typhoidadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈtʌɪfɔɪd/, U.S.

/ˈtaɪˌfɔɪd/

Forms: 1600s– typhoid, 1700s–1800s typhoide, 1800s– typhoïd.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: typhus n., -oid suffix.

Etymology: < typhus n. + -oid suffix. Compare ancient Greek τυϕώδης (see typhodial adj.), post-classical Latin typhoides (1541 or earlier), French typhoïde (1813; 1837 as noun), Spanish tifoideo (early 19th cent.), Portuguese tifóideo (1840), Italian tifoideo, tifoide (1813).

Medicine.

A. adj.

Resembling or characteristic of typhus; spec. designating a condition of extreme physical weakness accompanied by an altered state of consciousness, originally believed to be diagnostic of typhus (cf. typhoid state n. at Compounds 1). Also: characterized by the development of the typhoid state; of, relating to, or affected by the typhoid state. Cf. Compounds 2a. Now historical and rare except in typhoid fever n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [adjective] > typhus

typhoid1661

typhous1781

typhic1860

typhodial1864

1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 325 Symptomatick continual, which is caused by other diseases; and ceaseth, they being removed, and it's typhoid from vapours, or lypyrias in which the inward parts are hot, and the outward, cold; or gentle.

1782 J. Aitken Elements Theory & Pract. Physic & Surg. I. 355 Frequently it [sc. small-pox fever] seems to be considerably typhoid.

1800 J. Hull Ess. Phlegmatia Dolens 232 Upon other occasions the inflammatory symptoms are obscure, or the pyrexia assumes a typhoid appearance from the first.

1838 Lancet 25 Aug. 740/1 I had expressed my opinion that the case, however typhoid, was not real typhus.

1850 C. J. Hempel tr. G. H. G. Jahr Clin. Guide 333 Pneumonia may assume a typhoid character in consequence of excessive bleeding, but this would not be true pneumo-typhus.

1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 38 Acute general tuberculosis or acute typhoid tuberculosis as it is sometimes called.

1905 H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 316 A ‘typhoid’ or comatose condition ushers in death.

1920 G. W. Norris & H. R. M. Landis Dis. Chest (ed. 2) 420 Typhoid Pneumonia.—Mention is made of this term simply to caution against its use. The designation is misleading as one is never certain whether it has reference to a patient who has passed into the typhoid state or whether the pneumonia has been associated with typhoid fever.

B. n.

a. = typhoid fever n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [noun] > typhus or typhoid

putrid fever1597

pestilential fever1617

tabardillo1624

synochus1625

Hungaric fever1661

typhus1664

military fever1736

jail distemper1745

hospital fever1750

jail-fever1754

ship-fever1758

typhus fever1780

typhoid fever1789

gastric fever1802

dothinenteritis1826

enteric fever1833

typhoid1837

pythogenic fever1858

thanatotyphus1860

typh fever1861

enteric1872

famine-fever1876

Red River fever1878

laryngo-typhus1888

laryngo-typhoid1896

typh fever1900

paratyphoid1904

1837 Eclectic Jrnl. Med. 1 420 It is difficult..to reject a belief that typhoid is but a mitigated and modified typhus, as varioloid is a mitigated and modified variola.

1848 Brit. & Foreign Medico-chirurg. Rev. 2 383 A girl, aged 15, after suffering all the symptoms of well-marked typhoid, was attacked, about the 30th day, with purulent otitis and parotitis.

1898 Daily News 13 Dec. 3/4 Jenner's great contribution to medical knowledge was the differentiation of typhus and typhoid.

1902 R. Bagot Donna Diana xxi. 253 In typhoid there are often relapses.

1956 R. Carrington Guide Earth Hist. (1958) ix. 85 Bacterial action is the cause of such scourges as tuberculosis, typhoid, dysentery, cholera, leprosy, and oriental plague.

