untoprep.conj.

Brit.

/ˈʌntʊ/,

/ˈʌntuː/,

/ˈʌntə/, U.S.

/ˈəntə/,

/ˈəntʊ/

Forms: α. Middle English– unto (Middle English untoo), Middle English–1600s vnto (Middle English northern vntew), Middle English, 1500s Scottish wnto. β. Middle English–1500s, 1600s Scottish, 1800s dialect onto (Middle English onne-to, Scottish one-to).

Etymology: formed on the analogy of until prep., by substitution of to prep. in place of the northern equivalent til till prep. Compare the independent Old Saxon untō.Since the end of the 17th cent. less frequent, and employed chiefly in poetry, or in formal, dignified, or archaic style, or after Biblical use. Very rare in standard writers of the 18th cent., and hence noted by Johnson as ‘now obsolete’.

A. prep. (Ordinarily governing a noun or pronoun.)In poetry often placed after the n. or pronoun.

I. Indicating spatial or local relationship.

a. Expressing or denoting motion directed towards and reaching (a place, point, or goal); = to prep. 1.

ΚΠ

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 2399 Cum nu swiþe un-to him.

1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 104 Vnto þe se side chaced þei Sir Lowys.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 123 And the seete of Welles was chaungede vn to Bathe.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 17547 Helias..Was taken up als vnto heuen.

c1420 Anturs of Arth. (T.) 111 Vn-to þat grysely gaste Sir Gaweayne es gane.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 215 He tuke bread & keste vnto it [sc. a swine].

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Bii^v Their iourney out of Egipt vnto the countre of Ierusalem.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. lxxxv He called vnto him a seruaunt of the kynges.

1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 5 Thay past vnto Paris.

1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 1804/2 The Camp remoued from Linton Brigges vnto Salt Preston.

1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream iii. ii. 311 I tould him of your stealth vnto this wood.

1633 G. Herbert Bag in Temple iv He did repair unto an inne.

1654 H. Dunster in J. Quincy Hist. Harvard Univ. (1840) I. 19 The place unto which I go, is unknown to me.

17.. Jock o' the Side xiii, in Caw Poet. Museum When they cam the gates unto.

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 83 We came unto a gentle place.

1801 W. Wordsworth Prioress' Tale 52 A little scholar..Who day by day unto this school hath gone.

1866 R. W. Emerson Dæmonic Love 48 So shall the lights ye pour amain Go..Through from the empyrean walls Unto the same again.

1887 W. Morris tr. Homer Odyssey I. i. 4 Then speed we..Hermes the Flitter, to go Unto the isle Ogygia.

b. In various figurative uses. (Cf. to prep. 1b.)

ΚΠ

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 448 When he come vnto his spyrittis agayn.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 218 With þatt sho come agayn vnto hur selfe, & thankid God.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Heb. vii. 19 By which hope we drawe nye vnto god.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xxiii. 4 Which lifteth not vp his mynde vnto vanite.

a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 15 Though..I dowtyd no thyng of thys mater, that you so ernystely move me un to.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 263 They put all their goodes vnto the Englishmens pleasures.

1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. 1123 In this last speech he came neere unto the LL. of the Senat, and touched them to the quick.

1606 G. W. tr. Justinus Hist. v. 27 It was secretly come vnto their eare, that [etc.].

1639 G. Digby in G. Digby & K. Digby Lett. conc. Relig. (1651) 87 It is a far more evident impossibility, then what you drive unto.

1683 in Pennsylvania Arch. (1852) I. 60 I cannot but believe y^t you will take my great Wrong..unto your serious consideration.

1801 W. Wordsworth Troilus 63 In that very place My Lady first me took unto her grace.

1838 E. B. Browning Sleep i Of all the thoughts of God that are Borne inward unto souls afar.

c. With ellipsis of verb of motion. (Cf. to prep. 1c.)

ΚΠ

1594 C. Marlowe & T. Nashe Dido ii. i Let vs vnto our ships,..why stay we here?

a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) ii. i. 310 I will vnto Venice To buy apparell.

1768 Ross To the Begging iv I'll then unto the cobler, An' cause him sole my shoon.

a. In the direction of; directed towards; = to prep. 2.

ΚΠ

1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 217 Unto þe kinges partie Edward turned tite.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 8 Unto him which the heved is The membres buxom scholden bowe.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 45 Whanne I..caste up many a pitous lok Unto the hevene.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10479 Sco lift hir hend vn-to þe lift And þus to prai sco gaf a scift.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Gen. xiv. D I lift vp my honde vnto the Lorde.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Gen. xlix. B Thy fathers children shall stoupe vnto the.

?a1600 ‘Gentle heardsman’ i, in Percy Folio (1868) III. 526 Vnto the towne of Walsingham which is the right and ready way?

1611 Bible (King James) Job xxii. 26 For then shalt thou haue thy delight in the Almightie, and shalt lift vp thy face vnto God.

1796 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum V. 460 I bow'd fu'low unto this maid.

1858 J. G. Whittier Cable Hymn i Lean down unto the white-lipped sea The voice of God to hear!

figurative.1535 Bible (Coverdale) Prov. ii. C Hir house is enclyned vnto death, and hir pathes vnto hell.1535 Bible (Coverdale) Dan. ix. A I turned me vnto God..for to praye.1826 W. Scott Woodstock I. i. 20 There is no light in England that shall come nigh unto it.

b. At. (Esp. after look, †smell. Cf. to prep. 2b.)

ΚΠ

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 14333 Iesus he loked vnto þe lift.

a1400 New Test. (Paues) Acts iii. 4 Peter wiþ Ioon bihelde vnto hym.

c1430 Pol., Rel. & L. Poems (1903) 180 A semeli man to ben a king, A graciouse face to loken vnto.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Bel & Dragon i. C The kinge loked vnto y^e altare.

1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 222/2 Ministers..must marke why this office is given them;..it is not because a few should be sene vnto [= looked up to].

1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie ii. v. 109 God made flowers sweete and beawtifull, that being seene and smelt vnto, they might so delight.

1670 J. Smith England's Improvem. Reviv'd 213 The Root smelled vnto is good for the same purpose.

1835 T. Aird in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Feb. 187 Majestic men who looked unto the skies.

c. In (a specified course or direction, literal or figurative). Cf. to prep. 2c, 2e.

ΚΠ

a1300 Cursor Mundi 2117 Þis land lies mast vnto þe south.

a1300 Cursor Mundi 2120 Þe thrid part..lies mast vnto þe west.

c1400 Melayne 135 He sawe a bryghtenes of a beme Vp vn-to heuenwarde glyde.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 386 We may..breke an hole an heigh vp on the gable Vnto the gardynward.

1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Rom. Prol. sig. +^v Such a newe herte and lusty corage vnto the lawe warde, canste thou neuer come by.

†d. Indicating a means of access. (Old English tó and intó.) Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Kings iv. 5 She wente, and shut the dore vnto her with hir sonnes.

a. Indicating the limit or dimension of a movement, extension, or continuance in space: As far as; even to; not short of; = to prep. 3.Occasionally correlative to from (the remoter of two limits).

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > extension in space > [preposition] > to (of spatial extension)

to971

untoa1300

a1300 Cursor Mundi 24346 Quen we na hele moght se on him, Fra hefd vnto þe fote.

a1325 Prose Psalter cvi. 3 Fram þe rysyng of þe sunne vnto þe goynge adoune.

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 181 Mayster Wace..rymed [his romance]..vnto þe Cadwaladres.

c1500 Melusine (1895) xxxvii. 297 He..sawe melusyne within the bathe vnto her nauell.

1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. diiii All thi braid landis Or all the renttis fra thyne vnto ronsiwall.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Exod. xxxviii. 4 A brasen gredyron of net worke rounde aboute, from vnder vp vnto the myddest of the altare.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 95 All the ferlies þat fell vnto the ferre ende.

1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Visitacion of Sicke f. xxiii*^v With the firste parte of the exhortacion and all other thynges vnto the Psalme.

1597 J. Lyly Woman in Moone i. i The rundle of this Massiue earth, From vtmost face vnto the Centers point.

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 31 Ye see her rigs run just unto our ain.

1774 O. Goldsmith Grecian Hist. I. vii. 223 A strong haven, with walls reaching unto the city.

1801 W. Wordsworth Un-to Loverd. T. 198 My throat is cut unto the bone.

1812 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Paradiso xxii. 149 This petty area..from the havens stretched unto the hills.

b. In figurative uses.

ΚΠ

1508 W. Dunbar Ballade Barnard Stewart in Poems (1998) I. 177 Onto the sterris vpheyt is thyne honour.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xxxv. 5 Thy mercy (O Lorde) reacheth vnto the heauen.

1591 M. Drayton Harmonie of Church sig. C4 My voice I did extend, Unto the Lord.

1609 Bp. J. Hall David's Psalms viii Thou hast..stretcht his raigne Vnto the heards, and beasts vntame.

a. Upon (and in contact with); on, against; = to prep. 5a.

ΚΠ

a1300 E.E. Psalter cxvii. 26 Settes miri daie in thickenesse, Vnto horn þat of weued esse.

c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale 973 She leyde hir mouth vn-to the water doun.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 368 Þe ymage..fell down vnto þe hard erth.

1480 Cov. Leet Bk. 447 The pepull..carryen their Donge,..& leyen hit vnto the walles & yate.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Exod. xxii. 8 He hath not put his hande vnto his neghbours good.

1551 T. Lever Serm. xiiii. December (new ed.) sig. G.iii Beware therefore that ye staye not your selfe vnto a bryttell staffe.

1559 Queen Elizabeth I in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1709) I. ii. App. x. 440 We have but a weake staff to leane unto.

1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge iv. iii. sig. H2 Thou bur, that only sticks Vnto the nappe of greatnesse.

1611 Bible (King James) Num. xxi. 15 At the streame of the brookes that..lieth [margin. Heb. leaneth] vpon the border of Moab.

1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. i. 46 That the Columnes may bee allowed somewhat aboue their ordinary length, because they leane vnto so good Supporters.

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 21 She..lean'd her head unto the kindly tree.

1836 R. Allan Evening Hours 98 The hope thus to press thee Unto my fond bosom.

figurative.c1400 Brut 251 Þat þai shulde nouȝt feiȝt oppon þe Scottes..and if þai dede, þat þai shulde stande to [v.r. vnto] her owen peril.c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 642 But stonde he moste vn to his owene harm.

b. In contiguity or proximity to; in front of; by, close beside. Cf. to prep. 5b.

ΚΠ

a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) i. ii. 91 Wilt thou flout me thus vnto my face?

a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) iv. xv. 29 What thou would'st do Is done vnto thy hand.

1677 W. Hughes Man of Sin iii. iii. 79 Which..plainly gives them the lye unto their Teeths.

5. Expressing relative location (esp. with nigh or near).

ΚΠ

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Mark v. f. l Iesus..was nye vnto the see.

1558 in F. J. Furnivall Child-marriages, Divorces, & Ratifications Diocese Chester (1897) 145 Nether in his house.., nether within iiij myle compas vnto the same Citie.

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. iii. 171 Neere vnto the said plaine are diuers woods.

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. v. 262 The citie of Tunis..hath no mountaines nigh vnto it.

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 89 They began to speer Gin they were unto Flaviana near.

figurative.1526 Bible (Tyndale) Heb. vi. 8 But that grounde..is reproved, and is nye vnto cursynge.1539 Bible (Great) Lev. xxv. 49 Any that is nye of kynne vnto hym.1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Matt. xii. 75 b He is moste nere and moste dere vnto me.1785 R. Burns Let. to J. Goudie Auld Orthodoxy [is]..Nigh unto death.1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise: Pt. III 390 Death had need be near Unto such men.

II. Indicating a temporal relationship.

6. Until (a final limit in time); till as late as; = to prep. 6a, 6c.

ΚΠ

a1300 Cursor Mundi 24739 All mi liue vn-to min end, In hir loueword þof i moght spend.

a1325 Prose Psalter lxxxix. 15 Lord, be þou turned vnto nov.

a1325 Prose Psalter cxii. 2 Be þe name of our Lord blisced, nou of þis & vnto heuen.

1382 J. Wyclif Psalms cxii. 2 Be the name of the Lord blissid; fro this now and vnto the world.

c1386 G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 765 Kepeth this child..vn to myn hoom comynge.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 439 Þer devotelie he servid our Ladie vnto his lyfis ende.

1480 Cov. Leet Bk. 436 Certain Common pastures belongyng to the seid Cite vnto nowe.

1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope ix The wulf..hyd hym self nyghe them vnto the nyght.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. lxvii. 89 The bysshoppe..toke hym as his lorde, vnto suche season as somme other shulde come.

