breastworkn.

Brit.

/ˈbrɛstwəːk/, U.S.

/ˈbrɛs(t)ˌwərk/

Forms: see breast n. and work n.

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: breast n., work n.

Etymology: < breast n. + work n.

†1. An inward-looking task or labour, as opposed to one involving action in the external world. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1606 A. Chapman Christian Liberty sig. D2 Religion is not a brest-work, there is no such freedom from the law; it is not inough for charity to hold her hand on her bosome and feele how her hart worketh, but from her hart she must stretch it forth to help the distressed.

a. Military. A (usually) rudimentary and temporary fieldwork, typically chest-high; a parapet (see parapet n. 1).

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > earthwork or rampart > [noun] > breastwork

foremost fight?1611

breast1624

breastwork1633

sangar1841

1633 W. Watts Swedish Intelligencer: 3rd & 4th Pts. iii. 42 All, so fenced with a Brest-worke behind which they stood to shoote downe, that nothing but their heads could be seene over it.

1756 B. Franklin Let. 25 Jan. in Papers (1963) VI. 366 We..had inclosed our Camp with a strong Breast work, Musquet proof.

1809 W. Irving Hist. N.Y. I. iii. v. 160 The mud breast works had long been levelled with the earth.

1861 S. Smiles Lives Engineers II. 236 The Hythe Military Canal..protected by a breastwork on the land side.

1970 D. Brown Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee (1991) iii. 53 They retreated about two miles and began to dig breastworks.

2013 J. Beaumont Broken Nation iv. 326 The German defences around Ypres were strengthened with even more trenches and breastworks.

b. In extended and figurative use: a form of defence; a barrier.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence

hornc825

shieldc1200

warranta1272

bergha1325

armour1340

hedge1340

defencec1350

bucklerc1380

protectiona1382

safety1399

targea1400

suretyc1405

wall1412

pavise?a1439

fencec1440

safeguard?c1500

pale?a1525

waretack1542

muniment1546

shrouda1561

bulwark1577

countermure1581

ward1582

prevention1584

armourya1586

fortificationa1586

securitya1586

penthouse1589

palladium1600

guard1609

subtectacle1609

tutament1609

umbrella1609

bastion1615

screena1616

amulet1621

alexikakon1635

breastwork1643

security1643

protectionary1653

sepiment1660

back1680

shadower1691

aegis1760

inoculation1761

buoya1770

propugnaculum1773

panoply1789

armament1793

fascine1793

protective1827

beaver1838

face shield1842

vaccine1861

zariba1885

wolf-platform1906

firebreak1959

1643 G. Wither Campo-Musæ 5 My Breast-works are Good-Conscience, and the Lawes.

1828 T. Carlyle Burns in Edinb. Rev. Dec. 301 Behind the outmost breastwork of Gentility.

1856 T. De Quincey Confessions Eng. Opium-eater (rev. ed.) in Select. Grave & Gay V. 103 This watery breastwork, a perpendicular wall of water carrying itself as true as if controlled by a mason's plumb-line.

2015 R. Ross in Z. Laidlaw & A. Lester Indigenous Communities & Settler Colonialism v. 89 The Kat River Settlement's role as a breastwork against Xhosa invasion was only too necessary.

3. In various technical uses.

a. A wall or embankment constructed to confine, or protect against, a body of water.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > embankment or dam > [noun]

wharf1038

causeyc1330

wall1330

bulwark1555

scut1561

weir1599

mound1613

staithe1613

breastwork1641

embankment1786

bund1813

sheath1850

fleet-dyke1858

sheathing1867

causeway1878

flood-bank1928

stopbank1950

1641 tr. Basile de Rouen Converted Capuchin 7 The breast-worke of squared free-stone which defends that Convent from the power of the seas batteries.

1791 W. Marshall Minutes in Rural Econ. W. Eng. (1796) II. 256 The [Salmon] weir,..consists of a strong dam or breastwork, ten or twelve feet high, thrown across the river.

1914 Sessional Papers Canada (12th Parl., 3rd Sess.) XIII. No. 19. 92 Breakwaters and breastworks have been constructed on each side of the proposed canal.

2004 M. Crossman & J. Simm Man. Use of Timber in Coastal & River Engin. viii. 169 Most timber breastworks..are impermeable vertical walls, which will reflect any waves reaching the structure.

b. A low wall or barrier placed at the edge of a platform, balcony, roof, etc., to prevent people from falling. Cf. parapet n. 2a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > wall > other types of wall

sidewall1381

brick wall1465

outwall1535

parpen1591

parapet1598

inwall?1611

breastwork1673

parapet wall1682

dwarf1718

screen1761

screen wall1770

hollow wall1823

alure1853

curtain wall1859

core-wall1899

blank wall1904

1673 J. Moore tr. F. Strada Making of Bridge over Scheld in tr. T. Moretti Treat. Artillery 77 The space betwixt each Ship was laid over with five long Beams, plank'd, and had Breast-works, and was as wide as the Bridges before nam'd were.

