townshipn.

Brit.

/ˈtaʊnʃɪp/, U.S.

/ˈtaʊnˌʃɪp/

Forms: see town n. and -ship suffix.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: town n., -ship suffix.

Etymology: < town n. + -ship suffix. With senses 1 and 2 compare (with different first element) Middle Low German dorpschap, Middle High German dorfschaft village or hamlet, its inhabitants collectively (German Dorfschaft).Use with reference to specific territorial divisions or corporate bodies (see sense 2) is not attested before the 15th cent. Whether a township in sense 1a could function as a corporate entity already during the Anglo-Saxon and early feudal period is uncertain; compare quot. OE at sense 1a where it is unclear whether it is the village community as a whole or its individual members who are to function as witnesses. The rare early Middle English compound township moot n. at Compounds 3 appears to attest to an assembly or court based on the township as administrative unit in the 12th cent., and has sometimes been cited in this connection, but the context is unclear and the precise meaning is disputed; perhaps compare portmanmoot n., with which the word is apparently associated. In sense 3 often rendering classical Latin pāgus (see pagan n.), ancient Greek δῆμος (see deme n.¹).

I. Senses referring to a place or its inhabitants.

†a. In Anglo-Saxon and Norman England: the inhabitants of an estate or village collectively. Cf. town n. 1b, 3a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > inhabitant of village > [noun] > collectively

townshipeOE

villagea1529

hamlet1744

villageship1762

villagefula1894

eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) v. xi. 416 Se ealdormon..sende þa weord þider & heht ðone tunscipe ealne ofslean, & þone tun forbernan [L. mittens occidit vicanos illos omnes vicumque incendio consumsit].

OE Laws of Edgar (Nero E.i) iv. viii. 210 Gif he þonne unmyndlunge ceap aredige.., cyðe hit þonne he ham cume; & gif hit cuce orf bið, mid his tunscipes gewitnysse [L. uicinorum testimonio] on gemænre læse gebringe. Gif he swa ne deð ær fif nihtum, cyðan hit þæs tunes men þam hundrodes ealdre.

?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137 Gif twa men oþer iii coman ridend to an tun, al þe tunscipe flugæn for heom.

b. Anglo-Saxon History. A small administrative division corresponding to the territory of an estate or village. Cf. town n. 1b, 3a. Now disused.There appears to be no evidence for the existence of such administrative divisions in the Anglo-Saxon period (see etymological note).

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > [noun] > an organized social structure > simplest unit

township1832

1832 F. Palgrave Rise & Progr. Eng. Commonw. i. iii. 65 (marg. Anglo-Saxon state composed of Townships.) Ascending in the analysis of the Anglo-Saxon State, the first and primary element appears to be the community, which, in England, during the Saxon period, was denominated the Town, or Township.

1867 C. H. Pearson Hist. Eng. i. 16 The stronger and more warlike tribes secured themselves from surprise in townships or camps,..fortified with felled timber and a ditch.

1881 J. R. Green Making of Eng. iv. 180. The unit of social life..was the cluster of such farmers' homes, each set in its own little croft, which made up the Township or the tun.

1889 G. E. Howard Local Instit. Hist. U.S. i. i. 18 In the early records of English history the tunscipe or township, appears as the lowest form of self government and the primary division of the state.

1910 J. W. Harper Social Ideal xxi. 243 The township is older than the manor..English feudalism destroyed the territorial organisation and reared itself on the ruins of the townships.

(a) A manor, hamlet, or other settlement, treated as a territorial division. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > administrative divisions in Britain > other small administrative divisions

sokenc1030

sokec1350

township1414

soc1728

sub-countya1832

1414 Petition in Rotuli Parl. (1767–77) IV. 57/1 His Maner and Tounshipe of Chestreton.

1491–2 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1491 §9. m. 4 Honours, lordshippes, townshippes, maners, londes..and all othre enheritamentes.

a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 172 (MED) He desyrith more grete lordshuppe, othyr lytill rente, than a townshup of londe, othyr a grete Some of catele.

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxv^v Loke that there be no maner of sickenesse amonge the cattell in that towneshyppe or pasture, that thou byest thy catell out of.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 807 Hexham..a Manour or township belonging to the Archbishops of Yorke.

1670 J. Pettus Fodinæ Regales 33 All which are in the Township of Skibery Coed.

a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) ii. x. 234 In this Book are entred the Names of the Mannors or inhabited Townships, Boroughs and Cities,..the Number of Plough-Lands that each contains, and the Number of the Inhabitants upon them.

1777 Act for inclosing Barmby 9 in Private Acts Geo. III I. ix The said Surveyor or Surveyors..are hereby required to deliver in to the said Commissioners, a proper Field Book of the said Township and Manor.

1788 W. Marshall Provincialisms E. Yorks. in Rural Econ. Yorks. II. 354 An exclusive privilege claimed by a mill, for grinding all the corn which is used within the manor or township it stands in.

1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe II. xi. 196 A less orderly and a worse armed force, consisting of the Saxon inhabitants of the neighbouring township.

1890 J. Macy Our Govt. (rev. ed.) 4 The church divided the country into parishes, having generally the same geographical boundaries as the township.

1985 C. Cross Urban Magistrates & Ministers 2 The important Cistercian abbey at Kirkstall which predated the medieval township by nearly a century.

(b) spec. A division of a large parish, containing a village or small town and usually having its own church (cf. chapelry n. 1). See parish n. 2a. Now chiefly historical.Such divisions, which were often constituted for the administration of the Poor Law, are now usually distinct civil parishes and are denominated as such; however, township was retained into the 20th cent. in the north of England for the ancient divisions of such original parishes as Crosthwaite, Grasmere, Windermere, and Kendal, e.g. the townships of Borrowdale, Langdale, Rydal, and Ambleside.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > administrative divisions in Britain > chapelry

township1540

chapelry1591

1540 in J. W. Clay Testamenta Eboracensia (1902) VI. 117 Beinge of the townshipe of Witley.

1662 Act 14 Chas. II c. 12 §21 That all and every the poore..persons within every Township or Village within the severall Counties aforesaid shall from and after the passing of this Act be maintained..and sett on worke within the several and respective Towneship and Village..and that there shall be yearely chosen and appointed..twoe or more Overseers of the Poore within every of the said Townships or Villages.

1676 J. Beale Let. Apr. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1986) XII. 231 'Tis more honour to raise a Village or Township with competent relief, on Land that hath hitherto been deserted as hopeless, than to make depopulations on good Land.

1764 R. Burn Hist. Poor Laws 111 The head of a township or village is the constable; and there are many townships in a parish wherein there is no churchwarden.

1770 Ann. Reg. 1769 66/2 One of the high constables of Osgoldcross was indicted for extorting..1250l. from twenty-five townships belonging to his wapentake.

1837 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire I. i. i. 170 In the northern counties, where the parishes sometimes embrace 30 or 40 square miles, the poor laws..could not be properly carried into effect. To remedy this inconvenience, an act was passed in the 13th of Charles II. permitting townships and villages, though not entire parishes, severally and distinctly to maintain their own poor. Hence townships in the north of England may be regarded as divisions, subordinate to parishes; and are, in practice, as distinctly limited as if they were separate parishes.

