tomann.

Brit.

/təʊˈmɑːn/,

/ˈtʊmən/, U.S.

/təˈmɑn/

Forms: 1500s thuman, 1500s tumen, 1500s–1600s thoman, 1600s thomand, 1600s thomaund, 1600s tomanas (plural), 1600s tomin, 1600s tumain, 1600s–1800s tomaun, 1600s– toman, 1700s tomand, 1900s– touman.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Persian. Etymons: French tuman; Persian tūmān.

Etymology: < (i) Middle French tuman, thoman, French †touman (in Mongol society) sum or group of ten thousand, specific military unit (1298 in Old French in Marco Polo: compare quots. 1625 at sense 1 and 1625 at sense 2a), and its etymon (ii) Persian tūmān, toman ten thousand, sum or group of ten thousand, Persian unit of money of account and of currency, (historical) unit of the Mongol army < Middle Mongolian tümen ten thousand, sum or group of ten thousand, specific military unit (13th cent.; Mongolian tümèn: see note).It is unclear whether Middle Mongolian tümen was borrowed directly into Persian or transmitted via a Turkic language of Central Asia (compare Old Uighur tümen (8th cent.)); conversely, it has been argued that the Mongolian word was itself borrowed < a Turkic language. In quot. 1599 at sense 2a via post-classical Latin thuman (uninflected; 14th cent. in the passage translated). Compare also French toman Persian monetary unit (1678).

1. In the Mongol and Timurid Empires: a military unit consisting of 10,000 soldiers. Cf. myriad n. 1, myriarch n. 2. Chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > hundred and over > [noun] > ten thousand

toman?1520

myriad1555

society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > unit of army > [noun] > body of 10,000

toman?1520

?1520 R. Pynson tr. Frère Hayton Lytell Cronycle f. ix ^v/1 Vpon euery .x. sholde be a captayn, & ouer .C. a captayn and ouer .x.M. was a captayn, & they [sc. the Mongols] called the company of the .x. thousande Thoman [Fr. Thoman].

1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. i. iv. 79 When the Tartars goe to warre, their Prince conducteth about one hundred thousand Horse, appointing Heads ouer tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands... Euery hundred is called a Tuc; ten, a Toman.

1723 J. Darby tr. S. Ali Hist. Timur-Bec I. i. xx. 100 He had deliver'd him out of misery, and help'd him to recover the command of his Toman [Fr. Touman].

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lxv. 333 The fruitful territory of Cash, of which his fathers were the hereditary chiefs, as well as of a toman of ten thousand horse.

1830 A. Sutherland Achievem. Knights of Malta I. xi. 314 Stung to the soul by..the ravages which his [sc. Tamerlane's] tomans or myriads subsequently committed in Syria.

1966 J. Coggins Fighting Man 127/1 The Mongol generals thought no more of sending a touman across 90 degrees of longitude than would the British Admiralty of ordering a squadron to proceed from Portsmouth to the Cape.

2004 R. A. Gabriel Subotai the Valiant 46 It was almost impossible for a European or Chinese army to ambush or take a Mongol touman by surprise.

a. In the Mongol Empire, central Asia, Persia, etc.: ten thousand; a group or set of ten thousand of anything; esp. a sum of ten thousand of a particular monetary unit (historical in later use). Hence: (in Persia and later Iran) a unit of account originally reckoned as 10,000 dinars of account (now historical); (later also) an unofficial monetary unit equal to 10 rials. Cf. myriad n. 1.Although the toman ceased to be an official Iranian monetary unit in 1932 (being replaced by the rial (rial n.³ 1)), the term has continued in general use.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > standards and values of currencies > [noun] > specific monetary units or units of account > specific Persian or Iranian

toman1566

mahmudi1612

kran1882

rial1930

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > Persian coins

daric1566

shahi1566

toman1566

fluce1584

mahmudi1612

sagittary1665

sicle1725

ashrafi1753

muhr ashrafi1753

kran1882

siglos1911

1566 A. Edwards Let. 26 Apr. in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) ii. 378 I haue receiued 6. tumens in readie money: 200. shaughes is a tumen, reckoning euery shaugh for 6. pence Russe.

1599 R. Hakluyt tr. Odoric of Pordenone in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) II. i. 61 The lord of the same citie hath in yeerely reuenues for salt onely, fiftie Thuman of Balis [L. Thuman Balisi], and one balis is worth a floren and a halfe of our coyne: insomuch that one Thuman of balis [L. unum Thuman] amounteth vnto the value of fifteene thousand florens.

1613 A. Sherley Relation Trav. Persia 72 Marganobeague..brought mee..a thousand Tomanas, which is sixteene thousand Duckets of our Money.

1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. i. iv. 100 The Reuenues which accrew to the Can from Quinsai..are first, of Salt euery yeere eightie Toman of gold.

1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 300 When they [sc. the Persians] are to name great Sums, they accompt by Tumains.

