tropho-comb. form

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Forms: Before a vowel troph-.

Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek τροϕο-.

Etymology: < Hellenistic Greek τροϕο-, combining form (in e.g. τροϕοϕορεῖν to bring nourishment) of ancient Greek τροϕή nourishment < an ablaut variant (o -grade) of the base of τρέϕειν to nourish, of unknown origin. Compare French tropho- (formations in which are found from the beginning of the 19th cent., e.g. trophosperme : see trophosperm n.), German tropho- (formations in which are found from at least the early 19th cent., e.g. Trophoneurose : see trophoneurosis n.).Attested from the early 19th cent., apparently earliest in adaptations from French (compare trophosperm n. and trophopollen n.). Chiefly combining with second elements ultimately of Greek origin.

Chiefly Biology and Medicine.

1. Forming terms relating to nutrition, food, and feeding.

trophobiont n.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈbʌɪɒnt/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈbʌɪɒnt/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfoʊˈbaɪˌɑnt/

/ˌtroʊfoʊˈbaɪˌɑnt/

[after German Trophobiont (E. Wasmann, 1910 or earlier)] Entomology an insect that produces a secretion used as food by another species.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > [noun] > member of > defined as social insect or association of > friendly symbiosis > insect that produces food for another

trophobiont1913

1913 tr. E. Wasmann in Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. 1912 464 We distinguish..trophobionts or food-producing animals of the ant.

1978 R. J. Elzinga Fund. Entomol. vii. 173 These trophobionts are protected by their hosts and are analogous to domestic cows, for they yield food sugar solutions..upon request.

2009 N. Blüthgen & H. Feldhaar in L. Lach et al. Ant Ecol. vii. 133/1 Protection of trophobionts within the nest or in specific shelters may reduce the effects of extreme weather conditions.

trophochromatin n.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈkrəʊmətɪn/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈkrəʊmətɪn/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfoʊˈkroʊmədən/

/ˌtroʊfoʊˈkroʊmədən/

[after German Trophochromatin (1905 in the paper by R. Goldschmidt ( Zool. Jahrb.: Abt. für Anat. 21 112) reviewed in quot. 1905, or earlier); compare German trophochromatisch (W. Lubosch 1902, in Ergebnisse Anat. u. Entwicklungsgeschichte 11 783)] now historical chromatin believed to be involved only in the regulation of metabolism and growth of a cell, rather than with its reproduction; (also) chromatin associated with a macronucleus (cf. trophonucleus n.); cf. idiochromatin n. at idio- comb. form .

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [noun] > chromatin

chromatin1882

oxychromatin1894

basichromatin1902

trophochromatin1905

sex chromatin1909

heterochromatin1932

1905 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 578 Two kinds of chromatin, idio-chromatin and tropho-chromatin, may be detected.

1947 Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1 2 In amœboid forms special interest attaches to the structure and division of the nucleus. A distinction may be made between the ‘trophochromatin’ which stains intensely with iron haematoxylin, but takes no part in the formation of the chromosomes, and the ‘idiochromatin’ out of which the chromosomes are formed.

2009 R. Wayne Plant Cell Biol. ix. 134/1 The idiochromatin was considered to be the portion of the nucleus that contained the hereditary material, and was thus more vital than the trophochromatin.

trophocyte n.

Brit.

/ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)sʌɪt/

/ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)sʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˈtrɑfəˌsaɪt/

/ˈtroʊfəˌsaɪt/

[after Italian trofocito (A. Berlese 1897, in Rivista di patologia vegetale 6 113)] chiefly Entomology any of various types of cell serving a nutritive function; esp. a specialized cell of the fat body or a nurse cell of the ovary in an insect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [noun] > specialized cell > cell forming fatty tissue

trophocyte1898

1898 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 535 Sig. A. Berlese describes the wandering cells (trophocytes) which occur in great numbers in the pupæ of Muscidæ, and serve to store up the albuminoid detritus.

1904 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 527 Imaginal Adipose Tissue in Muscidæ.—Ch. Pérez has made a study of this tissue, which consists of two kinds of elements—trophocytes and œnocytes.

1938 Brit. Jrnl. Animal Behav. 3 148/1 The number of oocytes in each ovariole were counted from the point where an oocyte and a trophocyte were of the same size.

1983 Tissue & Cell 15 281 We describe two phases, previtellogenic and vitellogenic, in the activity of the trophocytes in the fat body of the mosquito Aedes aegypti.

2012 M. O. Soyer-Gobillard in M. Schaechter Eukaryotic Microbes xix. 270/2 Two kinds of cell are present [in a mixotrophic dinoflagellate]: the trophocyte, which remains temporarily undivided while it increases in size, and the gonocyte, which produces sporocytes.

† tropholecithus n. [ < tropho- comb. form + ancient Greek λέκιθος yolk (see lecithin n.), after German Tropholecithus (Haeckel, 1875 or earlier)] Obsolete rare (Haeckel's name for) the part of the yolk of a meroblastic ovum which serves a purely nutritive function; cf. morpholecithus n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > ovum or ootid > yolk > types of yolk

germ yolk1849

archiblast1876

parablast1876

tropholecithus1879

1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man I. viii. 216 The nutritive yolk (vitellus nutritivus, or tropholecithus [Ger. Vitellus nutritivus oder Tropholecithus])..is a mere appendage of the true egg-cell, and contains hoarded food-substance,..so that it forms a sort of storehouse for the embryo in the course of its evolution.

† tropholecithal adj. Obsolete rare of or relating to nutritive yolk (cf. tropholecithus n.).Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1891 Cent. Dict. Tropholecithal.

trophology n.

Brit.

/trə(ʊ)ˈfɒlədʒi/

/trɒˈfɒlədʒi/

U.S.

/troʊˈfɑlədʒi/

[perhaps after French trophologie ( J. B. G. Barbier Traité d'hygiène appliquée à la thérapeutique (1811) II. 1)] (a) nutritional science (now rare or disused); (b) = food combining n. at food n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > study > [noun] > physiology > branches of

electrophysiology1838

actinology1855

trophology1865

physiogeny1879

palaeophysiology1880

physiogenesis1887

ecophysiology1950

1865 Med. Times & Gaz. 11 Mar. 274/1 We must invite our readers' attention to ‘Modern Trophology’, and especially to Dr. Edward Smith's very laborious investigations.

1895 Med. Current 11 560 And by nutrition is meant the molecular trophology not to be judged alone by the amount of food ingested.

1914 Dietetic & Hygienic Gaz. 30 199/2 Trophology is the science of the nature and properties of materials that are used as food.

1989 D. Reid Tao Health, Sex, & Longevity 60 Let's take a close look at the practical side of trophology with some concrete examples of food combining.

2009 Gold Coast Bull. (Austral.) (Nexis) 18 Mar. 31 Steven is also a fan of trophology, which means his dishes concentrate on the complementary combining of foods to aid digestion.

trophoneurosis n.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)njᵿˈrəʊsɪs/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)njᵿˈrəʊsɪs/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfoʊn(j)ʊˈroʊsəs/

/ˌtroʊfoʊn(j)ʊˈroʊsəs/

[after German Trophoneurose ( M. H. Romberg Lehrb. der Nervenkrankheiten des Menschen (1840) I. 188)] (originally) a disease or disorder of a trophic nerve (now historical); (in later use) a disorder resulting from impaired innervation (now rare).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [noun] > trophoneurosis

trophoneurosis1844

trophesy1864

trophopathy1890

1844 Brit. & Foreign Med. Rev. 17 407 Upon these, four classes of diseases are formed, namely: 1. The Sensitive neuroses. 2. The Motor neuroses. 3. Phreno-neuroses. 4. The Tropho-neuroses.