1974 R. M. Kirk et al. Surgery ii. 35/2 This is the basis of Widal's reaction..for the diagnosis of typhoid, and it can also be used to detect dysenteric infection.

2007 V. Smith Clean ix. 297 Prince Albert's death from ‘bowel fever’ (typhoid), supposedly caught from the antique sewer system at Windsor Castle, frighteningly emphasized the importance of good sanitary provision in the home.

b. With distinguishing word. Any of several livestock diseases thought to resemble typhoid fever; esp. swine fever. In later use also: salmonellosis in various types of animal.

ΚΠ

1875 York Herald 15 Nov. 6/1 No new cases of pig-typhoid are reported.

1882 Med. Times & Gaz. 9 Dec. 693/2 That [sc. the microbe] of the horse typhoid is distinguished from all others by its figure-of-eight form.

1887 Times 1 Feb. 9/6 Swine fever..being known in different parts of Great Britain by the names of pig typhoid, pig distemper.

1920 Amer. Food Jrnl. May 22/1 Mouse typhoid is a well known disease of rodents.

1986 J. F. Gracey Meat Hygiene (ed. 8) xx. 467/2 Fowl typhoid is an acute, subacute or chronic infectious disease of poultry, ducks and turkeys..caused by Salmonella gallinarum.

2000 Daily Tel. 16 Aug. 6/3 Also known as pig cholera or pig typhoid, the symptoms include high temperature, thirst, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhoea.

2. A case or instance of typhoid fever; a patient suffering from typhoid fever; an outbreak of typhoid fever. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [noun] > typhus or typhoid > person

typhoid1850

1850 Trans. Amer. Med. Assoc. 3 133 The importance of a correct diagnosis is in such cases of the utmost importance, because, if remittents, they require mercurials and quinia; if typhoids, alteratives, styptics, and stimulants.

1882 N.Y. Med. Times 9 336/2 The few typhoids have been very severe ones.

1890 Pall Mall Gaz. 8 Sept. 2/3 I have heard of nurses who started out of their sleep and got out of bed under the impression they had still, as they put it, their ‘two-hour typhoids to feed’.

1935 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 19 Jan. 114/2 Then two food poisoning epidemics are described, next the oyster-borne typhoids of Winchester and Southampton.

1948 Public Health 61 231/2 Almost half the typhoids were from the Aberystwyth outbreak.

2002 J. Dawes Lang. of War 43 Immediately, as both an administrative technique and an emotional distracting mechanism, she begins to distinguish them according to categories: there are..five typhoids, and a dozen cripples.

Compounds

C1. Compounds of the adjective.

typhoid state n. now historical a condition of great physical debility accompanied by an impaired state of consciousness with features of both stupor and delirium, occurring as a late stage of (untreated) typhus, typhoid fever, and various other (usually infectious) diseases.

ΚΠ

1799 R. Pearson Some Observ. Bilious Fevers 13 In its first stage, this fever did not appear to be contagious; but it was evidently so after the eleventh or fourteenth day, when the typhoid state was induced.

1833 J. Forbes et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. I. 646/1 Whatever may be their appearance, or however hard or firm their pulse, such persons [sc. those who have indulged excessively in drinking] ill bear extensive sanguineous depletion; they sink rapidly afterwards into a low typhoid state.

1865 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 16 Dec. 645/1 That peculiar typhoid state which followed the rally out of collapse was less severe and fatal in the calomel cases [of cholera], than those who were treated with by the astringent and stimulating plan.

1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxvii. 726 In severe cases the patient may rapidly become semi-comatose—the typhoid state.

1985 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 79 370/2 There is strong evidence that the death of Falstaff in Shakespeare's Henry V is a vivid description of the typhoid state.

C2. Compounds of the noun (in sense B. 1a).

a. General attributive, as typhoid bacillus, typhoid infection, etc.

ΚΠ

1849 Half-yearly Abstr. Med. Sci. 9 190 The average age of the typhoid patients was 22.08 years... In typhus, the mean age was 41.8.