1539 Bible (Great) Rom. v. 13 For euen vnto the lawe was synne in the worlde.

1582 Bible (Rheims) Luke xvi. 16 The law and the prophets, vnto Iohn.

1613 Acts Privy Council 4 Yow shall..keepe the same unto suche tyme as..publicacion shall [be] moved thereof.

1691 in E. Walker Epictetus (1692) A 1 b All good and perfect Gifts..Which Mortals have from th' Womb unto the Tomb.

1801 W. Wordsworth Troilus 56 She..there so graciously did me behold, That hers unto the death my heart I hold.

1896 ‘I. Maclaren’ Kate Carnegie 356 Doctor Manley..praises Kate unto this day.

7. After a negative, = until prep. 5b.

ΚΠ

c1400 Brut 322 The clergye..wolde not graunte hit vnto Ester next comyng.

1450–80 tr. Secreta Secret. lviii. 34 Shewe not thi thought vnto tyme thou performe thi wille.

1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 10 Neuer I shal haue playsyr ne Ioye vnto þ^e tyme that I knowe.

1515 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 88 He neuer vnto this last yere knew eny man occupye a nothur mans Craft without Interrupcion.

1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 105 Before the sonne be vnder th' Earth, which is not vnto .6. of the clocke.

III. Expressing the relation of aim, design, destination, result, consequent status or condition.

a. In order to begin, perform, accomplish, or obtain. Cf. to prep. 8b.

ΚΠ

a1300 E.E. Psalter ciii. 24 Oute sal man ga vnto his werke.

1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 9098 Vn-to þe karolle asswyþe he ȝede.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 424 In þe mornyng he went vnto his prayers.

1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur vii. xxvi. 271 Many bold knyghtes wente vnto mete.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 10734 The sun in his sercle set vnto rest.

1587 G. Turberville Tragicall Tales f. 68 The Lady, somewhat hungrie, fell vnto the cates.

1596 R. Linche Dom Diego in Diella sig. D7 They all sat downe vnto a soone-made feast.

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 68 Unto their supper they right yaply fa'.

b. With a view to; for the purpose of; for. Cf. to prep. 8.

ΚΠ

c1440 Pallad. on Husb. iii. 1166 This wyne al medicine is take vnto.

1486 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 10 Diuers cabilles of hym bought vnto the Kyngs use.

1487 in J. Nichols Illustr. Antient Times Eng. (1797) 83 For hokes and hengles unto the skolehouse dore,..and for nailes to the same dore, 4½d.

c1539 T. Cranmer Let. 14 Nov. in Remains (1833) I. 290 I pray you that the same may be delivered unto the said Whitchurche unto printing.

1549 W. Thomas Hist. Italie f. 75 Vpon a verie small warnyng they [sc. galleys] maie be furnisshed out vnto the sea.

1582 Bible (Rheims) Mark i. 4 Preaching the baptisme of penance vnto remission of sinnes.

1592 W. Warner Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) viii. xlii. 158 Our Cattell vnto stronger draughts we..would vnteame.

9. Indicating a condition, state, or situation, conferred or imposed upon a person. Cf. to prep. 9.

ΚΠ

a1300 E.E. Psalter xviii. 16 Mi helper ai he isse, And mi bier vn-to blisse.

a1425 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula 34 Vnto a loueable ende wiþ goddes help aboute half a ȝere I cured hym.

c1440 York Myst. xxxvii. 319 Vnto my dome I schall þame drawe, And juge þame worse þanne any Jewe.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 1418 Wemyn & wale children vnto wo put.

1548 W. Forrest in T. Starkey Eng. in Reign Henry VIII (1878) i. p. xciii If, vnto Office they after bee electe.

1563 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments 1298/2 Whiche vnthriftye state that wee be borne vnto.

1591 M. Drayton Praier of Mardocheus in Harmonie of Church sig. F2 To destroy and bring us unto nought.

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 1119 Some [traitors] they roasted, and some they put vnto the Tenalia.

1648 Bp. J. Wilkins Math. Magick i. xi. 75 That slavery, which those..Nations were subjected unto.

1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum v. 103 The Decree of Divine Reprobation..necessarily inferred Man's Fall, Sin and Damnation violenting him (as it were) unto the same.

1807 W. Wordsworth Poems I. 101 The prison, unto which we doom Ourselves.

10. Indicating result, effect, or consequence: So as to result in, bring about, cause, or produce; = to prep. 10.

ΚΠ

a1300 Cursor Mundi 24746 Þof mans wijt be neuer sa strait, Sco mai well bring it vnto nait.

1430–40 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes ii. 2812 Senacherib..Leffte his siege & took hym onto flyht.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 440 He was ferd at þai or þer fadurs shulde desyre hym to be maryd or to fall vnto syn.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Cor. xv. 34 I speake this vnto youre rebuke.

1591 M. Drayton Harmonie of Church sig. B They..by their sinne prouoke him unto yre.

1601 N. Breton Longing Blessed Heart sig. B4^v Th' Artificer..bringes his hand vnto his heads deuise, Longes till he see, what it will come vnto.

1660 in E. Nicholas Nicholas Papers (1920) IV. 250 The unexpected..admitting to audience and afterwards vnto treatie of the Portugal ambassador.

11. Indicating a resultant condition, status, or capacity: In or into the character, nature, or quality of; = to prep. 11a, 11b.

ΚΠ

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 114 This lord a worthi ladi hadde Unto his wif.

c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 772 Quat-kyn þyng may be þat lambe, Þat þe wolde wedde vnto hys vyf?

c1400 Rule St. Benet (Verse) 1374 If þat þe priores wor dede, Þo same..Wold ches me vnto priores.

1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur i. vii. 43 We wille haue Arthur vnto our kyng.

1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 28 The gray freeres chaungyd their habbetts from London rossette unto whytt gray.

1599 M. Drayton Idea in Englands Heroicall Epist. (new ed.) sig. Q5 ^v I meruaile not thou feelst not my delight..Whose stomack vnto gaule hath turn'd thy foode.

1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream i. i. 207 Hee hath turnd a heauen vnto [1623 into] a hell!

1609 Bible (Douay) I. 2 Kings xxi. 14 And they shal be unto waste, and unto spoile to al their adversaries.

1749 C. Wesley Hymns I. 57 Turn unto Flesh my Heart of Stone.

12. Indicating the object of desire, right, or claim. Cf. to prep. 12a, 12b.

ΚΠ

1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 57 He þat had gode right vnto þe regalte.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 538/1 By what meanes is he entyteled unto these landes.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms cxviii. 20 The very feruent desyre that I haue allwaye vnto thy iudgmentes.

1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares 29 b There is no better clayme vnto wealth.

1738 in Minutes of Evid. Nairne Peerage (1873) 42 in Sessional Papers House of Lords (H.L. A) XII. 65 Such personal estate as he..shall become..intitled unto.

IV. Followed by an expression denoting or indicating a limit in extent, number, amount, or degree.

13.

a. Up to as many, as much, or as often as. Cf. to prep. 13.

ΚΠ

a1325 Prose Psalter lii. 4 Þer nys non þat doþ god, þer nys non vn-to on.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 12648 Ai to iesu was cummen neir Vn to þe eild of thritte yeir.

c1400 Brut 295 Shippez & barges were take, vnto þe noumbre of .CC. & xxx.

c1500 Melusine (1895) xxiii. 156 There nys thing..that I shuld reffuse you vnto myn owne deth.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Mark vi. f. lij I will geve it the, even vnto the one halfe of my kyngdom.

1530 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 46 It was..unknowne what the charges..would drawe vnto.

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iv. i. 130 What may the kings whole battel reach vnto? Ver. To thirty thousand.

1610 J. Healey tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xix. i. 752 Thus doth the number arise..vnto twelue.

1665 S. Patrick Parable of Pilgrim xiv. 102 There cannot be so much interruption given to them as the scratch of a pin among us amounts unto.

1812 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Paradiso xxiii. 57 Not..Unto the thousandth parcel of the truth, My song might shadow forth that saintly smile.

1895 W. M. F. Petrie Egypt. Tales 1st Ser. 70 He came again unto him, even unto six times.

1896 ‘I. Maclaren’ Kate Carnegie 328 There is nothing unto life itself I would not give for your good.

b. Down to (an ultimate grade, point, or number).

ΚΠ

a1325 Prose Psalter cxxxiv. 8 Þe which..smote þe first borne of Egipt fram man vnto beste.

c1515 in State Papers Henry VIII (1834) II. 11 The King..dyd conquyre all the lande, unto lytyll.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Exod. xxii. 4 Yf y^e theft be founde by him alyue (from the oxe vnto the Asse or shepe).

1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. iii. 12 Faith I can tell her age vnto a houre.

a1640 F. Beaumont et al. Loves Cure v. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Sssss4^v/2 No Town in Spaine, from our Metropolis Unto the rudest hovel.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 274 The whole world perished unto eight persons before the floud.

c. So as to be equivalent or equal to. Cf. to prep. 14.

ΚΠ

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 308 Three Millions of Scutes of Golde,..the which do come vnto sterlyng money, fyue hundreth thousand pound.

1660 T. Willsford Scales Commerce & Trade i. 108 How much comes 10d. a day unto by the year?

14. To such an extent or degree, so far, as to cause; so much as to bring about or result in; = to prep. 14b.

ΚΠ

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 2 Kings xx. 1 In tho dayes sijknede Ezechias vnto [a1425 L.V. til to] the deeth.

a1425 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula 73 Be þai brissed and boiled in watre vnto mene þikkenez.

c1425 St. Christina xvi, in Anglia VIII. 125 She was stired of god vnto an vnsufferabil þriste.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 408 He fell into a dispayre, vnto so mekull þat he myght not liff with-owten venyall syn.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 154 Þe Emperour tuke it vnto so grete wrath, þat he garte smyte of his head.

1542 H. Brinkelow Lamentacion sig. Aiii To persecute vnto deeth all and euery godly parson.

1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (xxviii. 5) Through stubbornnesse [they] harden themselues vntoo vn~sensiblenesse.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Esgoüer,..to eat vnto sacietie.

1640 E. Reynolds Treat. Passions xv. 141 Those vanities what hee seeth doe provoke others unto loathing.

1652 W. Sclater Civil Magistr. (1653) Ep. Ded. His Singular Contentation accompanyed with Temperance unto Admiration.

1812 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Purgatorio xxiv. 22 That face beyond him, pierced Unto a leaner fineness than the church.

1896 ‘I. Maclaren’ Kate Carnegie 153 [The] fields, now yellow unto harvest, shone in the moonlight.

V. Expressing addition or accumulation, attachment, appurtenance, or possession.

15.

a. Denoting attachment, union, adherence, or kinship to a person. Cf. to prep. 16.

ΚΠ

1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 65 Felawes vnto þefes, to robbours of ilk cuntre.

1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 90 With scrite vnto William Sir Dunkan him bond.

1423 Kingis Quair cxxxiii Lat wisedom ay vnto thy will be Iunyt.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 219 [She] wold not be wed vnto a wurthi man þat wold hafe had hur.

1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur x. liii. 501 A ful noble Knyghte nyghe kynne vnto sire Launcelot.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Gen. ii. D For this cause shal a man..cleue vnto his wife.

1544 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 279 Factoures vnto one Jacob vanganspole merchaunt of Andwerpe.

1591 M. Drayton Harmonie of Church sig. C2 I am unto my Loue, a faithfull friendly fere.

1601 W. Watson Important Consid. 21 Some of his own subiects were..drawne, rather to adhere vnto them then to himselfe.

1649 R. Lovelace Lucasta: Epodes, Odes, Sonnets, Songs 5 The God that constant keepes Unto his Dieties.

a1658 Lucasta: Posthume Poems (1659) 83 I was ally'd dear Uncle unto thee In blood, but thou alas not unto me.

b. Denoting fastening, securing, or junction to something.

ΚΠ

1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur viii. xxxiv. 326 He loked vpon bothe his handes that were fast bounden vnto two knyghtes.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Gen. xlix. B He shall bynde his foale vnto the vyne.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie ii. 47 Two sides are washed by the sea, and the thyrd ioyneth vnto the firme land.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 239 The use of the Navell is to continue the infant unto the Mother.

1662 J. Dryden To Ld. Chancellor 2 Nothing bounds our eye Until the Earth seems joyn'd unto the Sky.

1881 D. G. Rossetti House of Life i Still some golden hair Unto his shoulder clinging, since the last Embrace.

16. Denoting appurtenance or possession. Frequently after verbs, as appertain, behove, belong, long, pertain. Cf. to prep. 17a, 17b.