1876 J. Van Duyn & E. C. Seguin tr. E. L. Wagner Man. Gen. Pathol. 292 Many forms of disease rarely occurring, but..highly characteristic and very evident to the senses, tropho-neuroses.

1912 Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Dis. Women & Children 66 756 The so-called vasomotor and trophoneuroses play an important role in the practice of medicine.

1956 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 11 Feb. 315/1 A disorder of the nervous system in the form of a trophoneurosis was postulated by Simons.

trophoneurotic adj.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)njᵿˈrɒtɪk/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)njᵿˈrɒtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfoʊn(j)ʊˈrɑdɪk/

/ˌtroʊfoʊn(j)ʊˈrɑdɪk/

[after German trophoneurotisch (1864 or earlier)] now rare and chiefly historical of, relating to, or of the nature of a trophoneurosis.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [adjective] > trophoneurosis

trophesial1873

trophoneurotic1874

1874 London Med. Rec. 25 Feb. 123/2 The extension of the trophoneurotic etiology to perforating disease of the foot..is so far a French clinical conquest, that we claim it for her.

1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 47 The so-called ‘varieties’ or ‘forms’ of leprosy..(2) the smooth (also called ‘anæsthetic’, ‘non-tuberculated’, ‘tropho-neurotic’, etc.).

1931 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 4 July 12/2 Trophoneurotic disturbances have also been observed.

2004 J. Grossman & C. Cürten tr. U.-N. Riede Color Atlas Pathol. vii. 124/1 (heading) Trophoneurotic atrophy.

trophonucleus n.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈnjuːklɪəs/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈnjuːklɪəs/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfoʊˈn(j)ukliəs/

/ˌtroʊfoʊˈn(j)ukliəs/

now rare = macronucleus n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > protozoa > class Flagellata or Mastigophora > [noun] > member of > parts of > nucleus

trophonucleus1906

1906 H. M. Woodcock in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 50 182 This is revealed..in the sharp resolution of the nuclear material into trophic and kinetic constituents, which are practically separate and independent, at any rate, during the trypanosome phase... The fertilisation spindle or definitive nucleus is to be regarded as representing the trophic portion, and it will be convenient, therefore, to distinguish it as the trophonucleus.

1928 L. E. H. Whitby Med. Bacteriol. xxi. 213 Stained preparations [of Trypanosoma gambiense] show two nuclear structures, the one, larger and centrally placed, is known as the macronucleus or trophonucleus.

1965 G. A. McDonald et al. Atlas Haematol. 143 (caption) The cytoplasm of the monocytes contain numerous Leishmania donovani; the parasites have a darkly staining trophonucleus and a smaller kinetoplast.

trophopathy n.

Brit.

/trə(ʊ)ˈfɒpəθi/

/trɒˈfɒpəθi/

U.S.

/troʊˈfɑpəθi/

[perhaps after French trophopathie, although this is first attested slightly later (1848 or earlier)] now rare disease (supposedly) affecting the nutrition of the body, an organ, or a tissue; an instance of this; spec. = trophoneurosis n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [noun] > derangement of nutrition

trophopathy1847

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [noun] > trophoneurosis

trophoneurosis1844

trophesy1864

trophopathy1890

1847 Med. Times 13 Mar. 80/1 The various genera of acquired trophopathies.

1890 Lancet 8 Mar. 535/1 The anima of this contribution is the belief of the writers that trophopathy..has more to do with the cause of the so-called incurable diseases than the profession gives credit to.

1948 Brit. Jrnl. Radiol. 21 48/1 Because spina bifida occulta was present, the author attributes the tropopathy to a dysplasia of the cord.

trophophore n.

Brit.

/ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)fɔː/

/ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)fɔː/

U.S.

/ˈtrɑfəˌfɔr/

/ˈtroʊfəˌfɔr/

[after German Trophophore (1885 or earlier); compare Byzantine Greek τροϕοϕόρος bringing nourishment] now rare (in a sponge) a wandering amoeboid nutritive cell which gives rise to a gemmule or embryo.

ΚΠ

1885 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 5 817 The gemmulæ do not arise from special ‘trophophores’, but from a portion of the parenchym.

1900 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 44 95 The few remaining trophophores are seen travelling towards that part of the gemmule where the pore will appear.

trophophoric adj.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈfɒrɪk/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈfɒrɪk/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfəˈfɔrɪk/

/ˌtroʊfəˈfɔrɪk/

[compare Byzantine Greek τροϕοϕόρος bringing nourishment] having the function of supplying provisions; (Entomology) designating an area from which food is obtained by social insects.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > [adjective] > supplying food or catering

trophophoric1892

catering1923

1892 Ld. Lytton King Poppy i. 67 (note) Official ranks, civil, military, and trophophoric.

1958 Evolution 12 29/2 These ants could not long survive if confined to the narrow trophophoric fields occupied by sedentary ants.

2007 C. Sleigh Six Legs Better iv. 85 The trophophoric field retreated inward to the nest itself.

† trophophorous adj. [after trophophore n.] Obsolete rare of, relating to, or of the nature of a trophophore of a sponge.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1891 Cent. Dict. Trophophorous, of the nature of trophophores; pertaining to trophophores.

trophoplasm n.

Brit.

/ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)ˌplaz(ə)m/

/ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˌplaz(ə)m/

U.S.

/ˈtrɑfəˌplæz(ə)m/

/ˈtroʊfəˌplæz(ə)m/

now historical and rare protoplasm or cytoplasm believed to serve a nutritive function only; cf. idioplasm n. at idio- comb. form , kinoplasm n. at kino- comb. form . [Probably ultimately after German Ernährungsplasma ( C. Nägeli Mechanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre (1884) 29); compare German Trophoplasma (1893 or earlier).]

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell substance > [noun] > protoplasm or cytoplasm > types or forms of

cytoblastema1840

cell sap1842

hyaline1864

metaplasm1875

plasson1879

nucleoplasm1882

reticulum1883

hyaloplasm1886

mitome1886

paramitome1886

spongioplasm1886

paraplasm1887

paraplasma1891

trophoplasm1892

kinoplasm1894

blepharoplast1897

plasmagel1923

plasmasol1923

1892 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. Dec. 52 In the present case the trophoplasm eliminated from the nucleus passes into the cytoplast, and is utilised, not excreted.

1896 Sci. Progress 5 28 He [sc. Strasburger] regards the nomadic streaming protoplasm as being mainly charged with the function of providing nourishment for the nucleus and kinoplasm, and he distinguishes it by the special term of Trophoplasm.

1918 New Phytol. 17 180 (note) Trophoplasm is the food-making element.

2006 Adv. Genetics 56 59 The idioplasm is supposed to determine the trophoplasm.

trophoplasmic adj.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈplazmɪk/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈplazmɪk/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfəˈplæzmɪk/

/ˌtroʊfəˈplæzmɪk/

now rare of, relating to, or of the nature of trophoplasm.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell substance > [adjective] > protoplasm or cytoplasm > types or forms of

nucleoplasmic1890

trophoplasmic1898

kinoplasmic1900

1898 Ann. Bot. 12 274 The spermatozoids left their trophoplasmic vesicles behind, and their motion was retarded.

1903 Bot. Gaz. May 340 Everything seems to point to the ooplasm as trophoplasmic in character.

1923 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Nov. 938/1 He saw in each nerve cell nothing else than modifications of the neuroplasmic fibrillae and the trophoplasmic adjuncts.

trophoplast n.

Brit.

/ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)plɑːst/

/ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)plast/

/ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)plɑːst/

/ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)plast/

U.S.