1871 J. Tyndall in Chem. News 21 July 26/1 As surely as a thistle rises from a thistle-seed,..so surely does the typhoid virus increase and multiply into typhoid fever.

1890 J. Cagney tr. R. von Jaksch Clin. Diagnosis vi. 167 The typhoid-bacillus..infests the discharges of this disease.

1908 Daily Chron. 8 Sept. 4/4 Typhoid-infection on a large scale.

1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxvii. 731 Perforation of a typhoid ulcer is not uncommon... As a rule, diffuse peritonitis results.

1990 K. Frank Chainless Soul: Life E. Brontë ii. 54 Not even a school full of Miss Evanses ministering to ailing children, however, could have warded off the typhoid epidemic which descended on Cowan Bridge in the spring of 1825.

2008 Daily Tel. 28 May 27/4 Mary Berry..was sent to a school on the Monte Mario in Rome, where she was..the infirmarian during a typhoid outbreak in the community.

b. Instrumental and objective (with participial adjectives).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [adjective] > typhoid

typhoidal1809

typho-adynamic1835

typho-malarial1862

typhogenic1866

typhoid1873

1873 Lancet 23 Aug. 268/2 It could only be supposed by some of our homœopathic brethren that to feed a typhoid patient on typhoid-contaminated milk could be followed by any but the most disastrous results.

1899 W. Osler Probl. Typhoid Fever U.S. 7 The number of soldiers who died of typhoid fever during the war was a bagatelle in comparison with the total annual deaths from the disease in this typhoid-stricken country.

1903 Daily Mail 10 Sept. 3/4 Typhoid-poisoned oysters.

1944 Sci. News Let. 1 Apr. 223/2 In some of the most typhoid-ridden camps it was noticed that many of the flies swarming over the soldiers' food had white stuff on their feet.

1998 P. Honan Shakespeare (2003) 407 Dr. William Budd..followed a small, typhoid-carrying brook which, he wrote, ‘discharges itself into the Avon’.

2005 K. Rousmaniere Citizen Teacher 99 The city's department of health warned school officials that the school water was typhoid infected.

typhoid carrier n. [after German Typhusbazillenträger (1905 or earlier)] a person who is colonized by the bacterium Salmonella typhi (usually after recovery from typhoid fever) without showing any obvious signs of disease, and who is a potential source of infection to others.

ΚΠ

1906 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 132 809 (heading) Typhoid carriers.

1908 Daily Chron. 8 Sept. 4/4 ‘Typhoid carriers’, persons..long cured..of the active disease, yet act as culture-merchants of its germs.

1958 Nursing (St. John Ambulance Assoc.) vi. 74 Human carriers. People who are immune to a particular infection but carry the bacteria in their bodies and transmit them to others who are not immune. Examples:..typhoid carriers, who carry the organism in the fæces or urine.

2011 Medicine 39 559/1 Patients with cholelithiasis are more likely to become typhoid carriers and both gallstones and the chronic typhoid carrier state are epidemiologically linked with gallbladder cancer.

Derivatives

ˈtyphoid-like adj. (of a symptom) resembling that of typhoid fever; (of a disease) resembling typhoid fever.

ΚΠ

1874 Chicago Med. Jrnl. 31 171 The case came on after the man had opened a suppurating corn, with repeated shiverings, followed by severe headaches, diarrhœa, and typhoid-like symptoms.

1906 Jrnl. Hygiene 6 69 Three fully-established, and two probable, cases of infection with B. paratyphosus B producing a typhoid-like illness have been found in a series of 176 cases of typhoid.