1747 Maryland Hist. Mag. 9 52 [The Vestrymen] Ordered, That a Breast-Work be erected in the Chapel of this Parish, before the Clerk's seat.

1882 Scotsman 22 Mar. 7/6 The breastwork of the platform was entirely concealed by large mirrors, draped in pink and white.

2006 Perspectives Vernacular Archit. 13 2/2 Special flourishes include the stylized patera and cabling in the breastwork of the gallery.

c. Nautical. A rail supported by (often ornamented) stanchions, mouldings, etc., running along the fore edge of the quarterdeck or poop deck, or enclosing the forecastle. Now historical.Quot. ?1760 at sense 4 implies earlier currency of this sense.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > part of vessel above water > [noun] > rails or mouldings > across quarterdeck

barricado1675

barricade1769

breastwork1769

1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine sig. G6^v Breastwork, a sort of balustrade or fence,..frequently decorated with sculpture.

1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 101 The breast-work..serves to make a separation from the main-deck.

2009 M. Lardas Ships of Amer. Revol. Navy (2011) 26 (diagram) Quarterdeck breastwork and watchkeeping bell.

d. Architecture. The brickwork or masonry forming the breast of a chimney.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > wall of building > [noun] > other parts of wall

quoin1532

ground-table1640

breast1655

patand1656

raddling1673

breast1674

offset1721

breastwork1779

base1790

breast beam1828

dry area1833

chimney-breast1842

wall-head1898

1779 R. Clavering Ess. Chimneys 15 Formerly it [sc. the Mantle Piece] was a piece of timber that lay across the jambs (and was then called the mantle-tree) and supported the breast-work.

1806 Massachusetts Spy 23 July On the breastwork over the fireplace was the distinct impression of a bloody hand.

1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. §79 The fire-places to have each a strong iron chimney-bar (bar for supporting the breast-work, or front side of the flues).

2005 West Briton (Nexis) 31 Mar. 12 We were asked to make an exploratory hole around the side of the breastwork, which revealed a room behind the fireplace.

e. The part of a cotton gin machine bearing or comprising a series of bars or ribs between which rotating saw-edged discs pass, separating the lint from the seed; = breast n. 7d. Now historical.

ΚΠ

1793 E. Whitney Long Descr. Cotton Gin in T. Jefferson Papers (1997) XXVII. 241 This Machine may be described under five divisions, corresponding to its five principal parts: Viz: 1. The Frame, 2. The Cylinder; 3 The Breastwork; 4 The clearer, and 5 The Hopper.

1860 Sci. Amer. 14 Apr. 246/3 The great error in the plan projected by Mr. Whitney..may easily be found in his idea of forcing the staple through a stationary breastwork of iron at the point where the seeds are arrested and abruptly stripped.

2003 A. Lakwete Inventing Cotton Gin 51 The teeth pulled both fiber and seed along until they reached the slotted breastwork at the back of the hopper.

f. In a watermill powered by a breast-shot wheel: the curved channel or casing in which the wheel turns; = breasting n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > wheel > [noun] > driven by water > parts of

awe1503

scoop1591

float1611

ladle1611

sole1675

float-board1719

ladle-board1744

paddle1758

shrouding1797

wrist1797

polroz1806

breastwork1833

flap1839

shrouding-plate1844

shroud-plate1844

staving1875

shroud-

1833 Derby Mercury 6 Nov. Wheels, shafts and millwright work throughout the mills, with stone breast work for the wheels, reservoir, sluices, weir and flood gates.

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) II. 849 A good example of the form of iron buckets employed in the breast wheel..is shown in fig. 1178: a. shrouding..e. breastwork.

1997 Australasian Hist. Archaeol. 15 72/2 The breastshot wheel is mounted inside the mill, half below ground level, in a stone breastwork built to fit the curve of the wheel.

g. Nautical. On an ironclad warship: an armoured superstructure enclosing one or more turrets, funnels, deck openings, etc. Also as a modifier, esp. in breastwork monitor: an ironclad warship fitted with such a superstructure. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > part of vessel above water > [noun] > deck superstructure > on a warship

breastwork1868

conning-tower1870

1868 Standard 10 Sept. 6/1 Around the Glatton's turret..will be erected a kind of armour-plated breastwork, over which the turret guns will fire.