/ˈtrɑfəˌplæst/

/ˈtroʊfəˌplæst/

[after German Trophoplast (A. Meyer 1882, in Botanischen Centralblatt 12 314)] Botany (now historical) = plastid n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell organelle or contents > [noun] > plastids or aggregate of

homo-organ1883

homoplast1883

trophoplast1883

plastid1885

chloroplast1887

chromatophore1895

proplastid1922

plastidome1926

1883 Nature 19 July 268/1 (note) A. Meyer terms the bodies ana-plasts (= leucoplastidia), auto-plasts (= chloroplastidia), and chromo-plasts (= chromoplastidia) respectively. He uses the generic term trophoplasts to embrace all collectively.

1889 Science 22 Nov. 355/1 The nucleus and other granules (the trophoplasts) within the cell... Each protoplast possesses the organs necessary for continuous transmission; the nucleus for new nuclei, the trophoplasts for new granules of all kinds.

1934 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 21 637 Arthur Meyer..found colorless ‘trophoplasts’, containing small starch grains, in the sieve tubes of certain plants.

1966 Internat. Rev. Cytol. 20 99 Later Schimper (1882) and Meyer (1883) reported that plastids (trophoplasts) can develop into three different kinds of mature plastids.

† trophopollen n. [after French trophopollen (P. J. F. Turpin, 1820 or earlier), itself after trophosperme trophosperm n.] Botany Obsolete rare a partition or septum separating locules of an anther; cf. trophosperm n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > stamen or pistil > stamen(s) > anther

tittle1578

pendant1664

tamis1665

apex1673

chive1691

anthera1706

summit1720

tip1776

anther1783

connective1830

trophopollen1832

anther valve1839

connectivum-

1832 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. 126 That part of the anther..which is called..the trophopollen by Turpin.

trophosomal adj.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈsəʊml/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈsəʊml/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfəˈsoʊm(ə)l/

/ˌtroʊfəˈsoʊm(ə)l/

of or relating to a trophosome.

ΚΠ

1873 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 29 415 It branched in this condition, or had an offshoot destined either to continue the same trophosomal structures, or give rise to those of a different kind.

1904 Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 2 35 All the trophosomal characters of D[iplocheilus] mirabilis which have been mentioned are found also in K. producta Bale.

1984 Bull. Marine Sci. 34 135 The genus is here designated Cladocarpoides, having strong trophosomal similarities with several members of the genus Cladocarpus but with such basic differences in the gonosome that the establishment of a new genus is warranted.

trophosome n.

Brit.

/ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)səʊm/

/ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)səʊm/

U.S.

/ˈtrɑfəˌsoʊm/

/ˈtroʊfəˌsoʊm/

(in a hydrozoan) the aggregate of non-reproductive zooids serving a primarily nutritive role (cf. trophozooid n.); cf. gonosome n. at gono- comb. form .

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Diploblastica > phylum Coelenterata > [noun] > class Hydrozoa > member of > zooid > nutritive > aggregate of

trophosome1864

1864 G. J. Allman in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1863 354 For the whole assemblage of the former or nutritive zooids I propose the name of ‘trophosome’.

1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 245 The Sea-fir..forms a fixed colony or hydrosoma... The hydrosome consists of a number of hydranths or nutritive zooids collectively forming the trophosome.

1943 Ecol. Monogr. 13 337/2 The two are scarcely distinguishable from the trophosome alone.

2002 P. Herring Biol. Deep Ocean iii. 63 The dark trophosome is scarlet in life and the white tubes are about 20 mm in diameter.

trophosperm n.

Brit.

/ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)spəːm/

/ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)spəːm/

U.S.

/ˈtrɑfəˌspərm/

/ˈtroʊfəˌspərm/

[after French trophosperme (L. C. Richard in P. Bulliard Dict. élém. de botanique (ed. 2, 1800) 141/2)] Botany (now rare) the internal part of the pericarp of a fruit, to which the seeds are attached; = placenta n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > stamen or pistil > style or pistil and related parts > carpel and placenta

placenta1681

placentule1682

seedbed1720

trophosperm1819

replum1828

carpel1835

spermaphore1847

hemicarp1854

spermophore-

1819 J. Lindley tr. L.-C. Richard Observ. Struct. Fruits & Seeds 6 I substitute the name of Trophosperm for that of Placenta, which botanists have given to the internal part of the pericarp, on which the seeds are immediately attached.

1857 W. Rhind Hist. Veg. Kingdom (rev. ed.) xvi. 92/1 The trophosperm sometimes bears only a single seed, but at other times supports a great number.

1903 Encycl. Brit. (new Werner ed.) IV. 142/2 This [sc. the placenta], sometimes called the trophosperm, consists of a mass of cellular tissue, through which the vessels pass to the ovule.

1999 B. C. Dickerson tr. S. Cochet & P. Cochet in Old Rose Adventurer xi. 166/2 This nearly spherical seed was attached to the trophosperm by an umbilical cord which adhered to the seed.

trophotaxis n.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈtaksɪs/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈtaksɪs/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfoʊˈtæksəs/

/ˌtroʊfoʊˈtæksəs/

[after German Trophotaxis (W. Pfeffer 1888, in Untersuchungen aus dem Bot. Inst. zu Tübingen 2 583)] movement of an organism towards or away from a source of nutrients; cf. trophotropism n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > movement > movement in response to stimuli > [noun] > response to food source

trophotropism1884

trophotaxis1892

magnetotaxis1963

1892 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 20 Feb. 375/2 It would appear that they [sc. certain lower organisms] are specially attracted to nutrient materials (trophotaxis).

1964 T. H. Savory Arachnida (new ed.) 63 The distinction is based on the idea that trophotaxis involves sensation.

2012 R. Arditi & L. R. Ginzburg How Species Interact iv. 105 Predators tend to cluster in regions of high prey density. This trophotaxis is assumed to be the only source of the phenomena listed above.

trophothylax n.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈθʌɪlaks/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈθʌɪlaks/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfoʊˈθaɪˌlæks/

/ˌtroʊfoʊˈθaɪˌlæks/

[ < tropho- comb. form + ancient Greek θύλακος pouch (see thylacine n.)] Entomology (in the larva of certain ants) a food pouch located on the lower surface of the thorax near the head.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Hymenoptera > [noun] > suborder Apocrita, Petiolata, or Heterophaga > group Aculeata (stinging) > ant > larva(e) > food pouch on thorax

trophothylax1920

1920 W. M. Wheeler & I. W. Bailey in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 22 258 The sternal portion of the first abdominal segment is transversely elliptical..and furnished with a food-pouch, the trophothylax.

1971 E. O. Wilson Insect Societies iv. 55/1 The nurse worker first pushes the fragment deep within the trophothylax, the special food pouch located on the lower surface of the thorax just behind the head (and found only in pseudomyrmecine larvae).

1990 B. Hölldobler & E. O. Wilson Ants xiv. 533/2 From time to time workers also force open the trophothylax and regurgitate droplets of fluid into it.

trophozoite n.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈzəʊʌɪt/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈzəʊʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfoʊˈzoʊˌaɪt/

/ˌtroʊfoʊˈzoʊˌaɪt/

a parasitic protozoan in an asexual stage of its life cycle during which it is motile and feeds and grows.

ΚΠ

1903 E. A. Minchin in E. R. Lankester Treat. Zool. I. ii. i. 156 This stage of the parasite, during which it is absorbing nutriment from its host and growing rapidly, may be termed the trophic stage, and each individual parasite during this stage may be termed a trophozoite.

1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) iv. 56 Each sporozoite at once attacks a red blood corpuscle, feeds upon it, and becomes an amebalike form called a trophozoite.

2004 Ambix 51 120 Someone should settle one way or another the question as to whether sporozoites and trophozoites react differently to drugs.

trophozooid n.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈzuːɔɪd/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈzuːɔɪd/

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈzəʊɔɪd/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈzəʊɔɪd/

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈzuːɪd/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈzuːɪd/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfoʊˈzoʊˌɔɪd/

/ˌtroʊfoʊˈzoʊˌɔɪd/

/ˌtrɑfoʊˈzuˌɔɪd/

/ˌtroʊfoʊˈzuˌɔɪd/

(in a hydrozoan or other colonial organism) a non-reproductive zooid serving a primarily nutritive role; cf. trophosome n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > colony or compound organism > [noun] > polyp or zooid of colony > nutritive zooid

trophozooid1888

1888 W. A. Herdman in Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 615/2 Nutritive forms (trophozooids) which remain permanently attached to the nurse, and serve to provide it with food.

