usagen.

Brit.

/ˈjuːsɪdʒ/,

/ˈjuːzɪdʒ/, U.S.

/ˈjusɪdʒ/,

/ˈjuzɪdʒ/

Forms: Middle English osage, Middle English vsag, Middle English vsaga (probably transmission error), Middle English vsavge, Middle English–1500s usaige, Middle English–1500s vssage, Middle English–1600s vsage, Middle English– usage, 1500s usayge, 1500s uzag, 1500s vsadge, 1500s vsaige, 1500s yousage, 1500s–1600s usadge, 1600s usadg, 1600s useage, 1600s usidge, 1600s–1700s usuage, 1800s yousetch (regional); Scottish pre-1700 usadge, pre-1700 vsage, pre-1700 vsaige, pre-1700 wsage, pre-1700 wsaige, pre-1700 wsayage, pre-1700 wssage, pre-1700 1700s– usage.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French usage.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French usage, Middle French usaige custom, tradition (1155), use, employment (of something), conduct, manner (both late 12th cent.), tax, charge (1st half of the 13th cent.), fee, tax (c1240), (of a word or expression) fact of being used in speech or writing (1370), practice, exercise (late 14th cent.), eating, consumption (a1400), amount (of a commodity) used (1636; French usage ) < classical Latin ūsus use n. + Old French -age -age suffix. Compare Old Occitan uzatge , usatge (1st half of the 12th cent.), Catalan usatge (c1250), Spanish usage , †usaje (c1200), Italian †usaggio (a1250; probably < Old Occitan or Old French), post-classical Latin usaticum (also usagium , usuagium ) customary payment (10th cent.), use, right to use (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources), custom, practice (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources). Compare usance n.The pronunciation with voiceless medial consonant, /s/, became increasingly common in the course of the 20th cent., probably as a result of association with use n.

I. Senses relating to habit, custom, or practice.

a. An established or recognized mode of procedure, action, or conduct; a custom or practice; spec. one which has force of law.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > customs, values, or beliefs of a society or group > [noun] > custom of a society or group > recognized as having legal force

usagec1325

usance?c1400

consuetude1496

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 3945 (MED) Hii hulde þe olde vsages þat men wiþ men were Bi hom sulue & wymmen bi hom sulue al so.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. lxxxvii. 1238 Þe bore haþ an vsage that if he gendreþ wiþ eny sowe, þanne his pigges of þe secounde sowe ben fewere in nombre.

a1400 in K. W. Engeroff Untersuchung ‘Usages of Winchester’ (1914) 46 Þese ben þe olde vsages of þe Cite of Wynchestre.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 710 Now haf þay skyfted my skyl & scorned nature, & henttez hem in heþyng an vsage vn-clene.

1473–4 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 2nd Roll §2. m. 24 Dyvers privileges, liberties and free usages.

a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 241 Yn the..lond of Surry ys an vsage þat, when þe gospell schall be red, anon yche knyght..draweth out his sword.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 330 There was and is an vsage in England in many places, that the noble men..hauing Fraunchises ought to haue seruices of the commons.

1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 29 Three other usages have we had in England, which have kept our people in spirit and valour.

1680 R. Morden Geogr. Rectified (1685) 22 The Common Law of England is a Collection of the General Common Custom, and Usages of the Kingdom.

1708 Brit. Apollo 30 July–4 Aug. So customary an Usuage.

1734 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. I. Pref. p. xxxi All I have here related was a receiv'd usage.

1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 263 If there be a usage..that all the inhabitants of that parish may dance on a certain close, at all times,..(which is held to be a lawful usage) this is strictly a custom.

1811 Gen. Regulations & Orders Army 25 Well versed in the Usages and Customs of the Service.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 708 Besides the general laws of merchants, there are certain commercial and seafaring usages which prevail in particular countries with the force of law. Underwriters are bound by usages.

1883 L. Villari tr. P. Villari Machiavelli & his Times IV. 117 Recommending every usage of the Romans.

1916 Times 3 Feb. 7/3 The law is now settled in accordance with that usage by Articles 21 and 22 of the XIIIth Convention of The Hague.

1991 Mod. Law Rev. 54 319 The first and most challenging trend that has to be faced comes from the need to be aware of competing disciplinary usages.

b. A practice or ritual carried out as part of a religious rite; spec. (in the nonjuring Church of England) one of four Eucharistic practices revived in the Communion Service as drawn up by Jeremy Collier and others in 1719 (historical). In the spec. sense, the four usages which the new rite contained were the ‘mixed chalice’ (cf. mixed chalice n. at mixed adj.² Compounds 2), prayers for the dead, a prayer for the descent of the Holy Spirit on the elements of the Eucharist (cf. epiclesis n.), and an oblatory prayer.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > parts of service > communion ceremony > [noun]

usage1536

communion1549

altar service1640

communion service1641

communion office1657

1536 R. Taverner tr. P. Melanchthon Apol. sig. Nv^v, in Confessyon Fayth Germaynes These rytis or vsages haue for them the commaundement of god.

1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. ii. vii. f. 44^v The vsages of washinges and sacrifices, wherewith the Iewes were made holy vnto the Lorde, did seuer them from the Gentiles.

1718 N. Spinckes No Sufficient Reason 2 The Pleas brought for the Essentiality of the Usages now contended for.

1788 J. Skinner Eccl. Hist. Scotl. II. 633 On the 9th. of July 1724, there was a general meeting of them all at Edinburgh, where, after much communing and reasoning about the Usages, the following stipulations were agreed to.

1788 J. Skinner Eccl. Hist. Scotl. II. 634 On the commencement of the dispute about the Usages.

1855 F. Procter Hist. Bk. Common Prayer 145 The ceremonies revived in the new Communion Office were, The mixing of Water with the Wine, Prayer for the Dead, Prayer for the descent of the Holy Spirit on the elements, and the Prayer of Oblation. These were called The Usages, and those who practised them were called Usagers.

1887 C. J. Abbey Eng. Church & Bishops I. 191 A little before Hickes's death, in 1715, they were hotly at variance among themselves on the subject of the ‘usages’.

1904 S. Dill Rom. Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius iv. vi. 613 In the sacraments of Mithra, Tertullian and other Apologists perceived a diabolic parody of the usages of the Church.

1961 W. C. Dickinson Scotl. from Earliest Times to 1603 v. 48 The Northumbrian church became united in its acceptance of the usages of the church of Rome.

2000 D. M. Bertie Sc. Episcopal Clergy Introd. p.xv This was followed in the 1740s by disputes over the Usages and the revolt of the Edinburgh clergy against a new Code of Canons.

a. Habitual use, established practice, or customary mode of action, on the part of a community; custom, tradition.In early use frequently in predicative use without article.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > customs, values, or beliefs of a society or group > [noun] > custom of a society or group

i-wunec888

thewc893

wise971

law of (the) landc1175

customa1200

wonec1200

tidingc1275

orderc1300

usancea1325

usagec1330

usea1393

guisea1400

spacec1400

stylec1430

rite1467

fashion1490

frequentation1525

institution1551

tradition1597

mode1642

shibboleth1804

dastur1888

praxis1892

c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) l. 3132 (MED) To ȝeven ȝiftes sir Arthour aros To heiȝe men of grete los, And to haue of hem vmage, So it was riȝt and her vssage.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 7542 To bidde..unto thymage Of Venus, as was thanne usage.

a1500 (a1450) Partonope of Blois (BL Add.) (1912) l. 332 (MED) He brente hys bonus in grette haste; That [was] the vsage of that contre.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer iii. f. cccli Custome is of commen vsage by length of tyme vsed, & custome nat writte is vsage.

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 3 Three things ought to concurre, Nature, Reason and Vsage. By reason, I understand doctrine and precepts: by usage, exercise and practise.

1697 K. Chetwood Life Virgil in J. Dryden tr. Virgil Wks. (1721) I. 44 Every one should serve the Gods after the Usage of his own Country.

1709 M. Prior Henry & Emma 67 Usage confirm'd what Fancy had begun.

1785 W. Paley Princ. Moral & Polit. Philos. vi. xii. 642 The greater part [of the rules] have grown insensibly into usage.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 573 The custom house officers..had gone on board according to usage.

1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. II. xl. 83 The charter contained a sort of skeleton constitution, which usage had clothed with nerves, muscles, and sinews.

1922 A. Jekyll Kitchen Ess. 127 A Salad Course as habitually given now at American luncheon parties might furnish a pleasing variety from established usage.

1952 E. Templeton Island of Desire i. xi. 79 It is always a bad sign when ceremony and usage are discarded all of a sudden.

2004 J. Kolby & S. Thornburg GRE Prep Course (rev. ed.) 344/1 According to usage and conventions which are at last being questioned but have by no means been overcome, the social presence of a woman is different in kind from that of a man.

b. Long-continued custom or practice which has gained legal standing or force of law.

