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单词 vindicate
释义

vindicatev.

Brit. /ˈvɪndᵻkeɪt/, U.S. /ˈvɪndəˌkeɪt/
Forms: Also 1500s–1600s as past participle
Etymology: < Latin vindicāt-, participial stem of vindicāre (also vendicāre : see vendicate v.) to claim, to set free, to punish, etc., < vim, accusative singular of vīs force + dic-, stem of dīcĕre to say. Compare Italian vindicare, Spanish vindicar, Portuguese vindicar, French vendiquer.
1. transitive.
a. To exercise in revenge. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > execute (vengeance) [verb (transitive)] > exercise (aggrieved feelings) in vengeance
awreakc930
bewreak1523
vindicate1533
1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. 326 Praying þam to provid þat þe peple vindicat na Ire nor wraith [altered to vse na vengeance nor punycioun] on þam.
b. To avenge or revenge (a person, cause, wrong, etc.). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > execute (vengeance) [verb (transitive)] > avenge (an injury or injured person)
wreakc825
awreak1048
righta1275
wrackc1275
wrakec1275
venge1303
bewreakc1325
avenge1377
hevena1400
sella1400
revengec1425
countervenge1523
wrecka1593
redeem1598
vindicate1623
to pay off1749
1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. i Vindicate, to reuenge.
1655 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. I. i. 34 Solon declared, that it behoved them..that they should vindicate the Gods cause.
1664 N. Ingelo Bentivolio & Urania: 2nd Pt. vi. 288 Resolving by God's assistance to vindicate his Wrongs.
1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 67 News..being brought King Achbar that Mirza Sharoph..had been injured by the Ouzbeg Tartar; the King resolves to vindicate him.
1726 J. Swift Cadenus & Vanessa 22 But Cupid, full of Mischief, longs To vindicate his Mother's Wrongs.
c. To punish; to visit with punishment. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > [verb (transitive)]
threac897
tighta1000
beswinkc1175
punisha1325
chastise1362
paina1375
justifya1393
wage1412
reformc1450
chasten1526
thwart over thumba1529
chastifyc1540
amerce?1577
follow1579
to rap (a person) on the knuckles (also fingers)1584
finea1616
mulcta1620
fita1625
vindicate1632
trounce1657
reward1714
tawse1790
sort1815
to let (a person) have it1823
visit1836
to catch or get Jesse1839
to give, get goss1840
to have ita1848
to take (a person) to the woodshed1882
to give (one) snuff1890
soak1892
give1906
to weigh off1925
to tear down1938
zap1961
slap1968
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. viii. 367 There are seuerall Seates of Iustice heere (though none to vindicate beastlinesse).
1659 J. Pearson Expos. Apostles Creed i. 86 God is more powerfull to exact subiection, and to vindicate rebellion.
1665 T. Manley tr. H. Grotius De Rebus Belgicis 974 Private Trespasses should be vindicated upon the Authors thereof themselves, or else where they lived.
1770 E. Burke Thoughts Present Discontents 8 Because our grievances are..not precisely those which we bore from the Tudors, or vindicated on the Stuarts.
2. To make or set free; to deliver or rescue. Usually const. from. Obsolete (common 1620–60).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > rescue or deliverance > rescue or deliver (from) [verb (transitive)]
areddec885
leeseOE
reddOE
winc1220
deliver?c1225
ridc1225
quita1250
betellc1275
casta1300
to cast outa1300
liverc1330
rescuec1330
wrechec1330
borrowc1350
to put out of ——c1350
to bring awaya1400
redea1400
wreakc1400
rescourec1425
rescousa1450
savec1480
relue1483
salue1484
redeem1488
recovera1500
redressa1500
eschewc1500
rescours1511
to pull (also snatch) out of the fire1526
recourse1533
withtakec1540
redeem1549
vindicate1568
retire1578
repair1591
reprieve1605
to bring off1609
1568–71 (title) The Warkis of..Schir Dauid Lyndesay... Newly correctit, and vindicate from the former Errouris quhairwith thay war befoir corruptit.
