breakdownn.

Brit.

/ˈbreɪkdaʊn/, U.S.

/ˈbreɪkˌdaʊn/

Etymology: < the verbal phrase break down (see break v.). In this and similar verbal formations, the stress seems primarily to be even (ˈbreak ˈdown ), or with stronger force on the adverb (ˌbreak ˈdown ); but in familiar and well-established expressions (as sense 2), there is a tendency to take the combination without analysis as a single word, and to say ˈbreakˌdown, or even ˈbreakdown: this is also regularly done in attributive use, (as in ‘ˈbreakdown ˈgang’).

a. The act of breaking and falling down; a ruinous downfall, a collapse. literal and figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > [noun] > failure or collapse (of institution, etc.)

fall?1544

miscarriage1652

breakdown1832

collapse1856

burst-up1879

break-away1885

1832 F. Marryat Newton Forster II. iv. 46 These unfortunate break downs.

1835 R. Browning Paracelsus iii. 92 The break-down of my general aims.

1883 M. D. Chalmers Local Govt. 152 Any break-down or hitch in the working of the sanitary laws.

b. esp. A fracture or dislocation of machinery resulting in a stoppage. Hence attributive, as in breakdown gang, breakdown train.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > [noun] > failure or going wrong > of equipment or machinery

failure1793

breakdown1838

breaking1842

1838 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 1 296/1 Railway Casualties—obstructions from cattle wagons and breaks down.

1852 J. M. Ludlow Master Engineers 105 Double pay for over-time caused by break-down or accident.

1863 Times 6 Apr. Break-down gangs from Peterborough and Grantham.

1866 Standard 15 Sept. 4/5 A mine where there had been a breakdown.

1893 I. K. Funk et al. Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. I. Breakdown van (Gt. Brit.), a wrecking-car.

1933 in Amer. Speech (1942) 17 4/2 Morton, my car's outside Savarin's... Get your breakdown lorry round for it.

1953 A. Smith Blind White Fish in Persia i. 22 One of its hands..prepared the breakdown lorry.

c. Of the animal functions, or health (esp. of the mental powers).nervous breakdown: see nervous breakdown n. at nervous adj. and n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > [noun] > weakening or decline in health

failinga1382

sickeninga1382

wasting1398

downhielda1400

dissolutionc1400

debilitationa1492

defailing1502

effeeblishing1540

faintingc1540

effeeblishment1545

enervationa1575

feeblishing1574

declining1588

decay1609

flagging1611

labefaction1620

feebling1624

sinking1625

deading1645

dejection1652

fail1654

emperiment1674

decline1770

sapping1825

breakdown1858

attenuation1868

1858 J. H. Bennet Nutrition iv. 91 A complete break~down of the general health.

1875 M. Pattison I. Casaubon 465 Walter Scott had the first warning of his own break~down in similar symptoms.

1904 J. London Sea-wolf xxxvi. 334 There had been his terrific headaches, and we were agreed that it was some sort of brain break-down.]

1905 A. Bennett Sacred & Profane Love III. i. 212 I read in the papers..that you were suffering from neurasthenia and nervous breakdown.

1907 J. London Iron Heel x. 166 Hints were made of mental breakdown on his part.

1927 J. S. Huxley Relig. without Revelation iv. 125 The phase of conflict ended with that crash known generally as a ‘nervous breakdown’.

1930 B. Russell Conquest of Happiness 75 One of the symptoms of approaching nervous break-down is the belief that one's work is terribly important.

1959 J. Braine Vodi v. 82 He was never seen at the school again. The official explanation was a complete nervous breakdown.

d. The sudden passage of electric current through an insulating medium. Also attributive, as breakdown voltage n. the voltage required to cause a breakdown.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > [noun] > higher than usual voltage

high voltage1888

supervoltage1898

overload1904

breakdown voltage1915

overvoltage1921

the world > matter > physics > solid state physics > semiconductivity > semiconductor diode > [noun] > Zener effect or breakdown > voltage required for

breakdown voltage1915

Zener voltage1952

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > transmission of electricity, conduction > non-conduction, insulation > [noun] > result of defective insulation > sudden

breakdown1915

1915 F. W. Peek Dielectric Phenomena vi. 154 The moisture may even be removed from the space between the electrodes by the action of the field, in which case its presence would not be detected by low-voltage breakdowns.