1993 Outdoor Canada May 16/3 Tularemia or rabbit fever. Features typhoid-like symptoms, diarrhea and vomiting.

2011 B. A. Wintermute Public Health & U.S. Mil. 96 Before the year's end, 344 cases of typhoid and typhoid-like malarial fevers were recorded.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	typhoid
释义	typhoidadj.n. Brit. /ˈtʌɪfɔɪd/, U.S. /ˈtaɪˌfɔɪd/ Forms: 1600s– typhoid, 1700s–1800s typhoide, 1800s– typhoïd. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: typhus n., -oid suffix. Etymology: < typhus n. + -oid suffix. Compare ancient Greek τυϕώδης (see typhodial adj.), post-classical Latin typhoides (1541 or earlier), French typhoïde (1813; 1837 as noun), Spanish tifoideo (early 19th cent.), Portuguese tifóideo (1840), Italian tifoideo, tifoide (1813). Medicine. A. adj. Resembling or characteristic of typhus; spec. designating a condition of extreme physical weakness accompanied by an altered state of consciousness, originally believed to be diagnostic of typhus (cf. typhoid state n. at Compounds 1). Also: characterized by the development of the typhoid state; of, relating to, or affected by the typhoid state. Cf. Compounds 2a. Now historical and rare except in typhoid fever n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [adjective] > typhus typhoid1661 typhous1781 typhic1860 typhodial1864 1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 325 Symptomatick continual, which is caused by other diseases; and ceaseth, they being removed, and it's typhoid from vapours, or lypyrias in which the inward parts are hot, and the outward, cold; or gentle. 1782 J. Aitken Elements Theory & Pract. Physic & Surg. I. 355 Frequently it [sc. small-pox fever] seems to be considerably typhoid. 1800 J. Hull Ess. Phlegmatia Dolens 232 Upon other occasions the inflammatory symptoms are obscure, or the pyrexia assumes a typhoid appearance from the first. 1838 Lancet 25 Aug. 740/1 I had expressed my opinion that the case, however typhoid, was not real typhus. 1850 C. J. Hempel tr. G. H. G. Jahr Clin. Guide 333 Pneumonia may assume a typhoid character in consequence of excessive bleeding, but this would not be true pneumo-typhus. 1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 38 Acute general tuberculosis or acute typhoid tuberculosis as it is sometimes called. 1905 H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 316 A ‘typhoid’ or comatose condition ushers in death. 1920 G. W. Norris & H. R. M. Landis Dis. Chest (ed. 2) 420 Typhoid Pneumonia.—Mention is made of this term simply to caution against its use. The designation is misleading as one is never certain whether it has reference to a patient who has passed into the typhoid state or whether the pneumonia has been associated with typhoid fever. B. n. 1. a. = typhoid fever n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [noun] > typhus or typhoid putrid fever1597 pestilential fever1617 tabardillo1624 synochus1625 Hungaric fever1661 typhus1664 military fever1736 jail distemper1745 hospital fever1750 jail-fever1754 ship-fever1758 typhus fever1780 typhoid fever1789 gastric fever1802 dothinenteritis1826 enteric fever1833 typhoid1837 pythogenic fever1858 thanatotyphus1860 typh fever1861 enteric1872 famine-fever1876 Red River fever1878 laryngo-typhus1888 laryngo-typhoid1896 typh fever1900 paratyphoid1904 1837 Eclectic Jrnl. Med. 1 420 It is difficult..to reject a belief that typhoid is but a mitigated and modified typhus, as varioloid is a mitigated and modified variola. 1848 Brit. & Foreign Medico-chirurg. Rev. 2 383 A girl, aged 15, after suffering all the symptoms of well-marked typhoid, was attacked, about the 30th day, with purulent otitis and parotitis. 1898 Daily News 13 Dec. 3/4 Jenner's great contribution to medical knowledge was the differentiation of typhus and typhoid. 1902 R. Bagot Donna Diana xxi. 253 In typhoid there are often relapses. 1956 R. Carrington Guide Earth Hist. (1958) ix. 85 Bacterial action is the cause of such scourges as tuberculosis, typhoid, dysentery, cholera, leprosy, and oriental plague. 