ΚΠ

c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 727 (MED) In þis lond was þo vsage, Who so dede wiþ man vtrage Bot it were in wedloc..men hem tok Wiþ iuggement wiþouten les And also quic doluen hes.

c1436 Domesday Ipswich (BL Add. 25011) in T. Twiss Black Bk. Admiralty (1873) II. 27 (MED) After the kynde of his pleynt owyn the essoynes be iuged..after the lawe or vsage of the toune.

c1450 (?a1370) Wynnere & Wastoure (1990) l. 130 This es the vsage here..If any beryn..ryde Withinn þe kyngdome riche bot the kynge one That he schall losse the londe and his lyfe aftir.

1526 in G. J. Piccope Lancs. & Cheshire Wills (1857) I. 21 That my son Thomas have all heyr lomes that of right after the custome and usage of the shyre of Chester belongeth to hym to have.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxxxix Ther awne lawes and constitucions..the spiritualtie sore defended..by prescripsion and vsage.

1558 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 417 The costome and usadge of the contry beinge evidently knouin.

1641 in F. P. Verney & M. M. Verney Mem. Verney Family 17th Cent. (1904) I. 203 Contrary to the custom & usuage of Parliment.

?1711 Case City Dublin in Relation to Election Lord Mayor 6 No usage since, if any such had been, would create a prescriptible or other Right to Restrain their Right or Freedom of Election.

1773 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. II. iii. 414 By the usage of Scotland, the claim of recompence is, in the case of repairing an house by a liferenter or adjudger, restricted to such expences as are profitable to the owner.

1809 S. T. Coleridge Friend 225 Reasoners, who argue for a change in our government from former usage and from Statutes still in force.

1842 Times 14 May 8/6 I had it in my power, according to precedental usage, to make such a request as would have entailed upon me a pension for life.

1866 C. W. Hoskyns Occas. Ess. 75 All which has been so retentively clung to, of Norman laws and usage in relation to landed property.

1920 N.Y. Suppl. 183 506 The court there received evidence of the prevailing custom and usage on the part of shippers at St. Johns in shipping to New York.

1951 M. Hamburger Morals & Law 8 He [sc. Plato] made a valuable contribution to legal theory and to such special fields as statute law, customary law, ancestral usage, unwritten law, etc.

2004 R. H. Helmholz Oxf. Hist. Laws of Eng. I. ii. 112 Kings were loath to abandon a practice that could also claim the sanction of immemorial usage.

c. With of or modifying word. The body of rules or principles followed by a particular group of persons, or recognized in a particular craft, occupation, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > customs, values, or beliefs of a society or group > [noun] > set of

usagec1405

code of honour1771

code of conduct1814

honour code1845

c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 110 Of wodecraft koude he wel al the vsage.

a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 3790 For þe lovyng of God principaly And for usage of haly kyrk.

1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes iv. vii More ought men to obey therunto, than to the vsage of armes.

1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Confirmacion f. ix* It is agreeable with the vsage of the churche.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iii. xv. 99 b Sonnets, compounded after the vsage of their rime.

1698 H. Hody Animadversions 7 A Minister of the Church of England, is not to govern himself herein by the usage of the Church of Carthage, but by his own.

1730 tr. C. Fleury Eccl. Hist. IV. xxxiv. 270 The Bishops made Palladius officiate, and as he was beginning the Prophecy which preceded the Epistle, according to the Usage of the Gallican Church, the King asked who he was.

1787 J. A. Park Syst. Law Marine Insurances 13 Provided the usage of the trade..sanctions it.

1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 357 If she had been married to him according to the usage of the church of England.

1878 G. F. Maclear Celts x. 163 Adamnan was won over from the Celtic to the Catholic usage.

1907 E. Dale National Life & Char. in Mirror of Early Eng. Lit. i. 40 He knows the usage of noble warriors, and the etiquette of a court.

1993 B. Lewis Islam & West iv. 82 Westerners in the East spoke with barely veiled envy of its sensuous and lascivious men and the opportunities that Muslim usage afforded them.

†a. The manner of bearing or comporting oneself, esp. typically or habitually; usual conduct or behaviour; habit. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > [noun] > habitual or characteristic

i-cundeeOE

manner?c1225

usagea1400

way1563

style1937

the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [noun]

i-wunec888

wise971

gatec1175

lawc1175

manners?c1225

wone?c1225

usec1325

hauntc1330

use1340

rotec1350

consuetude1382

customancea1393

usancea1393

practicc1395

guisea1400

usagea1400

wonta1400

spacec1400

accustomancec1405

customheada1425

urec1425

wontsomenessc1425

accustomc1440

wonningc1440

practice1502

habitudec1598

habiture1598

habit1605

wonting1665

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 28456 I..has hade it in myn vsage, O mete and drink to do vtrage.

?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) i. pr. i. l. 74 Þei [sc. the Muses] holden þe hertes of men in usage, but þei ne delyuere not folk fro maladye.

c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 31 Þey hadde leuere fulfyllen here malyce,..þan for to leue þat malyce,..& here fals vsage, for to gon to heuene.

1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Rom. vii. f. xvii^v My synful vsage was not onely not restrayned, but also seemed quyckened.

1574 J. Whitgift Def. Aunswere to Admon. i. 71 What opinion they had of their vsage in their offices.

1606 T. W. Araignem. & Execution late Traytors sig. B^v The little shew of their sorrow, their vsage in prison, and their obstinacie to their end.

1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) viii. 76 Mrs. Wickam, agreeably to the usage of some ladies in her condition, pursued..the subject, without any compunction.

b. A practice or habit on the part of a person.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [noun] > a habit or practice

thewc888

customa1200

wonec1200

moursc1250

usec1384

usancea1393

usagea1400

stylec1430

practice1502

commona1525

frequentation1525

ordinary1526

trade?1543

vein1549

habit1581

rut1581

habitude1603

mores1648

tread1817

dastur1888

a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 7669 Comunly, þat men done yn ȝenkþe, Yn age haunte þey hyt on lenkþe, And mowe nat leue þat foule vsage Þat þey toke yn ȝouþe.

a1500 (?a1425) Ipomedon (Harl.) (1889) l. 1498 (MED) To the tayle was turnyd his visage: They bad hym lerne a new vsage.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xiv. 14 They put in wrytynge all the dedis of the kyng..and all his vsages, and euyll behauyngis.

1587 A. Day Longus's Daphnis & Chloe sig. B1 Of these [they] found diuers pastimes wherewith to occupie them selues togethers. Their vsages were holie.

1655 Bp. J. Taylor Golden Grove 88 O let us never..by unworthy usages profane thy holy Name.

1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity II. v. ii. 336 Once more the Empress Judith returned to court; and Louis might again enjoy his quiet hunting and fishing, and his ascetic usages, in the forest of Ardennes.

c1899 J. V. Bartlet Apostolic Age 295 This does not mean that they were not still highly Jewish in their theology and personal usages.

1938 M. Hindus Green Worlds xxiv. 318 I knew also his old usages, his devotion to the Orthodox Church, his belief in the Evil One.

1998 Irish Times (Nexis) 16 Nov. 15 Services in the busy and beautiful church will be vulnerable to the comings and goings, usages and habits of those staying in the balconied rooms immediately outside and above it.

†4. The fact of making oneself or being accustomed to an activity, action, or practice. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [noun] > accustomedness

usagec1485

accustomedness1595

assuetude1626

customariness1632

wontedness1649

habit (or usage) is second nature1662

inuredness1682

habituality1801

usedness1871

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 79 A knycht is vsit jn harnes.., the quhilk vsage makis him hardy, and expert.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iv. xvi. 130 b They haue also the commoditie & vsage to speake and vnderstand all other sortes of languages.

5. regional. A public path crossing private property, a right of way. Now historical except as preserved in the proper names of certain streets.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, passage, or means of access to a place > [noun] > which one may lawfully use

right of way1805

usage1829

trek path1934

BOAT1974

1829 T. Faulkner Hist. & Topogr. Descr. Chelsea (new ed.) I. 40 Charles Street,..Crooked Usage,..Chapel Row.

1884 Notes & Queries 23 Feb. 148/1 Crooked Usage is a narrow lane..[in] Chelsea.

1902 Academy 12 July 56/1 The straight strips of ground between the various holdings of land were known as usages.

1941 Times 26 June 5/4 My old friend Prebendary Bernays will, I hope, be interested to learn that his ‘winding piece of road’ is a true ‘crooked usage’.

2006 Australian (Nexis) 26 Dec. 8 A decent walk will take you..through old high streets, converted village greens and hidden alleys and courtyards with names such as Quaggy Walk, Crooked Usage and Tweezers Alley.

II. Senses relating to employment or utilization.

a. The action of using something; the fact of being used; handling, exercising, employment.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > [noun]

bihofthc1175

use?c1225

usinga1340

notingc1400

usage?c1400

occupationa1425

employment1437

employing1459

usancec1475

occupying1535

trade1552

wear1571

usury1607

adoperation1608

use-making1608

improvement1620

employ1677

exploiting1842

utilization1847

nuse1848

utilizing1864

?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. vi. l. 4034 Þe vsage and exercitacioun of pacience.