1915 F. W. Peek Dielectric Phenomena vi. 155 The relative breakdown voltages of gaps in oil, at 60 cycles, and for impulse voltages..are given.

1962 J. H. Simpson & R. S. Richards Physical Princ. Junction Transistors iv. 67 The voltage V _B at which this sudden decrease in resistance occurs is called the breakdown voltage.

e. Chemical or physical decomposition. Also attributive, as breakdown product n. a product resulting from the disintegration of a substance.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > materials having undergone process > [noun] > product resulting from disintegration

breakdown product1928

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separation or breaking up into constituent parts > [noun] > incohesion > disaggregation or disintegration

unravelling1606

disgregation1611

disintegration1794

break-up1795

disaggregation1819

breaking-down1883

break-away1885

breakdown1928

the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > [noun] > decomposition, melting, or crumbling away

dissolutiona1398

resolution1533

mouldering1562

dissipation1597

deordination1686

decomposition1777

disintegration1794

chemolysis1872

biolysis1897

biodegradation1941

breakdown1959

biodeterioration1960

1928 A. B. Callow Food & Health 24 Certain chemical compounds when eaten cause a flow of gastric juice. The chief of these substances are the break-down products of proteins (peptones, etc.).

1959 Listener 2 July 38/2 Organic materials of a fibrous nature..encourage green water and algae during the inevitable breakdown processes.

1961 Lancet 19 Aug. 395/2 Hæmoglobin breakdown was completely inhibited.

f. An analysis or classification (of figures, statistics, etc.). Cf. to break down 7 at break v. Phrasal verbs.

ΚΠ

1936 G. Harrison & F. C. Mitchell Home Market 140 Such families were extremely few and their breakdown according to density was impossible.

1948 Observer 18 Apr. 4/5 The latest threat to clarity is the use of ‘breakdown’ to mean ‘analysis’ or ‘classification’.

1957 Times 12 Nov. (Canada Suppl.) p. viii/1 Figures rose..to 73,578 for the corresponding period this year. The breakdown of this..figure was English 47,240, Scots 15,124, Irish 9,646, Welsh 1,568.

2. ‘A riotous dance, with which balls are often terminated in the country. A dance in the peculiar style of the negroes.’ Bartlett Dict. Americanisms (U.S.; but frequently humorously in English.)

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > African-American dancing > [noun]

calinda1763

juba18..

hoedown1841

breakdowna1864

cakewalk1902

scronch1926

Lindy Hop1931

Zydeco1949

a1864 New Eng. Tales Don't clear out when the quadrilles are over, for we are going to have a break~down to wind up with.

1877 F. G. Burnaby Ride to Khiva 11 Clog-dancers, or nigger duettists, at a Music Hall with a breakdown.

1881 Good Words 22 41/2 The men followed with a fiendish ‘breakdown’.

3. Sawmilling. (See quot. 1957.) Also (New Zealand) applied to the building in which the initial cutting of timber from logs is done. Also attributive. Cf. breaking-down n. at breaking n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > [noun] > initial cutting from logs

breaking-down1883

breakdown1923

society > occupation and work > workplace > places for working with specific materials > place for working with wood > [noun] > for preparing timber