1903 Engineering 20 Nov. 714/1 The openings to engine-room and stoke-holds, as well as the funnels, were also protected by the breastwork.

1972 Warship Internat. 9 272 Known also as a turret ship or breastwork monitor, Cerberus was the prototype of a class of ships in the RN which were loosely known as the ‘Monster Class’ because of their mythological names.

2015 D. Leggett Shaping Royal Navy v. 171 The Chief Constructor had extended the breastwork, which protected the base of the ship's turret, to the sides of the ship with a lighter iron superstructure.

4. colloquial (U.S. in later use). In plural. A woman's breasts.Originally in extended metaphors, with punning allusion to sense 3c (see quot. ?1760) or 2a (see quot. 1863).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > front > breast or breasts (of woman) > [noun]

titOE

breastOE

mammaOE

pysea1400

mamellec1450

dug1530

duckya1533

bag1579

pommela1586

mam1611

Milky Way1622

bubby?1660

udder1702

globea1727

fore-buttock1727

tetty1746

breastwork?1760

diddy1788

snows1803

sweets1817

titty1865

pappy1869

Charleys1874

bub1881

breastiec1900

ninny1909

pair1919

boobs1932

boobya1934

fun bag1938

maraca1940

knockers1941

can1946

mammaries1947

bazooms1955

jug1957

melon1957

bosoms1959

Bristols1961

chichi1961

nork1962

puppies1963

rack1968

knob1970

dingleberry1980

jubblies1991

?1760 Garland of Excellent New Songs 9 Tant-masted all, to see who's tallest, Breast-works, top-ga'ant-sails, and a fan—Messmate, cry'd I, more sail than ballast, Ah, still give me my Buxom Nan.

1863 J. Grant Letty Hyde's Lovers xviii. 201 In vain her round breastworks the count did assail, And though roughly repulsed yet he scorned to turn tail.

1952 W. B. Huie Revolt of Mamie Stover i. 9 She's got legs like Marlene Dietrich except more of 'em. And did you get a load o' them breastworks? Good God A'mighty!