1490 Arte & Crafte to knowe well to Dye (Caxton) 18 Thou haste the vsage of reason.

1517 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (new ed.) i. 5 I myght not slake Of my great musyng..of these two wayes so muche in usage.

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Mark i. f. 6 The world had far swarued from the right vsage of the law of nature.

1574 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Queen Elizabeth (1908) 242 Paper for patternes..& such other necessary uzag in thoffice.

1617 J. Woodall Surgions Mate 12 Incision sheires..are..scarce once in a mans life worth the vsage.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 317/2 The Coopers Axe..is contrary to all other Workmens Axes both for shape and usage.

a1725 A. Nisbet Syst. Heraldry (1742) II. iv. xiii. 141 The Rise and Original of the Usage of Manteauxes and Pavilions in Armories.

1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. i. 94 The constant usage of the form of baptism.

1844 Fraser's Mag. 30 429/1 The usage of hops was entirely unknown to the ancient Gauls.

1870 F. R. Wilson Archit. Surv. Churches Lindisfarne 127 The parish register..has suffered from time, damp, and usage.

1885 Ld. Tennyson Anc. Sage 270 Nor thou be rageful, like a handled bee, And lose thy life by usage of thy sting.

1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 29/3 (advt.) Painted floors look better and are more sanitary. Little wonder, then, that American housewives are demanding them for..wherever floor surfaces receive hard, constant usage.

1954 R. H. Cochrane Farm Machinery & Tractors (ed. 2) 208 Uneven wear indicates poorly aligned wheels or careless usage or improperly maintained pressures.

2001 Mod. Railways Feb. 47/1 The result, in what is now about the eighth busiest of all London Underground stations, is severe and worsening congestion. Roundly, this means usage by 100,000 passengers a day.

b. The consumption of something as an article of food or drink. Also occasionally: the consumption of something as part of the Eucharist.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > [noun]

usagea1500

use1586

expense1587

expending1745

discussion1814

a1500 Bernardus de Cura (1870) l. 299 A mane..of wyne þat has vsage Ande habundance and syne is nocht saffage Th[r]ow mychtiness and confort of þe wyne At temporance bydis and sobyr syne.

1542 A. Borde Compend. Regyment Helth xxix. sig. M.i Beware of the vsage of fruytes.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iv. xxvii. 146 They forbade him the vsage of any kind of meat.

1605 P. Woodhouse Flea sig. C2^v For temperance consisteth (as I thinke) Cheifly in th' vsage of our meat and drinke... My food is such as from the earth doth spring, I liue not by the death of any thing.

1663 F. Philipps Antiq. Præ-emption & Pourveyance for King vii. 388 The laying aside or scorning, or seldom usage of the grosses viandes.

1721 N. Robinson Compl. Treat. Gravel & Stone i. §v. 65 The difference of Constitutions..makes a great Alteration in the usage of Meats. One sort shall be agreeable to the Constitution of one Body, which, to the Constitution of another..shall prove very pernicious.

1827 J. Taylor Hist. Ten Baptist Churches (ed. 2) 234 The usage of bread and wine at the Lord's table.

1902 J. M. Robertson Short Hist. Christianity iii. ii. 238 Manichaeans also had the usage of bread without wine.

1920 J. H. Mariano Ital. Amer. Experience (1975) ix. 80 If one were to enter almost any home in New York City where Italian is spoken, he would be sure to meet with the usage of wine.

1994 V. Kulvinskas in E. Howell Food Enzymes for Health & Longevity (rev. ed.) 211 The well known drawback to the usage of meat by humans is its putrefaction in the intestine.

c. Chiefly in technical contexts. The amount or quantity of something which has been used; the rate at which something is used.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > [noun] > a definite or specified quantity or amount > specific quantities or amounts > quantity or amount used

usage1885

the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > using up, expending, or consuming > [noun] > rate of expenditure

usage1885

1885 Jrnl. Soc. Telegraph-engineers & Electricians 14 414 We shall probably be able to assign the mean annual usage per day for the lamps in Group II. with a fair degree of accuracy.

1919 W. L. Powers Improvem. Marsh Lands Western Oregon 43 The average usage per tree in orchard 11 was found to be 4·39 gallons.

1967 D. Goch in G. Wills & R. Yearsley Handbk. Managem. Technol. viii. 146 Compared with the standard usage of 3 lb of moulding powder per unit, the production run required an additional 30 lb.

2002 Guardian 17 Oct. ii. 2/3 The bag tax imposed by the government in Ireland.., which levies 9p per bag, has reduced usage by 90%.

2009 Network World (Nexis) 14 Sept. 44 Hard disk usage was between 68MB (in Windows 2008) and 91MB (in Vista).

a. The established or customary manner of using a language; the way in which an item of vocabulary, syntax, or grammar is normally used, esp. by a specified group or in a particular domain or region. Cf. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > meaning of linguistic unit > [noun] > accepted usage

usage?c1400

acceptance1533

acception1535

acceptationa1555

?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. vii. l. 4184 Wilt þou..þat I proche a litel to þe wordes of þe poeple so it seme nat to hem þat I be ouer moche departid as fro þe vsage of man kynde?

1572 J. Bridges tr. R. Gwalther Hundred, Threescore & Fiftene Homelyes vppon Actes Apostles xxx. 220 Thys worde generation, according to the vsage of the Hebrues, is taken as well for the age of a man, as for his posteritie.

1697 D. Defoe Ess. Projects 236 The Voice of this Society should be sufficient Authority for the Usage of Words.

1700 E. Howard Remarks New Philos. Des-Cartes ii. 135 Vulgar usage of Words is, and will be more practicably Retain'd, by the generality of Mankind, than any Concise, or Philosophical Language of the Schools.

1785 W. Paley Princ. Moral & Polit. Philos. iii. 158 All senses of all words are founded upon usage, and nothing else.

1806 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. VI. 367 To make words stand for ideas, in opposition to the sense which usage had put upon them.

a1831 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 132/1 When we speak of nouns and verbs, we only conform to the established usage.

1875 W. D. Whitney Life & Growth Lang. xii. 231 As to the common name by which they shall be called, usage is very diverse.

1937 S. F. Armstrong Brit. Grasses (ed. 3) x. 207 Its old common English name was ‘Ray-grass’, but in general usage the word became corrupted to Rie-grass and so to Rye-grass.

1967 Adv. in Immunol. 7 277 At the present time it is generally agreed that correct usage includes the following terms.

2005 S. Elmes Talking for Brit. ii. 45 (Gloss.) ‘My lover’ is Bristol usage, but also found quite widely in the West Country.

b. An instance of such language use; a word, phrase, construction, etc., used in a particular or characteristic way by a group, in a region, etc.

ΚΠ

1799 Monthly Rev. June 141 When general practice has established any given manner of writing or uttering a word, this usage, even if inconsistent with analogy or internal etymology, ought perhaps to be considered as the binding law.

1833 Penny Cycl. I. 449/1 For other American usages which are somewhat peculiar, the reader may refer to the following words in Webster: to wagon (waggon), [etc.].

1895 H. Rashdall Univ. Europe in Middle Ages II. ii. xii. §9. 558 At Cambridge..the more usual name was Hospicium or Hostel—not the only instance in which a Parisian usage has been preserved more faithfully at Cambridge than at Oxford.

1930 G. B. Johnson in B. A. Botkin Treasury Southern Folklore (1949) iv. iii. 697 Ax, ask. Not a Negroism, but a usage which was once good English.

1968 G. Jones Hist. Vikings iii. iv. 245 Similarly they translate Liudprand's Nordmanni as Normans, meaning Northmen, Scandinavians, a customary Russian usage.

2005 J. Kozol Shame of Nation v. 115 The term..is ‘front-loading children,’ a usage that appears to have originated in the world of capital investment.

8. Action, behaviour, or conduct towards a person, etc.; treatment. Chiefly in negative contexts. Also with of, †to (= of). Now somewhat archaic.

a. With modifying adjectives. Also in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > [noun] > behaviour towards another or treatment

entreatisea1513

treaturea1513

behaviour?1521

entreaty1525

entreating1529

entreatance1534

usage1536

entertainment1547

demeanour1548

tractation1548

treatingc1550

treatmentc1560

entreatment1563

demean1596

carriage1598

manage1608

measure1611

quarter1615

treaty1631

treatance1644

meanora1670

treat1671

comportment1697

1536 A. Boleyn Let. in Love Lett. Henry VIII (1933) 47 Your unprincely and cruel usage of me.

1563–4 R. Clough in J. W. Burgon Life & Times Sir T. Gresham (1839) II. 48 Here is suche talke of the ill yousage of owre offysers.