1891 J. P. Earwaker Constables' Accts. Manch. I. Introd. 17 The two constables whose proceedings are recorded in the following pages, were appointed for the Township of Manchester alone; but, as that then embraced the whole of the town, they had entire charge of the town.

1906 S. Webb & B. Webb Eng. Local Govt. I. ii. 70 The great parish of Manchester, which extended over an area of quite 54 square miles, included no fewer than thirty semi-independent townships—one of them having, like the whole parish, the name of Manchester.

1939 Manch. Guardian 8 Feb. 10/6 The sub-committee proposed to prohibit petrol stations in..the whole of the townships of Bowland-with-Leagram, Aighton, Bailey and Chaigley, and Thornley-with-Wheatley.

1996 M. Overton Agric. Revol. Eng. (2004) 46 In the north, most parishes consisted of several townships.

b. The inhabitants of a particular manor, parish, or division of a hundred (hundred n. and adj. 5a), as a community or corporate body. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > inhabitant of a district or parish > [noun] > collectively

shirea1122

parishc1300

sidec1325

commona1382

community1426

township1443

vicinage1647

county1651

countryside1669

sucken1872

1443 in Cal. Proc. Chancery Queen Elizabeth (1827) I. p. xxxvi (MED) The saide vicary..hafe founden a preste in the saide toun of Stretton..ministryng there all maner of sacrementes..to all the townschip of Stretton.

1445–6 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Feb. 1445 §40. m. 6 [To] assesse well and duly every tounship withinne the seid hundredes.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. clxxiiii With prouycion y^t euery Towneshyp shuld kepe all poore people of theyr owne Dwellers, whiche myght nat labour for theyr lyuynge.

1547 in East Anglian (1885) 1 69 Itm solde A^o primo Ed. sexti Regis &c. by the Towneshippe and Churchewardens [of Beccles] so moche plate as amounteth to the Summe of xl li.

1594 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 i. iii. 26 I am but a Messenger for the whole town-ship.

1628 G. Wither Britain's Remembrancer iv. 203 When halfe the Towneship, and the Hamlets nigh Are met to revell, at some Parish, by.

1721 M. Dutton Office & Authority Sheriffs 107 Land, Corn, and Goods..shall be deliver'd to the whole Township.

1810 W. Selwyn Abridgem. Law Nisi Prius (ed. 2) II. xxi. 837 The court held, that all the subjects of England, of common right, might fish in the sea,..and that therefore a prescription for it as appurtenant to a particular township was void.

1984 J. Thirsk Rural Econ. Eng. iv. 49 Another quarrel..in the same manor in December 1307..was set down in the court rolls not as a quarrel between the complainant, Quenylda de Alverthorpe, and the whole township but between her and four other named persons.

3. In non-English-speaking countries: an independent or self-governing town or village, or (later) one having some degree of local government.Frequently with reference to ancient Greece.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town, village, or collection of dwellings > [noun]

thorpc725

homeeOE

byc950

castlec1000

wickc1000

streeta1325

placec1390

plecka1576

bourgade1601

township1602

townreda1613

ville1837

vicus1842

ham1864

stad1896

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough > in ancient Greece or Rome

township1602

borougha1747

demos1762

deme1833

1602 W. Fulbecke Pandectes 57 So likewise Pagi, towneships, are deriued of the Doricke word πάγα, which signifieth a fountaine, and in the Atticall dialect is πήγη.

1681 H. Neville Plato Redivivus 74 The Swisses consist of Thirteen Soveraignties; some Cities..and some Provinces which have but a Village for their head Township.

1786 J. Gillies Hist. Anc. Greece I. i. 20 The inhabitants of each little township aspired at independent jurisdiction.

1798 Monthly Mag. Jan. 3 Now, the land of Cush (Genesis x. 7,) comprehended the five subdivisions or townships of Seba, Havilah, Sabtha, Raamah, and Sabthechah.

1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) II. xi. 11 The incorporation of several scattered townships in one city, such as took place in Attica.

1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India I. i. ii. 39 His internal administration is to be conducted by a chain of civil officers, consisting of lords of single townships or villages, lords of ten towns, lords of 100, and lords of 1000 towns.

1872 J. Yeats Growth Commerce 301 An insignificant township named Calcutta.

1905 Expositor Feb. 81 A Jebusite township existed around or beside the stronghold Zion.

1908 S. A. Cook Relig. Anc. Palestine i. 8 The small townships of Palestine and Syria—the average city was a small fortified site surrounded by dwellings, sometimes with an outer wall.

2000 W. M. Johnston Encycl. Monasticism I. 99/2 Assisi is a township located on Mount Asi, near the center of the province of Umbria.

4. North American. Any of various territorial divisions; spec. a division of a county forming a unit of local government; the inhabitants or government of such a division.The more common term in New England is town (see town n. 6).In the U.S. Public Land Survey System, the term denotes a division approximately six miles square (i.e. of thirty-six square miles), not necessarily corresponding to a civil division (cf. range n.¹ 2e). The term is similarly used in the western provinces of Canada, from Ontario to British Columbia, and in Eastern Quebec and Prince Edward Island.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > in U.S.A. and Canada

township1635

1635 in Watertown Rec. (1894) i. 1 Two Hundred Acres of vpland nere to the Mill shalbe reserved as most convenient to make a Towneship.

1637 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan ii. vii. 89 You may see in one towneship a hundred acres together, set with these Fish, every acre taking 1000. of them.

1685 W. Penn Further Acct. Pennsylvania 5 We do settle in the way of Townships or Villages, each of which contains 5000 Acres in square, and at least Ten Families.

1714 S. Sewall Diary 23 Feb. (1973) II. 745 This Court a large Town-ship, of 12 miles square, is granted near Wadchuset.

1775 J. Adams in J. Adams & A. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 120 The division of our..counties into townships..gives every man an opportunity of showing and improving that education which he received at college or at school.

1779 Hist. Europe in Ann. Reg. 91 The settlement of Wyoming consisted of eight townships, each containing a square of five miles.

1801 Farmer's Mag. Apr. 164 Method of clearing New Land,..as practised in several parts of New Hampshire, particularly in the Township of Dartmouth.

1824 S. Smith in Edinb. Rev. July 432 All the public lands..are divided into townships of six miles square, by lines running with the cardinal points, and consequently crossing each other at right angles.

1871 Athenæum 27 May 660 From 20 to 30 feet of pure graphite are stated to exist on the Ottawa river, in the township of Buckingham.

1899 W. H. Crosskill Prince Edward Island (1904) 16 The parish lines are but little recognized, the more general sub-division being by lots or townships, of which there are 67 running numerically from west to east.

1912 Province of Quebec for Brit. Emigr. 13 The Eastern townships have also a well deserved reputation as a grazing country.

1979 Whig-Standard (Kingston, Ont.) 29 Mar. 21/4 The township has called for ten feet of yard between the end of a line of row houses and the next building.

1988 C. L. Siemon in B. R. Collins & E. W. B. Russell Protecting New Jersey Pinelands 269 528.55 acres that lie in portions of both Hamilton and Egg Harbor townships.