timber-works1875

breakdown1923

1923 C. M. Malfroy Small Sawmills 17 The laying of the foundations of the breakdown should first be proceeded with.

1923 C. M. Malfroy Small Sawmills 17 The logging delivery-tram, mill log-skids, engine, breakdown bench.

1943 Amer. Speech 18 85 The cleared tracks..carry logs to the mill, where it is handled by a break-down man.

1957 Brit. Commonw. Forest Terminol.: Pt. II (Empire Forestry Assoc.) ii. 33 Breakdown, the initial operation in converting from the round, by sawing a log longitudinally into cants, and, by extension, cants into large timber, preparatory to further manufacture.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	breakdown
释义	breakdownn. Brit. /ˈbreɪkdaʊn/, U.S. /ˈbreɪkˌdaʊn/ Etymology: < the verbal phrase break down (see break v.). In this and similar verbal formations, the stress seems primarily to be even (ˈbreak ˈdown ), or with stronger force on the adverb (ˌbreak ˈdown ); but in familiar and well-established expressions (as sense 2), there is a tendency to take the combination without analysis as a single word, and to say ˈbreakˌdown, or even ˈbreakdown: this is also regularly done in attributive use, (as in ‘ˈbreakdown ˈgang’). 1. a. The act of breaking and falling down; a ruinous downfall, a collapse. literal and figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > [noun] > failure or collapse (of institution, etc.) fall?1544 miscarriage1652 breakdown1832 collapse1856 burst-up1879 break-away1885 1832 F. Marryat Newton Forster II. iv. 46 These unfortunate break downs. 1835 R. Browning Paracelsus iii. 92 The break-down of my general aims. 1883 M. D. Chalmers Local Govt. 152 Any break-down or hitch in the working of the sanitary laws. b. esp. A fracture or dislocation of machinery resulting in a stoppage. Hence attributive, as in breakdown gang, breakdown train. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > [noun] > failure or going wrong > of equipment or machinery failure1793 breakdown1838 breaking1842 1838 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 1 296/1 Railway Casualties—obstructions from cattle wagons and breaks down. 1852 J. M. Ludlow Master Engineers 105 Double pay for over-time caused by break-down or accident. 1863 Times 6 Apr. Break-down gangs from Peterborough and Grantham. 1866 Standard 15 Sept. 4/5 A mine where there had been a breakdown. 1893 I. K. Funk et al. Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. I. Breakdown van (Gt. Brit.), a wrecking-car. 1933 in Amer. Speech (1942) 17 4/2 Morton, my car's outside Savarin's... Get your breakdown lorry round for it. 1953 A. Smith Blind White Fish in Persia i. 22 One of its hands..prepared the breakdown lorry. c. Of the animal functions, or health (esp. of the mental powers).nervous breakdown: see nervous breakdown n. at nervous adj. and n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > [noun] > weakening or decline in health failinga1382 sickeninga1382 wasting1398 downhielda1400 dissolutionc1400 debilitationa1492 defailing1502 effeeblishing1540 faintingc1540 effeeblishment1545 enervationa1575 feeblishing1574 declining1588 decay1609 flagging1611 labefaction1620 feebling1624 sinking1625 deading1645 dejection1652 fail1654 emperiment1674 decline1770 sapping1825 breakdown1858 attenuation1868 1858 J. H. Bennet Nutrition iv. 91 A complete break~down of the general health. 1875 M. Pattison I. Casaubon 465 Walter Scott had the first warning of his own break~down in similar symptoms. 1904 J. London Sea-wolf xxxvi. 334 There had been his terrific headaches, and we were agreed that it was some sort of brain break-down.] 1905 A. Bennett Sacred & Profane Love III. i. 212 I read in the papers..that you were suffering from neurasthenia and nervous breakdown. 1907 J. London Iron Heel x. 166 Hints were made of mental breakdown on his part. 1927 J. S. Huxley Relig. without Revelation iv. 125 The phase of conflict ended with that crash known generally as a ‘nervous breakdown’. 1930 B. Russell Conquest of Happiness 75 One of the symptoms of approaching nervous break-down is the belief that one's work is terribly important. 1959 J. Braine Vodi v. 82 He was never seen at the school again. The official explanation was a complete nervous breakdown. d. The sudden passage of electric current through an insulating medium. Also attributive, as breakdown voltage n. the voltage required to cause a breakdown. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > [noun] > higher than usual voltage high voltage1888 supervoltage1898 overload1904 breakdown voltage1915 overvoltage1921 the world > matter > physics > solid state physics > semiconductivity > semiconductor diode > [noun] > Zener effect or breakdown > voltage required for breakdown voltage1915 Zener voltage1952 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > transmission of electricity, conduction > non-conduction, insulation > [noun] > result of defective insulation > sudden breakdown1915 1915 F. W. Peek Dielectric Phenomena vi. 154 The moisture may even be removed from the space between the electrodes by the action of the field, in which case its presence would not be detected by low-voltage breakdowns. 