trophicadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈtrɒfɪk/,

/ˈtrəʊfɪk/, U.S.

/ˈtrɑfɪk/,

/ˈtroʊfɪk/

Origin: A borrowing from Greek; modelled on a German lexical item. Etymon: Greek τροϕικός.

Etymology: < Hellenistic Greek τροϕικός of or relating to nursing, rearing, or feeding < ancient Greek τροϕή nourishment (see tropho- comb. form) + -ικός -ic suffix, after German trophisch ( M. H. Romberg Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten des Menschen (1840) I. 8). Compare French trophique , adjective (1830 in sense ‘of or relating to nutrition’; 1873 or earlier in nerf trophique ). Compare -trophic comb. form.With sense A. 1b compare tropic adj.³ 3. With sense A. 2a compare earlier oligotrophic adj. 2. With sense A. 2b compare earlier autotrophic adj., heterotrophic adj.

A. adj.

a. Medicine. Originally: designating nerves believed to control the nutrition of organs and tissues (now historical); of, relating to, or caused by damage to such nerves (now historical). In later use more generally: resulting from impaired innervation or blood supply.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > nutrition, etc. > [adjective]

trophical1842

trophic1845

nutritial1857

trophesial1873

trophilegic1889

1845 Med. Times: Pharmaceut. No. Apr. 237/1 Nux vomica..by means of its bitter substance, exerts an undoubted influence on the trophic nerves and muscles of the abdominal system.

1857 Proc. Royal Soc. 1856–7 8 70 The sound fibres probably had their trophic centre in the upper ganglion.

1894 Lancet 3 Nov. 1030/2 The large amount of wasting of the muscles of the right lower limb might suggest the possibility of a trophic lesion.

1914 V. E. Collins & J. A. Liebmann tr. G. Dieulafoy Text-bk. Med. II. 1598 Lesions of the nerve centres and of the nerves sometimes cause disorders of nutrition, known as trophic troubles.

1948 Radiology 51 655/1 One might better consider these changes as being of the so-called ‘trophic’ variety, providing he is not implying the presence of highly mythical ‘trophic nerves’.

1982 Internat. Jrnl. Oral Surg. 11 69/1 Pathological processes affecting the first sensory neuron of the trigeminal nerve are not usually complicated by trophic changes.

2004 S. Ochs Hist. Nerve Functions 185 Mitchell pointed out that there was no physiological or anatomical support for the reality of specialized trophic nerves.

b. Physiology. Promoting growth (or, occasionally, excessive growth) or preventing atrophy of a tissue, organ, etc.; spec. (of a hormone) stimulating the secretory function of another gland (cf. tropic adj.³ 3).

ΚΠ

1899 F. S. Lee tr. M. Verworn Gen. Physiol. v. 353 These stimuli, which are necessary to the maintenance of life, without which the nutrition, the metabolism, of the organs in question cannot continue undisturbed, are termed trophic stimuli.

1929 Amer. Med. 35 546 Follicular hormone..is a trophic hormone, normally capable of bringing about spectacular changes in the glands of the immature sex mechanism (at least in animal experiments) and also of producing estrus in the ovariectomized rat.

1945 I. S. Kleiner Human Biochem. xxiii. 503 Another hormone of this gland which produces its effect by influencing a different structure, i.e., a ‘trophic’ hormone, is the adrenotrophic factor.

1989 Jrnl. Neuroimmunol. 23 261/1 One possible explanation may involve the production of soluble trophic factors (e.g. interleukin-1, interleukin-2, etc.) having stimulatory effects on immune cells.

2004 R. M. Malina et al. Growth, Maturation, & Physical Activity (ed. 2) xix. 409/1 The parathyroid glands do not seem to be under the influence of a trophic hormone from the anterior pituitary.

a. Of or relating to the availability of food; (Ecology) of or relating to the availability of nutrients in a lake or wetland (cf. eutrophic adj. 2, oligotrophic adj. 2, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > environment or habitat > [adjective] > conditions of

waterish1579

supralittoral1839

trophic1902

thermostabile1908

oligotrophic1911

saprobic1913

mosaic1919

mesic1926

xeric1926

trophogenic1930

tropholytic1931

saprobiotic1940

oligotropic1948

saprotrophic1948

mixohaline1959

thermoneutral1961

eutrophicated1967

1902 Science 16 May 766/2 Dr. Adlerz directs attention to the similar phenomena presented by wild animals during the great periodic increases in numbers brought about by unusually favorable trophic and meteorologic conditions.

1932 Jrnl. Ecol. 20 431 For each piece of water he establishes an ecological spectrum, characterised by the trophic grades of the various factors.