1987 M. S. Laverack & J. Dando Lect. Notes Invertebr. Zool. (ed. 3) xxxii. 186/2 Trophozooids..are sterile, nutritive and respiratory in function.

2003 R. E. Dunmur tr. P. Ax Multicellular Animals III. 164 (caption) The trophozooids reach a length of 4–5 mm.

2. Embryology. Forming terms relating to tissues and structures involved in the development of the placenta (as the organ providing nourishment to the embryo and fetus), and structures serving a similar function in non-placental animals.See also trophoblast n. 2.

† trophocalyx n. Obsolete rare (in certain mammals, as bats and moles) a cup-shaped structure or layer of tissue formed during the development of the placenta.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > [noun] > parts of > placenta and related parts

glean1601

placenta1638

subplacenta1807

trophocalyx1889

trophodisc1889

trophosphere1889

trophospongia1889

1889 A. A. W. Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 30 359 The trophocalyx (as this specialized region may conveniently be called, both in the bat and the mole, per analogiam with the trophosphere of the hedgehog and the trophodisc of the rabbit).

† trophodisc n. Obsolete rare (in certain mammals, as rabbits) a disk-shaped structure or layer of tissue formed during the development of the placenta.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > [noun] > parts of > placenta and related parts

glean1601

placenta1638

subplacenta1807

trophocalyx1889

trophodisc1889

trophosphere1889

trophospongia1889

1889 A. A. W. Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 30 323 Corresponding regions of the rabbit might be indicated by the name of trophodisc, that of the bat and mole of trophocalyx.

trophectoderm n.

Brit.

/trə(ʊ)ˈfɛktədəːm/

/trɒˈfɛktədəːm/

U.S.

/troʊˈfɛktəˌdərm/

trophoblast, esp. when forming the outermost layer of the blastocyst.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo parts > [noun] > trophoblast

trophoblast1889

plasmoditrophoblast1905

trophectoderm1915

syncytiotrophoblast1926

1915 C. W. Prentiss Lab. Man. & Text-bk. Embryol. ii. 36 The inner cell mass is overgrown by an outer layer which we term the troph-ectoderm because, in mammals, it supplies nutriment to the embryo from the uterine wall.

1964 Science 17 Apr. 266/1 Blastocoel formation involves the differentiation of the trophectoderm.

2006 C. Nüsslein-Volhard Coming Life viii. 113 The cells of the lower layer spread to cover the inside wall of the trophectoderm, which corresponds to the yolk sac of the chicken egg.

trophectodermal adj.

Brit.

/trə(ʊ)ˌfɛktəˈdəːml/

U.S.

/troʊˌfɛktəˈdərm(ə)l/

of, relating to, or of the nature of trophectoderm.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo parts > [adjective] > trophoblast, etc.

parablastic1883

trophospongian1889

neuroectodermic1908

neuroectodermal1946

trophectodermal1946

syncytiotrophoblastic1961

1946 B. M. Patten Human Embryol. vi. 152 The cells of trophoectodermal origin are pushed peripherally.

1978 Nature 7 Sept. 10/3 The strange distribution of this determinant does not fit in with any preconceived notions of trophectodermal formation or differentiation.

2002 J. B. Cibelli et al. Cloning vi. 110 One may thus ask whether there is any other difference between the maternal and the trophectodermal supporting tissues besides their origin.

trophonema n.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈniːmə/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈniːmə/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfəˈnimə/

/ˌtroʊfəˈnimə/

(plural trophonemata) [ < tropho- comb. form + -nema suffix] (in certain viviparous fishes) any of the glandular uterine villi supplying nutrients to the embryos.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > parts of fish > [noun] > part of uterus

trophonema1891

1891 J. Wood-Mason & A. Alcock in Proc. Royal Soc. 1890–91 49 363 We propose to term the villiform structures of the uterine mucous membrane in Selachians, which essentially secrete nutriment, trophonemata.

1950 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 234 301 The trophonemata in the uterus of this fish were luxuriantly developed.

2010 A. Amiel et al. in M.-H. Verlhac & A. Villeneuve Oogenesis iii. 88 The trophonema forms from endodermal cells in contact with the young oocyte.

trophosphere n.

Brit.

/ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)sfɪə/

/ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)sfɪə/

U.S.

/ˈtrɑfəˌsfɪ(ə)r/

/ˈtroʊfəˌsfɪ(ə)r/

now rare a spherical structure or layer of tissue formed in the early stages of implantation of the blastocyst.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > [noun] > parts of > placenta and related parts

glean1601

placenta1638

subplacenta1807

trophocalyx1889

trophodisc1889

trophosphere1889

trophospongia1889

1889 A. A. W. Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 30 322 These two [sc. the trophoblast and the trophospongia] together, forming in Erinaceus a sphere which is shut off from the uterus lumen by the fusion of the lips of the decidua reflexa, should be indicated by the name of trophosphere.

1908 T. W. Eden Man. Midwifery (ed. 2) i. 17 The blood filled vacuoles of the trophosphere are the earliest representatives of the intervillous spaces of the mature placenta.

1995 Placenta 16 655 TE1 cells also contain structures similar to those present in cells of the outer layer of trophospheres.

trophospongia n.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈspʌn(d)ʒɪə/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈspʌn(d)ʒɪə/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfoʊˈspəndʒiə/

/ˌtroʊfoʊˈspəndʒiə/

[ < tropho- comb. form + ancient Greek σπογγιά sponge n.¹] now rare a layer of tissue containing numerous vascular spaces, formed between the ovum and uterine lining in the early stages of implantation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > [noun] > parts of > placenta and related parts

glean1601

placenta1638

subplacenta1807

trophocalyx1889

trophodisc1889

trophosphere1889

trophospongia1889

1889 A. A. W. Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 30 322 It is to this cell-mass of which we have just traced the maternal origin, that I propose to give the name of trophospongia.

1922 F. H. A. Marshall Physiol. of Reprod. (ed. 2) 486 The trophospongia remains longer, but finally it also thins, and at the end of pregnancy there is only a thin rim of maternal tissue left.

1990 Mammalian Species No. 353. 4/1 Maternal blood draining from the trophospongia layer always is contained in channels lined by a layer of squamous epithelium.

trophospongial adj.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈspʌn(d)ʒɪəl/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈspʌn(d)ʒɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfoʊˈspəndʒiəl/

/ˌtroʊfoʊˈspəndʒiəl/

now rare of or relating to the trophospongia.

ΚΠ

1905 Proc. Zool. Soc. 2 i. 286 The large afferent channel which lies partly in the trophospongial tissue and partly in the trophoblast.

1932 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 221 86 The trophospongial mass undergoes regression.

2010 R. Pijnenborg et al. Placental Bed Vascular Disorders xiii. 135/1 As in the rat, the latter cells originate from the trophospongial glycogen cells.

trophospongian adj.

Brit.

/ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈspʌn(d)ʒɪən/

/ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈspʌn(d)ʒɪən/

U.S.

