| 单词 | to turn down |
| 释义 | > as lemmasto turn down to turn down 1. transitive. To turn (something) so as to have a particular surface facing down, to turn upside down; esp. to invert (a glass), to turn (a card) face downwards. Cf. sense 9 and down adv. 6a. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > inversion > invert [verb (transitive)] to-wendc893 whelvec1000 to turn down?c1335 to turn up?c1335 whelmc1340 overturna1382 to turn overa1400 wholve14.. inverse?a1425 reverse?a1425 overwhelvec1450 overvolvea1522 transverse1557 evert1566 topsy-turn1573 topsy-turve1603 invert1610 upturn1610 whave1611 topsy-turvy1626 whemmel1684 cant1850 upend1868 flip-flop1924 ?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 128 Turne him uppe, turne him doune, þi swete lemman: Ouer al þou findist him blodi oþer wan. 1629 J. Parkinson Paradisi in Sole ii. lvii. 529 Cut off the stalke, and turne it downe, that the Syrupe may drayne forth. 1763 Brit. Mag. 4 117 Sometimes she turns down my cup herself, after the first dish, because..tea is nervous. 1859 E. FitzGerald tr. Rubáiyát Omar Khayyám lxxv. 16 Turn down an empty Glass! 1890 G. M. Fenn Double Knot III. viii. 115 The played cards were solemnly turned down. 1912 Senator from Illinois (Proc. before Comm. U.S. Senate) Abstract of Hearings 9347 With that she turned the message down—face down. She turned it over. 1950 Oxf. Junior Encycl. IX. 114/1 Cards which do not make pairs are turned down again, and the players must remember where they are. 1991 P. Marshall Daughters (1992) ii. v. 173 An open-shelved larder over in a corner with a few flowered glasses turned down on top. ΚΠ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Deut. xii. 2 Torne ȝe doun alle placys in þe whiche þe gentyls..han heried here goddys opon hyȝe monteyns. 1577 M. Hanmer tr. Evagrius Scholasticus i. xvii in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. 421 Many turretts within the pallace were turned downe to the grounde. 1684 I. Mather Ess. for Recording Illustrious Providences v. 145 A great stone..was thrown upon the mans stomach, and he turning it down upon the floor, it was once more thrown upon him. 3. a. intransitive. To incline one's course downwards while changing direction; to turn aside and go down. Cf. main sense 15. ΚΠ a1425 ( H. Daniel Liber Uricrisiarum (Wellcome 225) 366 (MED) When þe fumosite is of þe bath styand up to þe rof, becaus þat þai may not haf þare essew owt abovyn, þai turn doun agayn. 1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) iii. iv. f. lij Thenne sawe I a wonderfull engyne of a grete whele..it roos oute of a litel dore, & torned doun at another. 1567 A. Golding tr. Ovid Metamorphosis (new ed.) xv. f. 194 My horses..beeing greatly flayghted with the monster in theyr eye, Turnd downe too sea. c1595 Capt. Wyatt in G. F. Warner Voy. R. Dudley to W. Indies (1899) 29 Commaundinge him that they shoulde..turne downe unto the other carvell. 1833 T. Hook Parson's Daughter I. i. 15 Opposite the limekilns, as you turn down to the Duke's Head near the turnpike. 1887 P. McNeill Blawearie 88 Long before the men in general began to turn down, he had every box in the pit-bottom filled. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. x. [Wandering Rocks] 231 Better turn down here. Make a detour. 2002 J. McGahern That they may face Rising Sun (2003) 261 ‘That Madden is unseemly,’ he said as they turned down towards the lake. b. intransitive. Of business or economic activity: to decline, worsen. Cf. downturn n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > be in adversity [verb (intransitive)] > fall from prosperous or thriving condition afalleOE wanec1000 fallOE ebba1420 to go backward?a1425 to go down?1440 decay1483 sink?a1513 delapsea1530 reel1529 decline1530 to go backwards1562 rue1576 droop1577 ruina1600 set1607 lapse1641 to lose ground1647 to go to pigs and whistles1794 to come (also go) down in the world1819 to peg out1852 to lose hold, one's balance1877 to go under1879 toboggan1887 slip1930 to turn down1936 society > occupation and work > business affairs > [verb (intransitive)] > of business activity: fall off slack1609 slacken1725 to turn down1936 downshift1974 1936 Daily Mail 10 Feb. 3/2 Is business activity turning down ‘for a spell’, and if so, for how long? 1960 Economist 8 Oct. 261/1 Wall Street has shown an impressive record of moving ahead of business activity. In the recession of 1957–58..it turned down in July, one month before the index of industrial production; and turned up again in December, four months before production did. 1980 Daily Tel. 23 July 19 Unemployment is rising fast in all the major economies, partly because the economic cycle is turning down. 2002 N.Y. Times 28 Apr. 41/5 Companies are slow to lay people off when the economy turns down. 4. a. transitive. To cause (something) to be directed or point downwards; to direct (something, esp. the head or eyes) down. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (transitive)] > turn (eyes) downwards to turn downa1425 deject1612 lower1721 the world > space > direction > specific directions > direct in specific directions [verb (transitive)] > direct or turn downwards to turn downa1425 downturn1909 a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 7214 Þe hevedes..salle be turned doune, And þe fete upward fast knytted. c1450 ( J. Walton tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Linc. Cathedral 103) 209 (MED) If ye eftsones turne doun youre sight Into þis foule wrecched erthely dell. 1555 E. Bonner Homelies (new ed.) f. 50 Crowned with a crowne of martirdome, his heade being turned downe to the grounde. 1583 Iniunctions Dioces of Saincte Dauides sig. A.ii. All the Seruice shalbe saied by the Minister, in his owne seate or Pulpit, with his face turned downe towardes the people. 1710 W. Salmon Botanologia I. lx. 85/1 The Flowers grow in long Tufts or Spikes, small at the ends and turning down their Heads, and yielding cornered Seed. 1840 Peter Parley's Ann. 364 The grenadier turned down his bayonet, and skewered him to the ground. 1986 F. Stella Working Space 102/1 I glanced at the painting, then quickly turned my head down and away, averting my eyes. 2014 M. Watson Hotel Alpha ix. 213 In his face I saw such utter abjection that I had to turn my eyes down to the blankets in front of me. b. transitive. To fold or double down (part of one's clothing, such as a collar or sleeve) or the covers of (a bed: see also down adv. 6c); to bend downwards, fold over (the corner of a page: see also to turn down a leaf at leaf n.1 Phrases 2a). Cf. main sense 8. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > folding or folded condition > fold [verb (transitive)] > up, down, or in tuckc1440 to turn down1533 to turn in1721 the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > providing with clothing > provide with clothing [verb (transitive)] > adjust or arrange > turn or fold over, back, up, or down tuckc1440 tirve1482 to turn upa1586 to turn back1683 to turn down1841 1533 T. Elyot Pasquil the Playne f. 3v The tirfe of the cappe tourned downe afore lyke a pentise hathe a meruaylous good grace. 1583 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (ed. 4) II. 1941/1 They..searched..not onely in the bed turning it downe past all honest humanitie, but also vnder the bed behynd the painted clothes. a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) iv. ii. 324 Is not the Leafe turn'd downe Where I left reading? View more context for this quotation 1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §273 The cramps..were turned down at each end. 1828 H. D. Best Italy 128 The beds..were all, in the housewife's phrase, turned down. 1841 W. M. Thackeray Great Hoggarty Diamond vii Nothing could make him..refrain from wearing his collars turned down. 2013 Sunday Tel. (Nexis) 15 Sept. 29 The troublemakers..skulk the corridors, rolling their eyes at staff who order them to turn down their sleeves. c. intransitive. To bend or curve downwards. Cf. sense 8c(b). ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > curvature > types of curvature > [verb (intransitive)] > downwards to turn down1584 stoop1681 1584 J. Astley Art of Riding viii. 58 Bow your fist, so as your thombe maie turne downe toward the mane of the horsse, as therby you may see the full backe of your hand. 1661 S. Morgan Sphere of Gentry ii. i. 13 That doth circumflex and turn down like a Flower de Lice. 1856 Godey's Lady's Bk. May 449/2 The Pamela hat is made of Leghorn or straw, quite flat; the brim broad, and slightly turning down over the forehead. 1885 ‘L. Malet’ Col. Enderby's Wife iii. ii The corners of his mouth began to turn down in an ominous fashion. 2002 New Yorker 3 June 101/2 Grant stares blankly, his mouth turning down in panic. 5. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > lower or let down > by mechanical means to turn down1551 parbuckle1768 to strike down1778 to hoist down1794 to jack down1893 to wind down1961 1551 R. Record Pathway to Knowl. i. sig. Cv Stay the one foot of the compas in one of the endes of that line, turning the other vp or doun at your will, drawyng the arche of a circle against the midle of the line. 1573 J. Sanford tr. L. Guicciardini Garden of Pleasure f. 13 If she [sc. Fortune] continued to make hir wonted compasse, she wold turne him downe to the bottom. 1610 A. Hopton Baculum Geodæticum i. i. 3 So that..this said screw peece B beeing turned downe hard, and wrested thereunto, may stay ye peece of brasse, that he cannot mooue any way. 1929 D. H. Lawrence Pansies 82 My father was a working man And a collier was he, At six in the morning they turned him down And they turned him up for tea. b. transitive. To lower the output of (a lamp, gas) by turning a handle, tap, etc.; to lower the temperature of (an electrical appliance, heating system, etc., and (in extended use) that which it heats or cooks), originally by turning a knob or switch; to reduce the volume of sound from (a radio or other audio device) by operating a control; to lower (volume) in this way. Also: to operate (a control) so as to reduce the temperature, volume of sound, etc. Cf. main sense 2b, to turn up 18 at Phrasal verbs 1. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > [verb (transitive)] > turn down, close, or switch off to turn down1855 to shut off1904 the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > dimness or absence of brightness > make dim [verb (transitive)] > reduce the brightness of to turn down1855 to dim out1942 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > circuit > device to open or close circuit > connect or disconnect [verb (transitive)] to turn on1824 disconnect1826 to turn down1855 switch1881 to put on1892 to turn off1892 key1929 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > operation of electronic devices > [verb (transitive)] > initiate change to turn on1824 key1929 trip1936 trigger1937 to turn down1941 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > make cold [verb (transitive)] > cool > lower the temperature of to turn down1950 1855 Brooklyn Daily Eagle 5 Mar. She walked into the supper room, where the gas had been turned down and gave vent to her wearied spirit by ejaculating, ‘thank Good, they are all stuffed and gone’. 1868 M. E. Braddon Dead-Sea Fruit xix Love's torch..flames anew before we turn it down for ever. 1892 Harper's Mag. Jan. 283/2 She..turned the lamps down low. 1941 N. Marsh Death & Dancing Footman xv. 313 ‘To get back to the wireless.’.. ‘I turned it down.’.. ‘You turned it turned it down... Not off. Down.’