2002 Philadelphia Inquirer 29 Dec. b4/6 The township put together a package of incentives worth nearly $1 million.

a. In Australia, New Zealand, and (formerly) South Africa: (originally) a site reserved for and laid out as a town (now historical); (later) such a site at an early stage of development, typically consisting of a few dwellings grouped around a railway station, shop, hotel, post office, or the like; (hence) a small town, a village, a hamlet. Cf. town site n. at town n. Compounds 1b.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > village > [noun] > village in countries other than England

casal1511

clachana1530

rancheria1594

aldeia1609

stanitza1662

kraal1731

pettah1761

township1789

pueblo1808

rancho1819

kainga1820

aoul1828

bustee1834

obe1835

tref1841

kampong1844

mir1856

manyatta1905

lapa1909

shtetl1963

1789 in Hist. Rec. Austral. (1914) 1st Ser. I. 127 You are..to lay out townships of a convenient size and extent, in such places as You, in Your discretion, shall judge most proper.

1802 Barrington's Hist. New S. Wales x. 419 The timber of 120 acres was cut down..a township marked out, and some few huts built.

1852 H. Cloete Three Lect. Emigration Dutch Farmers iii. 47 The emigrant farmers laid out this township of Pietermaritzburg and what is now called the town of D'Urban. Landrosts were appointed to both townships.

1857 R. B. Paul Lett. from Canterbury iv. 72 Malvern Hills, where Mr Cass thinks there is a site suited for a township.

1890 Argus (Melbourne) 14 June 4/2 Will you come into the township to-night?

1911 W. H. Koebel In Maoriland Bush xviii. 241 Half an hour later the street of the township opens out before the rider.

1977 N.Z. Herald 8 Jan. iv. 1/5 (advt.) From Henderson Township take Swanson Rd for 1 mile.

2012 Capricorn Coast (Queensland) Mirror (Nexis) 29 Feb. 4 The project involved installing 21 fire hydrants to protect the township from wildfires and house fires.

b. In South Africa: a site laid out for a new suburb; an area of land to be subdivided and sold by developers as freehold residential or industrial plots.In quot. 1889 as part of a name.Now largely eclipsed by sense 5c.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > [noun] > site of or for (a) building(s) > other

township1889

1889 Dundee Courier & Argus 7 Oct. 1/2 (advt.) The immense success attending the sale of suburban building lots, as instanced by the suburbs of Doornfontein, Jeppe's Township, and others.., makes the disposal of this portion of the Company's property an assured success.

1903 Economist 23 May 928/1 This company..is intended more particularly to carry on operations in the suburbs adjoining the town [sc. Johannesburg], where most important townships are being laid out.

1936 S. Afr. Surv. Jrnl. (Inst. Land Surveyors) Mar. 305 It was the public, and not the township designer, who eventually decided the fate of a lay-out. It might be designed as a residential suburb, but conditions..might transform it into an industrial centre.

1945 Sunday Times (Johannesburg) 4 Nov. 8/8 A design has been prepared for a new township in Bezuidenhout Valley, between Cyrildene and Kensington.

1982 Eastern Province Herald (Port Elizabeth) 29 Dec. (Suppl.) Proclaimed township with insurance guarantee covering Tarred roads. Water. Electricity.

2006 N. Nieftagodien in S. Roberts Sustainable Manufacturing vi. 111 Even the creation of a new industrial township, Vulcania, in 1938 had little impact on the towns [sic] economic fortunes.

c. In South Africa: an urban or peri-urban area occupied predominantly by black South Africans and formerly officially designated for non-white occupation by apartheid segregation laws. Cf. location n. 4b.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > part of country or district > [noun] > reservation for indigenous people

reserve1667

Indian reserve1752

reservation1792

Indian reservation1804

station1825

location1833

native reserve1842

native location1866

res1880

native location1928

township1934

homeland1959

1934 Lovedale Sol-fa Leaflet No. 17. 4 When the Bantu Township of Nancefield or Klipspruit (eleven miles West of Johannesburg) was first settled as a Suburb of the Rand Municipality, the late Enoch Sontonga..was a teacher in one of the Methodist Mission Schools.

1941 Bantu World 1 Mar. 9 Most of the townships (except Pimville) now have some form of street lighting.

1946 P. H. Abrahams Mine Boy viii. 98 This side of the township had mostly Coloured people. The other side was where the native people were.

1964 L. Nkosi Rhythm of Violence 15 Which black township would you go to?

1967 J. Lelyveld in E. Cole & T. Flaherty House of Bondage (1968) 8 It [sc. Soweto] is simply an amalgam of the words South Western Townships.

1971 Sunday Express (Johannesburg) 28 Mar. 6/1 The non-Whites..are not going to be satisfied much longer with leading third-rate lives in third-rate townships.

1984 Observer 9 Dec. 12/2 The flood [of people] has overflowed the inadequate African townships built by apartheid planners.

1990 Drum 28 May The sight of a white living in a township still raises a few eyebrows.

2005 Sowetan (Johannesburg) 11 Feb. 21/4 [He] would put on loud music and dance the tsipa, a popular dance craze in the townships.

2010 Soldier June 5/3 A series of football coaching clinics for children in Durban's townships.

6. In Scotland: a farm held in joint tenancy. Cf. town n. 1b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun] > farm held in joint tenancy

township1802

1802 C. Findlater Gen. View Agric. County of Peebles iii. 47 Upon the separation of farms from their state of townships, runrig, and commonty..into distinct possessions with separate residencies, the farmer, who obtained possession of the farm..might have a superfluity of houses to dispose of to cottagers.

1813 J. Headrick Gen. View Agric. Angus 561 A township is a farm occupied by two or more farmers, in common, or in separate lots, who reside in a straggling hamlet, or village.

1884 Marquis of Lorne in Pall Mall Gaz. 10 May 1/2 Recommending that the State should prop the fast vanishing feudal tenure of the ‘township’ of the crofter.

1901 Scotsman 4 Mar. 7/2 They found..about forty men from the township of Lemreway [in Lewis] outside ready to resist.

1962 J. B. Caird in J. Mitchell Great Brit. (1972) xxix. 551 When all tenants do not take part in the common agricultural tasks the cohesion of the township decays.

1997 Shetland Times 21 Nov. 20/5 The modern crofting townships of today are a legacy of the Norse farm system.

II. Other senses.

7. The fact or condition of living in a town; the quality or character of a town.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > condition of

township1677

townhood1845

1677 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (rev. ed.) 193 They..have little or no civility save in Zagathai, where they associate in Town-ship [1664 Town-ships].

1780 Mirror No. 105. ⁋2 Such people are apt to assume in conversation [a consequence], which, I think, goes beyond the just prerogative of township, and is a very unfair encroachment on the natural rights of their friends..in the country.

1876 Exercises Commem. Burning of Medfield 45 It is a very pleasant thing..for these towns to keep up their identity—for them to keep up this spirit of township.

2011 DNA (Nexis) 25 July IDA official G.M. Bhalla said there would be eight buildings in this area which would give a feeling of township.

†8. A mock title of respect for a town. Obsolete.Apparently an isolated use.