1974 R. H. Britton in R. Goodier Nat. Environment Shetland 123 The nutrient poor categories (dystrophic and oligotrophic) are by far the most numerous and..eutrophic and brackish lochs are rather rare... The lochs within each trophic category can be further subdivided according to their superficial area.

2010 R. J. Fuller Bird Habitats in Brit. x. 126 (caption) The number of fish-eating species breeding on lakes..in relation to (a) mean altitude..and (b) the trophic status of the lakes.

b. Of or relating to the consumption of food; (Ecology) of or relating to relationships between autotrophs and heterotrophs, as in a food chain (see food chain n. 1a).trophic chain, level, pyramid: see Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [adjective] > food chain

trophic1941

1903 E. A. Minchin in E. R. Lankester Treat. Zool. I. ii. i. 156 This stage of the parasite, during which it is absorbing nutriment from its host and growing rapidly, may be termed the trophic stage.

1920 Amer. Naturalist 54 320 No less than 75 species of European Lepidopterous caterpillars are known to be occasionally predatory through temporary aberrations of their trophic instincts.

1941 Amer. Midland Naturalist 26 651 In brief recapitulation of trophic relationships, the autotrophic plants are the producers of organic substance in the lake; numerous animal groups play intricate, interrelated roles as..consumers, [etc.].

1980 Oecologia 45 233/1 Spiders would seem to be less dependent on the local trophic web.

2010 S. Dürr & J. C. Thomason Biofouling 101 These restrictions allow the differentiation of epibiosis from ectoparasitism or trophic symbiosis.

B. n.

A substance that promotes or provides nutrition; a nutrient; (also) a trophic factor (see sense A. 1b). rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > nutrition, etc. > [noun] > agent

trophic1893

1893 E. S. D'Odiardi Med. Electr. 54 The second class is composed of trophics, or nutrients, i.e., promoters of nutrition.

1909 F. Ellingwood Syst. Treat. Materia Medica & Therapeutics (ed. 8) 41 Trophics—Agents which not only strengthen the nerves, but supply nourishment—actual nutrition.

1980 Surg. Gynecol. & Obstetr. 150 591/2 Portal blood may be of greater importance than arterial, especially for hepatic nutrition and trophics.

2004 Jrnl. Pediatric Surg. 39 623/1 After documented PDA [= patent ductus arteriosus] closure, the patient was restarted on trophics.

Compounds

trophic chain n. Ecology = food chain n. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [noun] > food chain

food cycle1881

food chain1920

food web1932

trophic level1942

trophic chain1946

1946 Ecol. Monogr. 16 361 Rotifers are being treated merely as one link in the trophic chain.

1978 J. C. Hendee et al. Wilderness Managem. 195/2 The accumulation of pesticides in food chains leading ultimately..to declines in organisms high in the trophic chain, such as brown pelicans.

2002 Independent 23 Mar. (Nexis) (Weekend Review section) 7 The ability of India and other developing countries to climb the trophic chain is problematic.

trophic level a level within a food chain.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [noun] > food chain

food cycle1881

food chain1920

food web1932

trophic level1942

trophic chain1946

1942 Ecology 23 407/2 Food-cycles rarely have more than five trophic levels.

1976 T. C. Emmel Population Biol. i. 21 The first trophic level in ecosystems is represented by green plants and comprises the producers (or autotrophs).

2007 A. Darby Harpoon iii. 36 At the next trophic level there are pilchards and redbait.

trophic pyramid n. Ecology = food pyramid n. (a) at food n. Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1961 L. B. Slobodkin Growth & Regulation Animal Populations xvi.169 It is possible to conceive of predators that are small enough and ferocious enough to attempt to live off the top of a trophic pyramid.

1982 Science 1 Oct. 42/2 The trophic pyramid, which goes rapidly from an abundance of primary producers at its base to a sparsity of carnivores at its apex.

2007 M. Denny How Ocean Wks. v. 127 As a visual heuristic tool, the trophic pyramid is effective, but it can also be misleading.

Derivatives

ˈtrophically adv. rare by trophic means; as regards trophic status or relationships.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > nutrition, etc. > [adverb]

trophically1900

1871 Med. Times & Gaz. 1 May 536/1 We can mark out sectional regions of nutrition and of organs, which are regulated trophically by centric regions of innervation.

1900 Lancet 23 June 1779/2 This..implies continuity of the protoplasm of one neurone with another, but trophically and genetically the two are independent.