ΚΠ

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 6 The vice Which longeth unto this office.

1445 tr. Claudian's De Consulatu Stilichonis in Anglia (1905) 28 273 He þat knowith the fadirlaw vnto themperours sone.

a1450 Knt. de la Tour cxvii. 159 Suche an instrument as longithe vnto a mynstralle.

a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) i. iv. sig. b.ii Elflede..Doughter vnto Oswy.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. I. vii. 144 He was Cosyn germaine vnto him on the fathers syde.

1594 M. Drayton Ideas Mirrour viii. sig. B4^v Vnto the World, to Learning, and to Heauen, Three nines there are, to euerie one a nine.

1636 E. Reynolds Shieldes of Earth 19 This belongeth only unto Princes.

a1682 Sir T. Browne Christian Morals (1716) iii. 86 So may'st thou be..a Father unto thy contemporaries.

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 60 Ye maun, I ween, unto the kards belang.

1845 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 194 From this highest orb, the crown of space And footstool unto Heaven.

17. By way of increase to; in addition to; with, besides; = to prep. 15.

ΚΠ

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts ii. 41 The same daye there were added vnto them aboute a thre thousande soules.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Ecclus. xviii. 6 There maye nothinge be taken from them, nothinge maye be put vnto them.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. iii. 46 This is the very top, The heighth, the Crest: or Crest vnto the Crest Of murthers Armes.

a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) i. ii. 227 I should haue giuen him teares vnto entreaties.

1642 J. Denham Sophy ii. 18 Wisedome he ha's, and to his wisedome courage: Temper to that, and unto all, successe.

1660 R. Sharrock Hist. Propagation & Improvem. Veg. 19 Unto the ashes of every hill [sc. heap] you must put a peck of unslake lime.

1896 ‘I. Maclaren’ Kate Carnegie 329 You have many friends, and may God add unto them good men and faithful.

VI. Expressing comparison or correspondence, relation to a standard, etc.

18. After words denoting correspondence, agreement, comparison, proportion, etc. = to prep. 21.See also like adj. 1, resemble v.¹ 4, 1b.

ΚΠ

c1325 Metr. Hom. 37 For mani man mai bisend be Unto the rede, als thinc me.

c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 245 Vn to swich a worthy man as he Acorded nat..To haue with syke lazers aqueyntaunce.

1423 Kingis Quair clv The pantere, like vnto the smaragdyne.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. iii. 46 Like vnto the turtill, For she is ay trew.

1553 R. Eden in tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India Ded. sig. aaij Which..he thoughte to be muche inferiour vnto his.

1591 M. Drayton Harmonie of Church sig. B4 No more the sonnes unto my Loue may ought compared be.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Deschargé [A colour] neere vnto a light blew, or of a light blew; light.

1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xxiv. vi. 891 A certaine thinne skinne..like unto that..over vnscimmed milke.

1644 K. Digby Two Treat. ii. vi. 406 When a thing is identifyed vnto the soule [etc.].

1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion ix. 390 A Throne, which may be likened unto his.

1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) III. 30 The second principle is like unto it.

19. With regard to; in respect of; as to, concerning; = to prep. 22.

ΚΠ

a1425 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Galba) l. 25119 Seuin askinges er þarin to rede..both vnto lifing here a space, and whare oure sawl more mister hase.

1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) i. iii. sig. c.ii ^v And this is vnto the sygnificacyon of the salte.

1520 Chron. Calais (1846) 92 And as unto ladies ther were..the duches of Norfolk, with her iij doughters.

1591 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 199 For engrossing his will, twice vnto paipar, after vnto parchment 1l xs.

1611 Bible (King James) Rom. vi. 11 Likewise reckon yee also your selues to be dead indeed vnto sinne.

1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper i. 3 A Commentator unto the Text askes the question.

1669 N. Morton New-Englands Mem. (1910) 46 They also brought a full intelligence in reference unto the particulars.

1729 W. Law Serious Call x. 147 We are to live wholly unto God.

1778 A. Ross Helenore (ed. 2) 22 I ken nought unto his dispraise.

1885 R. Bridges Eros & Psyche xi. xxi. 139 Shut thy soft ear unto his clamour thin.

20. In comparison or as compared with; in relation to; = to prep. 18.

ΚΠ

c1400 Rom. Rose 5600 [He] never shal make his richesse Asseth unto his gredinesse.

a1500 in Ratis Raving 4 Al his seknes [is] lytill, in comparesone one-to the luf at god schawyt till ws.

1539 Bible (Great) Matt. vi. 34 Sufficient vnto the daye, is the trauayle therof.

a1566 R. Edwards Damon & Pithias (1571) sig. Hij^v But now I see there is no garde vnto a faithfull friend.

a1682 Sir T. Browne Christian Morals (1716) iii. 86 So may'st thou be coetaneous unto thy Elders.

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 93 But a' their cushel-mushel was but jest, Unto the coal that brunt in Lindy's breast.

1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 107 All thy passions, match'd with mine, Are as moonlight unto sunlight.

1842 Ld. Tennyson Talking Oak xxvii, in Poems (new ed.) II. 70 As cowslip unto oxlip is, So seems she to the boy.

1855 H. W. Longfellow Hiawatha x. 127 As unto the bow the cord is, So unto the man is woman.

21.

a. In accordance, agreement, or correspondence with; according to; after; = to prep. 20.

ΚΠ

c1420 Contn. Brut 340 So oure Kyng..graunted hem trewes certyn yeres vnto her axyng.

1430–40 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes i. 492 Whan he us made onto his liknesse, He putte vn bothe into Paradis.

1515 Festivall (W. de W.) 117 We praye you of a place to bury his body unto his worshypp.

a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 8 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) Lawes ought to be fashioned unto the manners..of the people, to whom they are meant.

?a1600 in Percy Folio (1867) I. 63 Shooes of gold the porter had on, And all his other rayment was vnto the same.

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet i. iii. 23 Therefore must his choise be circumscribd Vnto the voyce and yeelding of that body Whereof he is the head.

1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum viii. 151 Disposing of Angels..suitably unto the Tenor of their own Actings.

1807 W. Wordsworth Ode in Poems II. 96 And this hath now his heart, And unto this he frames his song.

1842 Ld. Tennyson Lord of Burleigh in Poems (new ed.) II. 204 A trouble..perplex'd her,..With the burthen of an honour Unto which she was not born.

1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise: Pt. III 418 Meanwhile to Kiarton,..Unto all seeming, life went merrily.

b. As far as; to the extent of. Cf. to prep. 20b.

ΚΠ

1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) ii. ix. sig. l.ii To socoure our neyghbour in kepynge hym vnto our power in place and in tyme that he..falle not.

1642 tr. J. Perkins Profitable Bk. iii. §205. 92 Unto divers respects a man shall take by a liverie of seisin which he made in his owne right.

VII. Expressing relations in which the idea of course or direction tends to blend with the dative use.

22. After words denoting attention, care, trust, etc.; = to prep. 24.Frequently after verbs, as apply, attend, betake, hearken, intend, listen, look: see these words.

ΚΠ

c1386 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 67 Vn to my firste I wole haue my recours.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 255 To laud and Inglis man i spell..Sumquat vnto þat thing to tent.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 446 He fell vnto his prayers.

?1455 Duke of York et al. in Paston Lett. & Papers (2005) III. 153 Not to plese to geve trust or confidence vnto the sinistrez..rapportes of our sayd ennemyes.

1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 26 My herte Iugeth that ye shall haue grete Regard vnto my good wil.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xvi. 1 Herken vnto my prayer.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. xviii. 21 The castle..hath been so ill looked vnto..it is againe fallen into the hands of the Barbaries.

1613 T. Jackson Eternall Truth Script. i. §iv. i. 219 Whose beleefe vnto diuine Oracles hath beene confirmed.

1642 Remonstr. Church Ireland 5 He wanted powder, having no more..than his Bandeleers to trust unto.

1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso i. xlvii. 95 Flocks..grow lean..through the meer carelesness of him that looks unto them.

1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum v. 104 It was..Man alone, voluntarily hearkening unto Satan.

1812 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Paradiso v. 119 Say on; and trust As unto gods.

23. Against, in respect of opposition or hostility. Cf. to prep. 25b.

ΚΠ

a1300 E.E. Psalter liii. 5 Torne iuels vnto mi faas.

a1400 New Test. (Paues) Acts iv. 1 As þei stoden..þer kome fallande vnto hem prestes..ande Saduceys.

1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy iv. 2452 Archilogus A mortal cours ran vn-to Brumvs.

1439 Rolls of Parl. V. 17/2 Phelip..hath contynuelly..made werre unto the seide John.

a1450 Knt. de la Tour 120 So it befell he had do a forfeit vnto the kinge Dauid.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. xvii. 19 b [They] dyd daily make warre vnto his highnesse.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. i. 73 Then gather strength, and march vnto him straight.

24.

a. Indicating the person addressed, etc.; = to prep. 26. Usually after verbs, as cry, say, speak, tell.

ΚΠ

a1300 Early Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter xxvi. 6 (E.) I sall synge and salm sai Un-to-Loverd.

a1300 E.E. Psalter xc. 15 He cried vnto me witerli.

1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 99 Lowys wrote his letter vnto þe kyng Henry.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 282 To speak a goodli word unto me.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 122 Þis suster said vnto hur brother.

c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 5 The book of Seynt Augustin..on-to his sistir, a widow.

1477 in C. L. Kingsford Stonor Lett. & Papers (1919) II. 28 I spake vnto my lady.., and she wold scarsely oppyn hir mouthe vnto me.

1511 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 2 The mayer answered aȝen onto the forsayd John.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Deut. xxxii. 46 Y^e wordes, which I testifye vnto you this daye.

1569 in Southampton Court Leet Rec. (1905) I. 56 Be yt comaunded vnto all those..that they make chimnes.

1610 J. Healey tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xvii. v. 628 These words of the Prophet vnto Heli.

1643 J. Caryl Expos. Job (1676) I. 635 Would you know what the visiting of God is? It is praying unto him.

1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum vi. 112 Some special One of their Number intimateth the great News unto the Shepherds.

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 101 The squire well saw't, an' unto Lindy says [etc.].

1844 J. G. Whittier Texas 32 Let the North unto the South Speak the word befitting both.

1896 ‘I. Maclaren’ Kate Carnegie 328 John,..is this all you have in your heart to say unto me?

b. To or for the worship of; in honour, adoration, or salutation of; = to prep. 26b.

ΚΠ

a1300 E.E. Psalter lxv. 15 Offrand meryhed, gode þat be, Sal I offre unto þe.

a1400 New Test. (Paues) Acts xxi. 25 Demande þat þei abstene hem fro þinge þat es sacrified vnto idoles.

1430–40 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes viii. 552 Egipciens dide..Ther sacrefises & rihtes.. Vnto Isis.

c1440 Pallad. on Husb. i. 1178 Laude, ymne,..& songe vnto The flour of Iesse spronge in Bethleem.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts xvii. 23 I founde an aultre wher in was written: vnto the vnknowen god.

1594 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse sig. H2^v Villaines why skinck you not vnto this fellow?

1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing v. iii. 22 Now vnto thy bones good night.

1615 W. Bedwell Arabian Trudgman in tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ sig. L Aba' lkibla, was an idoll..which..the Arabians did..offer sacrifice vnto.

1842 T. B. Macaulay Battle Lake Regillus ii Unto the Great Twin Brethren We keep this solemn feast.

1882 Bible (R.V.) Exod. xxxii. 8 They have made them a molten calf,..and have sacrificed unto it.

25. Expressing or denoting response, responsive action, or reaction. = to prep. 27a, 27b.Frequently with assent, consent, obey, etc.

ΚΠ

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 448 He wolde not consent vnto hur to ly by hur.

1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) i. ii. sig. b.i ^v Whan Adam & Eue..disobeyed vnto god.

1518 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 148 The said bille is vncerteyn and insufficient to be aunswerd vnto.

1576 G. Gascoigne Steele Glas sig. D.j To yeld good smacke, vnto their daintie tongues.

1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxii. 144 Nature as much as is possible inclineth vnto validities and preseruations.

1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion iv. 59 Some..onelie vs'd to sing Vnto the others Harpe.

1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum vii. 140 To say Amen, unto Isaiahs Description of our Lord.

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 88 Afore mishap had forc'd him to comply Unto a match.

1881 Bible (R.V.) Luke xiv. 6 They could not answer again unto these things.

VIII. Supplying the place of, assuming or taking over the functions of, the dative.

26.

a. Denoting the recipient of a gift or the like, or the person affected by an event, etc. = to prep. 29.