ΚΠ

1809 B. H. Malkin tr. A. R. Le Sage Adventures Gil Blas I. ii. ix. 303 Olmedo looks like a..town. I beg its township's pardon [Fr. je lui fais réparation d'honneur], replied the barber.

Compounds

C1.

a. General attributive (esp. in sense 4), as township bridge, township drain, township road, etc.

ΚΠ

1647 in Watertown (Mass.) Rec. (1894) I. ii. 12 Complaynt is made that the Land giuen in liew of the Towneship; is not a Just satisfaction for the Towneshipp Land.

1774 T. West Descr. View Furness p. xxiii, in Antiq. Furness One general obstacle to the improvement of Furness..is the mixed lands or township fields.

1792 York Herald 30 June One hundred and fifty-seven acres of Land (eighty-five acres whereof are old Inclosure, and the rest Township-field Land).

1794 J. Granger Gen. View Agric. Durham 50 A proper application of the statute duty..is the only thing wanted to make the generality of township roads equally good as the public roads.

1822 T. Bewick Mem. (1975) iii. 29 He was then obliged to seek parish or township relief.

1830 Reg. Pennsylvania 27 Feb. 137/1 Such bridge shall be constructed, and for ever maintained as other county or township bridges are constructed and maintained.

1874 Inter Ocean (Chicago) 26 Feb. 8/2 They came back yesterday morning and found him under the hay rack of his wagon, frozen in under the ice in the township drain.

1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. II. xlviii. 235 Any county desiring to forsake township organization may do so by a vote of the electors.

1904 Daily Chron. 19 Oct. 8/3 A simple and traditional dramatisation of some scene in early English township life.

1961 Daily Herald (Chicago) 20 Apr. 1/5 The record turnout belied theories that the citizenry would suffer from election fatigue and neglect the polls after township and school elections.

1998 Lucknow (Ont.) Sentinel 18 Mar. 2/5 Several complaints had been received regarding manure, mud and debris being deposited on township roads.

b. General attributive (in sense 5c), as township dweller, township resident, etc.

ΚΠ

1960 Guardian 16 June 9/3 Todd [Matshikiza]..is credited with the invention of fast township-slang Sampson dubbed ‘Matshikeze’.

1966 Drum (Johannesburg) 30 Jan. 16 There are the Municipal cops who the township wits call Black Jacks, so called because of their black uniform.

1971 Sunday Times 14 Nov. (Mag.) 5 Last year he wrote ‘Qundeni’ a contemporary play about township life.

1980 Compar. Politics 12 491 Influx control and crime lock together in a vicious spiral with the average black township-dweller caught between the tsotsis (township thugs) on the one hand, and the police on the other.

1986 Listener 3 July 5/3 The vigilantes emerged..because black township residents were sick and tired of the rule of the militant young ‘Comrades’.

1991 Argus (Cape Town, S. Afr.) 16 Apr. 7/3 Overcrowding and shortages of stationery, books and teachers are still plaguing many township schools.

2002 D. Aitkenhead Promised Land xiii. 132 The state hoped that their old gangs would reactivate and provide an attraction for township youths to rival that of the ANC.

C2. attributive. Designating any of various styles of South African popular music originating in or associated with the townships (sense 5c); of or characteristic of such music. Frequently in township jive, township jazz.

ΚΠ

1956 T. Makiwane in New Age 30 Aug. 6 Full time entertainers..who were built up on the rough boards in the African townships and locations before the audiences who make township jazz what it is.

1963 V. C. Mutwa Indaba, my Children i. 1 The loud howls of modern township jive.

1966 Transition No. 24. 35/2 Anyone who has ever seen South African blacks dance the popular Kwela or listened to popular township jive music called mbaqanga would be capable of bringing new insights and understanding to compositions such as..‘Homecoming’.

1983 Times 3 Sept. (Sat. section) 7/1 Beckett's lyrical modern trumpet is offset by Pukwana's infectious township rhythms.

1987 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 24 June Rhythmically complex, yet wonderfully seductive, the township sound that dominated much of last night's show almost demanded movement.

1994 Washington Post 1 Mar. c2/2 Masekela's mbaqanga-flavored township jazz was alternately sensual, soulful and politically charged.

1998 C. A. Lockard Dance of Life vi. 268 Music has been increasingly used as a vehicle for social and political comment since the 1950s..(e.g., Jamaican reggae.., Nigerian juju and Afrobeat, South African mbaqanga and township pop, [etc.]).

2006 N. Silver in B. Hollyer You're the Best! 155 Usually he sat on the opposite pavement, listening to jazz and township music on a tinny radio.

2012 Daily Gleaner (New Brunswick) (Nexis) 17 July d5 The crowd in London's Hyde Park swayed and danced to the chiming guitars, punchy horns and accordions of the township jive.

C3.

township farm n. now rare (in Scotland) a farm held in joint tenancy; = sense 6.

ΚΠ

1884 Standard 13 Nov. 5/7 A system of club, or township farms, divided on a most wasteful plan into cultivated ridges, with a sort of pathway between each.

1910 W. L. Mathieson Awakening Scotl. vi. 276 The type of agriculture..is still that of the township farm.

township moot n. (also †township's moot) now historical (apparently) the assembly or court of a township (sense 1a); cf. portmanmoot n. and town moot n. at town n. Compounds 1a(a)(ii).In modern historical use (now rare) also in sense ‘assembly or court of a township (sense 1b)’; see etymological note.

ΚΠ

1199 Royal Charter: John to Chertsey Abbey in T. D. Hardy Rotuli Chartarum in Turri Londinensi (1837) I. 6/1 Ab omnibus oppressionibus & exactionibus, scilicet..hustingis, & portmanemot, & tunsipemot.

1330 ( Royal Charter: Henry II to Bermondsey Abbey in Charter Roll, 4 Edward III (P.R.O.: C 53/117) m. 23 Homines suos liberos & quietos de..placitis & querelis & portmannesmot & Tuncipesmot.

1881 Law Times 22 Oct. 399 The history of our Village Communities, the Township Moot, and the Parish Vestry, show that much jurisdiction was not derived from the Crown.

1914 W. J. Weston County of Durham xxiii. 155 Townshipmoots, Wardmoots, and Shiremoots have expanded into more regularly constituted Parish Councils, District Councils, and County Councils.

1991 K. Deauxville Blood Red Roses (1999) iv. 41 It is the king's wish to retain much of the Anglo-Saxon systems of justice that minister to the people, but to put it in his loyal lords' hands and not in the vills' or any township moots.

township trustee n. U.S. a member of a committee elected to administer the affairs of a township (sense 4).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > other municipal officials > [noun] > of township in parts of U.S.

titheman1639

tithingman1639

supervisor1792

township trustee1817

1817 Acts State of Ohio XV. 175 The township trustees shall appoint a lister who shall perform all the duties required of a lister by this act.