1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 60 This loa..bringeth firme hoape for peaceable vsadge.

1588 Sir E. Radclyffe in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. III. 142 Her Majestie hath..comforted many of us with her most gratious usage.

1621 in W. Foster Eng. Factories India 1618–21 (1906) 233 For kinde usadge ore refreshinge for sick men.

1675 T. Howard in Lady Newdegate Cavalier & Puritan (1901) 74 The severe usage of the gout making me unfit to appear in any company.

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 229 Another Saycot seeing this..came..and surrendred of her own accord, in hopes of better usage.

1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 95 Bad Usage makes him as dull and useless as an old Razor.

1784 P. Wright New Bk. Martyrs 794/2 The barbarous usage of those poor people.

1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxiii. 227 On the whole, there was very good usage on board.

1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 563 Without fear of their being injured by the roughest usage during transit.

1915 H. J. Ford Scotch-Irish in Amer. iv. 144 Four or five thousand were murdered, and about twice that number died of ill usage.

1975 E. S. Morgan Amer. Slavery, Amer. Freedom viii. 165 Another commissioner..had to be given protection from the unkind usage of his wife while he was sick.

1992 A. J. Hammerton Cruelty & Companionship ii. 43 Magistrates and other court workers frequently used the term ‘rough usage’ to describe what they felt women virtually took for granted in married life.

b. Without adjective. Now: harsh or bad treatment.

ΚΠ

1573 J. Bridges Supremacie Christian Princes 379 But to all these your vsage is, to clap downe as many or more Doctors of the contrary opinion, yea to bring euen these that I haue recited, to witnesse the quite contrary.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear vii. 205 Resolue me..which way Thou may'st deserue, or they purpose this vsage, Coming from vs.

1614 S. Latham Falconry ii. iv. 88 When you haue a Hawke.., you must be very carefull in her vsage.

1666 Earl of Orrery Coll. State Lett. (1742) 197 Our usage in England amazes me. They will not only wound our estates, but our titles.

1718 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1902) VI. 153 She justifyeth her Usage to [= of] the Queen of Scots.

1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield II. vii. 107 To try how you may like the usage of another master.

1799 S. Freeman Town Officer (ed. 4) 75 To inquire into the usage of children legally bound out.

1849 J. J. G. Wilkinson tr. E. Swedenborg Animal Kingdom ii. 191 He complained that he had met with usage the like of which had been offered to none since the establishment of Christianity in Sweden.

1894 L. Morris Songs without Notes 28 Why, then, Did I start with a curse in pursuit, Forgetting the usage of men, More cruel by far than the brute?

1953 D. L. Morgan Jedediah Smith xii. 250 I had discouraged him from coming in from the manner in which I had spoken of the usage I had received.

1986 A. C. Rich Your Native Land, Your Life 33 I would not report for fear of enemies' usage.

9. Interest on money lent; rate of interest; = usance n. 5b.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > financial dealings > moneylending > [noun] > moneylending at interest > interest

gavela700

usure1338

usuryc1450

interess1529

interest1545

fenory1572

usance1584

use1595

advantage1600

excess1600

interest-money1618

premium1669

service1817

usage1822

vigorish1935

society > trade and finance > financial dealings > moneylending > [noun] > moneylending at interest > interest > rate of interest

prime rate1815

usage1822

mortgage rate1898

savings rate1904

saving rate1905

discount rate1913

base lending rate1933

prime lending rate1951

interest-rate1959

base rate1970

minimum lending rate1972

MLR1972

prime1973

bank rate1974

LIBOR1974

subprime1976

Euribor1997

1822 W. Scott Fortunes of Nigel I. v. 134 The money, meanwhile, lying at the ordinary usage.

1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well III. xiii. 321 Some debts..have been paid up by Mr Touchwood, who contented himself with more moderate usage.

1949 China White Paper (U.S. Dept. State) (1967) 784 At the higher rate of usage, the official assets in the Central Bank would be drawn down to $206 million by the end of 1947.

2004 B. Asch et al. Policy Options for Mil. Recruiting in College Market vii. 53 On average, the loan repayment usage rate is 25 percent for those who receive this benefit.

Phrases

†P1. by usage: customarily; usually. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > in habitual or customary use [phrase] > as a habit or custom > usually or customarily

of customc1300

by usage?c1425

?c1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer Former Age (Cambr. Ii.3.21) (1878) l. 4 The fructes..Whiche þat the feldes yaue hem by vsage.

†P2. of usage: as a habit or custom; regularly. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > in habitual or customary use [phrase] > as a habit or custom

by or with wone1297

in good wone1297

of usagec1430

c1430 (c1380) G. Chaucer Parl. Fowls (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1871) l. 15 Of vsage what for lust & what for lore On bokis rede I ofte.

1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. cxvi. [cxii.] 333 And of usage his bedde was wont to be chafed with a bason with hote coles.

†P3. to (a person's) usage: for a person's benefit or advantage. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1400 Cato's Distichs (Fairf.) l. 315 in R. Morris Cursor Mundi (1878) III. App. iv. 1673 If þou haue carlis boȝt to serue þe in þi þoȝt. to þine vsage.

c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 2337 He..kepte hire to his vsage & his store.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

a. In sense 6.

ΚΠ

1834 Bristol Mercury 20 Sept. Usage rates have been entered in the centre column of the rates only.

1927 M. O. Whitton New Servant xviii. 293 An allowance to the group manager for this purpose to be included in the weekly usage fee.

1930 Boston Daily Globe 5 June 21/6 Per capita consumption was..12.85 pounds [of copper] figured from usage statistics.

1963 Managem. Technol. 3 18 Utilization of the process as an operating tool is limited by computer capacity and usage cost.

1986 W. H. Johnson in A. Limon et al. Home Owner Man. (ed. 2) iv. iii. 577 It is usual to remove the deepening bar during normal usage hours, not least because it will shield off some of the radiation from the room.

2006 Indianapolis Star 13 Aug. (State ed.) a9 (advt.) Cingular may..terminate your service..or change your plan to one imposing usage charges for offnet usage.

b. In sense 7.

ΚΠ

1929 W. S. Gray Junior College Curriculum xiv. 185 An analytical study of the variable forms of French grammar, free from set vocabularies, usage rules, and synthetic drills.

1939 Eng. Jrnl. 28 850 Materials and activities to help pupils gain control of their language—its words, its usage patterns, and its rich resources.

1956 College Composition & Communication 7 31/2 The material in the pronunciation and usage manuals.

1991 Eng. Today Apr. 53/2 The range of usage questions dealt with in this book is remarkably broad.

2007 Libr. Jrnl. (U.S.) (Nexis) 1 Oct. 74 Occasional word histories are offered and an extensive guide to grammar and usage aids in composition, syntax, and style.

C2.

usage guide n. a book of instruction or information relating to the conventionally accepted use of (esp. formal written) language and grammar.

ΚΠ

1951 College Composition & Communication 2 17/1 There should be a reference library of dictionaries, handbooks, usage guides..and other pertinent material.

2007 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 17 May r1 The increasingly liberal usage guides are so cautious about prescribing anything these days.

usage label n. (in lexicography) a label denoting the register, subject area, or other specific application of a word or phrase.

ΚΠ

1939 PMLA 54 625 Mr. Horwill..either misunderstands our language levels or else has neglected usage-labels where they ought not to be neglected.

2007 Booklist (Nexis) 15 Mar. 77 Dickson's bare-bones entries simply offer definitions on each term—no origins, no usage labels, no examples of the word in use.

usage labelling n. the action or practice of applying usage labels.

ΚΠ

1966 Luso-Brazilian Rev. 3 84 That some discrepancy and disagreement may exist in matters pertaining to usage labeling is only natural.

2006 K. Macintosh in L. Bowker Lexicography, Terminol. & Transl. iii. 55 Even with increasingly socially conscious usage labelling, editors may fear that the mere inclusion of taboo words somehow validates their use.

usage panel n. a group of experts or specialists formed to advise on language usage; spec. (also with capital initials) the one assembled to advise on issues of English usage for the American Heritage Dictionary.

ΚΠ

1969 Amer. Heritage Dict. p. vii/2 Members of our Usage Panel..borrowed many hours from their busy pursuits to the end of creating what one panelist calls ‘a dictionary put together with deep respect for people who have an eye and ear and tongue for what is still the richest, most rewarding language in the world’.