1571 G. Buchanan Admonitioun Trew Lordis sig. A.2v How zow haue vindicat this realme, from the thraldome of strangearis.
1613 A. Sherley Relation Trav. Persia 85 Nothing will giue you more honour then..First to vindicate those places, in which your religion is oppressed.
1650 E. Ashmole Arcanum in A. Dee Fasciculus Chem. 166 A faithfull..Teacher, that may make the clear Sun conspicuous unto them, and vindicate their eies from darknesse.
a1652 I. Jones Most Notable Antiq. called Stone-Heng (1655) 2 To vindicate, as much as in me lies, the Founders of this venerable Antiquity from oblivion.
1665 M. Nedham Medela Medicinæ 267 The Liquor ferments, and is vindicated from Putrefaction and Stagnation.
1756 E. Burke Vindic. Nat. Society 104 We should renounce their Dreams of Society, together with their Visions of Religion, and vindicate ourselves into perfect Liberty.
1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. I. xiii. 328 His successful valour seemed to vindicate the nation from the ignominy into which it had fallen by its tame submission.
absolute.1629 J. Gaule Practique Theories Christs Predict. 110 Cæsar vindicates from a knowne Enemie; Christ redeemes from a secret Aduersarie.
3.
a. To clear from censure, criticism, suspicion, or doubt, by means of demonstration; to justify or uphold by evidence or argument.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > justify [verb (transitive)] > vindicate
to-deraignc1320
justifya1382
wreakc1400
vindicate1641
1641 Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia sig. F4v And so I shall onely vindicate the scandall of his death, and conclude him.
1651 R. Baxter Plain Script. Proof Infants Church-membership & Baptism 150 O that God would find out some way to vindicate his own honor, and clear his cause.
1691 G. Langbaine Acct. Eng. Dram. Poets Pref. I might be capable of doing them better Service, in vindicating their Fame.
1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. viii. 280 The Design of this Treatise, is not to vindicate the Character of God.
1776 J. Reynolds Disc. Royal Acad. (1778) 280 Poussin..is said to have vindicated the conduct of Julio Romano for his inattention to the masses of light and shade.
1782 F. Burney Cecilia III. v. iii. 44 I don't mean to vindicate what has happened.
1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India I. ii. ix. 413 Mr. Playfair admits that the Indian tables cannot be entirely vindicated in this respect.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xvii. 75 Those who had effected this Revolution thought it prudent to send a deputation to France for the purpose of vindicating their proceedings.
1884 L'pool Mercury 18 Feb. 5/2 He has no secret treaties to vindicate, no occult motives to gloss over in dubious pleadings.
b. With personal object.
ΚΠ
1646 R. Crashaw Steps to Temple 87 These learned leaves shall vindicate to thee Thy holyest, humblest, hand maid Charitie.
1659 T. Burton Diary (1828) IV. 338 I rise up to vindicate the Committee.
1675 R. Baxter Catholick Theol. ii. ii. 238 I must be so far justified, that is, vindicated against Calumny by my innocency in those points.
1702 C. Mather Magnalia Christi iii. iii. i. 178/1 The mention of this, gives me an Opportunity..also to Vindicate another great Man, unto the Churches of our Lord Jesus Christ.
reflexive.1639 P. Massinger Unnaturall Combat iv. i. sig. G4v The torch that feeds them, was not lighted at Thy altars, Cupid: vindicate thy selfe, And doe not own it.a1648 Ld. Herbert Life Henry VIII (1649) 204 It was thought, by some, he might have Vindicated himself in great part.1679 J. Smith Narr. Popish-plot 19 There being no way left to vindicate themselves, or discredit their Accusers, save the making their recourse to lies.1828 I. D'Israeli Comm. Life Charles I II. v. 130 He could have vindicated himself, if his enemies had chosen to be his listeners.1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 661 The wicked judge and the wicked king attempted to vindicate themselves by throwing the blame on each other.
c. Const. from (a charge, imputation, etc.).