ΚΠ

a1300 E.E. Psalter ciii. 22 Lyoun whelpes..seke fra god mete vnto þa.

c1380 Antecrist in Todd 3 Treat. Wyclif 134 Þei putten grete penaunce unto men, þere Cristis charge is liȝt.

1426 in Surtees Misc. (1890) 10 Þe charge.. þat is put vnto me.

c1440 Alphabet of Tales 207 He putt þaim [sc. his goods] vnto þe bisshopp.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 447 Syluir and gold he gert on-to him geyff.

1532 G. Hervet tr. Xenophon Treat. House Holde f. 32^v As for suche thynges,..we deliuered them vnto a woman.

1581 in J. P. Earwaker Lancs. & Cheshire Wills (1893) 3 I geue and bequeath vnto Richard..tenne shepe.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 726 Delivering vnto him a verge of gold.

1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 168 This could not but be a great grief unto him.

1695 in Jrnl. Friends' Hist. Soc. Oct. (1915) 173 She hath borne unto mee three sonnes.

1708 Oxf. & Cambr. Misc. Poems 374 Whence comes this unsought honour unto me?

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 9 Nory..a glack of bread an' cheese..unto Lindy gees.

1814 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Vision I. xxiii. 97 He told What fate unto the mouse and frog befel.

1829 in Minutes of Evid. Nairne Peerage (1873) 76 in Sessional Papers House of Lords (H.L. A) XII. 65 We are graciously pleased to give and allow unto Caroline baroness Nairn an annuity.

1847 R. W. Emerson Poems 70 Unto every race and age He emptieth the beverage.

b. Indicating the recipient of an impression, the holder of an opinion or the like; used esp. after verbs, as appear, seem, †think, etc. Cf. to prep. 29b.

ΚΠ

a1470 J. Hardyng Chron. (Lansd.) Pref. vi If it lyke vn to ȝour owne avyse..To Comforte now..Ȝour pore subgite.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke xxiv. f. cxvij Their wordes semed vnto them fayned thynges.

1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iii. v. 47 I am now in great haste, as it may appeare vnto you.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xviii. 699/2 It was thought vnto the Protector, and vnto the whole Councell, that [etc.].

a1613 F. Bacon Case of Post-nati Scotl. in Wks. (1826) V. 116 For it seemeth admirable unto me, to consider [etc.].

1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum viii. 147 One Attribute seemeth more Dear unto him than another.

27.

a. For the advantage, benefit, convenience, use, or disposal of; for. Cf. to prep. 30.

ΚΠ

a1300 E.E. Psalter lxx. 8 In þe ai alle mi singinge. Made am i als fortakeninge Vnto mani.

a1400 New Test. (Paues) Acts ii. 41 Ande þat day weren wonnen vnto God ande turned abowte þreo þowsande.

1539 Bible (Great) Gen. iii. 21 Unto the same Adam also and to his wife dyd the Lorde God make lethren garmentes.

1591 M. Drayton Harmonie of Church sig. C1^v Then opened I the dore, unto my Loue at last.

1613 T. Heywood Siluer Age i. sig. B3 Expose thy selfe Vnto that monstrous beast of Cicily, Cal'd the Chimera.

1674 S. Butler Hudibras (new ed.) ii. i. 257 By which Astrologers..can tell What strange Events they do foreshow Unto her Under-world below.

a1678 H. Scougal Disc. Imp. Subj. (1735) 179 A happiness we can never secure unto our selves.

1702 C. Mather Magnalia Christi iii. iii. i. 178/1 An Opportunity..to Vindicate another great Man, unto the Churches of our Lord Jesus Christ.

a1714 in E. Ledwich Antiquitates Sarisburienses (1771) 6 Therein you may find many an excellent Lore That unto your Wives you may teach.

a1784 Hobie Noble i, in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1890) IV. vii For in it there was baith meat and drink, And corn unto our geldings gay.

1816 W. Wordsworth Ode, 1814 51 Those palms and amaranthine wreaths Unto their martyred Countrymen decreed.

1891 Cornhill Mag. Dec. 664 He took unto himself a village maid, and settled in Lyndhurst.

b. Indicating the person or thing towards which an action, feeling, etc., is directed; = to prep. 30b.Frequently with beholden, †holden (hold v. 10b), recommend, etc.

ΚΠ

a1300 E.E. Psalter xviii. 13 And fra outen..Forbere vnto þi hine ai.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 1069 (MED) Vnto his broþer ire he bare.

a1400 New Test. (Paues) Acts xxvi. 27 Ande þo kenge Agrippa trowes vnto þo prophetes.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 103 He askid hym whi he wuld not ryse vnto hym.

c1465 in C. L. Kingsford Stonor Lett. & Papers (1919) I. 70 Y weir be-hold unto yow.

1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 216 Lat newir this synfull sot Do schame..vnto your nacion.

1555 in Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS: Var. Coll. (1907) IV. 283 The leke paines..shall ronne and be unto all those free Burgesses.

1587 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1908) 5 137 Goolde..referred me over unto Mr. Baylye to be payed upon youre head.

1623 in Eng. Hist. Rev. July (1919) 408 Delivered to St. Raby..as a present..without any fees or charge unto him.

1655 Ld. Orrery Parthenissa III. ii. iv. 343 More from a desire of being alone, than from any aversion shee seem'd to have unto it.

1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum vii. 130 Our Lord..having all their Iniquities..imputed unto him.

1763 C. Smart Song to David lxxiv Sweeter [is]..The glory of thy gratitude, Respired unto the Lord.

1796 F. Burney Camilla IV. vii. xi. 169 The Lord be good unto me!

1803 C. K. Sharpe Lett. (1888) I. 165 If Jane hath done this fault, woe be unto her!

1887 E. Johnson Antiqua Mater 251 Your unslothful love unto the glory of God.

28.

a. Denoting the relation of an adjective (or derived noun or adverb) to a noun indicating a person or thing to which its application is directed or restricted. = to prep. 33.Used in construction with many adjectives; cf. to prep. 33, and see merciful adj., open adj. 26, subject adj. and adv., true adj. 1c, unkindfully adv., untolerable adj., etc.

ΚΠ

1300 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 285 Hast thou be scars or large of yifte Unto thi love?

c1407 J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte 948 The which..wern..vn-to manne ryght vayllable.

c1450 Crt. Of Love 14 I can-not write Unto the princes..No termes digne unto her excellence.

1485 Digby Myst. iii. 8 I am soveren of al soverens subjugal On-to myn empere.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts xxvi. 19 I was not disobedient vnto the hevenly vysion.

1593 in J. Morris Troubles Catholic Forefathers (1877) (modernized text) 3rd Ser. 124 Yet their life-labour is..costly unto us.

1639 S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events 301 A torture unsufferable unto this young gentlewoman.

1669 J. Owen Pract. Expos. 130th Psalm 15 Vnspiritedness and disability unto Duty, in doing or suffering.

a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1690) 72 It will be dangerous unto England, that Ireland should be in the Hands of any other Nation.

1795–6 W. Wordsworth Borderers 2168 I (so filled With horror is this world) am unto thee The thing most precious that it now contains.

1801 W. Wordsworth Troilus 83 So cruel do not be Unto the blood of Troy,..As Juno was unto the Theban blood.

b. After known, unknown, †uncouth, †unwist, †unwitting, etc.; = to prep. 33b.In later use (esp. in or after Biblical usage) with known.

ΚΠ

a1400 New Test. (Paues) Acts xix. 17 Þis was made knowne vnto alle þe Iewes.

1423 Kingis Quair lxiii Quhen sall ȝour merci rew vpon ȝour man, Quhois seruice is ȝit vncouth vnto ȝow?

14.. T. Hoccleve Min. Poems 231/418 How [we] thidir come, vn-to vs vnwist.

c1440 Generydes 3396 Vppe they rose,..And chaungyd horses onto them bothe vnknowyng.

?1518 A. Barclay Fyfte Eglog sig. Ciij^v Seth god wyll be, vnknowen unto vs.

1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 17 The othe that he made un to the kynge of Ynglonde unwyttynge unto the pope.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear iv. 199 By making this well knowne vnto you.

1795–6 W. Wordsworth Borderers 628 If compassion..Be known unto you.

1843 W. Wordsworth Grace Darling 7 One..Known unto few but prized as far as known.

IX. Forming a to-infinitive.

†29. = to with the infinitive. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1352 L. Minot Poems (1914) v. 25 King Edward vnto sail was ful sune dight.

a1400 Northern Passion 461 (Cambr. Gg 5. 31) Þare come downe a aungell..Vnto comforthe ihesu well still.

?1481 in H. E. Malden Cely Papers (1900) 203 Any thing that I cane do unto ples ye.

B. conj.

†a. = until conj. a.

(a) With that.

ΚΠ

a1300 Early Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter xciii. 15 (Harl.) For Laverd sal noght his folke schonne awai, Ne his heritage for-lete never a dai; Unto þat rihtnes be turned in dome with quert.

a1425 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula 61 Þe pacient ow to abide still in þe watre, vnto þat þe blode..chaunge into fairer colour.

c1475 Partenay 4132 In thys place abide vnto that ye see Ho bering hym best and ho better haue.

1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 19 A gret multytude..there abode seven dayes contynually unto that the kynge..came..toward Grenewich.

(b) Without that.

ΚΠ

1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 9055 Þys songe sunge þey yn þe chercheȝerd..Vn-to þe matynes were alle done.

c1381 G. Chaucer Parl. Foules 647 Almyghty queen vnto this ȝer be gon I axe respit.

1411 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 20 Also y wille..þat lucie my wyf have gouernauns þer-of..vn-to þe forseyd william be of age xviij. ȝhere.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) ix. 223 They wente to bed, & slepte vnto the daye appered.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Aiiii It is and euer shalbe vnquiet, vnto I come to the.

1549 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 132 I give vnto my wife my house vnto my boy be of xxiiij yeirs of age.

1572 L. Mascall tr. D. Brossard L'Art et Maniere de Semer in Bk. Plant & Graffe Trees 55 The which ye may also kepe vnto the newe come againe.

†b. = until prep. 1b. Also with that. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 5994 Here synne shal noþer be forȝyuen ne slakyn Vn-to þey ȝelde þat þey haue takyn.

c1400 Northern Passion (Harl.) 958 Þe men þan letted for no thing Vnto þai come to herod.

c1425 in Anglia VIII. 139/46 She..hadde no reste in spirite, vnto she hadde made a-seth.

c1457 in C. L. Kingsford Stonor Lett. & Papers (1919) I. 53 I can..not gefe hym no comfort onto that I have wurd fro yowr maistership.

1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) i. ii. sig. b.ii None were baptysed vnto y^t y^t he were suffycyently cathecysed.

1535 Bp. C. Tunstall in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) I. App. lix. 147 The commissioners..occupied the said auditors so long, that unto they were dispatched we could not have them [etc.].

1573 J. Tyrie Refut. Ansuer Knox Pref. 6 Wnto he proue that he defendes that same caus,..he will neuer caus me to beleue nor graunt that [etc.].

†c. So that at length; = until conj. e. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1395 W. Hylton Scala Perfeccionis (1494) i. xci My dere chyldern whyche I bere..vnto cryste be ayenshapen in you.

c1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 84 Alle þes þinges shal be vpon þe fyr all a nyght and a day, vnto all þayre stryngh be out passyd.

c1425 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula 73 Boile it agayne vnto it be ane vntement haldyng fast ynoȝ.

?1504 W. Atkinson tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) iii. xii. 207 This sensuall appetite is to be subdued..vnto it haue lerned to be content with fewe thynges.

?1541 R. Copland Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens iv. sig. Qj^v Apply vpon it a maturatife..vnto the scar be fallen.

†d. = until conj. d. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1490 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) 100 I thinke long unto I here word from you.

Draft additions 1993

[After a law unto himself at law n.¹ 16a.] unto oneself: all by oneself, without the assistance or presence of any other.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > condition of being alone > [adverb] > acting alone

apartc1400

merelyc1487

singly1609

unto oneself1643

on one's own hook1812

single-handedly1882

on one's own1895

single-o1948

1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) i. 117 Every devill is an hell unto himselfe: hee..needs not the misery of circumference to afflict him.

a1930 D. H. Lawrence Compl. Poems (1964) II. 951 Under it all, underneath Is rock And each man a rock unto himself.

1951 H. Zimmer Philos. India 509 ‘The Big Ferryboat’.., the ferry in which all may ride, in contrast to ‘The Little Ferryboat’.., the way of those lonely ones, ‘lights unto themselves’.

1983 W. Weaver tr. U. Eco Name of Rose 226 ‘But whose side was Dolcino on?’ ‘I do not know; he was a faction unto himself.’