2001 H. Andersen Actualization 23 It might perhaps be supplemented with judgements by a usage panel, in the style of the American Heritage Dictionary.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	usage
释义	usagen. Brit. /ˈjuːsɪdʒ/, /ˈjuːzɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈjusɪdʒ/, /ˈjuzɪdʒ/ Forms: Middle English osage, Middle English vsag, Middle English vsaga (probably transmission error), Middle English vsavge, Middle English–1500s usaige, Middle English–1500s vssage, Middle English–1600s vsage, Middle English– usage, 1500s usayge, 1500s uzag, 1500s vsadge, 1500s vsaige, 1500s yousage, 1500s–1600s usadge, 1600s usadg, 1600s useage, 1600s usidge, 1600s–1700s usuage, 1800s yousetch (regional); Scottish pre-1700 usadge, pre-1700 vsage, pre-1700 vsaige, pre-1700 wsage, pre-1700 wsaige, pre-1700 wsayage, pre-1700 wssage, pre-1700 1700s– usage. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French usage. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French usage, Middle French usaige custom, tradition (1155), use, employment (of something), conduct, manner (both late 12th cent.), tax, charge (1st half of the 13th cent.), fee, tax (c1240), (of a word or expression) fact of being used in speech or writing (1370), practice, exercise (late 14th cent.), eating, consumption (a1400), amount (of a commodity) used (1636; French usage ) < classical Latin ūsus use n. + Old French -age -age suffix. Compare Old Occitan uzatge , usatge (1st half of the 12th cent.), Catalan usatge (c1250), Spanish usage , †usaje (c1200), Italian †usaggio (a1250; probably < Old Occitan or Old French), post-classical Latin usaticum (also usagium , usuagium ) customary payment (10th cent.), use, right to use (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources), custom, practice (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources). Compare usance n.The pronunciation with voiceless medial consonant, /s/, became increasingly common in the course of the 20th cent., probably as a result of association with use n. I. Senses relating to habit, custom, or practice. 1. a. An established or recognized mode of procedure, action, or conduct; a custom or practice; spec. one which has force of law. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > customs, values, or beliefs of a society or group > [noun] > custom of a society or group > recognized as having legal force usagec1325 usance?c1400 consuetude1496 c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 3945 (MED) Hii hulde þe olde vsages þat men wiþ men were Bi hom sulue & wymmen bi hom sulue al so. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. lxxxvii. 1238 Þe bore haþ an vsage that if he gendreþ wiþ eny sowe, þanne his pigges of þe secounde sowe ben fewere in nombre. a1400 in K. W. Engeroff Untersuchung ‘Usages of Winchester’ (1914) 46 Þese ben þe olde vsages of þe Cite of Wynchestre. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 710 Now haf þay skyfted my skyl & scorned nature, & henttez hem in heþyng an vsage vn-clene. 1473–4 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 2nd Roll §2. m. 24 Dyvers privileges, liberties and free usages. a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 241 Yn the..lond of Surry ys an vsage þat, when þe gospell schall be red, anon yche knyght..draweth out his sword. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 330 There was and is an vsage in England in many places, that the noble men..hauing Fraunchises ought to haue seruices of the commons. 1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 29 Three other usages have we had in England, which have kept our people in spirit and valour. 1680 R. Morden Geogr. Rectified (1685) 22 The Common Law of England is a Collection of the General Common Custom, and Usages of the Kingdom. 1708 Brit. Apollo 30 July–4 Aug. So customary an Usuage. 1734 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. I. Pref. p. xxxi All I have here related was a receiv'd usage. 1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 263 If there be a usage..that all the inhabitants of that parish may dance on a certain close, at all times,..(which is held to be a lawful usage) this is strictly a custom. 1811 Gen. Regulations & Orders Army 25 Well versed in the Usages and Customs of the Service. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 708 Besides the general laws of merchants, there are certain commercial and seafaring usages which prevail in particular countries with the force of law. Underwriters are bound by usages. 1883 L. Villari tr. P. Villari Machiavelli & his Times IV. 117 Recommending every usage of the Romans. 1916 Times 3 Feb. 7/3 The law is now settled in accordance with that usage by Articles 21 and 22 of the XIIIth Convention of The Hague. 1991 Mod. Law Rev. 54 319 The first and most challenging trend that has to be faced comes from the need to be aware of competing disciplinary usages. b. A practice or ritual carried out as part of a religious rite; spec. (in the nonjuring Church of England) one of four Eucharistic practices revived in the Communion Service as drawn up by Jeremy Collier and others in 1719 (historical). In the spec. sense, the four usages which the new rite contained were the ‘mixed chalice’ (cf. mixed chalice n. at mixed adj.² Compounds 2), prayers for the dead, a prayer for the descent of the Holy Spirit on the elements of the Eucharist (cf. epiclesis n.), and an oblatory prayer. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > parts of service > communion ceremony > [noun] usage1536 communion1549 altar service1640 communion service1641 communion office1657 1536 R. Taverner tr. P. Melanchthon Apol. sig. Nv^v, in Confessyon Fayth Germaynes These rytis or vsages haue for them the commaundement of god. 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. ii. vii. f. 44^v The vsages of washinges and sacrifices, wherewith the Iewes were made holy vnto the Lorde, did seuer them from the Gentiles. 1718 N. Spinckes No Sufficient Reason 2 The Pleas brought for the Essentiality of the Usages now contended for. 1788 J. Skinner Eccl. Hist. Scotl. II. 633 On the 9th. of July 1724, there was a general meeting of them all at Edinburgh, where, after much communing and reasoning about the Usages, the following stipulations were agreed to. 1788 J. Skinner Eccl. Hist. Scotl. II. 634 On the commencement of the dispute about the Usages. 1855 F. Procter Hist. Bk. Common Prayer 145 The ceremonies revived in the new Communion Office were, The mixing of Water with the Wine, Prayer for the Dead, Prayer for the descent of the Holy Spirit on the elements, and the Prayer of Oblation. These were called The Usages, and those who practised them were called Usagers. 1887 C. J. Abbey Eng. Church & Bishops I. 191 A little before Hickes's death, in 1715, they were hotly at variance among themselves on the subject of the ‘usages’. 1904 S. Dill Rom. Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius iv. vi. 613 In the sacraments of Mithra, Tertullian and other Apologists perceived a diabolic parody of the usages of the Church. 1961 W. C. Dickinson Scotl. from Earliest Times to 1603 v. 48 The Northumbrian church became united in its acceptance of the usages of the church of Rome. 2000 D. M. Bertie Sc. Episcopal Clergy Introd. p.xv This was followed in the 1740s by disputes over the Usages and the revolt of the Edinburgh clergy against a new Code of Canons. 2. a. Habitual use, established practice, or customary mode of action, on the part of a community; custom, tradition.In early use frequently in predicative use without article. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > customs, values, or beliefs of a society or group > [noun] > custom of a society or group i-wunec888 thewc893 wise971 law of (the) landc1175 customa1200 wonec1200 tidingc1275 orderc1300 usancea1325 usagec1330 usea1393 guisea1400 spacec1400 stylec1430 rite1467 fashion1490 frequentation1525 institution1551 tradition1597 mode1642 shibboleth1804 dastur1888 praxis1892 c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) l. 3132 (MED) To ȝeven ȝiftes sir Arthour aros To heiȝe men of grete los, And to haue of hem vmage, So it was riȝt and her vssage. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 7542 To bidde..unto thymage Of Venus, as was thanne usage. a1500 (a1450) Partonope of Blois (BL Add.) (1912) l. 332 (MED) He brente hys bonus in grette haste; That [was] the vsage of that contre. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer iii. f. cccli Custome is of commen vsage by length of tyme vsed, & custome nat writte is vsage. 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 3 Three things ought to concurre, Nature, Reason and Vsage. By reason, I understand doctrine and precepts: by usage, exercise and practise. 1697 K. Chetwood Life Virgil in J. Dryden tr. Virgil Wks. (1721) I. 44 Every one should serve the Gods after the Usage of his own Country. 1709 M. Prior Henry & Emma 67 Usage confirm'd what Fancy had begun. 1785 W. Paley Princ. Moral & Polit. Philos. vi. xii. 642 The greater part [of the rules] have grown insensibly into usage. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 573 The custom house officers..had gone on board according to usage. 1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. II. xl. 83 The charter contained a sort of skeleton constitution, which usage had clothed with nerves, muscles, and sinews. 1922 A. Jekyll Kitchen Ess. 127 A Salad Course as habitually given now at American luncheon parties might furnish a pleasing variety from established usage. 1952 E. Templeton Island of Desire i. xi. 79 It is always a bad sign when ceremony and usage are discarded all of a sudden. 