1836 New-Yorker 30 Apr. 92/1 The vote (by general ticket) for Township Trustees is stated as follows.

2009 Cincinnati Mag. Aug. 91/2 Now serving his second stint as township trustee, he's seen the township grow over the years.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	township
释义	townshipn. Brit. /ˈtaʊnʃɪp/, U.S. /ˈtaʊnˌʃɪp/ Forms: see town n. and -ship suffix. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: town n., -ship suffix. Etymology: < town n. + -ship suffix. With senses 1 and 2 compare (with different first element) Middle Low German dorpschap, Middle High German dorfschaft village or hamlet, its inhabitants collectively (German Dorfschaft).Use with reference to specific territorial divisions or corporate bodies (see sense 2) is not attested before the 15th cent. Whether a township in sense 1a could function as a corporate entity already during the Anglo-Saxon and early feudal period is uncertain; compare quot. OE at sense 1a where it is unclear whether it is the village community as a whole or its individual members who are to function as witnesses. The rare early Middle English compound township moot n. at Compounds 3 appears to attest to an assembly or court based on the township as administrative unit in the 12th cent., and has sometimes been cited in this connection, but the context is unclear and the precise meaning is disputed; perhaps compare portmanmoot n., with which the word is apparently associated. In sense 3 often rendering classical Latin pāgus (see pagan n.), ancient Greek δῆμος (see deme n.¹). I. Senses referring to a place or its inhabitants. 1. †a. In Anglo-Saxon and Norman England: the inhabitants of an estate or village collectively. Cf. town n. 1b, 3a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > inhabitant of village > [noun] > collectively townshipeOE villagea1529 hamlet1744 villageship1762 villagefula1894 eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) v. xi. 416 Se ealdormon..sende þa weord þider & heht ðone tunscipe ealne ofslean, & þone tun forbernan [L. mittens occidit vicanos illos omnes vicumque incendio consumsit]. OE Laws of Edgar (Nero E.i) iv. viii. 210 Gif he þonne unmyndlunge ceap aredige.., cyðe hit þonne he ham cume; & gif hit cuce orf bið, mid his tunscipes gewitnysse [L. uicinorum testimonio] on gemænre læse gebringe. Gif he swa ne deð ær fif nihtum, cyðan hit þæs tunes men þam hundrodes ealdre. ?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137 Gif twa men oþer iii coman ridend to an tun, al þe tunscipe flugæn for heom. b. Anglo-Saxon History. A small administrative division corresponding to the territory of an estate or village. Cf. town n. 1b, 3a. Now disused.There appears to be no evidence for the existence of such administrative divisions in the Anglo-Saxon period (see etymological note). ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > [noun] > an organized social structure > simplest unit township1832 1832 F. Palgrave Rise & Progr. Eng. Commonw. i. iii. 65 (marg. Anglo-Saxon state composed of Townships.) Ascending in the analysis of the Anglo-Saxon State, the first and primary element appears to be the community, which, in England, during the Saxon period, was denominated the Town, or Township. 1867 C. H. Pearson Hist. Eng. i. 16 The stronger and more warlike tribes secured themselves from surprise in townships or camps,..fortified with felled timber and a ditch. 1881 J. R. Green Making of Eng. iv. 180. The unit of social life..was the cluster of such farmers' homes, each set in its own little croft, which made up the Township or the tun. 1889 G. E. Howard Local Instit. Hist. U.S. i. i. 18 In the early records of English history the tunscipe or township, appears as the lowest form of self government and the primary division of the state. 1910 J. W. Harper Social Ideal xxi. 243 The township is older than the manor..English feudalism destroyed the territorial organisation and reared itself on the ruins of the townships. 2. a. (a) A manor, hamlet, or other settlement, treated as a territorial division. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > administrative divisions in Britain > other small administrative divisions sokenc1030 sokec1350 township1414 soc1728 sub-countya1832 1414 Petition in Rotuli Parl. (1767–77) IV. 57/1 His Maner and Tounshipe of Chestreton. 1491–2 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1491 §9. m. 4 Honours, lordshippes, townshippes, maners, londes..and all othre enheritamentes. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 172 (MED) He desyrith more grete lordshuppe, othyr lytill rente, than a townshup of londe, othyr a grete Some of catele. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxv^v Loke that there be no maner of sickenesse amonge the cattell in that towneshyppe or pasture, that thou byest thy catell out of. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 807 Hexham..a Manour or township belonging to the Archbishops of Yorke. 1670 J. Pettus Fodinæ Regales 33 All which are in the Township of Skibery Coed. a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) ii. x. 234 In this Book are entred the Names of the Mannors or inhabited Townships, Boroughs and Cities,..the Number of Plough-Lands that each contains, and the Number of the Inhabitants upon them. 1777 Act for inclosing Barmby 9 in Private Acts Geo. III I. ix The said Surveyor or Surveyors..are hereby required to deliver in to the said Commissioners, a proper Field Book of the said Township and Manor. 1788 W. Marshall Provincialisms E. Yorks. in Rural Econ. Yorks. II. 354 An exclusive privilege claimed by a mill, for grinding all the corn which is used within the manor or township it stands in. 1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe II. xi. 196 A less orderly and a worse armed force, consisting of the Saxon inhabitants of the neighbouring township. 1890 J. Macy Our Govt. (rev. ed.) 4 The church divided the country into parishes, having generally the same geographical boundaries as the township. 1985 C. Cross Urban Magistrates & Ministers 2 The important Cistercian abbey at Kirkstall which predated the medieval township by nearly a century. (b) spec. A division of a large parish, containing a village or small town and usually having its own church (cf. chapelry n. 1). See parish n. 2a. Now chiefly historical.Such divisions, which were often constituted for the administration of the Poor Law, are now usually distinct civil parishes and are denominated as such; however, township was retained into the 20th cent. in the north of England for the ancient divisions of such original parishes as Crosthwaite, Grasmere, Windermere, and Kendal, e.g. the townships of Borrowdale, Langdale, Rydal, and Ambleside. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > administrative divisions in Britain > chapelry township1540 chapelry1591 1540 in J. W. Clay Testamenta Eboracensia (1902) VI. 117 Beinge of the townshipe of Witley. 1662 Act 14 Chas. II c. 12 §21 That all and every the poore..persons within every Township or Village within the severall Counties aforesaid shall from and after the passing of this Act be maintained..and sett on worke within the several and respective Towneship and Village..and that there shall be yearely chosen and appointed..twoe or more Overseers of the Poore within every of the said Townships or Villages. 1676 J. Beale Let. Apr. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1986) XII. 231 'Tis more honour to raise a Village or Township with competent relief, on Land that hath hitherto been deserted as hopeless, than to make depopulations on good Land. 1764 R. Burn Hist. Poor Laws 111 The head of a township or village is the constable; and there are many townships in a parish wherein there is no churchwarden. 