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1926; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	unto
释义	untoprep.conj. Brit. /ˈʌntʊ/, /ˈʌntuː/, /ˈʌntə/, U.S. /ˈəntə/, /ˈəntʊ/ Forms: α. Middle English– unto (Middle English untoo), Middle English–1600s vnto (Middle English northern vntew), Middle English, 1500s Scottish wnto. β. Middle English–1500s, 1600s Scottish, 1800s dialect onto (Middle English onne-to, Scottish one-to). Etymology: formed on the analogy of until prep., by substitution of to prep. in place of the northern equivalent til till prep. Compare the independent Old Saxon untō.Since the end of the 17th cent. less frequent, and employed chiefly in poetry, or in formal, dignified, or archaic style, or after Biblical use. Very rare in standard writers of the 18th cent., and hence noted by Johnson as ‘now obsolete’. A. prep. (Ordinarily governing a noun or pronoun.)In poetry often placed after the n. or pronoun. I. Indicating spatial or local relationship. 1. a. Expressing or denoting motion directed towards and reaching (a place, point, or goal); = to prep. 1. ΚΠ c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 2399 Cum nu swiþe un-to him. 1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 104 Vnto þe se side chaced þei Sir Lowys. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 123 And the seete of Welles was chaungede vn to Bathe. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 17547 Helias..Was taken up als vnto heuen. c1420 Anturs of Arth. (T.) 111 Vn-to þat grysely gaste Sir Gaweayne es gane. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 215 He tuke bread & keste vnto it [sc. a swine]. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Bii^v Their iourney out of Egipt vnto the countre of Ierusalem. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. lxxxv He called vnto him a seruaunt of the kynges. 1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 5 Thay past vnto Paris. 1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 1804/2 The Camp remoued from Linton Brigges vnto Salt Preston. 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream iii. ii. 311 I tould him of your stealth vnto this wood. View more context for this quotation 1633 G. Herbert Bag in Temple iv He did repair unto an inne. 1654 H. Dunster in J. Quincy Hist. Harvard Univ. (1840) I. 19 The place unto which I go, is unknown to me. 17.. Jock o' the Side xiii, in Caw Poet. Museum When they cam the gates unto. 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 83 We came unto a gentle place. 1801 W. Wordsworth Prioress' Tale 52 A little scholar..Who day by day unto this school hath gone. 1866 R. W. Emerson Dæmonic Love 48 So shall the lights ye pour amain Go..Through from the empyrean walls Unto the same again. 1887 W. Morris tr. Homer Odyssey I. i. 4 Then speed we..Hermes the Flitter, to go Unto the isle Ogygia. b. In various figurative uses. (Cf. to prep. 1b.) ΚΠ c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 448 When he come vnto his spyrittis agayn. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 218 With þatt sho come agayn vnto hur selfe, & thankid God. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Heb. vii. 19 By which hope we drawe nye vnto god. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xxiii. 4 Which lifteth not vp his mynde vnto vanite. a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 15 Though..I dowtyd no thyng of thys mater, that you so ernystely move me un to. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 263 They put all their goodes vnto the Englishmens pleasures. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. 1123 In this last speech he came neere unto the LL. of the Senat, and touched them to the quick. 1606 G. W. tr. Justinus Hist. v. 27 It was secretly come vnto their eare, that [etc.]. 1639 G. Digby in G. Digby & K. Digby Lett. conc. Relig. (1651) 87 It is a far more evident impossibility, then what you drive unto. 1683 in Pennsylvania Arch. (1852) I. 60 I cannot but believe y^t you will take my great Wrong..unto your serious consideration. 1801 W. Wordsworth Troilus 63 In that very place My Lady first me took unto her grace. 1838 E. B. Browning Sleep i Of all the thoughts of God that are Borne inward unto souls afar. c. With ellipsis of verb of motion. (Cf. to prep. 1c.) ΚΠ 1594 C. Marlowe & T. Nashe Dido ii. i Let vs vnto our ships,..why stay we here? a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) ii. i. 310 I will vnto Venice To buy apparell. View more context for this quotation 1768 Ross To the Begging iv I'll then unto the cobler, An' cause him sole my shoon. 2. a. In the direction of; directed towards; = to prep. 2. ΚΠ 1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 217 Unto þe kinges partie Edward turned tite. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 8 Unto him which the heved is The membres buxom scholden bowe. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 45 Whanne I..caste up many a pitous lok Unto the hevene. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10479 Sco lift hir hend vn-to þe lift And þus to prai sco gaf a scift. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Gen. xiv. D I lift vp my honde vnto the Lorde. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Gen. xlix. B Thy fathers children shall stoupe vnto the. ?a1600 ‘Gentle heardsman’ i, in Percy Folio (1868) III. 526 Vnto the towne of Walsingham which is the right and ready way? 1611 Bible (King James) Job xxii. 26 For then shalt thou haue thy delight in the Almightie, and shalt lift vp thy face vnto God. View more context for this quotation 1796 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum V. 460 I bow'd fu'low unto this maid. 1858 J. G. Whittier Cable Hymn i Lean down unto the white-lipped sea The voice of God to hear! figurative.1535 Bible (Coverdale) Prov. ii. C Hir house is enclyned vnto death, and hir pathes vnto hell.1535 Bible (Coverdale) Dan. ix. A I turned me vnto God..for to praye.1826 W. Scott Woodstock I. i. 20 There is no light in England that shall come nigh unto it. b. At. (Esp. after look, †smell. Cf. to prep. 2b.) ΚΠ a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 14333 Iesus he loked vnto þe lift. a1400 New Test. (Paues) Acts iii. 4 Peter wiþ Ioon bihelde vnto hym. c1430 Pol., Rel. & L. Poems (1903) 180 A semeli man to ben a king, A graciouse face to loken vnto. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Bel & Dragon i. C The kinge loked vnto y^e altare. 1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 222/2 Ministers..must marke why this office is given them;..it is not because a few should be sene vnto [= looked up to]. 1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie ii. v. 109 God made flowers sweete and beawtifull, that being seene and smelt vnto, they might so delight. 1670 J. Smith England's Improvem. Reviv'd 213 The Root smelled vnto is good for the same purpose. 1835 T. Aird in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Feb. 187 Majestic men who looked unto the skies. c. In (a specified course or direction, literal or figurative). Cf. to prep. 2c, 2e. ΚΠ a1300 Cursor Mundi 2117 Þis land lies mast vnto þe south. a1300 Cursor Mundi 2120 Þe thrid part..lies mast vnto þe west. c1400 Melayne 135 He sawe a bryghtenes of a beme Vp vn-to heuenwarde glyde. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 386 We may..breke an hole an heigh vp on the gable Vnto the gardynward. 1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Rom. Prol. sig. +^v Such a newe herte and lusty corage vnto the lawe warde, canste thou neuer come by. †d. Indicating a means of access. (Old English tó and intó.) Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Kings iv. 5 She wente, and shut the dore vnto her with hir sonnes. 3. a. Indicating the limit or dimension of a movement, extension, or continuance in space: As far as; even to; not short of; = to prep. 3.Occasionally correlative to from (the remoter of two limits). ΘΚΠ the world > space > extension in space > [preposition] > to (of spatial extension) to971 untoa1300 a1300 Cursor Mundi 24346 Quen we na hele moght se on him, Fra hefd vnto þe fote. a1325 Prose Psalter cvi. 3 Fram þe rysyng of þe sunne vnto þe goynge adoune. c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 181 Mayster Wace..rymed [his romance]..vnto þe Cadwaladres. c1500 Melusine (1895) xxxvii. 297 He..sawe melusyne within the bathe vnto her nauell. 1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. diiii All thi braid landis Or all the renttis fra thyne vnto ronsiwall. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Exod. xxxviii. 4 A brasen gredyron of net worke rounde aboute, from vnder vp vnto the myddest of the altare. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 95 All the ferlies þat fell vnto the ferre ende. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Visitacion of Sicke f. xxiii^v With the firste parte of the exhortacion and all other thynges vnto the Psalme. 1597 J. Lyly Woman in Moone* i. i The rundle of this Massiue earth, From vtmost face vnto the Centers point. 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 31 Ye see her rigs run just unto our ain. 1774 O. Goldsmith Grecian Hist. I. vii. 223 A strong haven, with walls reaching unto the city. 1801 W. Wordsworth Un-to Loverd. T. 198 My throat is cut unto the bone. 1812 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Paradiso xxii. 149 This petty area..from the havens stretched unto the hills. b. In figurative uses. ΚΠ 1508 W. Dunbar Ballade Barnard Stewart in Poems (1998) I. 177 Onto the sterris vpheyt is thyne honour. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xxxv. 5 Thy mercy (O Lorde) reacheth vnto the heauen. 1591 M. Drayton Harmonie of Church sig. C4 My voice I did extend, Unto the Lord. 1609 Bp. J. Hall David's Psalms viii Thou hast..stretcht his raigne Vnto the heards, and beasts vntame. 4. a. Upon (and in contact with); on, against; = to prep. 5a. ΚΠ a1300 E.E. Psalter cxvii. 26 Settes miri daie in thickenesse, Vnto horn þat of weued esse. c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale 973 She leyde hir mouth vn-to the water doun. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 368 Þe ymage..fell down vnto þe hard erth. 1480 Cov. Leet Bk. 447 The pepull..carryen their Donge,..& leyen hit vnto the walles & yate. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Exod. xxii. 8 He hath not put his hande vnto his neghbours good. 1551 T. Lever Serm. xiiii. December (new ed.) sig. G.iii Beware therefore that ye staye not your selfe vnto a bryttell staffe. 1559 Queen Elizabeth I in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1709) I. ii. App. x. 440 We have but a weake staff to leane unto. 1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge iv. iii. sig. H2 Thou bur, that only sticks Vnto the nappe of greatnesse. 1611 Bible (King James) Num. xxi. 15 At the streame of the brookes that..lieth [margin. Heb. leaneth] vpon the border of Moab. View more context for this quotation 1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. i. 46 That the Columnes may bee allowed somewhat aboue their ordinary length, because they leane vnto so good Supporters. 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 21 She..lean'd her head unto the kindly tree. 1836 R. Allan Evening Hours 98 The hope thus to press thee Unto my fond bosom. figurative.c1400 Brut 251 Þat þai shulde nouȝt feiȝt oppon þe Scottes..and if þai dede, þat þai shulde stande to [v.r. vnto] her owen peril.c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 642 But stonde he moste vn to his owene harm. b. In contiguity or proximity to; in front of; by, close beside. Cf. to prep. 5b. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) i. ii. 91 Wilt thou flout me thus vnto my face? View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) iv. xv. 29 What thou would'st do Is done vnto thy hand. View more context for this quotation 1677 W. Hughes Man of Sin iii. iii. 79 Which..plainly gives them the lye unto their Teeths. 5. Expressing relative location (esp. with nigh or near). ΚΠ 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Mark v. f. l Iesus..was nye vnto the see. 1558 in F. J. Furnivall Child-marriages, Divorces, & Ratifications Diocese Chester (1897) 145 Nether in his house.., nether within iiij myle compas vnto the same Citie. 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. iii. 171 Neere vnto the said plaine are diuers woods. 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. v. 262 The citie of Tunis..hath no mountaines nigh vnto it. 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 89 They began to speer Gin they were unto Flaviana near. figurative.1526 Bible (Tyndale) Heb. vi. 8 But that grounde..is reproved, and is nye vnto cursynge.1539 Bible (Great) Lev. xxv. 49 Any that is nye of kynne vnto hym.1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Matt. xii. 75 b He is moste nere and moste dere vnto me.1785 R. Burns Let. to J. Goudie Auld Orthodoxy [is]..Nigh unto death.1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise: Pt. III 390 Death had need be near Unto such men. II. Indicating a temporal relationship. 6. Until (a final limit in time); till as late as; = to prep. 6a, 6c. ΚΠ a1300 Cursor Mundi 24739 All mi liue vn-to min end, In hir loueword þof i moght spend. a1325 Prose Psalter lxxxix. 15 Lord, be þou turned vnto nov. a1325 Prose Psalter cxii. 2 Be þe name of our Lord blisced, nou of þis & vnto heuen. 1382 J. Wyclif Psalms cxii. 2 Be the name of the Lord blissid; fro this now and vnto the world. c1386 G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 765 Kepeth this child..vn to myn hoom comynge. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 439 Þer devotelie he servid our Ladie vnto his lyfis ende. 1480 Cov. Leet Bk. 436 Certain Common pastures belongyng to the seid Cite vnto nowe. 1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope ix The wulf..hyd hym self nyghe them vnto the nyght. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. lxvii. 89 The bysshoppe..toke hym as his lorde, vnto suche season as somme other shulde come. 1539 Bible (Great) Rom. v. 13 For euen vnto the lawe was synne in the worlde. 1582 Bible (Rheims) Luke xvi. 16 The law and the prophets, vnto Iohn. 1613 Acts Privy Council 4 Yow shall..keepe the same unto suche tyme as..publicacion shall [be] moved thereof. 1691 in E. Walker Epictetus (1692) A 1 b All good and perfect Gifts..Which Mortals have from th' Womb unto the Tomb. 1801 W. Wordsworth Troilus 56 She..there so graciously did me behold, That hers unto the death my heart I hold. 1896 ‘I. Maclaren’ Kate Carnegie 356 Doctor Manley..praises Kate unto this day. 7. After a negative, = until prep. 5b. ΚΠ c1400 Brut 322 The clergye..wolde not graunte hit vnto Ester next comyng. 1450–80 tr. Secreta Secret. lviii. 34 Shewe not thi thought vnto tyme thou performe thi wille. 1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 10 Neuer I shal haue playsyr ne Ioye vnto þ^e tyme that I knowe. 1515 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 88 He neuer vnto this last yere knew eny man occupye a nothur mans Craft without Interrupcion. 1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 105 Before the sonne be vnder th' Earth, which is not vnto .6. of the clocke. III. Expressing the relation of aim, design, destination, result, consequent status or condition. 8. a. In order to begin, perform, accomplish, or obtain. Cf. to prep. 8b. ΚΠ a1300 E.E. Psalter ciii. 24 Oute sal man ga vnto his werke. 1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 9098 Vn-to þe karolle asswyþe he ȝede. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 424 In þe mornyng he went vnto his prayers. 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur vii. xxvi. 271 Many bold knyghtes wente vnto mete. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 10734 The sun in his sercle set vnto rest. 1587 G. Turberville Tragicall Tales f. 68 The Lady, somewhat hungrie, fell vnto the cates. 1596 R. Linche Dom Diego in Diella sig. D7 They all sat downe vnto a soone-made feast. 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 68 Unto their supper they right yaply fa'. b. With a view to; for the purpose of; for. Cf. to prep. 8. ΚΠ c1440 Pallad. on Husb. iii. 1166 This wyne al medicine is take vnto. 1486 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 10 Diuers cabilles of hym bought vnto the Kyngs use. 1487 in J. Nichols Illustr. Antient Times Eng. (1797) 83 For hokes and hengles unto the skolehouse dore,..and for nailes to the same dore, 4½d. c1539 T. Cranmer Let. 14 Nov. in Remains (1833) I. 290 I pray you that the same may be delivered unto the said Whitchurche unto printing. 1549 W. Thomas Hist. Italie f. 75 Vpon a verie small warnyng they [sc. galleys] maie be furnisshed out vnto the sea. 1582 Bible (Rheims) Mark i. 4 Preaching the baptisme of penance vnto remission of sinnes. 1592 W. Warner Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) viii. xlii. 158 Our Cattell vnto stronger draughts we..would vnteame. 9. Indicating a condition, state, or situation, conferred or imposed upon a person. Cf. to prep. 9. ΚΠ a1300 E.E. Psalter xviii. 16 Mi helper ai he isse, And mi bier vn-to blisse. a1425 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula 34 Vnto a loueable ende wiþ goddes help aboute half a ȝere I cured hym. c1440 York Myst. xxxvii. 319 Vnto my dome I schall þame drawe, And juge þame worse þanne any Jewe. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 1418 Wemyn & wale children vnto wo put. 1548 W. Forrest in T. Starkey Eng. in Reign Henry VIII (1878) i. p. xciii If, vnto Office they after bee electe. 1563 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments 1298/2 Whiche vnthriftye state that wee be borne vnto. 1591 M. Drayton Praier of Mardocheus in Harmonie of Church sig. F2 To destroy and bring us unto nought. 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 1119 Some [traitors] they roasted, and some they put vnto the Tenalia. 1648 Bp. J. Wilkins Math. Magick i. xi. 75 That slavery, which those..Nations were subjected unto. 1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum v. 103 The Decree of Divine Reprobation..necessarily inferred Man's Fall, Sin and Damnation violenting him (as it were) unto the same. 1807 W. Wordsworth Poems I. 101 The prison, unto which we doom Ourselves. 10. Indicating result, effect, or consequence: So as to result in, bring about, cause, or produce; = to prep. 10. ΚΠ a1300 Cursor Mundi 24746 Þof mans wijt be neuer sa strait, Sco mai well bring it vnto nait. 1430–40 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes ii. 2812 Senacherib..Leffte his siege & took hym onto flyht. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 440 He was ferd at þai or þer fadurs shulde desyre hym to be maryd or to fall vnto syn. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Cor. xv. 34 I speake this vnto youre rebuke. 1591 M. Drayton Harmonie of Church sig. B They..by their sinne prouoke him unto yre. 1601 N. Breton Longing Blessed Heart sig. B4^v Th' Artificer..bringes his hand vnto his heads deuise, Longes till he see, what it will come vnto. 1660 in E. Nicholas Nicholas Papers (1920) IV. 250 The unexpected..admitting to audience and afterwards vnto treatie of the Portugal ambassador. 11. Indicating a resultant condition, status, or capacity: In or into the character, nature, or quality of; = to prep. 11a, 11b. ΚΠ 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 114 This lord a worthi ladi hadde Unto his wif. c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 772 Quat-kyn þyng may be þat lambe, Þat þe wolde wedde vnto hys vyf? c1400 Rule St. Benet (Verse) 1374 If þat þe priores wor dede, Þo same..Wold ches me vnto priores. 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur i. vii. 43 We wille haue Arthur vnto our kyng. 1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 28 The gray freeres chaungyd their habbetts from London rossette unto whytt gray. 1599 M. Drayton Idea in Englands Heroicall Epist. (new ed.) sig. Q5 ^v I meruaile not thou feelst not my delight..Whose stomack vnto gaule hath turn'd thy foode. 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream i. i. 207 Hee hath turnd a heauen vnto [1623 into] a hell! View more context for this quotation 1609 Bible (Douay) I. 2 Kings xxi. 14 And they shal be unto waste, and unto spoile to al their adversaries. 1749 C. Wesley Hymns I. 57 Turn unto Flesh my Heart of Stone. 12. Indicating the object of desire, right, or claim. Cf. to prep. 12a, 12b. ΚΠ 1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 57 He þat had gode right vnto þe regalte. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 538/1 By what meanes is he entyteled unto these landes. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms cxviii. 20 The very feruent desyre that I haue allwaye vnto thy iudgmentes. 1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares 29 b There is no better clayme vnto wealth. 1738 in Minutes of Evid. Nairne Peerage (1873) 42 in Sessional Papers House of Lords (H.L. A) XII. 65 Such personal estate as he..shall become..intitled unto. IV. Followed by an expression denoting or indicating a limit in extent, number, amount, or degree. 13. a. Up to as many, as much, or as often as. Cf. to prep. 13. ΚΠ a1325 Prose Psalter lii. 4 Þer nys non þat doþ god, þer nys non vn-to on. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 12648 Ai to iesu was cummen neir Vn to þe eild of thritte yeir. c1400 Brut 295 Shippez & barges were take, vnto þe noumbre of .CC. & xxx. c1500 Melusine (1895) xxiii. 156 There nys thing..that I shuld reffuse you vnto myn owne deth. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Mark vi. f. lij I will geve it the, even vnto the one halfe of my kyngdom. 1530 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 46 It was..unknowne what the charges..would drawe vnto. 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iv. i. 130 What may the kings whole battel reach vnto? Ver. To thirty thousand. View more context for this quotation 1610 J. Healey tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xix. i. 752 Thus doth the number arise..vnto twelue. 1665 S. Patrick Parable of Pilgrim xiv. 102 There cannot be so much interruption given to them as the scratch of a pin among us amounts unto. 1812 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Paradiso xxiii. 57 Not..Unto the thousandth parcel of the truth, My song might shadow forth that saintly smile. 1895 W. M. F. Petrie Egypt. Tales 1st Ser. 70 He came again unto him, even unto six times. 1896 ‘I. Maclaren’ Kate Carnegie 328 There is nothing unto life itself I would not give for your good. b. Down to (an ultimate grade, point, or number). ΚΠ a1325 Prose Psalter cxxxiv. 8 Þe which..smote þe first borne of Egipt fram man vnto beste. c1515 in State Papers Henry VIII (1834) II. 11 The King..dyd conquyre all the lande, unto lytyll. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Exod. xxii. 4 Yf y^e theft be founde by him alyue (from the oxe vnto the Asse or shepe). 1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. iii. 12 Faith I can tell her age vnto a houre. View more context for this quotation a1640 F. Beaumont et al. Loves Cure v. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Sssss4^v/2 No Town in Spaine, from our Metropolis Unto the rudest hovel. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 274 The whole world perished unto eight persons before the floud. View more context for this quotation c. So as to be equivalent or equal to. Cf. to prep. 14. ΚΠ 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 308 Three Millions of Scutes of Golde,..the which do come vnto sterlyng money, fyue hundreth thousand pound. 1660 T. Willsford Scales Commerce & Trade i. 108 How much comes 10d. a day unto by the year? 14. To such an extent or degree, so far, as to cause; so much as to bring about or result in; = to prep. 14b. ΚΠ 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 2 Kings xx. 1 In tho dayes sijknede Ezechias vnto [a1425 L.V. til to] the deeth. a1425 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula 73 Be þai brissed and boiled in watre vnto mene þikkenez. c1425 St. Christina xvi, in Anglia VIII. 125 She was stired of god vnto an vnsufferabil þriste. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 408 He fell into a dispayre, vnto so mekull þat he myght not liff with-owten venyall syn. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 154 Þe Emperour tuke it vnto so grete wrath, þat he garte smyte of his head. 1542 H. Brinkelow Lamentacion sig. Aiii To persecute vnto deeth all and euery godly parson. 1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (xxviii. 5) Through stubbornnesse [they] harden themselues vntoo vn~sensiblenesse. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Esgoüer,..to eat vnto sacietie. 1640 E. Reynolds Treat. Passions xv. 141 Those vanities what hee seeth doe provoke others unto loathing. 1652 W. Sclater Civil Magistr. (1653) Ep. Ded. His Singular Contentation accompanyed with Temperance unto Admiration. 1812 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Purgatorio xxiv. 22 That face beyond him, pierced Unto a leaner fineness than the church. 1896 ‘I. Maclaren’ Kate Carnegie 153 [The] fields, now yellow unto harvest, shone in the moonlight. V. Expressing addition or accumulation, attachment, appurtenance, or possession. 15. a. Denoting attachment, union, adherence, or kinship to a person. Cf. to prep. 16. ΚΠ 1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 65 Felawes vnto þefes, to robbours of ilk cuntre. 1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 90 With scrite vnto William Sir Dunkan him bond. 1423 Kingis Quair cxxxiii Lat wisedom ay vnto thy will be Iunyt. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 219 [She] wold not be wed vnto a wurthi man þat wold hafe had hur. 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur x. liii. 501 A ful noble Knyghte nyghe kynne vnto sire Launcelot. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Gen. ii. D For this cause shal a man..cleue vnto his wife. 1544 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 279 Factoures vnto one Jacob vanganspole merchaunt of Andwerpe. 1591 M. Drayton Harmonie of Church sig. C2 I am unto my Loue, a faithfull friendly fere. 1601 W. Watson Important Consid. 21 Some of his own subiects were..drawne, rather to adhere vnto them then to himselfe. 1649 R. Lovelace Lucasta: Epodes, Odes, Sonnets, Songs 5 The God that constant keepes Unto his Dieties. a1658 Lucasta: Posthume Poems (1659) 83 I was ally'd dear Uncle unto thee In blood, but thou alas not unto me. b. Denoting fastening, securing, or junction to something. ΚΠ 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur viii. xxxiv. 326 He loked vpon bothe his handes that were fast bounden vnto two knyghtes. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Gen. xlix. B He shall bynde his foale vnto the vyne. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie ii. 47 Two sides are washed by the sea, and the thyrd ioyneth vnto the firme land. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 239 The use of the Navell is to continue the infant unto the Mother. View more context for this quotation 1662 J. Dryden To Ld. Chancellor 2 Nothing bounds our eye Until the Earth seems joyn'd unto the Sky. 1881 D. G. Rossetti House of Life i Still some golden hair Unto his shoulder clinging, since the last Embrace. 