villeinn.

Brit.

/ˈvɪlᵻn/,

/ˈvɪleɪn/, U.S.

/ˈvɪlən/,

/ˈvɪˌleɪn/

Forms: α. Middle English vilein, Middle English vileyn, Middle English veleyn, 1500s vylleyne, 1500s–1600s villeine, 1500s– villein, 1700s–1800s villeyn; also 1500s–1600s villen. β. Middle English vylayn, Middle English–1500s vylayne, 1500s vyllayn(e, villayne, 1500s–1600s villaine, 1500s– villain (1600s vilain).

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman villein (vilein , -eyn , vyleyn , etc.), variant villain , etc., villain n. Both types of spelling have been freely employed for this special sense of the word, and the tendency to use the form villein has increased in recent years.

Now Historical.

1. One of the class of serfs in the feudal system; spec. a peasant occupier or cultivator entirely subject to a lord ( villein in gross gross n.⁴ 2e) or attached to a manor ( villein regardant regardant adj. 1); a tenant in villeinage; also applied to a person regarded as holding a similar position in other communities, a bondsman. †Hence formerly in general use, a peasant, country labourer, or low-born rustic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > villein or cottar

cotsetlac1000

grassman1282

carla1300

villeina1325

tike1377

villeiness1611

serf1761

cotset1809

cottar1809

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific ranks of common people > [noun] > villein

laeta1000

cotsetlac1000

bondmanc1250

bondc1275

grassman1282

husbanda1300

youngerman?c1300

boundec1320

villeina1325

tike1377

carla1400

cotset1809

cottar1809

society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > serfdom > [noun] > serf

town manOE

townsmanOE

churl?c1225

carla1300

villeina1325

peasant1550

serf1611

helot1823

robotnik1945

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > one who has tenure > [noun] > by service or allegiance > in villeinage

villeina1325

villan1552

villaner1862

villar1874

α.

a1325 Statutes of Realm in MS Rawl. B.520 f. 56^v Also lith assise after excepcion of villenage ȝif þat vileyn vnder his louerdes power purchasede ani lond.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 325 Nou lete we this maiden hiere, And speke of Dionise ayein And of Theophile the vilein, Of whiche I spak of nou tofore. [Cf. p. 320, l. 1358.]

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) 191 Olifauntz..that he makethe for to ben brought up amonges his Vileynes.

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Merlin (1913) II. l. 11625 And whiles the veleyn hadde seyd al this, Evere stood sire Vlphyn and herkened, j-wys.

1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 1743/2 In case my aduersaries villaine [1587 villen] or bondman be empanelled, I may lawfully chalenge him.

1590 H. Swinburne Briefe Treat. Test. & Willes ii. f. 34 Amongest the second sort are comprehended such as lacke freedome, & full liberty, as bond-slaue, slaues, and villeines.

1620 J. Wilkinson Treat. Statutes conc. Coroners & Sherifes (new ed.) 146 If any Villeine or Bondman of blood hath purchased any land within his Lordship, the Lord may seise both it and such villeines goods at his pleasure.

1648 D. Jenkins Wks. 10 The Villeine of a Lord, in the presence of the King cannot be seized.

1699 W. Temple Introd. Hist. Eng. 65 The Villens, that held nothing but at the Will of the Landlord.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. 72 Villeins might be enfranchised by manumission.

1775 Archaeologia 3 80 Is it probable, that two day labourers, and at that time villeins, should have any fine to compound?

1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) I. 256 After the conquest the estates of the great lords were cultivated by their villeins.

1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton Harold I. i. v. 71 The villeins are many, and their hate is strong.