1974 R. M. Kirk et al. Surgery ii. 35/2 This is the basis of Widal's reaction..for the diagnosis of typhoid, and it can also be used to detect dysenteric infection. 2007 V. Smith Clean ix. 297 Prince Albert's death from ‘bowel fever’ (typhoid), supposedly caught from the antique sewer system at Windsor Castle, frighteningly emphasized the importance of good sanitary provision in the home. b. With distinguishing word. Any of several livestock diseases thought to resemble typhoid fever; esp. swine fever. In later use also: salmonellosis in various types of animal. ΚΠ 1875 York Herald 15 Nov. 6/1 No new cases of pig-typhoid are reported. 1882 Med. Times & Gaz. 9 Dec. 693/2 That [sc. the microbe] of the horse typhoid is distinguished from all others by its figure-of-eight form. 1887 Times 1 Feb. 9/6 Swine fever..being known in different parts of Great Britain by the names of pig typhoid, pig distemper. 1920 Amer. Food Jrnl. May 22/1 Mouse typhoid is a well known disease of rodents. 1986 J. F. Gracey Meat Hygiene (ed. 8) xx. 467/2 Fowl typhoid is an acute, subacute or chronic infectious disease of poultry, ducks and turkeys..caused by Salmonella gallinarum. 2000 Daily Tel. 16 Aug. 6/3 Also known as pig cholera or pig typhoid, the symptoms include high temperature, thirst, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhoea. 2. A case or instance of typhoid fever; a patient suffering from typhoid fever; an outbreak of typhoid fever. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [noun] > typhus or typhoid > person typhoid1850 1850 Trans. Amer. Med. Assoc. 3 133 The importance of a correct diagnosis is in such cases of the utmost importance, because, if remittents, they require mercurials and quinia; if typhoids, alteratives, styptics, and stimulants. 1882 N.Y. Med. Times 9 336/2 The few typhoids have been very severe ones. 1890 Pall Mall Gaz. 8 Sept. 2/3 I have heard of nurses who started out of their sleep and got out of bed under the impression they had still, as they put it, their ‘two-hour typhoids to feed’. 1935 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 19 Jan. 114/2 Then two food poisoning epidemics are described, next the oyster-borne typhoids of Winchester and Southampton. 1948 Public Health 61 231/2 Almost half the typhoids were from the Aberystwyth outbreak. 2002 J. Dawes Lang. of War 43 Immediately, as both an administrative technique and an emotional distracting mechanism, she begins to distinguish them according to categories: there are..five typhoids, and a dozen cripples. Compounds C1. Compounds of the adjective. typhoid state n. now historical a condition of great physical debility accompanied by an impaired state of consciousness with features of both stupor and delirium, occurring as a late stage of (untreated) typhus, typhoid fever, and various other (usually infectious) diseases. ΚΠ 1799 R. Pearson Some Observ. Bilious Fevers 13 In its first stage, this fever did not appear to be contagious; but it was evidently so after the eleventh or fourteenth day, when the typhoid state was induced. 1833 J. Forbes et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. I. 646/1 Whatever may be their appearance, or however hard or firm their pulse, such persons [sc. those who have indulged excessively in drinking] ill bear extensive sanguineous depletion; they sink rapidly afterwards into a low typhoid state. 1865 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 16 Dec. 645/1 That peculiar typhoid state which followed the rally out of collapse was less severe and fatal in the calomel cases [of cholera], than those who were treated with by the astringent and stimulating plan. 1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxvii. 726 In severe cases the patient may rapidly become semi-comatose—the typhoid state. 1985 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 79 370/2 There is strong evidence that the death of Falstaff in Shakespeare's Henry V is a vivid description of the typhoid state. C2. Compounds of the noun (in sense B. 1a). a. General attributive, as typhoid bacillus, typhoid infection, etc. ΚΠ 1849 Half-yearly Abstr. Med. Sci. 9 190 The average age of the typhoid patients was 22.08 years... In typhus, the mean age was 41.8. 