/ˌtrɑfoʊˈspəndʒiən/

/ˌtroʊfoʊˈspəndʒiən/

rare (now disused) = trophospongial adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo parts > [adjective] > trophoblast, etc.

parablastic1883

trophospongian1889

neuroectodermic1908

neuroectodermal1946

trophectodermal1946

syncytiotrophoblastic1961

1889 A. A. W. Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 30 326 The topography of the trophospongian region.

1908 A. A. W. Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 53 127 The first is a result of a limited trophoblastic proliferation simultaneous with a trophospongian process.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	tropho-
释义	tropho-comb. form Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Forms: Before a vowel troph-. Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek τροϕο-. Etymology: < Hellenistic Greek τροϕο-, combining form (in e.g. τροϕοϕορεῖν to bring nourishment) of ancient Greek τροϕή nourishment < an ablaut variant (o -grade) of the base of τρέϕειν to nourish, of unknown origin. Compare French tropho- (formations in which are found from the beginning of the 19th cent., e.g. trophosperme : see trophosperm n.), German tropho- (formations in which are found from at least the early 19th cent., e.g. Trophoneurose : see trophoneurosis n.).Attested from the early 19th cent., apparently earliest in adaptations from French (compare trophosperm n. and trophopollen n.). Chiefly combining with second elements ultimately of Greek origin. Chiefly Biology and Medicine. 1. Forming terms relating to nutrition, food, and feeding. trophobiont n. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈbʌɪɒnt/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈbʌɪɒnt/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfoʊˈbaɪˌɑnt/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊˈbaɪˌɑnt/ [after German Trophobiont (E. Wasmann, 1910 or earlier)] Entomology an insect that produces a secretion used as food by another species. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > [noun] > member of > defined as social insect or association of > friendly symbiosis > insect that produces food for another trophobiont1913 1913 tr. E. Wasmann in Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. 1912 464 We distinguish..trophobionts or food-producing animals of the ant. 1978 R. J. Elzinga Fund. Entomol. vii. 173 These trophobionts are protected by their hosts and are analogous to domestic cows, for they yield food sugar solutions..upon request. 2009 N. Blüthgen & H. Feldhaar in L. Lach et al. Ant Ecol. vii. 133/1 Protection of trophobionts within the nest or in specific shelters may reduce the effects of extreme weather conditions. trophochromatin n. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈkrəʊmətɪn/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈkrəʊmətɪn/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfoʊˈkroʊmədən/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊˈkroʊmədən/ [after German Trophochromatin (1905 in the paper by R. Goldschmidt ( Zool. Jahrb.: Abt. für Anat. 21 112) reviewed in quot. 1905, or earlier); compare German trophochromatisch (W. Lubosch 1902, in Ergebnisse Anat. u. Entwicklungsgeschichte 11 783)] now historical chromatin believed to be involved only in the regulation of metabolism and growth of a cell, rather than with its reproduction; (also) chromatin associated with a macronucleus (cf. trophonucleus n.); cf. idiochromatin n. at idio- comb. form . ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [noun] > chromatin chromatin1882 oxychromatin1894 basichromatin1902 trophochromatin1905 sex chromatin1909 heterochromatin1932 1905 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 578 Two kinds of chromatin, idio-chromatin and tropho-chromatin, may be detected. 1947 Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1 2 In amœboid forms special interest attaches to the structure and division of the nucleus. A distinction may be made between the ‘trophochromatin’ which stains intensely with iron haematoxylin, but takes no part in the formation of the chromosomes, and the ‘idiochromatin’ out of which the chromosomes are formed. 2009 R. Wayne Plant Cell Biol. ix. 134/1 The idiochromatin was considered to be the portion of the nucleus that contained the hereditary material, and was thus more vital than the trophochromatin. trophocyte n. Brit. /ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)sʌɪt/ , /ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)sʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˈtrɑfəˌsaɪt/ , /ˈtroʊfəˌsaɪt/ [after Italian trofocito (A. Berlese 1897, in Rivista di patologia vegetale 6 113)] chiefly Entomology any of various types of cell serving a nutritive function; esp. a specialized cell of the fat body or a nurse cell of the ovary in an insect. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [noun] > specialized cell > cell forming fatty tissue trophocyte1898 1898 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 535 Sig. A. Berlese describes the wandering cells (trophocytes) which occur in great numbers in the pupæ of Muscidæ, and serve to store up the albuminoid detritus. 1904 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 527 Imaginal Adipose Tissue in Muscidæ.—Ch. Pérez has made a study of this tissue, which consists of two kinds of elements—trophocytes and œnocytes. 1938 Brit. Jrnl. Animal Behav. 3 148/1 The number of oocytes in each ovariole were counted from the point where an oocyte and a trophocyte were of the same size. 1983 Tissue & Cell 15 281 We describe two phases, previtellogenic and vitellogenic, in the activity of the trophocytes in the fat body of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. 2012 M. O. Soyer-Gobillard in M. Schaechter Eukaryotic Microbes xix. 270/2 Two kinds of cell are present [in a mixotrophic dinoflagellate]: the trophocyte, which remains temporarily undivided while it increases in size, and the gonocyte, which produces sporocytes. † tropholecithus n. [ < tropho- comb. form + ancient Greek λέκιθος yolk (see lecithin n.), after German Tropholecithus (Haeckel, 1875 or earlier)] Obsolete rare (Haeckel's name for) the part of the yolk of a meroblastic ovum which serves a purely nutritive function; cf. morpholecithus n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > ovum or ootid > yolk > types of yolk germ yolk1849 archiblast1876 parablast1876 tropholecithus1879 1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man I. viii. 216 The nutritive yolk (vitellus nutritivus, or tropholecithus [Ger. Vitellus nutritivus oder Tropholecithus])..is a mere appendage of the true egg-cell, and contains hoarded food-substance,..so that it forms a sort of storehouse for the embryo in the course of its evolution. † tropholecithal adj. Obsolete rare of or relating to nutritive yolk (cf. tropholecithus n.).Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1891 Cent. Dict. Tropholecithal. trophology n. Brit. /trə(ʊ)ˈfɒlədʒi/ , /trɒˈfɒlədʒi/ , U.S. /troʊˈfɑlədʒi/ [perhaps after French trophologie ( J. B. G. Barbier Traité d'hygiène appliquée à la thérapeutique (1811) II. 1)] (a) nutritional science (now rare or disused); (b) = food combining n. at food n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > study > [noun] > physiology > branches of electrophysiology1838 actinology1855 trophology1865 physiogeny1879 palaeophysiology1880 physiogenesis1887 ecophysiology1950 1865 Med. Times & Gaz. 11 Mar. 274/1 We must invite our readers' attention to ‘Modern Trophology’, and especially to Dr. Edward Smith's very laborious investigations. 1895 Med. Current 11 560 And by nutrition is meant the molecular trophology not to be judged alone by the amount of food ingested. 1914 Dietetic & Hygienic Gaz. 30 199/2 Trophology is the science of the nature and properties of materials that are used as food. 1989 D. Reid Tao Health, Sex, & Longevity 60 Let's take a close look at the practical side of trophology with some concrete examples of food combining. 2009 Gold Coast Bull. (Austral.) (Nexis) 18 Mar. 31 Steven is also a fan of trophology, which means his dishes concentrate on the complementary combining of foods to aid digestion. trophoneurosis n. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)njᵿˈrəʊsɪs/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)njᵿˈrəʊsɪs/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfoʊn(j)ʊˈroʊsəs/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊn(j)ʊˈroʊsəs/ [after German Trophoneurose ( M. H. Romberg Lehrb. der Nervenkrankheiten des Menschen (1840) I. 188)] (originally) a disease or disorder of a trophic nerve (now historical); (in later use) a disorder resulting from impaired innervation (now rare). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [noun] > trophoneurosis trophoneurosis1844 trophesy1864 trophopathy1890 1844 Brit. & Foreign Med. Rev. 17 407 Upon these, four classes of diseases are formed, namely: 1. The Sensitive neuroses. 2. The Motor neuroses. 3. Phreno-neuroses. 4. The Tropho-neuroses. 1876 J. Van Duyn & E. C. Seguin tr. E. L. Wagner Man. Gen. Pathol. 292 Many forms of disease rarely occurring, but..highly characteristic and very evident to the senses, tropho-neuroses. 1912 Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Dis. Women & Children 66 756 The so-called vasomotor and trophoneuroses play an important role in the practice of medicine. 1956 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 11 Feb. 315/1 A disorder of the nervous system in the form of a trophoneurosis was postulated by Simons. trophoneurotic adj. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)njᵿˈrɒtɪk/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)njᵿˈrɒtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfoʊn(j)ʊˈrɑdɪk/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊn(j)ʊˈrɑdɪk/ [after German trophoneurotisch (1864 or earlier)] now rare and chiefly historical of, relating to, or of the nature of a trophoneurosis. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [adjective] > trophoneurosis trophesial1873 trophoneurotic1874 1874 London Med. Rec. 25 Feb. 123/2 The extension of the trophoneurotic etiology to perforating disease of the foot..is so far a French clinical conquest, that we claim it for her. 1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 47 The so-called ‘varieties’ or ‘forms’ of leprosy..(2) the smooth (also called ‘anæsthetic’, ‘non-tuberculated’, ‘tropho-neurotic’, etc.). 1931 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 4 July 12/2 Trophoneurotic disturbances have also been observed. 2004 J. Grossman & C. Cürten tr. U.-N. Riede Color Atlas Pathol. vii. 124/1 (heading) Trophoneurotic atrophy. trophonucleus n. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈnjuːklɪəs/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈnjuːklɪəs/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfoʊˈn(j)ukliəs/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊˈn(j)ukliəs/ now rare = macronucleus n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > protozoa > class Flagellata or Mastigophora > [noun] > member of > parts of > nucleus trophonucleus1906 1906 H. M. Woodcock in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 50 182 This is revealed..in the sharp resolution of the nuclear material into trophic and kinetic constituents, which are practically separate and independent, at any rate, during the trypanosome phase... The fertilisation spindle or definitive nucleus is to be regarded as representing the trophic portion, and it will be convenient, therefore, to distinguish it as the trophonucleus. 1928 L. E. H. Whitby Med. Bacteriol. xxi. 213 Stained preparations [of Trypanosoma gambiense] show two nuclear structures, the one, larger and centrally placed, is known as the macronucleus or trophonucleus. 1965 G. A. McDonald et al. Atlas Haematol. 143 (caption) The cytoplasm of the monocytes contain numerous Leishmania donovani; the parasites have a darkly staining trophonucleus and a smaller kinetoplast. trophopathy n. Brit. /trə(ʊ)ˈfɒpəθi/ , /trɒˈfɒpəθi/ , U.S. /troʊˈfɑpəθi/ [perhaps after French trophopathie, although this is first attested slightly later (1848 or earlier)] now rare disease (supposedly) affecting the nutrition of the body, an organ, or a tissue; an instance of this; spec. = trophoneurosis n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [noun] > derangement of nutrition trophopathy1847 the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [noun] > trophoneurosis trophoneurosis1844 trophesy1864 trophopathy1890 1847 Med. Times 13 Mar. 80/1 The various genera of acquired trophopathies. 1890 Lancet 8 Mar. 535/1 The anima of this contribution is the belief of the writers that trophopathy..has more to do with the cause of the so-called incurable diseases than the profession gives credit to. 1948 Brit. Jrnl. Radiol. 21 48/1 Because spina bifida occulta was present, the author attributes the tropopathy to a dysplasia of the cord. trophophore n. Brit. /ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)fɔː/ , /ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)fɔː/ , U.S. /ˈtrɑfəˌfɔr/ , /ˈtroʊfəˌfɔr/ [after German Trophophore (1885 or earlier); compare Byzantine Greek τροϕοϕόρος bringing nourishment] now rare (in a sponge) a wandering amoeboid nutritive cell which gives rise to a gemmule or embryo. ΚΠ 1885 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 5 817 The gemmulæ do not arise from special ‘trophophores’, but from a portion of the parenchym. 1900 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 44 95 The few remaining trophophores are seen travelling towards that part of the gemmule where the pore will appear. trophophoric adj. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈfɒrɪk/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈfɒrɪk/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfəˈfɔrɪk/ , /ˌtroʊfəˈfɔrɪk/ [compare Byzantine Greek τροϕοϕόρος bringing nourishment] having the function of supplying provisions; (Entomology) designating an area from which food is obtained by social insects. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > [adjective] > supplying food or catering trophophoric1892 catering1923 1892 Ld. Lytton King Poppy i. 67 (note) Official ranks, civil, military, and trophophoric. 1958 Evolution 12 29/2 These ants could not long survive if confined to the narrow trophophoric fields occupied by sedentary ants. 2007 C. Sleigh Six Legs Better iv. 85 The trophophoric field retreated inward to the nest itself. † trophophorous adj. [after trophophore n.] Obsolete rare of, relating to, or of the nature of a trophophore of a sponge.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1891 Cent. Dict. Trophophorous, of the nature of trophophores; pertaining to trophophores. trophoplasm n. Brit. /ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)ˌplaz(ə)m/ , /ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˌplaz(ə)m/ , U.S. /ˈtrɑfəˌplæz(ə)m/ , /ˈtroʊfəˌplæz(ə)m/ now historical and rare protoplasm or cytoplasm believed to serve a nutritive function only; cf. idioplasm n. at idio- comb. form , kinoplasm n. at kino- comb. form . [Probably ultimately after German Ernährungsplasma ( C. Nägeli Mechanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre (1884) 29); compare German Trophoplasma (1893 or earlier).] ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell substance > [noun] > protoplasm or cytoplasm > types or forms of cytoblastema1840 cell sap1842 hyaline1864 metaplasm1875 plasson1879 nucleoplasm1882 reticulum1883 hyaloplasm1886 mitome1886 paramitome1886 spongioplasm1886 paraplasm1887 paraplasma1891 trophoplasm1892 kinoplasm1894 blepharoplast1897 plasmagel1923 plasmasol1923 1892 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. Dec. 52 In the present case the trophoplasm eliminated from the nucleus passes into the cytoplast, and is utilised, not excreted. 1896 Sci. Progress 5 28 He [sc. Strasburger] regards the nomadic streaming protoplasm as being mainly charged with the function of providing nourishment for the nucleus and kinoplasm, and he distinguishes it by the special term of Trophoplasm. 1918 New Phytol. 17 180 (note) Trophoplasm is the food-making element. 2006 Adv. Genetics 56 59 The idioplasm is supposed to determine the trophoplasm. trophoplasmic adj. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈplazmɪk/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈplazmɪk/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfəˈplæzmɪk/ , /ˌtroʊfəˈplæzmɪk/ now rare of, relating to, or of the nature of trophoplasm. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell substance > [adjective] > protoplasm or cytoplasm > types or forms of nucleoplasmic1890 trophoplasmic1898 kinoplasmic1900 1898 Ann. Bot. 12 274 The spermatozoids left their trophoplasmic vesicles behind, and their motion was retarded. 1903 Bot. Gaz. May 340 Everything seems to point to the ooplasm as trophoplasmic in character. 1923 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Nov. 938/1 He saw in each nerve cell nothing else than modifications of the neuroplasmic fibrillae and the trophoplasmic adjuncts. trophoplast n. Brit. /ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)plɑːst/ , /ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)plast/ , /ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)plɑːst/ , /ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)plast/ , U.S. /ˈtrɑfəˌplæst/ , /ˈtroʊfəˌplæst/ [after German Trophoplast (A. Meyer 1882, in Botanischen Centralblatt 12 314)] Botany (now historical) = plastid n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell organelle or contents > [noun] > plastids or aggregate of homo-organ1883 homoplast1883 trophoplast1883 plastid1885 chloroplast1887 chromatophore1895 proplastid1922 plastidome1926 1883 Nature 19 July 268/1 (note) A. Meyer terms the bodies ana-plasts (= leucoplastidia), auto-plasts (= chloroplastidia), and chromo-plasts (= chromoplastidia) respectively. He uses the generic term trophoplasts to embrace all collectively. 