ΚΠ
1664 H. More Apol. in Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 487 Those more notable Philosophick Truths in the Scripture doth..vindicate her from that vile Imputation of Ignorance in Philosophy.
1675 J. Howe Living Temple i. ii. 20 He makes Velleius highly vindicate from this imputation.
1700 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding (new ed.) iv. viii. 367 But how that vindicates the making use of Identical Propositions, for the Improvement of Knowledge, from the imputation of Trifling, I do not see.
1723 J. Dart Westmonasterium I. 87 This I here mention to vindicate my self from those Mistakes of which I am not guilty.
1798 J. Ferriar Illustr. Sterne 37 I must vindicate Sterne from a charge of plagiarism.
1825 W. Scott Betrothed xiii, in Tales Crusaders II. 255 When he vindicated him from the suspicions thrown out by Guarine.
1845 M. Pattison in Christian Remembrancer Jan. 78 He turned all his defence to vindicate himself from the charge of treason.
1891 Speaker 2 May 526/2 It is..the first serious attempt that has been made to vindicate Horace Walpole from the aspersions of Macaulay and his followers.
d. To provide justification for (something); to justify by facts or results. Also with personal object.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > justify [verb (transitive)] > vindicate > provide vindication for
vindicate1703
1703 G. Farquhar Twin-rivals iv. iv. 55 For Heaven's sake, Mr. Richmore, what have I ever shewn to vindicate this Presumption of yours.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones II. v. vi. 155 The Infidelity of Molly..would, perhaps, have vindicated a much greater Degree of Resentment than he expressed on the Occasion. View more context for this quotation
a1763 W. Shenstone Ess. in Wks. (1765) II. 203 One should not destroy an insect..without a reason sufficient to vindicate one through all the courts of morality.
1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. vii. 284 The mere fact of voluntariness is insufficient to vindicate the justice of allowing the assumed responsibility.
1882 C. Pebody Eng. Journalism xx. 150 No man has more brilliantly vindicated the sagacity which placed him in a position of power and responsibility.
4. To assert, maintain, make good, by means of action, esp. in one's own interest; to defend against encroachment or interference.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > dueness or propriety > [verb (transitive)] > claim > maintain a claim by action
assert1649
vindicate1650
1650 A. Marvell Horatian Ode 62 He nothing common did, or mean,..Nor called the gods with vulgar spite To vindicate his helpless right.
1654 J. Bramhall Just Vindic. Church of Eng. i. 4 That..they..vindicate that liberty left them as an inheritance by their Ancestours, from the incroachments..of the Court of Rome.
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 47 Arise and vindicate Thy Glory, free thy people from thir yoke. View more context for this quotation
1738 J. Wesley Coll. Psalms & Hymns (new ed.) lxxx. ii Stir up thy Strength, thine Arme make bare, And vindicate thy chosen Race.
1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. vi. (1778) 196 He thought the happy period was at length come for vindicating his own rights.
1821 S. Smith Wks. (1859) I. 394/2 Prevention of intrusion upon private property is a right which every proprietor may act upon, and use force to vindicate.
1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. II. 4 The liberties of the nation are not yet vindicated.
5.
a. To claim as properly belonging to oneself or another; to assert or establish possession of (something) for oneself or another.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > dueness or propriety > [verb (transitive)] > claim
challengea1240
claimc1320
pretend?a1425
vouch1488
to lay claim to1584
assert1649
vindicate1680
to take up1810
1680 J. Dryden in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid Epist. Pref. sig. A7 It appears not from their writers, that any of the Grecians ever touch'd upon this way, which our Poet therefore justly has vindicated to himself.
1737 Gentleman's Mag. June 332/2 Though Christ's Appeal to the 110th vindicates that Psalm to David, it vindicates none else.
1822 T. Taylor tr. Apuleius Metamorphosis 218 Exciting a frivolous controversy about the boundaries of the fields, he vindicated the whole of the land to himself.