2004 J. Kolby & S. Thornburg GRE Prep Course (rev. ed.) 344/1 According to usage and conventions which are at last being questioned but have by no means been overcome, the social presence of a woman is different in kind from that of a man. b. Long-continued custom or practice which has gained legal standing or force of law. ΚΠ c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 727 (MED) In þis lond was þo vsage, Who so dede wiþ man vtrage Bot it were in wedloc..men hem tok Wiþ iuggement wiþouten les And also quic doluen hes. c1436 Domesday Ipswich (BL Add. 25011) in T. Twiss Black Bk. Admiralty (1873) II. 27 (MED) After the kynde of his pleynt owyn the essoynes be iuged..after the lawe or vsage of the toune. c1450 (?a1370) Wynnere & Wastoure (1990) l. 130 This es the vsage here..If any beryn..ryde Withinn þe kyngdome riche bot the kynge one That he schall losse the londe and his lyfe aftir. 1526 in G. J. Piccope Lancs. & Cheshire Wills (1857) I. 21 That my son Thomas have all heyr lomes that of right after the custome and usage of the shyre of Chester belongeth to hym to have. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxxxix Ther awne lawes and constitucions..the spiritualtie sore defended..by prescripsion and vsage. 1558 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 417 The costome and usadge of the contry beinge evidently knouin. 1641 in F. P. Verney & M. M. Verney Mem. Verney Family 17th Cent. (1904) I. 203 Contrary to the custom & usuage of Parliment. ?1711 Case City Dublin in Relation to Election Lord Mayor 6 No usage since, if any such had been, would create a prescriptible or other Right to Restrain their Right or Freedom of Election. 1773 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. II. iii. 414 By the usage of Scotland, the claim of recompence is, in the case of repairing an house by a liferenter or adjudger, restricted to such expences as are profitable to the owner. 1809 S. T. Coleridge Friend 225 Reasoners, who argue for a change in our government from former usage and from Statutes still in force. 1842 Times 14 May 8/6 I had it in my power, according to precedental usage, to make such a request as would have entailed upon me a pension for life. 1866 C. W. Hoskyns Occas. Ess. 75 All which has been so retentively clung to, of Norman laws and usage in relation to landed property. 1920 N.Y. Suppl. 183 506 The court there received evidence of the prevailing custom and usage on the part of shippers at St. Johns in shipping to New York. 1951 M. Hamburger Morals & Law 8 He [sc. Plato] made a valuable contribution to legal theory and to such special fields as statute law, customary law, ancestral usage, unwritten law, etc. 2004 R. H. Helmholz Oxf. Hist. Laws of Eng. I. ii. 112 Kings were loath to abandon a practice that could also claim the sanction of immemorial usage. c. With of or modifying word. The body of rules or principles followed by a particular group of persons, or recognized in a particular craft, occupation, etc. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > customs, values, or beliefs of a society or group > [noun] > set of usagec1405 code of honour1771 code of conduct1814 honour code1845 c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 110 Of wodecraft koude he wel al the vsage. a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 3790 For þe lovyng of God principaly And for usage of haly kyrk. 1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes iv. vii More ought men to obey therunto, than to the vsage of armes. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Confirmacion f. ix* It is agreeable with the vsage of the churche. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iii. xv. 99 b Sonnets, compounded after the vsage of their rime. 1698 H. Hody Animadversions 7 A Minister of the Church of England, is not to govern himself herein by the usage of the Church of Carthage, but by his own. 1730 tr. C. Fleury Eccl. Hist. IV. xxxiv. 270 The Bishops made Palladius officiate, and as he was beginning the Prophecy which preceded the Epistle, according to the Usage of the Gallican Church, the King asked who he was. 1787 J. A. Park Syst. Law Marine Insurances 13 Provided the usage of the trade..sanctions it. 1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 357 If she had been married to him according to the usage of the church of England. 1878 G. F. Maclear Celts x. 163 Adamnan was won over from the Celtic to the Catholic usage. 1907 E. Dale National Life & Char. in Mirror of Early Eng. Lit. i. 40 He knows the usage of noble warriors, and the etiquette of a court. 1993 B. Lewis Islam & West iv. 82 Westerners in the East spoke with barely veiled envy of its sensuous and lascivious men and the opportunities that Muslim usage afforded them. 3. †a. The manner of bearing or comporting oneself, esp. typically or habitually; usual conduct or behaviour; habit. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > [noun] > habitual or characteristic i-cundeeOE manner?c1225 usagea1400 way1563 style1937 the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [noun] i-wunec888 wise971 gatec1175 lawc1175 manners?c1225 wone?c1225 usec1325 hauntc1330 use1340 rotec1350 consuetude1382 customancea1393 usancea1393 practicc1395 guisea1400 usagea1400 wonta1400 spacec1400 accustomancec1405 customheada1425 urec1425 wontsomenessc1425 accustomc1440 wonningc1440 practice1502 habitudec1598 habiture1598 habit1605 wonting1665 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 28456 I..has hade it in myn vsage, O mete and drink to do vtrage. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) i. pr. i. l. 74 Þei [sc. the Muses] holden þe hertes of men in usage, but þei ne delyuere not folk fro maladye. c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 31 Þey hadde leuere fulfyllen here malyce,..þan for to leue þat malyce,..& here fals vsage, for to gon to heuene. 1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Rom. vii. f. xvii^v My synful vsage was not onely not restrayned, but also seemed quyckened. 1574 J. Whitgift Def. Aunswere to Admon. i. 71 What opinion they had of their vsage in their offices. 1606 T. W. Araignem. & Execution late Traytors sig. B^v The little shew of their sorrow, their vsage in prison, and their obstinacie to their end. 1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) viii. 76 Mrs. Wickam, agreeably to the usage of some ladies in her condition, pursued..the subject, without any compunction. b. A practice or habit on the part of a person. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [noun] > a habit or practice thewc888 customa1200 wonec1200 moursc1250 usec1384 usancea1393 usagea1400 stylec1430 practice1502 commona1525 frequentation1525 ordinary1526 trade?1543 vein1549 habit1581 rut1581 habitude1603 mores1648 tread1817 dastur1888 a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 7669 Comunly, þat men done yn ȝenkþe, Yn age haunte þey hyt on lenkþe, And mowe nat leue þat foule vsage Þat þey toke yn ȝouþe. a1500 (?a1425) Ipomedon (Harl.) (1889) l. 1498 (MED) To the tayle was turnyd his visage: They bad hym lerne a new vsage. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xiv. 14 They put in wrytynge all the dedis of the kyng..and all his vsages, and euyll behauyngis. 1587 A. Day Longus's Daphnis & Chloe sig. B1 Of these [they] found diuers pastimes wherewith to occupie them selues togethers. Their vsages were holie. 1655 Bp. J. Taylor Golden Grove 88 O let us never..by unworthy usages profane thy holy Name. 1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity II. v. ii. 336 Once more the Empress Judith returned to court; and Louis might again enjoy his quiet hunting and fishing, and his ascetic usages, in the forest of Ardennes. c1899 J. V. Bartlet Apostolic Age 295 This does not mean that they were not still highly Jewish in their theology and personal usages. 1938 M. Hindus Green Worlds xxiv. 318 I knew also his old usages, his devotion to the Orthodox Church, his belief in the Evil One. 1998 Irish Times (Nexis) 16 Nov. 15 Services in the busy and beautiful church will be vulnerable to the comings and goings, usages and habits of those staying in the balconied rooms immediately outside and above it. †4. The fact of making oneself or being accustomed to an activity, action, or practice. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [noun] > accustomedness usagec1485 accustomedness1595 assuetude1626 customariness1632 wontedness1649 habit (or usage) is second nature1662 inuredness1682 habituality1801 usedness1871 c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 79 A knycht is vsit jn harnes.., the quhilk vsage makis him hardy, and expert. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iv. xvi. 130 b They haue also the commoditie & vsage to speake and vnderstand all other sortes of languages. 5. regional. A public path crossing private property, a right of way. Now historical except as preserved in the proper names of certain streets. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, passage, or means of access to a place > [noun] > which one may lawfully use right of way1805 usage1829 trek path1934 BOAT1974 1829 T. Faulkner Hist. & Topogr. Descr. Chelsea (new ed.) I. 40 Charles Street,..Crooked Usage,..Chapel Row. 1884 Notes & Queries 23 Feb. 148/1 Crooked Usage is a narrow lane..[in] Chelsea. 1902 Academy 12 July 56/1 The straight strips of ground between the various holdings of land were known as usages. 1941 Times 26 June 5/4 My old friend Prebendary Bernays will, I hope, be interested to learn that his ‘winding piece of road’ is a true ‘crooked usage’. 2006 Australian (Nexis) 26 Dec. 8 A decent walk will take you..through old high streets, converted village greens and hidden alleys and courtyards with names such as Quaggy Walk, Crooked Usage and Tweezers Alley. II. Senses relating to employment or utilization. 6. a. The action of using something; the fact of being used; handling, exercising, employment. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > [noun] bihofthc1175 use?c1225 usinga1340 notingc1400 usage?c1400 occupationa1425 employment1437 employing1459 usancec1475 occupying1535 trade1552 wear1571 usury1607 adoperation1608 use-making1608 improvement1620 employ1677 exploiting1842 utilization1847 nuse1848 utilizing1864 ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. vi. l. 4034 Þe vsage and exercitacioun of pacience. 