1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea II. v. 20 The Toman, Bistie, and Denaer are imaginary... A toman is 10 hazardenaers..Value in denaers, 10000 Weight in muscals, 50.

1788 W. Francklin Observ. Tour Bengal to Persia 45 A small sum in ready money of about ten or twelve tomans.

1811 J. Pinkerton Mod. Geogr.: Persia (ed. 3) ii. 459 The whole revenue was by some estimated at 700,000 tomans, or about thirty-two millions of French livres.

1876 J. M. Porteous Eastern Question 54 Numbering in Turkish custom was by tomans, ten thousands or myriads.

1888 H. H. Howorth Hist. Mongols III. ii. 100 Mangu issued an order..to make over fifty tomans of money to the intendants of Shems ud din.

1921 Spectator 14 May 627/2 They get..one or two tomans when the carpet is finished..according to whether the Bibi (the chief's wife) is pleased with the result or not.

?1946 N. O. Johnson Observ. Iranian Scene (typescript, Cornell Univ.) xxiv. 41 Ten rials make one toman (formerly krans), and the toman is the unit in which prices for all except the cheapest commodities are invariably expressed.

2013 Social Indicators Res. 110 160 Around one third of the respondents (33.7%) have a monthly income of 200-299 thousand Toman (200-299$).

b. A Persian gold coin of a type issued from the late 18th cent. until 1931, originally worth 10,000 dinars (now historical). Now also (colloquial): an Iranian 10-rial coin (see note at sense 2a).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > standards and values of currencies > [noun] > specific monetary units or units of account > other specific Middle Eastern

toman1832

millieme1902

millime1919

fils1931

rial1939

rial1959

halala1961

1832 J. Morier Zohrab II. v. 114 The richest merchant of Ispahan, with bags of tomans on his head.

1845 R. Browning Flight of Duchess xiv, in Bells & Pomegranates No. VII: Dramatic Romances & Lyrics 16/1 The band-roll strung with tomans Which proves the veil a Persian woman's.

1877 H. C. Marsh Ride Through Islam 113 I gave him a toman and let him go.

1901 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 64 287 He knew there was such a coin as the toman, having seen and handled it at Teheran, however rare it might be in circulation.

1973 E. Hyams Final Agenda i. 15 A boy brought Victoria's suitcase... She gave him a toman—they had each been given some small change.