1770 Ann. Reg. 1769 66/2 One of the high constables of Osgoldcross was indicted for extorting..1250l. from twenty-five townships belonging to his wapentake. 1837 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire I. i. i. 170 In the northern counties, where the parishes sometimes embrace 30 or 40 square miles, the poor laws..could not be properly carried into effect. To remedy this inconvenience, an act was passed in the 13th of Charles II. permitting townships and villages, though not entire parishes, severally and distinctly to maintain their own poor. Hence townships in the north of England may be regarded as divisions, subordinate to parishes; and are, in practice, as distinctly limited as if they were separate parishes. 1891 J. P. Earwaker Constables' Accts. Manch. I. Introd. 17 The two constables whose proceedings are recorded in the following pages, were appointed for the Township of Manchester alone; but, as that then embraced the whole of the town, they had entire charge of the town. 1906 S. Webb & B. Webb Eng. Local Govt. I. ii. 70 The great parish of Manchester, which extended over an area of quite 54 square miles, included no fewer than thirty semi-independent townships—one of them having, like the whole parish, the name of Manchester. 1939 Manch. Guardian 8 Feb. 10/6 The sub-committee proposed to prohibit petrol stations in..the whole of the townships of Bowland-with-Leagram, Aighton, Bailey and Chaigley, and Thornley-with-Wheatley. 1996 M. Overton Agric. Revol. Eng. (2004) 46 In the north, most parishes consisted of several townships. b. The inhabitants of a particular manor, parish, or division of a hundred (hundred n. and adj. 5a), as a community or corporate body. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > inhabitant of a district or parish > [noun] > collectively shirea1122 parishc1300 sidec1325 commona1382 community1426 township1443 vicinage1647 county1651 countryside1669 sucken1872 1443 in Cal. Proc. Chancery Queen Elizabeth (1827) I. p. xxxvi (MED) The saide vicary..hafe founden a preste in the saide toun of Stretton..ministryng there all maner of sacrementes..to all the townschip of Stretton. 1445–6 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Feb. 1445 §40. m. 6 [To] assesse well and duly every tounship withinne the seid hundredes. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. clxxiiii With prouycion y^t euery Towneshyp shuld kepe all poore people of theyr owne Dwellers, whiche myght nat labour for theyr lyuynge. 1547 in East Anglian (1885) 1 69 Itm solde A^o primo Ed. sexti Regis &c. by the Towneshippe and Churchewardens [of Beccles] so moche plate as amounteth to the Summe of xl li. 1594 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 i. iii. 26 I am but a Messenger for the whole town-ship. 1628 G. Wither Britain's Remembrancer iv. 203 When halfe the Towneship, and the Hamlets nigh Are met to revell, at some Parish, by. 1721 M. Dutton Office & Authority Sheriffs 107 Land, Corn, and Goods..shall be deliver'd to the whole Township. 1810 W. Selwyn Abridgem. Law Nisi Prius (ed. 2) II. xxi. 837 The court held, that all the subjects of England, of common right, might fish in the sea,..and that therefore a prescription for it as appurtenant to a particular township was void. 1984 J. Thirsk Rural Econ. Eng. iv. 49 Another quarrel..in the same manor in December 1307..was set down in the court rolls not as a quarrel between the complainant, Quenylda de Alverthorpe, and the whole township but between her and four other named persons. 3. In non-English-speaking countries: an independent or self-governing town or village, or (later) one having some degree of local government.Frequently with reference to ancient Greece. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town, village, or collection of dwellings > [noun] thorpc725 homeeOE byc950 castlec1000 wickc1000 streeta1325 placec1390 plecka1576 bourgade1601 township1602 townreda1613 ville1837 vicus1842 ham1864 stad1896 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough > in ancient Greece or Rome township1602 borougha1747 demos1762 deme1833 1602 W. Fulbecke Pandectes 57 So likewise Pagi, towneships, are deriued of the Doricke word πάγα, which signifieth a fountaine, and in the Atticall dialect is πήγη. 1681 H. Neville Plato Redivivus 74 The Swisses consist of Thirteen Soveraignties; some Cities..and some Provinces which have but a Village for their head Township. 1786 J. Gillies Hist. Anc. Greece I. i. 20 The inhabitants of each little township aspired at independent jurisdiction. 1798 Monthly Mag. Jan. 3 Now, the land of Cush (Genesis x. 7,) comprehended the five subdivisions or townships of Seba, Havilah, Sabtha, Raamah, and Sabthechah. 1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) II. xi. 11 The incorporation of several scattered townships in one city, such as took place in Attica. 1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India I. i. ii. 39 His internal administration is to be conducted by a chain of civil officers, consisting of lords of single townships or villages, lords of ten towns, lords of 100, and lords of 1000 towns. 1872 J. Yeats Growth Commerce 301 An insignificant township named Calcutta. 1905 Expositor Feb. 81 A Jebusite township existed around or beside the stronghold Zion. 1908 S. A. Cook Relig. Anc. Palestine i. 8 The small townships of Palestine and Syria—the average city was a small fortified site surrounded by dwellings, sometimes with an outer wall. 2000 W. M. Johnston Encycl. Monasticism I. 99/2 Assisi is a township located on Mount Asi, near the center of the province of Umbria. 4. North American. Any of various territorial divisions; spec. a division of a county forming a unit of local government; the inhabitants or government of such a division.The more common term in New England is town (see town n. 6).In the U.S. Public Land Survey System, the term denotes a division approximately six miles square (i.e. of thirty-six square miles), not necessarily corresponding to a civil division (cf. range n.¹ 2e). The term is similarly used in the western provinces of Canada, from Ontario to British Columbia, and in Eastern Quebec and Prince Edward Island. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > in U.S.A. and Canada township1635 1635 in Watertown Rec. (1894) i. 1 Two Hundred Acres of vpland nere to the Mill shalbe reserved as most convenient to make a Towneship. 1637 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan ii. vii. 89 You may see in one towneship a hundred acres together, set with these Fish, every acre taking 1000. of them. 1685 W. Penn Further Acct. Pennsylvania 5 We do settle in the way of Townships or Villages, each of which contains 5000 Acres in square, and at least Ten Families. 1714 S. Sewall Diary 23 Feb. (1973) II. 745 This Court a large Town-ship, of 12 miles square, is granted near Wadchuset. 1775 J. Adams in J. Adams & A. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 120 The division of our..counties into townships..gives every man an opportunity of showing and improving that education which he received at college or at school. 1779 Hist. Europe in Ann. Reg. 91 The settlement of Wyoming consisted of eight townships, each containing a square of five miles. 1801 Farmer's Mag. Apr. 164 Method of clearing New Land,..as practised in several parts of New Hampshire, particularly in the Township of Dartmouth. 1824 S. Smith in Edinb. Rev. July 432 All the public lands..are divided into townships of six miles square, by lines running with the cardinal points, and consequently crossing each other at right angles. 1871 Athenæum 27 May 660 From 20 to 30 feet of pure graphite are stated to exist on the Ottawa river, in the township of Buckingham. 