1490 Arte & Crafte to knowe well to Dye (Caxton) 18 Thou haste the vsage of reason. 1517 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (new ed.) i. 5 I myght not slake Of my great musyng..of these two wayes so muche in usage. 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Mark i. f. 6 The world had far swarued from the right vsage of the law of nature. 1574 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Queen Elizabeth (1908) 242 Paper for patternes..& such other necessary uzag in thoffice. 1617 J. Woodall Surgions Mate 12 Incision sheires..are..scarce once in a mans life worth the vsage. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 317/2 The Coopers Axe..is contrary to all other Workmens Axes both for shape and usage. a1725 A. Nisbet Syst. Heraldry (1742) II. iv. xiii. 141 The Rise and Original of the Usage of Manteauxes and Pavilions in Armories. 1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. i. 94 The constant usage of the form of baptism. 1844 Fraser's Mag. 30 429/1 The usage of hops was entirely unknown to the ancient Gauls. 1870 F. R. Wilson Archit. Surv. Churches Lindisfarne 127 The parish register..has suffered from time, damp, and usage. 1885 Ld. Tennyson Anc. Sage 270 Nor thou be rageful, like a handled bee, And lose thy life by usage of thy sting. 1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 29/3 (advt.) Painted floors look better and are more sanitary. Little wonder, then, that American housewives are demanding them for..wherever floor surfaces receive hard, constant usage. 1954 R. H. Cochrane Farm Machinery & Tractors (ed. 2) 208 Uneven wear indicates poorly aligned wheels or careless usage or improperly maintained pressures. 2001 Mod. Railways Feb. 47/1 The result, in what is now about the eighth busiest of all London Underground stations, is severe and worsening congestion. Roundly, this means usage by 100,000 passengers a day. b. The consumption of something as an article of food or drink. Also occasionally: the consumption of something as part of the Eucharist. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > [noun] usagea1500 use1586 expense1587 expending1745 discussion1814 a1500 Bernardus de Cura (1870) l. 299 A mane..of wyne þat has vsage Ande habundance and syne is nocht saffage Th[r]ow mychtiness and confort of þe wyne At temporance bydis and sobyr syne. 1542 A. Borde Compend. Regyment Helth xxix. sig. M.i Beware of the vsage of fruytes. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iv. xxvii. 146 They forbade him the vsage of any kind of meat. 1605 P. Woodhouse Flea sig. C2^v For temperance consisteth (as I thinke) Cheifly in th' vsage of our meat and drinke... My food is such as from the earth doth spring, I liue not by the death of any thing. 1663 F. Philipps Antiq. Præ-emption & Pourveyance for King vii. 388 The laying aside or scorning, or seldom usage of the grosses viandes. 1721 N. Robinson Compl. Treat. Gravel & Stone i. §v. 65 The difference of Constitutions..makes a great Alteration in the usage of Meats. One sort shall be agreeable to the Constitution of one Body, which, to the Constitution of another..shall prove very pernicious. 1827 J. Taylor Hist. Ten Baptist Churches (ed. 2) 234 The usage of bread and wine at the Lord's table. 1902 J. M. Robertson Short Hist. Christianity iii. ii. 238 Manichaeans also had the usage of bread without wine. 1920 J. H. Mariano Ital. Amer. Experience (1975) ix. 80 If one were to enter almost any home in New York City where Italian is spoken, he would be sure to meet with the usage of wine. 1994 V. Kulvinskas in E. Howell Food Enzymes for Health & Longevity (rev. ed.) 211 The well known drawback to the usage of meat by humans is its putrefaction in the intestine. c. Chiefly in technical contexts. The amount or quantity of something which has been used; the rate at which something is used. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > [noun] > a definite or specified quantity or amount > specific quantities or amounts > quantity or amount used usage1885 the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > using up, expending, or consuming > [noun] > rate of expenditure usage1885 1885 Jrnl. Soc. Telegraph-engineers & Electricians 14 414 We shall probably be able to assign the mean annual usage per day for the lamps in Group II. with a fair degree of accuracy. 1919 W. L. Powers Improvem. Marsh Lands Western Oregon 43 The average usage per tree in orchard 11 was found to be 4·39 gallons. 1967 D. Goch in G. Wills & R. Yearsley Handbk. Managem. Technol. viii. 146 Compared with the standard usage of 3 lb of moulding powder per unit, the production run required an additional 30 lb. 2002 Guardian 17 Oct. ii. 2/3 The bag tax imposed by the government in Ireland.., which levies 9p per bag, has reduced usage by 90%. 2009 Network World (Nexis) 14 Sept. 44 Hard disk usage was between 68MB (in Windows 2008) and 91MB (in Vista). 7. a. The established or customary manner of using a language; the way in which an item of vocabulary, syntax, or grammar is normally used, esp. by a specified group or in a particular domain or region. Cf. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > meaning of linguistic unit > [noun] > accepted usage usage?c1400 acceptance1533 acception1535 acceptationa1555 ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. vii. l. 4184 Wilt þou..þat I proche a litel to þe wordes of þe poeple so it seme nat to hem þat I be ouer moche departid as fro þe vsage of man kynde? 1572 J. Bridges tr. R. Gwalther Hundred, Threescore & Fiftene Homelyes vppon Actes Apostles xxx. 220 Thys worde generation, according to the vsage of the Hebrues, is taken as well for the age of a man, as for his posteritie. 1697 D. Defoe Ess. Projects 236 The Voice of this Society should be sufficient Authority for the Usage of Words. 1700 E. Howard Remarks New Philos. Des-Cartes ii. 135 Vulgar usage of Words is, and will be more practicably Retain'd, by the generality of Mankind, than any Concise, or Philosophical Language of the Schools. 1785 W. Paley Princ. Moral & Polit. Philos. iii. 158 All senses of all words are founded upon usage, and nothing else. 1806 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. VI. 367 To make words stand for ideas, in opposition to the sense which usage had put upon them. a1831 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 132/1 When we speak of nouns and verbs, we only conform to the established usage. 1875 W. D. Whitney Life & Growth Lang. xii. 231 As to the common name by which they shall be called, usage is very diverse. 1937 S. F. Armstrong Brit. Grasses (ed. 3) x. 207 Its old common English name was ‘Ray-grass’, but in general usage the word became corrupted to Rie-grass and so to Rye-grass. 1967 Adv. in Immunol. 7 277 At the present time it is generally agreed that correct usage includes the following terms. 2005 S. Elmes Talking for Brit. ii. 45 (Gloss.) ‘My lover’ is Bristol usage, but also found quite widely in the West Country. b. An instance of such language use; a word, phrase, construction, etc., used in a particular or characteristic way by a group, in a region, etc. ΚΠ 1799 Monthly Rev. June 141 When general practice has established any given manner of writing or uttering a word, this usage, even if inconsistent with analogy or internal etymology, ought perhaps to be considered as the binding law. 1833 Penny Cycl. I. 449/1 For other American usages which are somewhat peculiar, the reader may refer to the following words in Webster: to wagon (waggon), [etc.]. 1895 H. Rashdall Univ. Europe in Middle Ages II. ii. xii. §9. 558 At Cambridge..the more usual name was Hospicium or Hostel—not the only instance in which a Parisian usage has been preserved more faithfully at Cambridge than at Oxford. 1930 G. B. Johnson in B. A. Botkin Treasury Southern Folklore (1949) iv. iii. 697 Ax, ask. Not a Negroism, but a usage which was once good English. 1968 G. Jones Hist. Vikings iii. iv. 245 Similarly they translate Liudprand's Nordmanni as Normans, meaning Northmen, Scandinavians, a customary Russian usage. 2005 J. Kozol Shame of Nation v. 115 The term..is ‘front-loading children,’ a usage that appears to have originated in the world of capital investment. 8. Action, behaviour, or conduct towards a person, etc.; treatment. Chiefly in negative contexts. Also with of, †to (= of). Now somewhat archaic. a. With modifying adjectives. Also in extended use. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > [noun] > behaviour towards another or treatment entreatisea1513 treaturea1513 behaviour?1521 entreaty1525 entreating1529 entreatance1534 usage1536 entertainment1547 demeanour1548 tractation1548 treatingc1550 treatmentc1560 entreatment1563 demean1596 carriage1598 manage1608 measure1611 quarter1615 treaty1631 treatance1644 meanora1670 treat1671 comportment1697 1536 A. Boleyn Let. in Love Lett. Henry VIII (1933) 47 Your unprincely and cruel usage of me. 1563–4 R. Clough in J. W. Burgon Life & Times Sir T. Gresham (1839) II. 48 Here is suche talke of the ill yousage of owre offysers. 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 60 This loa..bringeth firme hoape for peaceable vsadge. 1588 Sir E. Radclyffe in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. III. 142 Her Majestie hath..comforted many of us with her most gratious usage. 1621 in W. Foster Eng. Factories India 1618–21 (1906) 233 For kinde usadge ore refreshinge for sick men. 1675 T. Howard in Lady Newdegate Cavalier & Puritan (1901) 74 The severe usage of the gout making me unfit to appear in any company. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 229 Another Saycot seeing this..came..and surrendred of her own accord, in hopes of better usage. 