2008 G. Bell Selection (ed. 2) xi. 412 When Predators are allowed to mutate they can recover virulence, with the result that trophically complex communities persist for much longer.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	trophic
释义	trophicadj.n. Brit. /ˈtrɒfɪk/, /ˈtrəʊfɪk/, U.S. /ˈtrɑfɪk/, /ˈtroʊfɪk/ Origin: A borrowing from Greek; modelled on a German lexical item. Etymon: Greek τροϕικός. Etymology: < Hellenistic Greek τροϕικός of or relating to nursing, rearing, or feeding < ancient Greek τροϕή nourishment (see tropho- comb. form) + -ικός -ic suffix, after German trophisch ( M. H. Romberg Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten des Menschen (1840) I. 8). Compare French trophique , adjective (1830 in sense ‘of or relating to nutrition’; 1873 or earlier in nerf trophique ). Compare -trophic comb. form.With sense A. 1b compare tropic adj.³ 3. With sense A. 2a compare earlier oligotrophic adj. 2. With sense A. 2b compare earlier autotrophic adj., heterotrophic adj. A. adj. 1. a. Medicine. Originally: designating nerves believed to control the nutrition of organs and tissues (now historical); of, relating to, or caused by damage to such nerves (now historical). In later use more generally: resulting from impaired innervation or blood supply. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > nutrition, etc. > [adjective] trophical1842 trophic1845 nutritial1857 trophesial1873 trophilegic1889 1845 Med. Times: Pharmaceut. No. Apr. 237/1 Nux vomica..by means of its bitter substance, exerts an undoubted influence on the trophic nerves and muscles of the abdominal system. 1857 Proc. Royal Soc. 1856–7 8 70 The sound fibres probably had their trophic centre in the upper ganglion. 1894 Lancet 3 Nov. 1030/2 The large amount of wasting of the muscles of the right lower limb might suggest the possibility of a trophic lesion. 1914 V. E. Collins & J. A. Liebmann tr. G. Dieulafoy Text-bk. Med. II. 1598 Lesions of the nerve centres and of the nerves sometimes cause disorders of nutrition, known as trophic troubles. 1948 Radiology 51 655/1 One might better consider these changes as being of the so-called ‘trophic’ variety, providing he is not implying the presence of highly mythical ‘trophic nerves’. 1982 Internat. Jrnl. Oral Surg. 11 69/1 Pathological processes affecting the first sensory neuron of the trigeminal nerve are not usually complicated by trophic changes. 2004 S. Ochs Hist. Nerve Functions 185 Mitchell pointed out that there was no physiological or anatomical support for the reality of specialized trophic nerves. b. Physiology. Promoting growth (or, occasionally, excessive growth) or preventing atrophy of a tissue, organ, etc.; spec. (of a hormone) stimulating the secretory function of another gland (cf. tropic adj.³ 3). ΚΠ 1899 F. S. Lee tr. M. Verworn Gen. Physiol. v. 353 These stimuli, which are necessary to the maintenance of life, without which the nutrition, the metabolism, of the organs in question cannot continue undisturbed, are termed trophic stimuli. 1929 Amer. Med. 35 546 Follicular hormone..is a trophic hormone, normally capable of bringing about spectacular changes in the glands of the immature sex mechanism (at least in animal experiments) and also of producing estrus in the ovariectomized rat. 1945 I. S. Kleiner Human Biochem. xxiii. 503 Another hormone of this gland which produces its effect by influencing a different structure, i.e., a ‘trophic’ hormone, is the adrenotrophic factor. 1989 Jrnl. Neuroimmunol. 23 261/1 One possible explanation may involve the production of soluble trophic factors (e.g. interleukin-1, interleukin-2, etc.) having stimulatory effects on immune cells. 2004 R. M. Malina et al. Growth, Maturation, & Physical Activity (ed. 2) xix. 409/1 The parathyroid glands do not seem to be under the influence of a trophic hormone from the anterior pituitary. 2. a. Of or relating to the availability of food; (Ecology) of or relating to the availability of nutrients in a lake or wetland (cf. eutrophic adj. 2, oligotrophic adj. 2, etc.). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > environment or habitat > [adjective] > conditions of waterish1579 supralittoral1839 trophic1902 thermostabile1908 oligotrophic1911 saprobic1913 mosaic1919 mesic1926 xeric1926 trophogenic1930 tropholytic1931 saprobiotic1940 oligotropic1948 saprotrophic1948 mixohaline1959 thermoneutral1961 eutrophicated1967 1902 Science 16 May 766/2 Dr. Adlerz directs attention to the similar phenomena presented by wild animals during the great periodic increases in numbers brought about by unusually favorable trophic and meteorologic conditions. 1932 Jrnl. Ecol. 20 431 For each piece of water he establishes an ecological spectrum, characterised by the trophic grades of the various factors. 