1889 Science 22 Nov. 355/1 The nucleus and other granules (the trophoplasts) within the cell... Each protoplast possesses the organs necessary for continuous transmission; the nucleus for new nuclei, the trophoplasts for new granules of all kinds. 1934 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 21 637 Arthur Meyer..found colorless ‘trophoplasts’, containing small starch grains, in the sieve tubes of certain plants. 1966 Internat. Rev. Cytol. 20 99 Later Schimper (1882) and Meyer (1883) reported that plastids (trophoplasts) can develop into three different kinds of mature plastids. † trophopollen n. [after French trophopollen (P. J. F. Turpin, 1820 or earlier), itself after trophosperme trophosperm n.] Botany Obsolete rare a partition or septum separating locules of an anther; cf. trophosperm n. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > stamen or pistil > stamen(s) > anther tittle1578 pendant1664 tamis1665 apex1673 chive1691 anthera1706 summit1720 tip1776 anther1783 connective1830 trophopollen1832 anther valve1839 connectivum- 1832 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. 126 That part of the anther..which is called..the trophopollen by Turpin. trophosomal adj. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈsəʊml/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈsəʊml/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfəˈsoʊm(ə)l/ , /ˌtroʊfəˈsoʊm(ə)l/ of or relating to a trophosome. ΚΠ 1873 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 29 415 It branched in this condition, or had an offshoot destined either to continue the same trophosomal structures, or give rise to those of a different kind. 1904 Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 2 35 All the trophosomal characters of D[iplocheilus] mirabilis which have been mentioned are found also in K. producta Bale. 1984 Bull. Marine Sci. 34 135 The genus is here designated Cladocarpoides, having strong trophosomal similarities with several members of the genus Cladocarpus but with such basic differences in the gonosome that the establishment of a new genus is warranted. trophosome n. Brit. /ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)səʊm/ , /ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)səʊm/ , U.S. /ˈtrɑfəˌsoʊm/ , /ˈtroʊfəˌsoʊm/ (in a hydrozoan) the aggregate of non-reproductive zooids serving a primarily nutritive role (cf. trophozooid n.); cf. gonosome n. at gono- comb. form . ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Diploblastica > phylum Coelenterata > [noun] > class Hydrozoa > member of > zooid > nutritive > aggregate of trophosome1864 1864 G. J. Allman in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1863 354 For the whole assemblage of the former or nutritive zooids I propose the name of ‘trophosome’. 1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 245 The Sea-fir..forms a fixed colony or hydrosoma... The hydrosome consists of a number of hydranths or nutritive zooids collectively forming the trophosome. 1943 Ecol. Monogr. 13 337/2 The two are scarcely distinguishable from the trophosome alone. 2002 P. Herring Biol. Deep Ocean iii. 63 The dark trophosome is scarlet in life and the white tubes are about 20 mm in diameter. trophosperm n. Brit. /ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)spəːm/ , /ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)spəːm/ , U.S. /ˈtrɑfəˌspərm/ , /ˈtroʊfəˌspərm/ [after French trophosperme (L. C. Richard in P. Bulliard Dict. élém. de botanique (ed. 2, 1800) 141/2)] Botany (now rare) the internal part of the pericarp of a fruit, to which the seeds are attached; = placenta n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > stamen or pistil > style or pistil and related parts > carpel and placenta placenta1681 placentule1682 seedbed1720 trophosperm1819 replum1828 carpel1835 spermaphore1847 hemicarp1854 spermophore- 1819 J. Lindley tr. L.-C. Richard Observ. Struct. Fruits & Seeds 6 I substitute the name of Trophosperm for that of Placenta, which botanists have given to the internal part of the pericarp, on which the seeds are immediately attached. 1857 W. Rhind Hist. Veg. Kingdom (rev. ed.) xvi. 92/1 The trophosperm sometimes bears only a single seed, but at other times supports a great number. 1903 Encycl. Brit. (new Werner ed.) IV. 142/2 This [sc. the placenta], sometimes called the trophosperm, consists of a mass of cellular tissue, through which the vessels pass to the ovule. 1999 B. C. Dickerson tr. S. Cochet & P. Cochet in Old Rose Adventurer xi. 166/2 This nearly spherical seed was attached to the trophosperm by an umbilical cord which adhered to the seed. trophotaxis n. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈtaksɪs/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈtaksɪs/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfoʊˈtæksəs/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊˈtæksəs/ [after German Trophotaxis (W. Pfeffer 1888, in Untersuchungen aus dem Bot. Inst. zu Tübingen 2 583)] movement of an organism towards or away from a source of nutrients; cf. trophotropism n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > movement > movement in response to stimuli > [noun] > response to food source trophotropism1884 trophotaxis1892 magnetotaxis1963 1892 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 20 Feb. 375/2 It would appear that they [sc. certain lower organisms] are specially attracted to nutrient materials (trophotaxis). 1964 T. H. Savory Arachnida (new ed.) 63 The distinction is based on the idea that trophotaxis involves sensation. 2012 R. Arditi & L. R. Ginzburg How Species Interact iv. 105 Predators tend to cluster in regions of high prey density. This trophotaxis is assumed to be the only source of the phenomena listed above. trophothylax n. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈθʌɪlaks/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈθʌɪlaks/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfoʊˈθaɪˌlæks/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊˈθaɪˌlæks/ [ < tropho- comb. form + ancient Greek θύλακος pouch (see thylacine n.)] Entomology (in the larva of certain ants) a food pouch located on the lower surface of the thorax near the head. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Hymenoptera > [noun] > suborder Apocrita, Petiolata, or Heterophaga > group Aculeata (stinging) > ant > larva(e) > food pouch on thorax trophothylax1920 1920 W. M. Wheeler & I. W. Bailey in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 22 258 The sternal portion of the first abdominal segment is transversely elliptical..and furnished with a food-pouch, the trophothylax. 1971 E. O. Wilson Insect Societies iv. 55/1 The nurse worker first pushes the fragment deep within the trophothylax, the special food pouch located on the lower surface of the thorax just behind the head (and found only in pseudomyrmecine larvae). 1990 B. Hölldobler & E. O. Wilson Ants xiv. 533/2 From time to time workers also force open the trophothylax and regurgitate droplets of fluid into it. trophozoite n. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈzəʊʌɪt/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈzəʊʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfoʊˈzoʊˌaɪt/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊˈzoʊˌaɪt/ a parasitic protozoan in an asexual stage of its life cycle during which it is motile and feeds and grows. ΚΠ 1903 E. A. Minchin in E. R. Lankester Treat. Zool. I. ii. i. 156 This stage of the parasite, during which it is absorbing nutriment from its host and growing rapidly, may be termed the trophic stage, and each individual parasite during this stage may be termed a trophozoite. 1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) iv. 56 Each sporozoite at once attacks a red blood corpuscle, feeds upon it, and becomes an amebalike form called a trophozoite. 2004 Ambix 51 120 Someone should settle one way or another the question as to whether sporozoites and trophozoites react differently to drugs. trophozooid n. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈzuːɔɪd/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈzuːɔɪd/ , /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈzəʊɔɪd/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈzəʊɔɪd/ , /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈzuːɪd/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈzuːɪd/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfoʊˈzoʊˌɔɪd/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊˈzoʊˌɔɪd/ , /ˌtrɑfoʊˈzuˌɔɪd/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊˈzuˌɔɪd/ (in a hydrozoan or other colonial organism) a non-reproductive zooid serving a primarily nutritive role; cf. trophosome n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > colony or compound organism > [noun] > polyp or zooid of colony > nutritive zooid trophozooid1888 1888 W. A. Herdman in Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 615/2 Nutritive forms (trophozooids) which remain permanently attached to the nurse, and serve to provide it with food. 1987 M. S. Laverack & J. Dando Lect. Notes Invertebr. Zool. (ed. 3) xxxii. 186/2 Trophozooids..are sterile, nutritive and respiratory in function. 2003 R. E. Dunmur tr. P. Ax Multicellular Animals III. 164 (caption) The trophozooids reach a length of 4–5 mm. 2. Embryology. Forming terms relating to tissues and structures involved in the development of the placenta (as the organ providing nourishment to the embryo and fetus), and structures serving a similar function in non-placental animals.See also trophoblast n. 2. † trophocalyx n. Obsolete rare (in certain mammals, as bats and moles) a cup-shaped structure or layer of tissue formed during the development of the placenta. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > [noun] > parts of > placenta and related parts glean1601 placenta1638 subplacenta1807 trophocalyx1889 trophodisc1889 trophosphere1889 trophospongia1889 1889 A. A. W. Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 30 359 The trophocalyx (as this specialized region may conveniently be called, both in the bat and the mole, per analogiam with the trophosphere of the hedgehog and the trophodisc of the rabbit). † trophodisc n. Obsolete rare (in certain mammals, as rabbits) a disk-shaped structure or layer of tissue formed during the development of the placenta. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > [noun] > parts of > placenta and related parts glean1601 placenta1638 subplacenta1807 trophocalyx1889 trophodisc1889 trophosphere1889 trophospongia1889 1889 A. A. W. Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 30 323 Corresponding regions of the rabbit might be indicated by the name of trophodisc, that of the bat and mole of trophocalyx. trophectoderm n. Brit. /trə(ʊ)ˈfɛktədəːm/ , /trɒˈfɛktədəːm/ , U.S. /troʊˈfɛktəˌdərm/ trophoblast, esp. when forming the outermost layer of the blastocyst. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo parts > [noun] > trophoblast trophoblast1889 plasmoditrophoblast1905 trophectoderm1915 syncytiotrophoblast1926 1915 C. W. Prentiss Lab. Man. & Text-bk. Embryol. ii. 36 The inner cell mass is overgrown by an outer layer which we term the troph-ectoderm because, in mammals, it supplies nutriment to the embryo from the uterine wall. 1964 Science 17 Apr. 266/1 Blastocoel formation involves the differentiation of the trophectoderm. 2006 C. Nüsslein-Volhard Coming Life viii. 113 The cells of the lower layer spread to cover the inside wall of the trophectoderm, which corresponds to the yolk sac of the chicken egg. trophectodermal adj. Brit. /trə(ʊ)ˌfɛktəˈdəːml/ , U.S. /troʊˌfɛktəˈdərm(ə)l/ of, relating to, or of the nature of trophectoderm. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo parts > [adjective] > trophoblast, etc. parablastic1883 trophospongian1889 neuroectodermic1908 neuroectodermal1946 trophectodermal1946 syncytiotrophoblastic1961 1946 B. M. Patten Human Embryol. vi. 152 The cells of trophoectodermal origin are pushed peripherally. 1978 Nature 7 Sept. 10/3 The strange distribution of this determinant does not fit in with any preconceived notions of trophectodermal formation or differentiation. 2002 J. B. Cibelli et al. Cloning vi. 110 One may thus ask whether there is any other difference between the maternal and the trophectodermal supporting tissues besides their origin. trophonema n. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈniːmə/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈniːmə/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfəˈnimə/ , /ˌtroʊfəˈnimə/ (plural trophonemata) [ < tropho- comb. form + -nema suffix] (in certain viviparous fishes) any of the glandular uterine villi supplying nutrients to the embryos. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > parts of fish > [noun] > part of uterus trophonema1891 1891 J. Wood-Mason & A. Alcock in Proc. Royal Soc. 1890–91 49 363 We propose to term the villiform structures of the uterine mucous membrane in Selachians, which essentially secrete nutriment, trophonemata. 1950 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 234 301 The trophonemata in the uterus of this fish were luxuriantly developed. 2010 A. Amiel et al. in M.-H. Verlhac & A. Villeneuve Oogenesis iii. 88 The trophonema forms from endodermal cells in contact with the young oocyte. trophosphere n. Brit. /ˈtrɒfə(ʊ)sfɪə/ , /ˈtrəʊfə(ʊ)sfɪə/ , U.S. /ˈtrɑfəˌsfɪ(ə)r/ , /ˈtroʊfəˌsfɪ(ə)r/ now rare a spherical structure or layer of tissue formed in the early stages of implantation of the blastocyst. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > [noun] > parts of > placenta and related parts glean1601 placenta1638 subplacenta1807 trophocalyx1889 trophodisc1889 trophosphere1889 trophospongia1889 1889 A. A. W. Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 30 322 These two [sc. the trophoblast and the trophospongia] together, forming in Erinaceus a sphere which is shut off from the uterus lumen by the fusion of the lips of the decidua reflexa, should be indicated by the name of trophosphere. 1908 T. W. Eden Man. Midwifery (ed. 2) i. 17 The blood filled vacuoles of the trophosphere are the earliest representatives of the intervillous spaces of the mature placenta. 1995 Placenta 16 655 TE1 cells also contain structures similar to those present in cells of the outer layer of trophospheres. trophospongia n. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈspʌn(d)ʒɪə/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈspʌn(d)ʒɪə/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfoʊˈspəndʒiə/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊˈspəndʒiə/ [ < tropho- comb. form + ancient Greek σπογγιά sponge n.¹] now rare a layer of tissue containing numerous vascular spaces, formed between the ovum and uterine lining in the early stages of implantation. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > [noun] > parts of > placenta and related parts glean1601 placenta1638 subplacenta1807 trophocalyx1889 trophodisc1889 trophosphere1889 trophospongia1889 1889 A. A. W. Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 30 322 It is to this cell-mass of which we have just traced the maternal origin, that I propose to give the name of trophospongia. 1922 F. H. A. Marshall Physiol. of Reprod. (ed. 2) 486 The trophospongia remains longer, but finally it also thins, and at the end of pregnancy there is only a thin rim of maternal tissue left. 1990 Mammalian Species No. 353. 4/1 Maternal blood draining from the trophospongia layer always is contained in channels lined by a layer of squamous epithelium. trophospongial adj. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈspʌn(d)ʒɪəl/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈspʌn(d)ʒɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfoʊˈspəndʒiəl/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊˈspəndʒiəl/ now rare of or relating to the trophospongia. ΚΠ 1905 Proc. Zool. Soc. 2 i. 286 The large afferent channel which lies partly in the trophospongial tissue and partly in the trophoblast. 1932 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 221 86 The trophospongial mass undergoes regression. 2010 R. Pijnenborg et al. Placental Bed Vascular Disorders xiii. 135/1 As in the rat, the latter cells originate from the trophospongial glycogen cells. trophospongian adj. Brit. /ˌtrɒfə(ʊ)ˈspʌn(d)ʒɪən/ , /ˌtrəʊfə(ʊ)ˈspʌn(d)ʒɪən/ , U.S. /ˌtrɑfoʊˈspəndʒiən/ , /ˌtroʊfoʊˈspəndʒiən/ rare (now disused) = trophospongial adj. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo parts > [adjective] > trophoblast, etc. parablastic1883 trophospongian1889 neuroectodermic1908 neuroectodermal1946 trophectodermal1946 syncytiotrophoblastic1961 1889 A. A. W. Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 30 326 The topography of the trophospongian region. 1908 A. A. W. Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 53 127 The first is a result of a limited trophoblastic proliferation simultaneous with a trophospongian process. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < comb. form1819
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