1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 95 Bad Usage makes him as dull and useless as an old Razor. 1784 P. Wright New Bk. Martyrs 794/2 The barbarous usage of those poor people. 1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxiii. 227 On the whole, there was very good usage on board. 1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 563 Without fear of their being injured by the roughest usage during transit. 1915 H. J. Ford Scotch-Irish in Amer. iv. 144 Four or five thousand were murdered, and about twice that number died of ill usage. 1975 E. S. Morgan Amer. Slavery, Amer. Freedom viii. 165 Another commissioner..had to be given protection from the unkind usage of his wife while he was sick. 1992 A. J. Hammerton Cruelty & Companionship ii. 43 Magistrates and other court workers frequently used the term ‘rough usage’ to describe what they felt women virtually took for granted in married life. b. Without adjective. Now: harsh or bad treatment. ΚΠ 1573 J. Bridges Supremacie Christian Princes 379 But to all these your vsage is, to clap downe as many or more Doctors of the contrary opinion, yea to bring euen these that I haue recited, to witnesse the quite contrary. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear vii. 205 Resolue me..which way Thou may'st deserue, or they purpose this vsage, Coming from vs. View more context for this quotation 1614 S. Latham Falconry ii. iv. 88 When you haue a Hawke.., you must be very carefull in her vsage. 1666 Earl of Orrery Coll. State Lett. (1742) 197 Our usage in England amazes me. They will not only wound our estates, but our titles. 1718 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1902) VI. 153 She justifyeth her Usage to [= of] the Queen of Scots. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield II. vii. 107 To try how you may like the usage of another master. 1799 S. Freeman Town Officer (ed. 4) 75 To inquire into the usage of children legally bound out. 1849 J. J. G. Wilkinson tr. E. Swedenborg Animal Kingdom ii. 191 He complained that he had met with usage the like of which had been offered to none since the establishment of Christianity in Sweden. 1894 L. Morris Songs without Notes 28 Why, then, Did I start with a curse in pursuit, Forgetting the usage of men, More cruel by far than the brute? 1953 D. L. Morgan Jedediah Smith xii. 250 I had discouraged him from coming in from the manner in which I had spoken of the usage I had received. 1986 A. C. Rich Your Native Land, Your Life 33 I would not report for fear of enemies' usage. 9. Interest on money lent; rate of interest; = usance n. 5b. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > financial dealings > moneylending > [noun] > moneylending at interest > interest gavela700 usure1338 usuryc1450 interess1529 interest1545 fenory1572 usance1584 use1595 advantage1600 excess1600 interest-money1618 premium1669 service1817 usage1822 vigorish1935 society > trade and finance > financial dealings > moneylending > [noun] > moneylending at interest > interest > rate of interest prime rate1815 usage1822 mortgage rate1898 savings rate1904 saving rate1905 discount rate1913 base lending rate1933 prime lending rate1951 interest-rate1959 base rate1970 minimum lending rate1972 MLR1972 prime1973 bank rate1974 LIBOR1974 subprime1976 Euribor1997 1822 W. Scott Fortunes of Nigel I. v. 134 The money, meanwhile, lying at the ordinary usage. 1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well III. xiii. 321 Some debts..have been paid up by Mr Touchwood, who contented himself with more moderate usage. 1949 China White Paper (U.S. Dept. State) (1967) 784 At the higher rate of usage, the official assets in the Central Bank would be drawn down to $206 million by the end of 1947. 2004 B. Asch et al. Policy Options for Mil. Recruiting in College Market vii. 53 On average, the loan repayment usage rate is 25 percent for those who receive this benefit. Phrases †P1. by usage: customarily; usually. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > in habitual or customary use [phrase] > as a habit or custom > usually or customarily of customc1300 by usage?c1425 ?c1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer Former Age (Cambr. Ii.3.21) (1878) l. 4 The fructes..Whiche þat the feldes yaue hem by vsage. †P2. of usage: as a habit or custom; regularly. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > in habitual or customary use [phrase] > as a habit or custom by or with wone1297 in good wone1297 of usagec1430 c1430 (c1380) G. Chaucer Parl. Fowls (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1871) l. 15 Of vsage what for lust & what for lore On bokis rede I ofte. 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. cxvi. [cxii.] 333 And of usage his bedde was wont to be chafed with a bason with hote coles. †P3. to (a person's) usage: for a person's benefit or advantage. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1400 Cato's Distichs (Fairf.) l. 315 in R. Morris Cursor Mundi (1878) III. App. iv. 1673 If þou haue carlis boȝt to serue þe in þi þoȝt. to þine vsage. c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 2337 He..kepte hire to his vsage & his store. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. In sense 6. ΚΠ 1834 Bristol Mercury 20 Sept. Usage rates have been entered in the centre column of the rates only. 1927 M. O. Whitton New Servant xviii. 293 An allowance to the group manager for this purpose to be included in the weekly usage fee. 1930 Boston Daily Globe 5 June 21/6 Per capita consumption was..12.85 pounds [of copper] figured from usage statistics. 1963 Managem. Technol. 3 18 Utilization of the process as an operating tool is limited by computer capacity and usage cost. 1986 W. H. Johnson in A. Limon et al. Home Owner Man. (ed. 2) iv. iii. 577 It is usual to remove the deepening bar during normal usage hours, not least because it will shield off some of the radiation from the room. 2006 Indianapolis Star 13 Aug. (State ed.) a9 (advt.) Cingular may..terminate your service..or change your plan to one imposing usage charges for offnet usage. b. In sense 7. ΚΠ 1929 W. S. Gray Junior College Curriculum xiv. 185 An analytical study of the variable forms of French grammar, free from set vocabularies, usage rules, and synthetic drills. 1939 Eng. Jrnl. 28 850 Materials and activities to help pupils gain control of their language—its words, its usage patterns, and its rich resources. 1956 College Composition & Communication 7 31/2 The material in the pronunciation and usage manuals. 1991 Eng. Today Apr. 53/2 The range of usage questions dealt with in this book is remarkably broad. 2007 Libr. Jrnl. (U.S.) (Nexis) 1 Oct. 74 Occasional word histories are offered and an extensive guide to grammar and usage aids in composition, syntax, and style. C2. usage guide n. a book of instruction or information relating to the conventionally accepted use of (esp. formal written) language and grammar. ΚΠ 1951 College Composition & Communication 2 17/1 There should be a reference library of dictionaries, handbooks, usage guides..and other pertinent material. 2007 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 17 May r1 The increasingly liberal usage guides are so cautious about prescribing anything these days. usage label n. (in lexicography) a label denoting the register, subject area, or other specific application of a word or phrase. ΚΠ 1939 PMLA 54 625 Mr. Horwill..either misunderstands our language levels or else has neglected usage-labels where they ought not to be neglected. 2007 Booklist (Nexis) 15 Mar. 77 Dickson's bare-bones entries simply offer definitions on each term—no origins, no usage labels, no examples of the word in use. usage labelling n. the action or practice of applying usage labels. ΚΠ 1966 Luso-Brazilian Rev. 3 84 That some discrepancy and disagreement may exist in matters pertaining to usage labeling is only natural. 2006 K. Macintosh in L. Bowker Lexicography, Terminol. & Transl. iii. 55 Even with increasingly socially conscious usage labelling, editors may fear that the mere inclusion of taboo words somehow validates their use. usage panel n. a group of experts or specialists formed to advise on language usage; spec. (also with capital initials) the one assembled to advise on issues of English usage for the American Heritage Dictionary. ΚΠ 1969 Amer. Heritage Dict. p. vii/2 Members of our Usage Panel..borrowed many hours from their busy pursuits to the end of creating what one panelist calls ‘a dictionary put together with deep respect for people who have an eye and ear and tongue for what is still the richest, most rewarding language in the world’. 2001 H. Andersen Actualization 23 It might perhaps be supplemented with judgements by a usage panel, in the style of the American Heritage Dictionary. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † usagev. Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by conversion. Or (ii) a borrowing from French. Etymons: usage n.; French usager. Etymology: Either < usage n., or < Middle French usager to become accustomed (to), to become experienced (in) (early 15th cent.; compare Old French usagié (adjective) accustomed (1289) < usage usage n. Obsolete. rare. transitive. To familiarize, or accustom, or train (a person) in something. Only in passive. Cf. use v. 20a(a). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > do habitually [verb (transitive)] > accustom (a person) weanc960 wonc1175 to teach to1297 usec1300 usec1405 accustom1422 wontc1440 custom?c1450 enure1489 inure1489 induce1490 habituate1530 ure1530 usage1530 trade1539 to trade up1556 exercise1558 flesh1591 habit?1615 habitate1621 occasion1684 usen1715 usen1861 ethize1876 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 769/2 Whan a man is nat usaged in a thyng, it is no marvayle though he can nat do it. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2021). < n.c1325v.1530
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usagen.

Phrases

Compounds

† usagev.