16. Denoting appurtenance or possession. Frequently after verbs, as appertain, behove, belong, long, pertain. Cf. to prep. 17a, 17b. ΚΠ 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 6 The vice Which longeth unto this office. 1445 tr. Claudian's De Consulatu Stilichonis in Anglia (1905) 28 273 He þat knowith the fadirlaw vnto themperours sone. a1450 Knt. de la Tour cxvii. 159 Suche an instrument as longithe vnto a mynstralle. a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) i. iv. sig. b.ii Elflede..Doughter vnto Oswy. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. I. vii. 144 He was Cosyn germaine vnto him on the fathers syde. 1594 M. Drayton Ideas Mirrour viii. sig. B4^v Vnto the World, to Learning, and to Heauen, Three nines there are, to euerie one a nine. 1636 E. Reynolds Shieldes of Earth 19 This belongeth only unto Princes. a1682 Sir T. Browne Christian Morals (1716) iii. 86 So may'st thou be..a Father unto thy contemporaries. 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 60 Ye maun, I ween, unto the kards belang. 1845 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 194 From this highest orb, the crown of space And footstool unto Heaven. 17. By way of increase to; in addition to; with, besides; = to prep. 15. ΚΠ 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts ii. 41 The same daye there were added vnto them aboute a thre thousande soules. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Ecclus. xviii. 6 There maye nothinge be taken from them, nothinge maye be put vnto them. a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. iii. 46 This is the very top, The heighth, the Crest: or Crest vnto the Crest Of murthers Armes. a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) i. ii. 227 I should haue giuen him teares vnto entreaties. View more context for this quotation 1642 J. Denham Sophy ii. 18 Wisedome he ha's, and to his wisedome courage: Temper to that, and unto all, successe. 1660 R. Sharrock Hist. Propagation & Improvem. Veg. 19 Unto the ashes of every hill [sc. heap] you must put a peck of unslake lime. 1896 ‘I. Maclaren’ Kate Carnegie 329 You have many friends, and may God add unto them good men and faithful. VI. Expressing comparison or correspondence, relation to a standard, etc. 18. After words denoting correspondence, agreement, comparison, proportion, etc. = to prep. 21.See also like adj. 1, resemble v.¹ 4, 1b. ΚΠ c1325 Metr. Hom. 37 For mani man mai bisend be Unto the rede, als thinc me. c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 245 Vn to swich a worthy man as he Acorded nat..To haue with syke lazers aqueyntaunce. 1423 Kingis Quair clv The pantere, like vnto the smaragdyne. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. iii. 46 Like vnto the turtill, For she is ay trew. 1553 R. Eden in tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India Ded. sig. aaij Which..he thoughte to be muche inferiour vnto his. 1591 M. Drayton Harmonie of Church sig. B4 No more the sonnes unto my Loue may ought compared be. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Deschargé [A colour] neere vnto a light blew, or of a light blew; light. 1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xxiv. vi. 891 A certaine thinne skinne..like unto that..over vnscimmed milke. 1644 K. Digby Two Treat. ii. vi. 406 When a thing is identifyed vnto the soule [etc.]. 1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion ix. 390 A Throne, which may be likened unto his. View more context for this quotation 1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) III. 30 The second principle is like unto it. 19. With regard to; in respect of; as to, concerning; = to prep. 22. ΚΠ a1425 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Galba) l. 25119 Seuin askinges er þarin to rede..both vnto lifing here a space, and whare oure sawl more mister hase. 1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) i. iii. sig. c.ii ^v And this is vnto the sygnificacyon of the salte. 1520 Chron. Calais (1846) 92 And as unto ladies ther were..the duches of Norfolk, with her iij doughters. 1591 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 199 For engrossing his will, twice vnto paipar, after vnto parchment 1l xs. 1611 Bible (King James) Rom. vi. 11 Likewise reckon yee also your selues to be dead indeed vnto sinne. View more context for this quotation 1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper i. 3 A Commentator unto the Text askes the question. 1669 N. Morton New-Englands Mem. (1910) 46 They also brought a full intelligence in reference unto the particulars. 1729 W. Law Serious Call x. 147 We are to live wholly unto God. 1778 A. Ross Helenore (ed. 2) 22 I ken nought unto his dispraise. 1885 R. Bridges Eros & Psyche xi. xxi. 139 Shut thy soft ear unto his clamour thin. 20. In comparison or as compared with; in relation to; = to prep. 18. ΚΠ c1400 Rom. Rose 5600 [He] never shal make his richesse Asseth unto his gredinesse. a1500 in Ratis Raving 4 Al his seknes [is] lytill, in comparesone one-to the luf at god schawyt till ws. 1539 Bible (Great) Matt. vi. 34 Sufficient vnto the daye, is the trauayle therof. a1566 R. Edwards Damon & Pithias (1571) sig. Hij^v But now I see there is no garde vnto a faithfull friend. a1682 Sir T. Browne Christian Morals (1716) iii. 86 So may'st thou be coetaneous unto thy Elders. 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 93 But a' their cushel-mushel was but jest, Unto the coal that brunt in Lindy's breast. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 107 All thy passions, match'd with mine, Are as moonlight unto sunlight. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Talking Oak xxvii, in Poems (new ed.) II. 70 As cowslip unto oxlip is, So seems she to the boy. 1855 H. W. Longfellow Hiawatha x. 127 As unto the bow the cord is, So unto the man is woman. 21. a. In accordance, agreement, or correspondence with; according to; after; = to prep. 20. ΚΠ c1420 Contn. Brut 340 So oure Kyng..graunted hem trewes certyn yeres vnto her axyng. 1430–40 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes i. 492 Whan he us made onto his liknesse, He putte vn bothe into Paradis. 1515 Festivall (W. de W.) 117 We praye you of a place to bury his body unto his worshypp. a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 8 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) Lawes ought to be fashioned unto the manners..of the people, to whom they are meant. ?a1600 in Percy Folio (1867) I. 63 Shooes of gold the porter had on, And all his other rayment was vnto the same. 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet i. iii. 23 Therefore must his choise be circumscribd Vnto the voyce and yeelding of that body Whereof he is the head. 1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum viii. 151 Disposing of Angels..suitably unto the Tenor of their own Actings. 1807 W. Wordsworth Ode in Poems II. 96 And this hath now his heart, And unto this he frames his song. View more context for this quotation 1842 Ld. Tennyson Lord of Burleigh in Poems (new ed.) II. 204 A trouble..perplex'd her,..With the burthen of an honour Unto which she was not born. 1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise: Pt. III 418 Meanwhile to Kiarton,..Unto all seeming, life went merrily. b. As far as; to the extent of. Cf. to prep. 20b. ΚΠ 1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) ii. ix. sig. l.ii To socoure our neyghbour in kepynge hym vnto our power in place and in tyme that he..falle not. 1642 tr. J. Perkins Profitable Bk. iii. §205. 92 Unto divers respects a man shall take by a liverie of seisin which he made in his owne right. VII. Expressing relations in which the idea of course or direction tends to blend with the dative use. 22. After words denoting attention, care, trust, etc.; = to prep. 24.Frequently after verbs, as apply, attend, betake, hearken, intend, listen, look: see these words. ΚΠ c1386 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 67 Vn to my firste I wole haue my recours. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 255 To laud and Inglis man i spell..Sumquat vnto þat thing to tent. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 446 He fell vnto his prayers. ?1455 Duke of York et al. in Paston Lett. & Papers (2005) III. 153 Not to plese to geve trust or confidence vnto the sinistrez..rapportes of our sayd ennemyes. 1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 26 My herte Iugeth that ye shall haue grete Regard vnto my good wil. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xvi. 1 Herken vnto my prayer. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. xviii. 21 The castle..hath been so ill looked vnto..it is againe fallen into the hands of the Barbaries. 1613 T. Jackson Eternall Truth Script. i. §iv. i. 219 Whose beleefe vnto diuine Oracles hath beene confirmed. 1642 Remonstr. Church Ireland 5 He wanted powder, having no more..than his Bandeleers to trust unto. 1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso i. xlvii. 95 Flocks..grow lean..through the meer carelesness of him that looks unto them. 1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum v. 104 It was..Man alone, voluntarily hearkening unto Satan. 1812 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Paradiso v. 119 Say on; and trust As unto gods. 23. Against, in respect of opposition or hostility. Cf. to prep. 25b. ΚΠ a1300 E.E. Psalter liii. 5 Torne iuels vnto mi faas. a1400 New Test. (Paues) Acts iv. 1 As þei stoden..þer kome fallande vnto hem prestes..ande Saduceys. 1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy iv. 2452 Archilogus A mortal cours ran vn-to Brumvs. 1439 Rolls of Parl. V. 17/2 Phelip..hath contynuelly..made werre unto the seide John. a1450 Knt. de la Tour 120 So it befell he had do a forfeit vnto the kinge Dauid. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. xvii. 19 b [They] dyd daily make warre vnto his highnesse. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. i. 73 Then gather strength, and march vnto him straight. View more context for this quotation 24. a. Indicating the person addressed, etc.; = to prep. 26. Usually after verbs, as cry, say, speak, tell. ΚΠ a1300 Early Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter xxvi. 6 (E.) I sall synge and salm sai Un-to-Loverd. a1300 E.E. Psalter xc. 15 He cried vnto me witerli. 1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 99 Lowys wrote his letter vnto þe kyng Henry. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 282 To speak a goodli word unto me. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 122 Þis suster said vnto hur brother. c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 5 The book of Seynt Augustin..on-to his sistir, a widow. 1477 in C. L. Kingsford Stonor Lett. & Papers (1919) II. 28 I spake vnto my lady.., and she wold scarsely oppyn hir mouthe vnto me. 1511 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 2 The mayer answered aȝen onto the forsayd John. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Deut. xxxii. 46 Y^e wordes, which I testifye vnto you this daye. 1569 in Southampton Court Leet Rec. (1905) I. 56 Be yt comaunded vnto all those..that they make chimnes. 1610 J. Healey tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xvii. v. 628 These words of the Prophet vnto Heli. 1643 J. Caryl Expos. Job (1676) I. 635 Would you know what the visiting of God is? It is praying unto him. 1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum vi. 112 Some special One of their Number intimateth the great News unto the Shepherds. 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 101 The squire well saw't, an' unto Lindy says [etc.]. 1844 J. G. Whittier Texas 32 Let the North unto the South Speak the word befitting both. 1896 ‘I. Maclaren’ Kate Carnegie 328 John,..is this all you have in your heart to say unto me? b. To or for the worship of; in honour, adoration, or salutation of; = to prep. 26b. ΚΠ a1300 E.E. Psalter lxv. 15 Offrand meryhed, gode þat be, Sal I offre unto þe. a1400 New Test. (Paues) Acts xxi. 25 Demande þat þei abstene hem fro þinge þat es sacrified vnto idoles. 1430–40 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes viii. 552 Egipciens dide..Ther sacrefises & rihtes.. Vnto Isis. c1440 Pallad. on Husb. i. 1178 Laude, ymne,..& songe vnto The flour of Iesse spronge in Bethleem. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts xvii. 23 I founde an aultre wher in was written: vnto the vnknowen god. 1594 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse sig. H2^v Villaines why skinck you not vnto this fellow? 1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing v. iii. 22 Now vnto thy bones good night. View more context for this quotation 1615 W. Bedwell Arabian Trudgman in tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ sig. L Aba' lkibla, was an idoll..which..the Arabians did..offer sacrifice vnto. 1842 T. B. Macaulay Battle Lake Regillus ii Unto the Great Twin Brethren We keep this solemn feast. 1882 Bible (R.V.) Exod. xxxii. 8 They have made them a molten calf,..and have sacrificed unto it. 25. Expressing or denoting response, responsive action, or reaction. = to prep. 27a, 27b.Frequently with assent, consent, obey, etc. ΚΠ c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 448 He wolde not consent vnto hur to ly by hur. 1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) i. ii. sig. b.i ^v Whan Adam & Eue..disobeyed vnto god. 1518 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 148 The said bille is vncerteyn and insufficient to be aunswerd vnto. 1576 G. Gascoigne Steele Glas sig. D.j To yeld good smacke, vnto their daintie tongues. 1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxii. 144 Nature as much as is possible inclineth vnto validities and preseruations. 