1974 R. H. Britton in R. Goodier Nat. Environment Shetland 123 The nutrient poor categories (dystrophic and oligotrophic) are by far the most numerous and..eutrophic and brackish lochs are rather rare... The lochs within each trophic category can be further subdivided according to their superficial area. 2010 R. J. Fuller Bird Habitats in Brit. x. 126 (caption) The number of fish-eating species breeding on lakes..in relation to (a) mean altitude..and (b) the trophic status of the lakes. b. Of or relating to the consumption of food; (Ecology) of or relating to relationships between autotrophs and heterotrophs, as in a food chain (see food chain n. 1a).trophic chain, level, pyramid: see Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [adjective] > food chain trophic1941 1903 E. A. Minchin in E. R. Lankester Treat. Zool. I. ii. i. 156 This stage of the parasite, during which it is absorbing nutriment from its host and growing rapidly, may be termed the trophic stage. 1920 Amer. Naturalist 54 320 No less than 75 species of European Lepidopterous caterpillars are known to be occasionally predatory through temporary aberrations of their trophic instincts. 1941 Amer. Midland Naturalist 26 651 In brief recapitulation of trophic relationships, the autotrophic plants are the producers of organic substance in the lake; numerous animal groups play intricate, interrelated roles as..consumers, [etc.]. 1980 Oecologia 45 233/1 Spiders would seem to be less dependent on the local trophic web. 2010 S. Dürr & J. C. Thomason Biofouling 101 These restrictions allow the differentiation of epibiosis from ectoparasitism or trophic symbiosis. B. n. A substance that promotes or provides nutrition; a nutrient; (also) a trophic factor (see sense A. 1b). rare. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > nutrition, etc. > [noun] > agent trophic1893 1893 E. S. D'Odiardi Med. Electr. 54 The second class is composed of trophics, or nutrients, i.e., promoters of nutrition. 1909 F. Ellingwood Syst. Treat. Materia Medica & Therapeutics (ed. 8) 41 Trophics—Agents which not only strengthen the nerves, but supply nourishment—actual nutrition. 1980 Surg. Gynecol. & Obstetr. 150 591/2 Portal blood may be of greater importance than arterial, especially for hepatic nutrition and trophics. 2004 Jrnl. Pediatric Surg. 39 623/1 After documented PDA [= patent ductus arteriosus] closure, the patient was restarted on trophics. Compounds trophic chain n. Ecology = food chain n. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [noun] > food chain food cycle1881 food chain1920 food web1932 trophic level1942 trophic chain1946 1946 Ecol. Monogr. 16 361 Rotifers are being treated merely as one link in the trophic chain. 1978 J. C. Hendee et al. Wilderness Managem. 195/2 The accumulation of pesticides in food chains leading ultimately..to declines in organisms high in the trophic chain, such as brown pelicans. 2002 Independent 23 Mar. (Nexis) (Weekend Review section) 7 The ability of India and other developing countries to climb the trophic chain is problematic. trophic level a level within a food chain. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [noun] > food chain food cycle1881 food chain1920 food web1932 trophic level1942 trophic chain1946 1942 Ecology 23 407/2 Food-cycles rarely have more than five trophic levels. 1976 T. C. Emmel Population Biol. i. 21 The first trophic level in ecosystems is represented by green plants and comprises the producers (or autotrophs). 2007 A. Darby Harpoon iii. 36 At the next trophic level there are pilchards and redbait. trophic pyramid n. Ecology = food pyramid n. (a) at food n. Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1961 L. B. Slobodkin Growth & Regulation Animal Populations xvi.169 It is possible to conceive of predators that are small enough and ferocious enough to attempt to live off the top of a trophic pyramid. 1982 Science 1 Oct. 42/2 The trophic pyramid, which goes rapidly from an abundance of primary producers at its base to a sparsity of carnivores at its apex. 2007 M. Denny How Ocean Wks. v. 127 As a visual heuristic tool, the trophic pyramid is effective, but it can also be misleading. Derivatives ˈtrophically adv. rare by trophic means; as regards trophic status or relationships. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > nutrition, etc. > [adverb] trophically1900 1871 Med. Times & Gaz. 1 May 536/1 We can mark out sectional regions of nutrition and of organs, which are regulated trophically by centric regions of innervation. 1900 Lancet 23 June 1779/2 This..implies continuity of the protoplasm of one neurone with another, but trophically and genetically the two are independent. 2008 G. Bell Selection (ed. 2) xi. 412 When Predators are allowed to mutate they can recover virulence, with the result that trophically complex communities persist for much longer. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). > see also also refers to : -trophiccomb. form < adj.n.1845 see also
随便看	fly-fishing fly-flap fly-flapper fly-flapping fly-flat fly-flick fly-flower fly-frame fly-fringe fly-front fly-fronted fly-fungus fly-gallery fly-governor fly-half fly-honeysuckle fly-hook fly-horse fly-hunter fly-hunting fly-in fly-kick fly-killer fly-kind fly-line

trophicadj.n.

Compounds

Derivatives

> see also