is a Summer Flower, all Flowers of that Season are Estival.

1785 H. Swinburne Trav. in Two Sicilies II. v. 31 Mephitic vapours and stagnated waters have converted this favourite seat of health into the den of pestilence, at least during the estival heats.

1828 Philos. Mag. 4 349 It remains in the pupa state..from September to April; whereas the aestival brood remains in that state a few days only.

1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 365 Leucojum æstivum; leaves hibernal, flowers æstival.

1908 Bot. Gaz. 46 294 The sedges are all pre-estival, while the grasses are all estival or post-estival in their floral activity.

1974 W. Condry Woodlands x. 105 Then follow the..aestival..species which can stand the gentle shade cast by the ash.

1990 Nature Conservancy July 26/3 The riverbluff is festooned with an annual aestival assemblage of violets, bluestems, and New England's largest population of wild lupine.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	aestival
释义	aestivalestivaladj. Brit. /ˈiːstᵻvl/, /iːsˈtʌɪvl/, /ɛsˈtʌɪvl/, /ˈɛstᵻvl/, U.S. /ˈɛstəv(ə)l/, /ɛsˈtaɪv(ə)l/ Forms: Middle English estyval, Middle English–1600s estiuall, 1500s aestiual, 1500s–1600s aestiuall, 1500s–1600s aestival, 1500s–1600s aestivall, 1500s–1600s estivall, 1500s– aestival, 1500s– estival, 1600s estiual. N.E.D. (1884) also records a form Middle English estyvall. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French estival; Latin aestīvālis. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French estival of or belonging to summer (1119 in Old French), appearing or produced in summer (1541; rare before 1797) and its etymon classical Latin aestīvālis of summer, designed for summer use (attested in an inscription), in post-classical Latin also of or occurring in summer (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources) < aestīvus aestive adj. + -ālis -al suffix¹; compare vernālis vernal adj., autumnālis autumnal adj., hiemālis hiemal adj. Compare Spanish estival (a1260 as †estiual ), Portuguese estival (c1508), Italian estivale (c1300). Compare pre-aestival adj. at pre- prefix 2a(a)(vi).The stress appears to have varied between the first and the second syllable from an early date. 1. Of or belonging to summer. Formerly also: †of or belonging to the summer solstice (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > sun > solar movement > [adjective] > solstice > summer aestivalc1386 solstitial1642 the world > time > period > year > season > [adjective] > of or relating to summer summerlyOE summerOE aestivalc1386 estivousc1420 aestive1607 midsummerish1836 midsummery1866 c1386 Almanac (1812) 49 Fro þe stacyon of þe son estyval to þe stacyon of þe son hyemal. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 630 Wher halowed is þe standyng estyval Of fresche Appollo with his golden wayn. a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 91 In wynter we sowe certeyne seedes, as whete; in veere estiuall seedes as barly. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 89 Fra the coluyre to tropic estivall. 1590 R. Greene Neuer too Late ii. sig. L When in Æstivall Cancers gloomie bower, The greater glorie of the heauens dooth shine. 1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia ii. x. 63 The Crescent Content is of Increases renewing at seuerall seasons, and thence the denominations of Aestiuall and Brumall are deriued. 1698 R. Ferguson View of Ecclesiastick in Socks & Buskins 106 The Estival or Brumal Temper of the Air. 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Æstival solstice, the time when the sun enters the æstival point. 1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. xxvii. 410 The solstices, you will remember, are two in each year, the æstival or summer solstice, and the hyemal or winter solstice. 1820 W. Barnes Poet. Pieces 5 It was late on the close of an estival day. 1880 M. Collins Thoughts in Garden I. 235 You generally get true summer in August: this year it has been unusually æstival. 1911 St. Paul Med. Jrnl. Aug. 334 The..American humorist, Josh Billings.., delineates his feelings and prospects during the enjoyment of his aestival vacation. 1991 J. Barnes Talking it Over iii. 40 The Principal..indicated that in the course of the aestival recess he might be reconsidering the terms and conditions of my employment. 2. Appearing or produced in summer. ΚΠ 1613 J. Stephens Cinthia's Revenge ii. vi. sig. G3 You haue engag'd a wise dexterity, And trauaile; to procure the famishment, To puruey, to collect æstiuall corne, Which Haruest will enrich the Rusticks with. 1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot iv. vii. 211 The Trees..were so closely interwoven, that the vernant and æstivall Sunne beames could not pierce their rare imbroydery. a1682 Sir T. Browne Certain Misc. Tracts (1683) ii. 92 Beside Vernal, Æstival and Autumnal made of Flowers, the Ancients had also Hyemal Garlands. 1731 R. Bradley New Improvem. Planting & Gardening (ed. 6) 165 And if it is a Summer Flower, all Flowers of that Season are Estival. 1785 H. Swinburne Trav. in Two Sicilies II. v. 31 Mephitic vapours and stagnated waters have converted this favourite seat of health into the den of pestilence, at least during the estival heats. 1828 Philos. Mag. 4 349 It remains in the pupa state..from September to April; whereas the aestival brood remains in that state a few days only. 1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 365 Leucojum æstivum; leaves hibernal, flowers æstival. 1908 Bot. Gaz. 46 294 The sedges are all pre-estival, while the grasses are all estival or post-estival in their floral activity. 1974 W. Condry Woodlands x. 105 Then follow the..aestival..species which can stand the gentle shade cast by the ash. 1990 Nature Conservancy July 26/3 The riverbluff is festooned with an annual aestival assemblage of violets, bluestems, and New England's largest population of wild lupine. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.c1386
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