1875 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. i. 42 If the villein could not depart from the land, no more could the lord remove him so long as he rendered the service due to the lord.

figurative.1607 S. Hieron Platforme Obed. in Wks. (1620) I. 333 The scorner and scoffer at the word, is euen a villen to his own profanenes.β. 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur viii. iii. 277 That..alle men of worship maye disseuer a gentylman fro a yoman, and from a yoman a vylayne.1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 148/2 It happed upon a day that he tormented a vylayn or a carle for the couetyse of hys good.1531 St. German's Secunde Dyaloge Doctour & Student (new ed.) xliii. f. cxv Yf a vyllayn be made a preste, yet neuertheles the lorde may sease his goodes.1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. ciiij There were slain and taken foure hundred gentlemen and the villaines frankely let go.1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 366 Bondseruants, whiche we do now sence call by a strained worde Villaines ar not here talked of.1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xlv. xliv. 1233 b This K[ing]..was wont..to acknowledge & cal himselfe the freed villaine and vassaile of the people of Rome.1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 156 John Cut,..Henry Wyat, and such other Caitifes and Villaines of Birth, have beene the principall Finders.1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 267 They are Preferred to no higher Employment than to Cultivate the Earth as Villains, not Inheritors.1714 Spectator No. 607. ⁋12 The Steward shall cause these two Neighbours to swear..if he be a Free-man, or a Villain.1750 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. II. 602 An act for disabling the villains or copyholders of prelates and monasteries to purchase lands in fee.1776 D. Dalrymple Ann. Scotl. I. 320 A covenant between the Lord and the villain.1839 T. Keightley Hist. Eng. (new ed.) I. 168 They [the judges] were likewise required..to receive the oath of fealty from all persons from the earl down to the villain.1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. iii. 62 Time out of mind the services of the villains had been commutable for money payments.1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest V. 478 The villain was not a slave, but a freeman minus the very important rights of his lord. As against all men but his lord, he was free.

†2. A servant, a retainer. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > servant > retainer or follower > [noun]

followereOE

youngereOE

retenantc1390

suitora1398

waitera1500

retainer1508

pursuivant1513

villein1534

consequent1550

backmanc1560

janissary1565

jackman1566

hensure1568

belonger1577

lackey1588

sequent1598

pedissequant1607

henchman1754

gesith1861

ministerialis1888

1534 Prymer in Eng. sig. Gij^v The vylans hadde made a greate fyrer beneth in the myddes of the hall.

Compounds

C1.

a. attributive, as villein burgher, villein class, villein issue, villein land, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific ranks of common people > [noun] > villein > collectively

villein1528

villeinage1864

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > a legal holding > [noun] > a feudal holding or fief > held in villeinage

villeinagec1450

villein1528

1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xiiii^v Londe holden in vyllenage or vylayne londes.

a1625 H. Finch Law (1636) 23 A villein shall make free land to bee villein land, but villein land shall not make a free-man to be a villein.

1651 W. G. tr. J. Cowell Inst. Lawes Eng. 9 There may be villain Issue between those which are our Captives.

1651 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions 327 If my Villain Infant be in ward of one, by reason that he holds of him by Knights service.

1776 D. Dalrymple Ann. Scotl. I. 320 Merchetum..was also used for expressing another villain custom.

1864 J. F. Kirk Hist. Charles the Bold (U.S. ed.) I. v. 244 For what purpose were the taille and the gabelle levied on the villain burghers, if the nobles derived no benefit from these exactions.

1878 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (ed. 2) III. xix. 367 The villein class..aspired to holy orders as one of the avenues to liberty.

villein service n. service which a villein was bound to render to his lord as a condition of holding his land.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > [noun] > service of specific vassal

knight-service1439

suling-man1440

villein service?1530

?1530 J. Rastell Pastyme of People sig. Eiii^v Swanus..besegyd Canterbury & wan it..& slew the monkys but euer kept the .x. monk alyue to do vylleyne seruyce & slew .ix. of them.

1875 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. i. 42 Freemen sometimes held lands by villein services.

villein-socage n. socage or tenure by villein service (cf. quot. 1766¹); so villein-socman.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > [noun] > tenure by service > tenure of villein

villeinagea1325

villeining1471

bondage1651

villein-socage1766

1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 79 But socage..is of two sorts: free-socage,..and villein-socage, where the services, though certain, are of a baser nature.

1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 61 These villein-socmen do villein services.