1899 W. H. Crosskill Prince Edward Island (1904) 16 The parish lines are but little recognized, the more general sub-division being by lots or townships, of which there are 67 running numerically from west to east. 1912 Province of Quebec for Brit. Emigr. 13 The Eastern townships have also a well deserved reputation as a grazing country. 1979 Whig-Standard (Kingston, Ont.) 29 Mar. 21/4 The township has called for ten feet of yard between the end of a line of row houses and the next building. 1988 C. L. Siemon in B. R. Collins & E. W. B. Russell Protecting New Jersey Pinelands 269 528.55 acres that lie in portions of both Hamilton and Egg Harbor townships. 2002 Philadelphia Inquirer 29 Dec. b4/6 The township put together a package of incentives worth nearly $1 million. 5. a. In Australia, New Zealand, and (formerly) South Africa: (originally) a site reserved for and laid out as a town (now historical); (later) such a site at an early stage of development, typically consisting of a few dwellings grouped around a railway station, shop, hotel, post office, or the like; (hence) a small town, a village, a hamlet. Cf. town site n. at town n. Compounds 1b. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > village > [noun] > village in countries other than England casal1511 clachana1530 rancheria1594 aldeia1609 stanitza1662 kraal1731 pettah1761 township1789 pueblo1808 rancho1819 kainga1820 aoul1828 bustee1834 obe1835 tref1841 kampong1844 mir1856 manyatta1905 lapa1909 shtetl1963 1789 in Hist. Rec. Austral. (1914) 1st Ser. I. 127 You are..to lay out townships of a convenient size and extent, in such places as You, in Your discretion, shall judge most proper. 1802 Barrington's Hist. New S. Wales x. 419 The timber of 120 acres was cut down..a township marked out, and some few huts built. 1852 H. Cloete Three Lect. Emigration Dutch Farmers iii. 47 The emigrant farmers laid out this township of Pietermaritzburg and what is now called the town of D'Urban. Landrosts were appointed to both townships. 1857 R. B. Paul Lett. from Canterbury iv. 72 Malvern Hills, where Mr Cass thinks there is a site suited for a township. 1890 Argus (Melbourne) 14 June 4/2 Will you come into the township to-night? 1911 W. H. Koebel In Maoriland Bush xviii. 241 Half an hour later the street of the township opens out before the rider. 1977 N.Z. Herald 8 Jan. iv. 1/5 (advt.) From Henderson Township take Swanson Rd for 1 mile. 2012 Capricorn Coast (Queensland) Mirror (Nexis) 29 Feb. 4 The project involved installing 21 fire hydrants to protect the township from wildfires and house fires. b. In South Africa: a site laid out for a new suburb; an area of land to be subdivided and sold by developers as freehold residential or industrial plots.In quot. 1889 as part of a name.Now largely eclipsed by sense 5c. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > [noun] > site of or for (a) building(s) > other township1889 1889 Dundee Courier & Argus 7 Oct. 1/2 (advt.) The immense success attending the sale of suburban building lots, as instanced by the suburbs of Doornfontein, Jeppe's Township, and others.., makes the disposal of this portion of the Company's property an assured success. 1903 Economist 23 May 928/1 This company..is intended more particularly to carry on operations in the suburbs adjoining the town [sc. Johannesburg], where most important townships are being laid out. 1936 S. Afr. Surv. Jrnl. (Inst. Land Surveyors) Mar. 305 It was the public, and not the township designer, who eventually decided the fate of a lay-out. It might be designed as a residential suburb, but conditions..might transform it into an industrial centre. 1945 Sunday Times (Johannesburg) 4 Nov. 8/8 A design has been prepared for a new township in Bezuidenhout Valley, between Cyrildene and Kensington. 1982 Eastern Province Herald (Port Elizabeth) 29 Dec. (Suppl.) Proclaimed township with insurance guarantee covering Tarred roads. Water. Electricity. 2006 N. Nieftagodien in S. Roberts Sustainable Manufacturing vi. 111 Even the creation of a new industrial township, Vulcania, in 1938 had little impact on the towns [sic] economic fortunes. c. In South Africa: an urban or peri-urban area occupied predominantly by black South Africans and formerly officially designated for non-white occupation by apartheid segregation laws. Cf. location n. 4b. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > part of country or district > [noun] > reservation for indigenous people reserve1667 Indian reserve1752 reservation1792 Indian reservation1804 station1825 location1833 native reserve1842 native location1866 res1880 native location1928 township1934 homeland1959 1934 Lovedale Sol-fa Leaflet No. 17. 4 When the Bantu Township of Nancefield or Klipspruit (eleven miles West of Johannesburg) was first settled as a Suburb of the Rand Municipality, the late Enoch Sontonga..was a teacher in one of the Methodist Mission Schools. 1941 Bantu World 1 Mar. 9 Most of the townships (except Pimville) now have some form of street lighting. 1946 P. H. Abrahams Mine Boy viii. 98 This side of the township had mostly Coloured people. The other side was where the native people were. 1964 L. Nkosi Rhythm of Violence 15 Which black township would you go to? 1967 J. Lelyveld in E. Cole & T. Flaherty House of Bondage (1968) 8 It [sc. Soweto] is simply an amalgam of the words South Western Townships. 1971 Sunday Express (Johannesburg) 28 Mar. 6/1 The non-Whites..are not going to be satisfied much longer with leading third-rate lives in third-rate townships. 1984 Observer 9 Dec. 12/2 The flood [of people] has overflowed the inadequate African townships built by apartheid planners. 1990 Drum 28 May The sight of a white living in a township still raises a few eyebrows. 2005 Sowetan (Johannesburg) 11 Feb. 21/4 [He] would put on loud music and dance the tsipa, a popular dance craze in the townships. 2010 Soldier June 5/3 A series of football coaching clinics for children in Durban's townships. 6. In Scotland: a farm held in joint tenancy. Cf. town n. 1b. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun] > farm held in joint tenancy township1802 1802 C. Findlater Gen. View Agric. County of Peebles iii. 47 Upon the separation of farms from their state of townships, runrig, and commonty..into distinct possessions with separate residencies, the farmer, who obtained possession of the farm..might have a superfluity of houses to dispose of to cottagers. 1813 J. Headrick Gen. View Agric. Angus 561 A township is a farm occupied by two or more farmers, in common, or in separate lots, who reside in a straggling hamlet, or village. 1884 Marquis of Lorne in Pall Mall Gaz. 10 May 1/2 Recommending that the State should prop the fast vanishing feudal tenure of the ‘township’ of the crofter. 1901 Scotsman 4 Mar. 7/2 They found..about forty men from the township of Lemreway [in Lewis] outside ready to resist. 1962 J. B. Caird in J. Mitchell Great Brit. (1972) xxix. 551 When all tenants do not take part in the common agricultural tasks the cohesion of the township decays. 1997 Shetland Times 21 Nov. 20/5 The modern crofting townships of today are a legacy of the Norse farm system. II. Other senses. 7. The fact or condition of living in a town; the quality or character of a town. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > condition of township1677 townhood1845 1677 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (rev. ed.) 193 They..have little or no civility save in Zagathai, where they associate in Town-ship [1664 Town-ships]. 1780 Mirror No. 105. ⁋2 Such people are apt to assume in conversation [a consequence], which, I think, goes beyond the just prerogative of township, and is a very unfair encroachment on the natural rights of their friends..in the country. 1876 Exercises Commem. Burning of Medfield 45 It is a very pleasant thing..for these towns to keep up their identity—for them to keep up this spirit of township. 