a2004 L. Brown Miracle of Catfish (2007) xxvii. 131 He got a pretty good look at her breastworks as she made her way back to the table.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	breastwork
释义	breastworkn. Brit. /ˈbrɛstwəːk/, U.S. /ˈbrɛs(t)ˌwərk/ Forms: see breast n. and work n. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: breast n., work n. Etymology: < breast n. + work n. †1. An inward-looking task or labour, as opposed to one involving action in the external world. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1606 A. Chapman Christian Liberty sig. D2 Religion is not a brest-work, there is no such freedom from the law; it is not inough for charity to hold her hand on her bosome and feele how her hart worketh, but from her hart she must stretch it forth to help the distressed. 2. a. Military. A (usually) rudimentary and temporary fieldwork, typically chest-high; a parapet (see parapet n. 1). ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > earthwork or rampart > [noun] > breastwork foremost fight?1611 breast1624 breastwork1633 sangar1841 1633 W. Watts Swedish Intelligencer: 3rd & 4th Pts. iii. 42 All, so fenced with a Brest-worke behind which they stood to shoote downe, that nothing but their heads could be seene over it. 1756 B. Franklin Let. 25 Jan. in Papers (1963) VI. 366 We..had inclosed our Camp with a strong Breast work, Musquet proof. 1809 W. Irving Hist. N.Y. I. iii. v. 160 The mud breast works had long been levelled with the earth. 1861 S. Smiles Lives Engineers II. 236 The Hythe Military Canal..protected by a breastwork on the land side. 1970 D. Brown Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee (1991) iii. 53 They retreated about two miles and began to dig breastworks. 2013 J. Beaumont Broken Nation iv. 326 The German defences around Ypres were strengthened with even more trenches and breastworks. b. In extended and figurative use: a form of defence; a barrier. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence hornc825 shieldc1200 warranta1272 bergha1325 armour1340 hedge1340 defencec1350 bucklerc1380 protectiona1382 safety1399 targea1400 suretyc1405 wall1412 pavise?a1439 fencec1440 safeguard?c1500 pale?a1525 waretack1542 muniment1546 shrouda1561 bulwark1577 countermure1581 ward1582 prevention1584 armourya1586 fortificationa1586 securitya1586 penthouse1589 palladium1600 guard1609 subtectacle1609 tutament1609 umbrella1609 bastion1615 screena1616 amulet1621 alexikakon1635 breastwork1643 security1643 protectionary1653 sepiment1660 back1680 shadower1691 aegis1760 inoculation1761 buoya1770 propugnaculum1773 panoply1789 armament1793 fascine1793 protective1827 beaver1838 face shield1842 vaccine1861 zariba1885 wolf-platform1906 firebreak1959 1643 G. Wither Campo-Musæ 5 My Breast-works are Good-Conscience, and the Lawes. 1828 T. Carlyle Burns in Edinb. Rev. Dec. 301 Behind the outmost breastwork of Gentility. 1856 T. De Quincey Confessions Eng. Opium-eater (rev. ed.) in Select. Grave & Gay V. 103 This watery breastwork, a perpendicular wall of water carrying itself as true as if controlled by a mason's plumb-line. 2015 R. Ross in Z. Laidlaw & A. Lester Indigenous Communities & Settler Colonialism v. 89 The Kat River Settlement's role as a breastwork against Xhosa invasion was only too necessary. 3. In various technical uses. a. A wall or embankment constructed to confine, or protect against, a body of water. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > embankment or dam > [noun] wharf1038 causeyc1330 wall1330 bulwark1555 scut1561 weir1599 mound1613 staithe1613 breastwork1641 embankment1786 bund1813 sheath1850 fleet-dyke1858 sheathing1867 causeway1878 flood-bank1928 stopbank1950 1641 tr. Basile de Rouen Converted Capuchin 7 The breast-worke of squared free-stone which defends that Convent from the power of the seas batteries. 1791 W. Marshall Minutes in Rural Econ. W. Eng. (1796) II. 256 The [Salmon] weir,..consists of a strong dam or breastwork, ten or twelve feet high, thrown across the river. 1914 Sessional Papers Canada (12th Parl., 3rd Sess.) XIII. No. 19. 92 Breakwaters and breastworks have been constructed on each side of the proposed canal. 2004 M. Crossman & J. Simm Man. Use of Timber in Coastal & River Engin. viii. 169 Most timber breastworks..are impermeable vertical walls, which will reflect any waves reaching the structure. b. A low wall or barrier placed at the edge of a platform, balcony, roof, etc., to prevent people from falling. Cf. parapet n. 2a. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > wall > other types of wall sidewall1381 brick wall1465 outwall1535 parpen1591 parapet1598 inwall?1611 breastwork1673 parapet wall1682 dwarf1718 screen1761 screen wall1770 hollow wall1823 alure1853 curtain wall1859 core-wall1899 blank wall1904 1673 J. Moore tr. F. Strada Making of Bridge over Scheld in tr. T. Moretti Treat. Artillery 77 The space betwixt each Ship was laid over with five long Beams, plank'd, and had Breast-works, and was as wide as the Bridges before nam'd were. 1747 Maryland Hist. Mag. 9 52 [The Vestrymen] Ordered, That a Breast-Work be erected in the Chapel of this Parish, before the Clerk's seat. 1882 Scotsman 22 Mar. 7/6 The breastwork of the platform was entirely concealed by large mirrors, draped in pink and white. 2006 Perspectives Vernacular Archit. 13 2/2 Special flourishes include the stylized patera and cabling in the breastwork of the gallery. c. Nautical. A rail supported by (often ornamented) stanchions, mouldings, etc., running along the fore edge of the quarterdeck or poop deck, or enclosing the forecastle. Now historical.Quot. ?1760 at sense 4 implies earlier currency of this sense. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > part of vessel above water > [noun] > rails or mouldings > across quarterdeck barricado1675 barricade1769 breastwork1769 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine sig. G6^v Breastwork, a sort of balustrade or fence,..frequently decorated with sculpture. 1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 101 The breast-work..serves to make a separation from the main-deck. 2009 M. Lardas Ships of Amer. Revol. Navy (2011) 26 (diagram) Quarterdeck breastwork and watchkeeping bell. d. Architecture. The brickwork or masonry forming the breast of a chimney. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > wall of building > [noun] > other parts of wall quoin1532 ground-table1640 breast1655 patand1656 raddling1673 breast1674 offset1721 breastwork1779 base1790 breast beam1828 dry area1833 chimney-breast1842 wall-head1898 1779 R. Clavering Ess. Chimneys 15 Formerly it [sc. the Mantle Piece] was a piece of timber that lay across the jambs (and was then called the mantle-tree) and supported the breast-work. 1806 Massachusetts Spy 23 July On the breastwork over the fireplace was the distinct impression of a bloody hand. 1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. §79 The fire-places to have each a strong iron chimney-bar (bar for supporting the breast-work, or front side of the flues). 2005 West Briton (Nexis) 31 Mar. 12 We were asked to make an exploratory hole around the side of the breastwork, which revealed a room behind the fireplace. e. The part of a cotton gin machine bearing or comprising a series of bars or ribs between which rotating saw-edged discs pass, separating the lint from the seed; = breast n. 7d. Now historical. ΚΠ 1793 E. Whitney Long Descr. Cotton Gin in T. Jefferson Papers (1997) XXVII. 241 This Machine may be described under five divisions, corresponding to its five principal parts: Viz: 1. The Frame, 2. The Cylinder; 3 The Breastwork; 4 The clearer, and 5 The Hopper. 1860 Sci. Amer. 14 Apr. 246/3 The great error in the plan projected by Mr. Whitney..may easily be found in his idea of forcing the staple through a stationary breastwork of iron at the point where the seeds are arrested and abruptly stripped. 2003 A. Lakwete Inventing Cotton Gin 51 The teeth pulled both fiber and seed along until they reached the slotted breastwork at the back of the hopper. f. In a watermill powered by a breast-shot wheel: the curved channel or casing in which the wheel turns; = breasting n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > wheel > [noun] > driven by water > parts of awe1503 scoop1591 float1611 ladle1611 sole1675 float-board1719 ladle-board1744 paddle1758 shrouding1797 wrist1797 polroz1806 breastwork1833 flap1839 shrouding-plate1844 shroud-plate1844 staving1875 shroud- 1833 Derby Mercury 6 Nov. Wheels, shafts and millwright work throughout the mills, with stone breast work for the wheels, reservoir, sluices, weir and flood gates. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) II. 849 A good example of the form of iron buckets employed in the breast wheel..is shown in fig. 1178: a. shrouding..e. breastwork. 1997 Australasian Hist. Archaeol. 15 72/2 The breastshot wheel is mounted inside the mill, half below ground level, in a stone breastwork built to fit the curve of the wheel. g. Nautical. On an ironclad warship: an armoured superstructure enclosing one or more turrets, funnels, deck openings, etc. Also as a modifier, esp. in breastwork monitor: an ironclad warship fitted with such a superstructure. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > part of vessel above water > [noun] > deck superstructure > on a warship breastwork1868 conning-tower1870 1868 Standard 10 Sept. 6/1 Around the Glatton's turret..will be erected a kind of armour-plated breastwork, over which the turret guns will fire. 1903 Engineering 20 Nov. 714/1 The openings to engine-room and stoke-holds, as well as the funnels, were also protected by the breastwork. 1972 Warship Internat. 9 272 Known also as a turret ship or breastwork monitor, Cerberus was the prototype of a class of ships in the RN which were loosely known as the ‘Monster Class’ because of their mythological names. 2015 D. Leggett Shaping Royal Navy v. 171 The Chief Constructor had extended the breastwork, which protected the base of the ship's turret, to the sides of the ship with a lighter iron superstructure. 4. colloquial (U.S. in later use). In plural. A woman's breasts.Originally in extended metaphors, with punning allusion to sense 3c (see quot. ?1760) or 2a (see quot. 1863). ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > front > breast or breasts (of woman) > [noun] titOE breastOE mammaOE pysea1400 mamellec1450 dug1530 duckya1533 bag1579 pommela1586 mam1611 Milky Way1622 bubby?1660 udder1702 globea1727 fore-buttock1727 tetty1746 breastwork?1760 diddy1788 snows1803 sweets1817 titty1865 pappy1869 Charleys1874 bub1881 breastiec1900 ninny1909 pair1919 boobs1932 boobya1934 fun bag1938 maraca1940 knockers1941 can1946 mammaries1947 bazooms1955 jug1957 melon1957 bosoms1959 Bristols1961 chichi1961 nork1962 puppies1963 rack1968 knob1970 dingleberry1980 jubblies1991 ?1760 Garland of Excellent New Songs 9 Tant-masted all, to see who's tallest, Breast-works, top-ga'ant-sails, and a fan—Messmate, cry'd I, more sail than ballast, Ah, still give me my Buxom Nan. 1863 J. Grant Letty Hyde's Lovers xviii. 201 In vain her round breastworks the count did assail, And though roughly repulsed yet he scorned to turn tail. 1952 W. B. Huie Revolt of Mamie Stover i. 9 She's got legs like Marlene Dietrich except more of 'em. And did you get a load o' them breastworks? Good God A'mighty! a2004 L. Brown Miracle of Catfish (2007) xxvii. 131 He got a pretty good look at her breastworks as she made her way back to the table. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1606
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