†C2. As adj. Of base or servile birth; belonging to the class of feudal villeins or serfs. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific ranks of common people > [adjective] > that is a villein or not a freeman

incivilc1550

villein1551

1551 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Court of Requests (1898) 55 Your Oratour repplyede that he was Free and of Free estate and nott vyllayne.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	villein
释义	villeinn. Brit. /ˈvɪlᵻn/, /ˈvɪleɪn/, U.S. /ˈvɪlən/, /ˈvɪˌleɪn/ Forms: α. Middle English vilein, Middle English vileyn, Middle English veleyn, 1500s vylleyne, 1500s–1600s villeine, 1500s– villein, 1700s–1800s villeyn; also 1500s–1600s villen. β. Middle English vylayn, Middle English–1500s vylayne, 1500s vyllayn(e, villayne, 1500s–1600s villaine, 1500s– villain (1600s vilain). Etymology: < Anglo-Norman villein (vilein , -eyn , vyleyn , etc.), variant villain , etc., villain n. Both types of spelling have been freely employed for this special sense of the word, and the tendency to use the form villein has increased in recent years. Now Historical. 1. One of the class of serfs in the feudal system; spec. a peasant occupier or cultivator entirely subject to a lord ( villein in gross gross n.⁴ 2e) or attached to a manor ( villein regardant regardant adj. 1); a tenant in villeinage; also applied to a person regarded as holding a similar position in other communities, a bondsman. †Hence formerly in general use, a peasant, country labourer, or low-born rustic. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > villein or cottar cotsetlac1000 grassman1282 carla1300 villeina1325 tike1377 villeiness1611 serf1761 cotset1809 cottar1809 society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific ranks of common people > [noun] > villein laeta1000 cotsetlac1000 bondmanc1250 bondc1275 grassman1282 husbanda1300 youngerman?c1300 boundec1320 villeina1325 tike1377 carla1400 cotset1809 cottar1809 society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > serfdom > [noun] > serf town manOE townsmanOE churl?c1225 carla1300 villeina1325 peasant1550 serf1611 helot1823 robotnik1945 society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > one who has tenure > [noun] > by service or allegiance > in villeinage villeina1325 villan1552 villaner1862 villar1874 α. a1325 Statutes of Realm in MS Rawl. B.520 f. 56^v Also lith assise after excepcion of villenage ȝif þat vileyn vnder his louerdes power purchasede ani lond. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 325 Nou lete we this maiden hiere, And speke of Dionise ayein And of Theophile the vilein, Of whiche I spak of nou tofore. [Cf. p. 320, l. 1358.] c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) 191 Olifauntz..that he makethe for to ben brought up amonges his Vileynes. a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Merlin (1913) II. l. 11625 And whiles the veleyn hadde seyd al this, Evere stood sire Vlphyn and herkened, j-wys. 1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 1743/2 In case my aduersaries villaine [1587 villen] or bondman be empanelled, I may lawfully chalenge him. 1590 H. Swinburne Briefe Treat. Test. & Willes ii. f. 34 Amongest the second sort are comprehended such as lacke freedome, & full liberty, as bond-slaue, slaues, and villeines. 1620 J. Wilkinson Treat. Statutes conc. Coroners & Sherifes (new ed.) 146 If any Villeine or Bondman of blood hath purchased any land within his Lordship, the Lord may seise both it and such villeines goods at his pleasure. 1648 D. Jenkins Wks. 10 The Villeine of a Lord, in the presence of the King cannot be seized. 1699 W. Temple Introd. Hist. Eng. 65 The Villens, that held nothing but at the Will of the Landlord. 1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. 72 Villeins might be enfranchised by manumission. 1775 Archaeologia 3 80 Is it probable, that two day labourers, and at that time villeins, should have any fine to compound? 1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) I. 256 After the conquest the estates of the great lords were cultivated by their villeins. 1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton Harold I. i. v. 71 The villeins are many, and their hate is strong. 1875 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. i. 42 If the villein could not depart from the land, no more could the lord remove him so long as he rendered the service due to the lord. figurative.1607 S. Hieron Platforme Obed. in Wks. (1620) I. 333 The scorner and scoffer at the word, is euen a villen to his own profanenes.β. 