2011 DNA (Nexis) 25 July IDA official G.M. Bhalla said there would be eight buildings in this area which would give a feeling of township. †8. A mock title of respect for a town. Obsolete.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1809 B. H. Malkin tr. A. R. Le Sage Adventures Gil Blas I. ii. ix. 303 Olmedo looks like a..town. I beg its township's pardon [Fr. je lui fais réparation d'honneur], replied the barber. Compounds C1. a. General attributive (esp. in sense 4), as township bridge, township drain, township road, etc. ΚΠ 1647 in Watertown (Mass.) Rec. (1894) I. ii. 12 Complaynt is made that the Land giuen in liew of the Towneship; is not a Just satisfaction for the Towneshipp Land. 1774 T. West Descr. View Furness p. xxiii, in Antiq. Furness One general obstacle to the improvement of Furness..is the mixed lands or township fields. 1792 York Herald 30 June One hundred and fifty-seven acres of Land (eighty-five acres whereof are old Inclosure, and the rest Township-field Land). 1794 J. Granger Gen. View Agric. Durham 50 A proper application of the statute duty..is the only thing wanted to make the generality of township roads equally good as the public roads. 1822 T. Bewick Mem. (1975) iii. 29 He was then obliged to seek parish or township relief. 1830 Reg. Pennsylvania 27 Feb. 137/1 Such bridge shall be constructed, and for ever maintained as other county or township bridges are constructed and maintained. 1874 Inter Ocean (Chicago) 26 Feb. 8/2 They came back yesterday morning and found him under the hay rack of his wagon, frozen in under the ice in the township drain. 1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. II. xlviii. 235 Any county desiring to forsake township organization may do so by a vote of the electors. 1904 Daily Chron. 19 Oct. 8/3 A simple and traditional dramatisation of some scene in early English township life. 1961 Daily Herald (Chicago) 20 Apr. 1/5 The record turnout belied theories that the citizenry would suffer from election fatigue and neglect the polls after township and school elections. 1998 Lucknow (Ont.) Sentinel 18 Mar. 2/5 Several complaints had been received regarding manure, mud and debris being deposited on township roads. b. General attributive (in sense 5c), as township dweller, township resident, etc. ΚΠ 1960 Guardian 16 June 9/3 Todd [Matshikiza]..is credited with the invention of fast township-slang Sampson dubbed ‘Matshikeze’. 1966 Drum (Johannesburg) 30 Jan. 16 There are the Municipal cops who the township wits call Black Jacks, so called because of their black uniform. 1971 Sunday Times 14 Nov. (Mag.) 5 Last year he wrote ‘Qundeni’ a contemporary play about township life. 1980 Compar. Politics 12 491 Influx control and crime lock together in a vicious spiral with the average black township-dweller caught between the tsotsis (township thugs) on the one hand, and the police on the other. 1986 Listener 3 July 5/3 The vigilantes emerged..because black township residents were sick and tired of the rule of the militant young ‘Comrades’. 1991 Argus (Cape Town, S. Afr.) 16 Apr. 7/3 Overcrowding and shortages of stationery, books and teachers are still plaguing many township schools. 2002 D. Aitkenhead Promised Land xiii. 132 The state hoped that their old gangs would reactivate and provide an attraction for township youths to rival that of the ANC. C2. attributive. Designating any of various styles of South African popular music originating in or associated with the townships (sense 5c); of or characteristic of such music. Frequently in township jive, township jazz. ΚΠ 1956 T. Makiwane in New Age 30 Aug. 6 Full time entertainers..who were built up on the rough boards in the African townships and locations before the audiences who make township jazz what it is. 1963 V. C. Mutwa Indaba, my Children i. 1 The loud howls of modern township jive. 1966 Transition No. 24. 35/2 Anyone who has ever seen South African blacks dance the popular Kwela or listened to popular township jive music called mbaqanga would be capable of bringing new insights and understanding to compositions such as..‘Homecoming’. 1983 Times 3 Sept. (Sat. section) 7/1 Beckett's lyrical modern trumpet is offset by Pukwana's infectious township rhythms. 1987 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 24 June Rhythmically complex, yet wonderfully seductive, the township sound that dominated much of last night's show almost demanded movement. 1994 Washington Post 1 Mar. c2/2 Masekela's mbaqanga-flavored township jazz was alternately sensual, soulful and politically charged. 1998 C. A. Lockard Dance of Life vi. 268 Music has been increasingly used as a vehicle for social and political comment since the 1950s..(e.g., Jamaican reggae.., Nigerian juju and Afrobeat, South African mbaqanga and township pop, [etc.]). 2006 N. Silver in B. Hollyer You're the Best! 155 Usually he sat on the opposite pavement, listening to jazz and township music on a tinny radio. 2012 Daily Gleaner (New Brunswick) (Nexis) 17 July d5 The crowd in London's Hyde Park swayed and danced to the chiming guitars, punchy horns and accordions of the township jive. C3. township farm n. now rare (in Scotland) a farm held in joint tenancy; = sense 6. ΚΠ 1884 Standard 13 Nov. 5/7 A system of club, or township farms, divided on a most wasteful plan into cultivated ridges, with a sort of pathway between each. 1910 W. L. Mathieson Awakening Scotl. vi. 276 The type of agriculture..is still that of the township farm. township moot n. (also †township's moot) now historical (apparently) the assembly or court of a township (sense 1a); cf. portmanmoot n. and town moot n. at town n. Compounds 1a(a)(ii).In modern historical use (now rare) also in sense ‘assembly or court of a township (sense 1b)’; see etymological note. ΚΠ 1199 Royal Charter: John to Chertsey Abbey in T. D. Hardy Rotuli Chartarum in Turri Londinensi (1837) I. 6/1 Ab omnibus oppressionibus & exactionibus, scilicet..hustingis, & portmanemot, & tunsipemot. 1330 ( Royal Charter: Henry II to Bermondsey Abbey in Charter Roll, 4 Edward III (P.R.O.: C 53/117) m. 23 Homines suos liberos & quietos de..placitis & querelis & portmannesmot & Tuncipesmot. 1881 Law Times 22 Oct. 399 The history of our Village Communities, the Township Moot, and the Parish Vestry, show that much jurisdiction was not derived from the Crown. 1914 W. J. Weston County of Durham xxiii. 155 Townshipmoots, Wardmoots, and Shiremoots have expanded into more regularly constituted Parish Councils, District Councils, and County Councils. 1991 K. Deauxville Blood Red Roses (1999) iv. 41 It is the king's wish to retain much of the Anglo-Saxon systems of justice that minister to the people, but to put it in his loyal lords' hands and not in the vills' or any township moots. township trustee n. U.S. a member of a committee elected to administer the affairs of a township (sense 4). ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > other municipal officials > [noun] > of township in parts of U.S. titheman1639 tithingman1639 supervisor1792 township trustee1817 1817 Acts State of Ohio XV. 175 The township trustees shall appoint a lister who shall perform all the duties required of a lister by this act. 1836 New-Yorker 30 Apr. 92/1 The vote (by general ticket) for Township Trustees is stated as follows. 2009 Cincinnati Mag. Aug. 91/2 Now serving his second stint as township trustee, he's seen the township grow over the years. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.eOE
随便看	black frost black fungus black game black gang black garden ant black gentleman black ginger black goby black gold black goose black gooseberry black gospel black gown black gram black grass black grouse black growth black guava black gull black hamburg grape black hand black hander black hat black haw black hawk