2015 R. Keech Hundred Veils 203 Hassan had found a corner in the corridor for delivering messages to Marco... Marco gave him a toman.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	toman
释义	tomann. Brit. /təʊˈmɑːn/, /ˈtʊmən/, U.S. /təˈmɑn/ Forms: 1500s thuman, 1500s tumen, 1500s–1600s thoman, 1600s thomand, 1600s thomaund, 1600s tomanas (plural), 1600s tomin, 1600s tumain, 1600s–1800s tomaun, 1600s– toman, 1700s tomand, 1900s– touman. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Persian. Etymons: French tuman; Persian tūmān. Etymology: < (i) Middle French tuman, thoman, French †touman (in Mongol society) sum or group of ten thousand, specific military unit (1298 in Old French in Marco Polo: compare quots. 1625 at sense 1 and 1625 at sense 2a), and its etymon (ii) Persian tūmān, toman ten thousand, sum or group of ten thousand, Persian unit of money of account and of currency, (historical) unit of the Mongol army < Middle Mongolian tümen ten thousand, sum or group of ten thousand, specific military unit (13th cent.; Mongolian tümèn: see note).It is unclear whether Middle Mongolian tümen was borrowed directly into Persian or transmitted via a Turkic language of Central Asia (compare Old Uighur tümen (8th cent.)); conversely, it has been argued that the Mongolian word was itself borrowed < a Turkic language. In quot. 1599 at sense 2a via post-classical Latin thuman (uninflected; 14th cent. in the passage translated). Compare also French toman Persian monetary unit (1678). 1. In the Mongol and Timurid Empires: a military unit consisting of 10,000 soldiers. Cf. myriad n. 1, myriarch n. 2. Chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > hundred and over > [noun] > ten thousand toman?1520 myriad1555 society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > unit of army > [noun] > body of 10,000 toman?1520 ?1520 R. Pynson tr. Frère Hayton Lytell Cronycle f. ix ^v/1 Vpon euery .x. sholde be a captayn, & ouer .C. a captayn and ouer .x.M. was a captayn, & they [sc. the Mongols] called the company of the .x. thousande Thoman [Fr. Thoman]. 1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. i. iv. 79 When the Tartars goe to warre, their Prince conducteth about one hundred thousand Horse, appointing Heads ouer tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands... Euery hundred is called a Tuc; ten, a Toman. 1723 J. Darby tr. S. Ali Hist. Timur-Bec I. i. xx. 100 He had deliver'd him out of misery, and help'd him to recover the command of his Toman [Fr. Touman]. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lxv. 333 The fruitful territory of Cash, of which his fathers were the hereditary chiefs, as well as of a toman of ten thousand horse. 1830 A. Sutherland Achievem. Knights of Malta I. xi. 314 Stung to the soul by..the ravages which his [sc. Tamerlane's] tomans or myriads subsequently committed in Syria. 1966 J. Coggins Fighting Man 127/1 The Mongol generals thought no more of sending a touman across 90 degrees of longitude than would the British Admiralty of ordering a squadron to proceed from Portsmouth to the Cape. 2004 R. A. Gabriel Subotai the Valiant 46 It was almost impossible for a European or Chinese army to ambush or take a Mongol touman by surprise. 2. a. In the Mongol Empire, central Asia, Persia, etc.: ten thousand; a group or set of ten thousand of anything; esp. a sum of ten thousand of a particular monetary unit (historical in later use). Hence: (in Persia and later Iran) a unit of account originally reckoned as 10,000 dinars of account (now historical); (later also) an unofficial monetary unit equal to 10 rials. Cf. myriad n. 1.Although the toman ceased to be an official Iranian monetary unit in 1932 (being replaced by the rial (rial n.³ 1)), the term has continued in general use. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > standards and values of currencies > [noun] > specific monetary units or units of account > specific Persian or Iranian toman1566 mahmudi1612 kran1882 rial1930 society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > Persian coins daric1566 shahi1566 toman1566 fluce1584 mahmudi1612 sagittary1665 sicle1725 ashrafi1753 muhr ashrafi1753 kran1882 siglos1911 1566 A. Edwards Let. 26 Apr. in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) ii. 378 I haue receiued 6. tumens in readie money: 200. shaughes is a tumen, reckoning euery shaugh for 6. pence Russe. 1599 R. Hakluyt tr. Odoric of Pordenone in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) II. i. 61 The lord of the same citie hath in yeerely reuenues for salt onely, fiftie Thuman of Balis [L. Thuman Balisi], and one balis is worth a floren and a halfe of our coyne: insomuch that one Thuman of balis [L. unum Thuman] amounteth vnto the value of fifteene thousand florens. 1613 A. Sherley Relation Trav. Persia 72 Marganobeague..brought mee..a thousand Tomanas, which is sixteene thousand Duckets of our Money. 1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. i. iv. 100 The Reuenues which accrew to the Can from Quinsai..are first, of Salt euery yeere eightie Toman of gold. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 300 When they [sc. the Persians] are to name great Sums, they accompt by Tumains. 1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea II. v. 20 The Toman, Bistie, and Denaer are imaginary... A toman is 10 hazardenaers..Value in denaers, 10000 Weight in muscals, 50. 1788 W. Francklin Observ. Tour Bengal to Persia 45 A small sum in ready money of about ten or twelve tomans. 1811 J. Pinkerton Mod. Geogr.: Persia (ed. 3) ii. 459 The whole revenue was by some estimated at 700,000 tomans, or about thirty-two millions of French livres. 1876 J. M. Porteous Eastern Question 54 Numbering in Turkish custom was by tomans, ten thousands or myriads. 1888 H. H. Howorth Hist. Mongols III. ii. 100 Mangu issued an order..to make over fifty tomans of money to the intendants of Shems ud din. 1921 Spectator 14 May 627/2 They get..one or two tomans when the carpet is finished..according to whether the Bibi (the chief's wife) is pleased with the result or not. ?1946 N. O. Johnson Observ. Iranian Scene (typescript, Cornell Univ.) xxiv. 41 Ten rials make one toman (formerly krans), and the toman is the unit in which prices for all except the cheapest commodities are invariably expressed. 2013 Social Indicators Res. 110 160 Around one third of the respondents (33.7%) have a monthly income of 200-299 thousand Toman (200-299$). b. A Persian gold coin of a type issued from the late 18th cent. until 1931, originally worth 10,000 dinars (now historical). Now also (colloquial): an Iranian 10-rial coin (see note at sense 2a). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > standards and values of currencies > [noun] > specific monetary units or units of account > other specific Middle Eastern toman1832 millieme1902 millime1919 fils1931 rial1939 rial1959 halala1961 1832 J. Morier Zohrab II. v. 114 The richest merchant of Ispahan, with bags of tomans on his head. 1845 R. Browning Flight of Duchess xiv, in Bells & Pomegranates No. VII: Dramatic Romances & Lyrics 16/1 The band-roll strung with tomans Which proves the veil a Persian woman's. 1877 H. C. Marsh Ride Through Islam 113 I gave him a toman and let him go. 1901 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 64 287 He knew there was such a coin as the toman, having seen and handled it at Teheran, however rare it might be in circulation. 1973 E. Hyams Final Agenda i. 15 A boy brought Victoria's suitcase... She gave him a toman—they had each been given some small change. 2015 R. Keech Hundred Veils 203 Hassan had found a corner in the corridor for delivering messages to Marco... Marco gave him a toman. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.?1520
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