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur viii. iii. 277 That..alle men of worship maye disseuer a gentylman fro a yoman, and from a yoman a vylayne.1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 148/2 It happed upon a day that he tormented a vylayn or a carle for the couetyse of hys good.1531 St. German's Secunde Dyaloge Doctour & Student (new ed.) xliii. f. cxv Yf a vyllayn be made a preste, yet neuertheles the lorde may sease his goodes.1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. ciiij There were slain and taken foure hundred gentlemen and the villaines frankely let go.1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 366 Bondseruants, whiche we do now sence call by a strained worde Villaines ar not here talked of.1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xlv. xliv. 1233 b This K[ing]..was wont..to acknowledge & cal himselfe the freed villaine and vassaile of the people of Rome.1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 156 John Cut,..Henry Wyat, and such other Caitifes and Villaines of Birth, have beene the principall Finders.1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 267 They are Preferred to no higher Employment than to Cultivate the Earth as Villains, not Inheritors.1714 Spectator No. 607. ⁋12 The Steward shall cause these two Neighbours to swear..if he be a Free-man, or a Villain.1750 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. II. 602 An act for disabling the villains or copyholders of prelates and monasteries to purchase lands in fee.1776 D. Dalrymple Ann. Scotl. I. 320 A covenant between the Lord and the villain.1839 T. Keightley Hist. Eng. (new ed.) I. 168 They [the judges] were likewise required..to receive the oath of fealty from all persons from the earl down to the villain.1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. iii. 62 Time out of mind the services of the villains had been commutable for money payments.1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest V. 478 The villain was not a slave, but a freeman minus the very important rights of his lord. As against all men but his lord, he was free. †2. A servant, a retainer. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > servant > retainer or follower > [noun] followereOE youngereOE retenantc1390 suitora1398 waitera1500 retainer1508 pursuivant1513 villein1534 consequent1550 backmanc1560 janissary1565 jackman1566 hensure1568 belonger1577 lackey1588 sequent1598 pedissequant1607 henchman1754 gesith1861 ministerialis1888 1534 Prymer in Eng. sig. Gij^v The vylans hadde made a greate fyrer beneth in the myddes of the hall. Compounds C1. a. attributive, as villein burgher, villein class, villein issue, villein land, etc. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific ranks of common people > [noun] > villein > collectively villein1528 villeinage1864 society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > a legal holding > [noun] > a feudal holding or fief > held in villeinage villeinagec1450 villein1528 1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xiiii^v Londe holden in vyllenage or vylayne londes. a1625 H. Finch Law (1636) 23 A villein shall make free land to bee villein land, but villein land shall not make a free-man to be a villein. 1651 W. G. tr. J. Cowell Inst. Lawes Eng. 9 There may be villain Issue between those which are our Captives. 1651 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions 327 If my Villain Infant be in ward of one, by reason that he holds of him by Knights service. 1776 D. Dalrymple Ann. Scotl. I. 320 Merchetum..was also used for expressing another villain custom. 1864 J. F. Kirk Hist. Charles the Bold (U.S. ed.) I. v. 244 For what purpose were the taille and the gabelle levied on the villain burghers, if the nobles derived no benefit from these exactions. 1878 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (ed. 2) III. xix. 367 The villein class..aspired to holy orders as one of the avenues to liberty. b. villein service n. service which a villein was bound to render to his lord as a condition of holding his land. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > [noun] > service of specific vassal knight-service1439 suling-man1440 villein service?1530 ?1530 J. Rastell Pastyme of People sig. Eiii^v Swanus..besegyd Canterbury & wan it..& slew the monkys but euer kept the .x. monk alyue to do vylleyne seruyce & slew .ix. of them. 1875 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. i. 42 Freemen sometimes held lands by villein services. villein-socage n. socage or tenure by villein service (cf. quot. 1766¹); so villein-socman. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > [noun] > tenure by service > tenure of villein villeinagea1325 villeining1471 bondage1651 villein-socage1766 1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 79 But socage..is of two sorts: free-socage,..and villein-socage, where the services, though certain, are of a baser nature. 1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 61 These villein-socmen do villein services. †C2. As adj. Of base or servile birth; belonging to the class of feudal villeins or serfs. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific ranks of common people > [adjective] > that is a villein or not a freeman incivilc1550 villein1551 1551 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Court of Requests (1898) 55 Your Oratour repplyede that he was Free and of Free estate and nott vyllayne. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.a1325
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