1855 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Philip II of Spain I. i. v. 146 Paul the Fourth, one of those remarkable men, who..have vindicated to themselves a permanent place in history.
1858 N. Hawthorne Jrnl. 19 June in French & Ital. Notebks. (1980) v. 327 Grand enough to vindicate for him all the genius that the world gave him credit for.
1884 P. Schaff et al. Relig. Encycl. III. 2466/1 Robert Flint..vindicates him [sc. Voltaire] an honorable place in the development of the philosophy of history.
b. Without const.: To claim for oneself or as one's rightful property.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > dueness or propriety > [verb (transitive)] > claim > claim for oneself
ownOE
vendicate1531
brand1596
vindicate1725
bag1914
1725 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey I. iv. 224 Affianc'd in your friendly pow'r alone, The youth wou'd vindicate the vacant throne.
1733 A. Pope Ess. Man iii. 38 Is thine alone the Seed that strews the Plain? The Birds of Heav'n shall vindicate their Grain.
1781 W. Cowper Truth 490 The soul..Can..Possess herself of all that's good or true, Assert the skies, and vindicate her due.
1807 J. Barlow Columbiad iii. 131 The wide-beak'd hawk, that now beholds me die, Soon..my flesh shall tear, And wolves and tygers vindicate their share.
c. spec. in Law. Also absol.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > claim at law > [verb (transitive)] > assert ownership of
demand1485
assert1652
enter1733
vindicatea1859
file1871
a1859 J. Austin Lect. Jurispr. (1863) III. 207 A right to vindicate or recover the subject from any who may be in the possession of it.
1880 J. Muirhead tr. Ulpian Rules xxv, in tr. Gaius Institutes 425 The senate has decreed that he shall not be entitled to deduct his fourth, nor yet..to vindicate gifts under the testament that have become caducous.
1880 J. Muirhead tr. Gaius Institutes ii. 81 When he has thus vindicated, the praetor asks the cedent whether he makes any counter-vindication.

Derivatives

ˈvindicated adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > rescue or deliverance > [adjective] > rescued or delivered
rescued1595
vindicated1700
society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [adjective] > vindicated
vindicated1700
1700 M. Prior Carmen Sæculare 8 To rescu'd States, and vindicated Crowns, His Equal hand prescrib'd their ancient Bounds.
1724 A. Shields Life J. Renwick (1827) 177 Instead of a reproached Minister, we got a vindicated Martyr.
ˈvindicating n. and adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > rescue or deliverance > [noun]
alesingOE
liverisona1225
deliverancec1300
healtha1325
redemptiona1325
deliveringc1330
savementc1330
salvationc1374
savinga1387
rescousc1390
rescuec1400
winningc1400
rescuingc1405
acquittancec1430
rescours1439
saveage1507
deliveration1509
deliverya1513
riddancea1530
liverance1553
rescousing1605
vindication1613
out-takinga1617
acquittal1619
vindicating1624
deliverancy1641
safety1654
society > morality > dueness or propriety > [noun] > claiming as due or right
pretence1425
pretension1585
vindicating1624
asserting1644
pretensiveness1710
society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [adjective] > vindicated > vindicatory
apologeticala1600
apological1607
vindicatory1647
apologetic1649
vindicative1660
vindicating1850
1624 T. Gataker Discuss. Transubstant. 42 The vindicating of this piece of antiquity to his right Author.
a1649 W. Drummond Skiamachia in Wks. (1711) 191 The Equity of his taking of Arms, for the vindicating of his Crown and State from the implacable Malice of those Men.
1850 E. B. Browning Sonnets from Portuguese xi, in Poems (new ed.) II. 448 I obtain From that same love this vindicating grace, To live on still in love.
ˈvindicatingly adv.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [adverb] > in a defensible manner > in vindicating manner
apologetically1649
vindicatorily1854
vindicatingly1891
1891 G. Meredith One of our Conquerors I. xii. 225 Her mother required schooling to tell the story vindicatingly and proudly.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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