1915 F. W. Peek Dielectric Phenomena vi. 155 The relative breakdown voltages of gaps in oil, at 60 cycles, and for impulse voltages..are given. 1962 J. H. Simpson & R. S. Richards Physical Princ. Junction Transistors iv. 67 The voltage V _B at which this sudden decrease in resistance occurs is called the breakdown voltage. e. Chemical or physical decomposition. Also attributive, as breakdown product n. a product resulting from the disintegration of a substance. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > materials having undergone process > [noun] > product resulting from disintegration breakdown product1928 the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separation or breaking up into constituent parts > [noun] > incohesion > disaggregation or disintegration unravelling1606 disgregation1611 disintegration1794 break-up1795 disaggregation1819 breaking-down1883 break-away1885 breakdown1928 the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > [noun] > decomposition, melting, or crumbling away dissolutiona1398 resolution1533 mouldering1562 dissipation1597 deordination1686 decomposition1777 disintegration1794 chemolysis1872 biolysis1897 biodegradation1941 breakdown1959 biodeterioration1960 1928 A. B. Callow Food & Health 24 Certain chemical compounds when eaten cause a flow of gastric juice. The chief of these substances are the break-down products of proteins (peptones, etc.). 1959 Listener 2 July 38/2 Organic materials of a fibrous nature..encourage green water and algae during the inevitable breakdown processes. 1961 Lancet 19 Aug. 395/2 Hæmoglobin breakdown was completely inhibited. f. An analysis or classification (of figures, statistics, etc.). Cf. to break down 7 at break v. Phrasal verbs. ΚΠ 1936 G. Harrison & F. C. Mitchell Home Market 140 Such families were extremely few and their breakdown according to density was impossible. 1948 Observer 18 Apr. 4/5 The latest threat to clarity is the use of ‘breakdown’ to mean ‘analysis’ or ‘classification’. 1957 Times 12 Nov. (Canada Suppl.) p. viii/1 Figures rose..to 73,578 for the corresponding period this year. The breakdown of this..figure was English 47,240, Scots 15,124, Irish 9,646, Welsh 1,568. 2. ‘A riotous dance, with which balls are often terminated in the country. A dance in the peculiar style of the negroes.’ Bartlett Dict. Americanisms (U.S.; but frequently humorously in English.) ΘΚΠ society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > African-American dancing > [noun] calinda1763 juba18.. hoedown1841 breakdowna1864 cakewalk1902 scronch1926 Lindy Hop1931 Zydeco1949 a1864 New Eng. Tales Don't clear out when the quadrilles are over, for we are going to have a break~down to wind up with. 1877 F. G. Burnaby Ride to Khiva 11 Clog-dancers, or nigger duettists, at a Music Hall with a breakdown. 1881 Good Words 22 41/2 The men followed with a fiendish ‘breakdown’. 3. Sawmilling. (See quot. 1957.) Also (New Zealand) applied to the building in which the initial cutting of timber from logs is done. Also attributive. Cf. breaking-down n. at breaking n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > [noun] > initial cutting from logs breaking-down1883 breakdown1923 society > occupation and work > workplace > places for working with specific materials > place for working with wood > [noun] > for preparing timber timber-works1875 breakdown1923 1923 C. M. Malfroy Small Sawmills 17 The laying of the foundations of the breakdown should first be proceeded with. 1923 C. M. Malfroy Small Sawmills 17 The logging delivery-tram, mill log-skids, engine, breakdown bench. 1943 Amer. Speech 18 85 The cleared tracks..carry logs to the mill, where it is handled by a break-down man. 1957 Brit. Commonw. Forest Terminol.: Pt. II (Empire Forestry Assoc.) ii. 33 Breakdown, the initial operation in converting from the round, by sawing a log longitudinally into cants, and, by extension, cants into large timber, preparatory to further manufacture. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < n.1832
随便看	after one rate after one's estate after one's might after one's power after other after others after possibility after sight after some large measure after suing after that after the afferant after the discretion of a person after the event after the fact after the flesh after the hand after the imitation of after the letter after the life after the manner of after the nicety after the rate after the rate of after the word