1871 J. Tyndall in Chem. News 21 July 26/1 As surely as a thistle rises from a thistle-seed,..so surely does the typhoid virus increase and multiply into typhoid fever. 1890 J. Cagney tr. R. von Jaksch Clin. Diagnosis vi. 167 The typhoid-bacillus..infests the discharges of this disease. 1908 Daily Chron. 8 Sept. 4/4 Typhoid-infection on a large scale. 1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxvii. 731 Perforation of a typhoid ulcer is not uncommon... As a rule, diffuse peritonitis results. 1990 K. Frank Chainless Soul: Life E. Brontë ii. 54 Not even a school full of Miss Evanses ministering to ailing children, however, could have warded off the typhoid epidemic which descended on Cowan Bridge in the spring of 1825. 2008 Daily Tel. 28 May 27/4 Mary Berry..was sent to a school on the Monte Mario in Rome, where she was..the infirmarian during a typhoid outbreak in the community. b. Instrumental and objective (with participial adjectives). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [adjective] > typhoid typhoidal1809 typho-adynamic1835 typho-malarial1862 typhogenic1866 typhoid1873 1873 Lancet 23 Aug. 268/2 It could only be supposed by some of our homœopathic brethren that to feed a typhoid patient on typhoid-contaminated milk could be followed by any but the most disastrous results. 1899 W. Osler Probl. Typhoid Fever U.S. 7 The number of soldiers who died of typhoid fever during the war was a bagatelle in comparison with the total annual deaths from the disease in this typhoid-stricken country. 1903 Daily Mail 10 Sept. 3/4 Typhoid-poisoned oysters. 1944 Sci. News Let. 1 Apr. 223/2 In some of the most typhoid-ridden camps it was noticed that many of the flies swarming over the soldiers' food had white stuff on their feet. 1998 P. Honan Shakespeare (2003) 407 Dr. William Budd..followed a small, typhoid-carrying brook which, he wrote, ‘discharges itself into the Avon’. 2005 K. Rousmaniere Citizen Teacher 99 The city's department of health warned school officials that the school water was typhoid infected. c. typhoid carrier n. [after German Typhusbazillenträger (1905 or earlier)] a person who is colonized by the bacterium Salmonella typhi (usually after recovery from typhoid fever) without showing any obvious signs of disease, and who is a potential source of infection to others. ΚΠ 1906 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 132 809 (heading) Typhoid carriers. 1908 Daily Chron. 8 Sept. 4/4 ‘Typhoid carriers’, persons..long cured..of the active disease, yet act as culture-merchants of its germs. 1958 Nursing (St. John Ambulance Assoc.) vi. 74 Human carriers. People who are immune to a particular infection but carry the bacteria in their bodies and transmit them to others who are not immune. Examples:..typhoid carriers, who carry the organism in the fæces or urine. 2011 Medicine 39 559/1 Patients with cholelithiasis are more likely to become typhoid carriers and both gallstones and the chronic typhoid carrier state are epidemiologically linked with gallbladder cancer. Derivatives ˈtyphoid-like adj. (of a symptom) resembling that of typhoid fever; (of a disease) resembling typhoid fever. ΚΠ 1874 Chicago Med. Jrnl. 31 171 The case came on after the man had opened a suppurating corn, with repeated shiverings, followed by severe headaches, diarrhœa, and typhoid-like symptoms. 1906 Jrnl. Hygiene 6 69 Three fully-established, and two probable, cases of infection with B. paratyphosus B producing a typhoid-like illness have been found in a series of 176 cases of typhoid. 1993 Outdoor Canada May 16/3 Tularemia or rabbit fever. Features typhoid-like symptoms, diarrhea and vomiting. 2011 B. A. Wintermute Public Health & U.S. Mil. 96 Before the year's end, 344 cases of typhoid and typhoid-like malarial fevers were recorded. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.1661
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