.. ‘I turned it down, and five minutes later somebody turned it up.’ 1950 B. Pym Some Tame Gazelle x. 111 The beef..would be roasted to a cinder by now, unless Emily had had the sense to turn down the oven. 1961 J. Stroud Touch & Go v. 48 ‘Excuse me if I just turn my liver down?’.. She hustled back into the kitchen. 1969 ‘D. Rutherford’ Gilt-edged Cockpit vi. 93 Could you turn that transistor down a bit? 1970 J. Porter Dover strikes Again ii. 30 Old Mr Revel..switched on the television set. Miss Kettering..turned the volume control right down. 1975 Guardian 21 Jan. 5/1 Turn down your heating a couple of degrees. 2014 Church Times 10 Jan. 15/1 Once the pan has reached the boil, turn it down and give the pudding a brisk stir. 6. transitive. To put down, send to a lower position in an order or ranking (as in a class at school, a competition, etc.; also figurative): cf. main sense 27. Now U.S. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > degrading or debasement > degrade [verb (transitive)] vile1297 supplanta1382 to bring lowa1387 revilea1393 gradea1400 villain1412 abject?a1439 to-gradea1440 vilifyc1450 villainy1483 disparage1496 degradea1500 deject?1521 disgraduate1528 disgress1528 regrade1534 base1538 diminute1575 lessen1579 to turn down1581 to pitch (a person) over the bar?1593 disesteem1594 degender1596 unnoble1598 disrank1599 reduce1599 couch1602 disthrone1603 displume1606 unplume1621 disnoble1622 disworth?1623 villainize1623 unglory1626 ungraduate1633 disennoble1645 vilicate1646 degraduate1649 bemean1651 deplume1651 lower1653 cheapen1654 dethrone1659 diminish1667 scoundrel1701 sink1706 demean1715 abjectate1731 unglorifya1740 unmagnify1747 undignify1768 to take the shine out of (less frequently from, U.S. off)1819 dishero1838 misdemean1843 downgrade1892 demote1919 objectify1973 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 69 You beyng ignoraunt what difference is betwixt an affirmative, & a negative proposition, must be turned doune agayne behinde the Schoolehouse doore. 1693 J. Dryden Examen Poeticum Ded. sig. A5 Julius Scaliger, wou'd needs turn down Homer, and Abdicate him. 1876 ‘M. Twain’ Adventures Tom Sawyer vi. 71 He took his place..in the spelling class, and got ‘turned down’, by a succession of mere baby words. 1946 G. Wilson Fidelity Folks 136 We had regular places in the line and turned down those who could not spell a word. 1999 L. S. DeRosier Creeker 55 While I did not win the spelling bee, I turned down about two dozen of Oil Springs' and Flat Gap's finest spellers. a. transitive. colloquial. To drink down, ‘toss off’. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > [verb (transitive)] > drink up or off swap?1507 swingea1529 drink1535 uphalec1540 toss1568 trill off?1589 snapa1592 to toss offa1592 to turn down1593 to top off1598 drain1604 to take off1613 outdrinka1631 whip1639 swoop1648 epote1657 to fetch off1657 ebibe1689 fetch1691 to tip off1699 to sweep off1707 tip1784 to turn over1796 1593 ‘P. Foulface’ Bacchus Bountie sig. C After these came young Cicero, who, for the large loose that he had in turning downe his liquor, was called Bicongius. a1625 J. Fletcher Womans Prize iii. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ooooo3/2 Out upon her, How she turn'd down the Bragget [printed Bagget]? 1769 H. Brooke Fool of Quality IV. xvii. 239 Asking for a flask of champaign, [he] turned it down without taking it once from his head. 1844 W. H. Maxwell Wanderings in Highlands & Islands II. xix. 270 We turned down a second tumbler. b. transitive. Brewing. To put (liquor) into a vat to ferment. Cf. main sense 27b. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1826 D. Booth Art of Brewing (ed. 2) 109 Turned down 28 barrels of liquor, at 158 deg. 8. a. transitive. Originally U.S. slang. Originally: †to rebuke, snub, put down (a person) (obsolete). Now: to refuse to grant (a person) his or her request; to reject (an applicant, aspirant, candidate, etc.). ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > humility > humiliation > humiliate [verb (transitive)] anitherOE fellOE lowc1175 to lay lowc1225 to set adownc1275 snuba1340 meekc1350 depose1377 aneantizea1382 to bring lowa1387 declinea1400 meekenc1400 to pull downc1425 avalec1430 to-gradea1440 to put downc1440 humble1484 alow1494 deject?1521 depress1526 plucka1529 to cut (rarely to cast down) the comb of?1533 to bring down1535 to bring basec1540 adbass1548 diminish1560 afflict1561 to take down1562 to throw down1567 debase1569 embase1571 diminute1575 to put (also thrust) a person's nose out of jointc1576 exinanite1577 to take (a person) a peg lower1589 to take (a person) down a peg (or two)1589 disbasea1592 to take (a person) down a buttonhole (or two)1592 comb-cut1593 unpuff1598 atterr1605 dismount1608 annihilate1610 crest-fall1611 demit1611 pulla1616 avilea1617 to put a scorn on, upon1633 mortify1639 dimit1658 to put a person's pipe out1720 to let down1747 to set down1753 humiliate1757 to draw (a person's) eyeteeth1789 start1821 squabash1822 to wipe a person's eye1823 to crop the feathers of1827 embarrass1839 to knock (also take, etc.) (a person) off his or her perch1864 to sit upon ——1864 squelch1864 to cut out of all feather1865 to sit on ——1868 to turn down1870 to score off1882 to do (a person) in the eye1891 puncture1908 to put (a person) in (also into) his, her place1908 to cut down to size1927 flatten1932 to slap (a person) down1938 punk1963 1870 Daily Atlanta Intelligencer 27 Feb. Eighteen months ago his political enemies thought they had turned him down, and sealed his fate. 1897 Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 14 Jan. 7/6 Secretary Olney was turned down by the Senate..in his effort to have the vote on the extradition treaties..reconsidered. 1905 R. E. Beach Pardners 82 We were liable to get turned down cold if we didn't have some story. 1913 E. Wharton Custom of Country ii. xvi The Ararat investigation had been..quashed,..and Elmer Moffatt ‘turned down’. 1979 R. Jaffe Class Reunion i. vii. 70 A lot of attractive, eligible men kept asking Annabel for dates, and she didn't like having to turn them down. 2013 Observer 24 Nov. 17/2 We live in an era of hyper-branding, where..job applicants are turned down for not having enough Twitter followers. b. transitive. Originally North American. To reject, refuse, decline (an offer, request, suggestion, etc.); to ignore, fail to take (an opportunity). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > refusal > [verb (transitive)] > decline to receive or accept forsakea800 refusec1400 renayc1400 repelc1443 reject1532 disavow1579 balk1587 deny1590 disaccept1647 to pass up1896 to turn down1900 1900 Gazette (Montreal) 3 Mar. 2/7 [Denmark] turns down America's offer. 1927 A. Conan Doyle Case-bk. Sherlock Holmes x. 261 A quarter's rent..in advance and no arguing about terms. In these times a poor woman like me can't afford to turn down a chance like that. 1951 Sport 7 Jan. 17/1 Many of our suggestions are turned down. 1958 P. Gibbs Curtains of Yesterday xxvii. 214 Many nations..put forward plans for a gradual process of disarmament, and each plan was turned down by the other delegations. 2015 New Yorker 2 Nov. 29/2 The charge that Clinton had personally turned down requests from Ambassador Stevens for more security. 9. transitive. Shooting and Hunting. To put (game, etc.) in a place to stock it. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > supply > provide or supply (something) [verb (transitive)] > lay in a supply of to fet ina1556 to lay in1662 store1719 to get in1869 to turn down1891 1891 Field 26 Dec. 963/3 Foxes..are turned down in order that the supply may be kept up. 1892 Field 19 Nov. 793/3 I would urge all farmers to turn down some Indian game cocks in their yards. 1936 Manch. Guardian 26 Sept. 9/4 Pheasants are reared in large numbers for turning down in coverts. < as lemmas |
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