1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion iv. 59 Some..onelie vs'd to sing Vnto the others Harpe. 1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum vii. 140 To say Amen, unto Isaiahs Description of our Lord. 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 88 Afore mishap had forc'd him to comply Unto a match. 1881 Bible (R.V.) Luke xiv. 6 They could not answer again unto these things. VIII. Supplying the place of, assuming or taking over the functions of, the dative. 26. a. Denoting the recipient of a gift or the like, or the person affected by an event, etc. = to prep. 29. ΚΠ a1300 E.E. Psalter ciii. 22 Lyoun whelpes..seke fra god mete vnto þa. c1380 Antecrist in Todd 3 Treat. Wyclif 134 Þei putten grete penaunce unto men, þere Cristis charge is liȝt. 1426 in Surtees Misc. (1890) 10 Þe charge.. þat is put vnto me. c1440 Alphabet of Tales 207 He putt þaim [sc. his goods] vnto þe bisshopp. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 447 Syluir and gold he gert on-to him geyff. 1532 G. Hervet tr. Xenophon Treat. House Holde f. 32^v As for suche thynges,..we deliuered them vnto a woman. 1581 in J. P. Earwaker Lancs. & Cheshire Wills (1893) 3 I geue and bequeath vnto Richard..tenne shepe. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 726 Delivering vnto him a verge of gold. 1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 168 This could not but be a great grief unto him. View more context for this quotation 1695 in Jrnl. Friends' Hist. Soc. Oct. (1915) 173 She hath borne unto mee three sonnes. 1708 Oxf. & Cambr. Misc. Poems 374 Whence comes this unsought honour unto me? 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 9 Nory..a glack of bread an' cheese..unto Lindy gees. 1814 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Vision I. xxiii. 97 He told What fate unto the mouse and frog befel. 1829 in Minutes of Evid. Nairne Peerage (1873) 76 in Sessional Papers House of Lords (H.L. A) XII. 65 We are graciously pleased to give and allow unto Caroline baroness Nairn an annuity. 1847 R. W. Emerson Poems 70 Unto every race and age He emptieth the beverage. b. Indicating the recipient of an impression, the holder of an opinion or the like; used esp. after verbs, as appear, seem, †think, etc. Cf. to prep. 29b. ΚΠ a1470 J. Hardyng Chron. (Lansd.) Pref. vi If it lyke vn to ȝour owne avyse..To Comforte now..Ȝour pore subgite. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke xxiv. f. cxvij Their wordes semed vnto them fayned thynges. 1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iii. v. 47 I am now in great haste, as it may appeare vnto you. View more context for this quotation 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xviii. 699/2 It was thought vnto the Protector, and vnto the whole Councell, that [etc.]. a1613 F. Bacon Case of Post-nati Scotl. in Wks. (1826) V. 116 For it seemeth admirable unto me, to consider [etc.]. 1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum viii. 147 One Attribute seemeth more Dear unto him than another. 27. a. For the advantage, benefit, convenience, use, or disposal of; for. Cf. to prep. 30. ΚΠ a1300 E.E. Psalter lxx. 8 In þe ai alle mi singinge. Made am i als fortakeninge Vnto mani. a1400 New Test. (Paues) Acts ii. 41 Ande þat day weren wonnen vnto God ande turned abowte þreo þowsande. 1539 Bible (Great) Gen. iii. 21 Unto the same Adam also and to his wife dyd the Lorde God make lethren garmentes. 1591 M. Drayton Harmonie of Church sig. C1^v Then opened I the dore, unto my Loue at last. 1613 T. Heywood Siluer Age i. sig. B3 Expose thy selfe Vnto that monstrous beast of Cicily, Cal'd the Chimera. 1674 S. Butler Hudibras (new ed.) ii. i. 257 By which Astrologers..can tell What strange Events they do foreshow Unto her Under-world below. a1678 H. Scougal Disc. Imp. Subj. (1735) 179 A happiness we can never secure unto our selves. 1702 C. Mather Magnalia Christi iii. iii. i. 178/1 An Opportunity..to Vindicate another great Man, unto the Churches of our Lord Jesus Christ. a1714 in E. Ledwich Antiquitates Sarisburienses (1771) 6 Therein you may find many an excellent Lore That unto your Wives you may teach. a1784 Hobie Noble i, in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1890) IV. vii For in it there was baith meat and drink, And corn unto our geldings gay. 1816 W. Wordsworth Ode, 1814 51 Those palms and amaranthine wreaths Unto their martyred Countrymen decreed. 1891 Cornhill Mag. Dec. 664 He took unto himself a village maid, and settled in Lyndhurst. b. Indicating the person or thing towards which an action, feeling, etc., is directed; = to prep. 30b.Frequently with beholden, †holden (hold v. 10b), recommend, etc. ΚΠ a1300 E.E. Psalter xviii. 13 And fra outen..Forbere vnto þi hine ai. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 1069 (MED) Vnto his broþer ire he bare. a1400 New Test. (Paues) Acts xxvi. 27 Ande þo kenge Agrippa trowes vnto þo prophetes. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 103 He askid hym whi he wuld not ryse vnto hym. c1465 in C. L. Kingsford Stonor Lett. & Papers (1919) I. 70 Y weir be-hold unto yow. 1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 216 Lat newir this synfull sot Do schame..vnto your nacion. 1555 in Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS: Var. Coll. (1907) IV. 283 The leke paines..shall ronne and be unto all those free Burgesses. 1587 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1908) 5 137 Goolde..referred me over unto Mr. Baylye to be payed upon youre head. 1623 in Eng. Hist. Rev. July (1919) 408 Delivered to St. Raby..as a present..without any fees or charge unto him. 1655 Ld. Orrery Parthenissa III. ii. iv. 343 More from a desire of being alone, than from any aversion shee seem'd to have unto it. 1710 T. Blackwell Schema Sacrum vii. 130 Our Lord..having all their Iniquities..imputed unto him. 1763 C. Smart Song to David lxxiv Sweeter [is]..The glory of thy gratitude, Respired unto the Lord. 1796 F. Burney Camilla IV. vii. xi. 169 The Lord be good unto me! 1803 C. K. Sharpe Lett. (1888) I. 165 If Jane hath done this fault, woe be unto her! 1887 E. Johnson Antiqua Mater 251 Your unslothful love unto the glory of God. 28. a. Denoting the relation of an adjective (or derived noun or adverb) to a noun indicating a person or thing to which its application is directed or restricted. = to prep. 33.Used in construction with many adjectives; cf. to prep. 33, and see merciful adj., open adj. 26, subject adj. and adv., true adj. 1c, unkindfully adv., untolerable adj., etc. ΚΠ 1300 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 285 Hast thou be scars or large of yifte Unto thi love? c1407 J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte 948 The which..wern..vn-to manne ryght vayllable. c1450 Crt. Of Love 14 I can-not write Unto the princes..No termes digne unto her excellence. 1485 Digby Myst. iii. 8 I am soveren of al soverens subjugal On-to myn empere. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts xxvi. 19 I was not disobedient vnto the hevenly vysion. 1593 in J. Morris Troubles Catholic Forefathers (1877) (modernized text) 3rd Ser. 124 Yet their life-labour is..costly unto us. 1639 S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events 301 A torture unsufferable unto this young gentlewoman. 1669 J. Owen Pract. Expos. 130th Psalm 15 Vnspiritedness and disability unto Duty, in doing or suffering. a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1690) 72 It will be dangerous unto England, that Ireland should be in the Hands of any other Nation. 1795–6 W. Wordsworth Borderers 2168 I (so filled With horror is this world) am unto thee The thing most precious that it now contains. 1801 W. Wordsworth Troilus 83 So cruel do not be Unto the blood of Troy,..As Juno was unto the Theban blood. b. After known, unknown, †uncouth, †unwist, †unwitting, etc.; = to prep. 33b.In later use (esp. in or after Biblical usage) with known. ΚΠ a1400 New Test. (Paues) Acts xix. 17 Þis was made knowne vnto alle þe Iewes. 1423 Kingis Quair lxiii Quhen sall ȝour merci rew vpon ȝour man, Quhois seruice is ȝit vncouth vnto ȝow? 14.. T. Hoccleve Min. Poems 231/418 How [we] thidir come, vn-to vs vnwist. c1440 Generydes 3396 Vppe they rose,..And chaungyd horses onto them bothe vnknowyng. ?1518 A. Barclay Fyfte Eglog sig. Ciij^v Seth god wyll be, vnknowen unto vs. 1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 17 The othe that he made un to the kynge of Ynglonde unwyttynge unto the pope. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear iv. 199 By making this well knowne vnto you. View more context for this quotation 1795–6 W. Wordsworth Borderers 628 If compassion..Be known unto you. 1843 W. Wordsworth Grace Darling 7 One..Known unto few but prized as far as known. IX. Forming a to-infinitive. †29. = to with the infinitive. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1352 L. Minot Poems (1914) v. 25 King Edward vnto sail was ful sune dight. a1400 Northern Passion 461 (Cambr. Gg 5. 31) Þare come downe a aungell..Vnto comforthe ihesu well still. ?1481 in H. E. Malden Cely Papers (1900) 203 Any thing that I cane do unto ples ye. B. conj. †a. = until conj. a. (a) With that. ΚΠ a1300 Early Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter xciii. 15 (Harl.) For Laverd sal noght his folke schonne awai, Ne his heritage for-lete never a dai; Unto þat rihtnes be turned in dome with quert. a1425 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula 61 Þe pacient ow to abide still in þe watre, vnto þat þe blode..chaunge into fairer colour. c1475 Partenay 4132 In thys place abide vnto that ye see Ho bering hym best and ho better haue. 1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 19 A gret multytude..there abode seven dayes contynually unto that the kynge..came..toward Grenewich. (b) Without that. ΚΠ 1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 9055 Þys songe sunge þey yn þe chercheȝerd..Vn-to þe matynes were alle done. c1381 G. Chaucer Parl. Foules 647 Almyghty queen vnto this ȝer be gon I axe respit. 1411 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 20 Also y wille..þat lucie my wyf have gouernauns þer-of..vn-to þe forseyd william be of age xviij. ȝhere. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) ix. 223 They wente to bed, & slepte vnto the daye appered. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Aiiii It is and euer shalbe vnquiet, vnto I come to the. 1549 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 132 I give vnto my wife my house vnto my boy be of xxiiij yeirs of age. 1572 L. Mascall tr. D. Brossard L'Art et Maniere de Semer in Bk. Plant & Graffe Trees 55 The which ye may also kepe vnto the newe come againe. †b. = until prep. 1b. Also with that. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 5994 Here synne shal noþer be forȝyuen ne slakyn Vn-to þey ȝelde þat þey haue takyn. c1400 Northern Passion (Harl.) 958 Þe men þan letted for no thing Vnto þai come to herod. c1425 in Anglia VIII. 139/46 She..hadde no reste in spirite, vnto she hadde made a-seth. c1457 in C. L. Kingsford Stonor Lett. & Papers (1919) I. 53 I can..not gefe hym no comfort onto that I have wurd fro yowr maistership. 1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) i. ii. sig. b.ii None were baptysed vnto y^t y^t he were suffycyently cathecysed. 1535 Bp. C. Tunstall in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) I. App. lix. 147 The commissioners..occupied the said auditors so long, that unto they were dispatched we could not have them [etc.]. 1573 J. Tyrie Refut. Ansuer Knox Pref. 6 Wnto he proue that he defendes that same caus,..he will neuer caus me to beleue nor graunt that [etc.]. †c. So that at length; = until conj. e. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1395 W. Hylton Scala Perfeccionis (1494) i. xci My dere chyldern whyche I bere..vnto cryste be ayenshapen in you. c1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 84 Alle þes þinges shal be vpon þe fyr all a nyght and a day, vnto all þayre stryngh be out passyd. c1425 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula 73 Boile it agayne vnto it be ane vntement haldyng fast ynoȝ. ?1504 W. Atkinson tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) iii. xii. 207 This sensuall appetite is to be subdued..vnto it haue lerned to be content with fewe thynges. ?1541 R. Copland Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens iv. sig. Qj^v Apply vpon it a maturatife..vnto the scar be fallen. †d. = until conj. d. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1490 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) 100 I thinke long unto I here word from you. Draft additions 1993 [After a law unto himself at law n.¹ 16a.] unto oneself: all by oneself, without the assistance or presence of any other. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > condition of being alone > [adverb] > acting alone apartc1400 merelyc1487 singly1609 unto oneself1643 on one's own hook1812 single-handedly1882 on one's own1895 single-o1948 1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) i. 117 Every devill is an hell unto himselfe: hee..needs not the misery of circumference to afflict him. View more context for this quotation a1930 D. H. Lawrence Compl. Poems (1964) II. 951 Under it all, underneath Is rock And each man a rock unto himself. 1951 H. Zimmer Philos. India 509 ‘The Big Ferryboat’.., the ferry in which all may ride, in contrast to ‘The Little Ferryboat’.., the way of those lonely ones, ‘lights unto themselves’. 1983 W. Weaver tr. U. Eco Name of Rose 226 ‘But whose side was Dolcino on?’ ‘I do not know; he was a faction unto himself.’ This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1926; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < prep.conj.a1300
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