burghern.

Brit.

/ˈbəːɡə/, U.S.

/ˈbərɡər/

Forms: Also 1500s–1600s burger, burgar, burgor, 1600s bourger.

Etymology: In 16th cent. burger , < early modern German or Dutch burger citizen of a burg or fortified town; afterwards assimilated to English burgh , borough n.

1. An inhabitant of a burgh, borough, or corporate town; a citizen. Chiefly used of continental towns, but also of English boroughs, in a sense less technical than burgess. Now somewhat archaic. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun]

borough-manc1000

city mana1400

townsman1433

town manc1475

town dweller1484

oppidan?1548

burgher?1555

townsfolk1562

townsfolk1592

townswoman1612

town liver1620

town folk1679

citess1685

citizeness1754

citizette1798

townie1825

urban1835

townskip1837

townsperson1840

urbanite1892

burgheress1901

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > esp. as having civic rights

burgess?c1225

citizena1325

commoner1384

citinerc1450

in-burgess1479

burgher?1555

bourgeoisie1593

bourgeois1604

burgessdom1661

?1555 [implied in: M. Coverdale tr. O. Werdmueller Treat. Death i. xvi. 57 Our conuersation & burgership is in heauen. (at burghership n. b)].

1590 C. Marlowe Tamburlaine: 2nd Pt. sig. K4^v Goe now and bind the Burghers hand and foot.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. i. 10 Your Argosies..Like Signiors and rich Burgars on the flood.

?1606 M. Drayton Man in Moone in Poemes sig. H6 As those great burgers of the forest wild, The Hart, the Goat.

1652 Let. fr. Paris in Severall Proc. Parl. No. 157. Had they..not been appeased by some of the Bourgers [of Paris].

1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 186 in Justice Vindicated A Burger who hath..half a mark, let him pay a Peter-peny.

1698 in R. Holmes Bk. of Entries of Pontefract Corp. 233 The most able and sufficient Burgesse or Burgor inhabiting and residing in the said town.

1725 D. Defoe Compl. Eng. Tradesman I. xxiii. 402 The Burghers wives of Horsham..go as fine as they do in other places.

1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller I. 56 A rich burgher of Antwerp..in a broad Flemish hat.

a1842 T. B. Macaulay Armada And the red glare on Skiddaw roused the burghers of Carlisle.

1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. v. 316 The valiant burghers..had already learned to grapple with the Dane.

2. A member of that section of the Scottish Secession Church, which upheld the lawfulness of the burgess oath: also attributive. See Antiburgher n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Presbyterianism > Presbyterian sects and groups > [noun] > Secession > person > burgher

burgher1766

1766 J. Brown Hist. Acct. Seceders 67 The Anti-burghers..persecuted their Burgher brethren with deposition and excommunication.

1773 J. Smith Hist. Sketches Relief Church 41 The Burgher clergy maintained that it [the Synod] remained in their society, while the Antiburghers endeavoured to prove that they carried it away with them to Mr. Gibb's manse.

1861 E. B. Ramsay Reminisc. Sc. Life (ed. 18) 18 John Brown, Burgher minister at Whitburn.

1881 D. Masson Carlyle in Macmillan's Mag. 45 74 That Nonconforming communion, called the Burgher Seceders.

3. In Ceylon; see quot.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > native or inhabitant of Sri Lanka > [noun]

Cingalese1613

Kaffir1704

Ceylonese1726

Sinhalese1801

burgher1807

Kandyan1849

Sri Lankan1973

1807 Cordiner Descr. Ceylon Admitted by the Dutch to all the privileges of citizens under the denomination of Burghers.

1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 457/1 The descendants of Europeans of unmixed blood, and that race which has sprung from the intercourse of Europeans with the natives, are called Burghers.

4. South African. A Dutch-speaking citizen of the Cape Colony, the Natal or Transvaal (South African) Republics, or the Orange Free State before the advent of British rule. Also attributive. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Africa > native or inhabitant of Southern Africa > [noun] > countries or regions

Angolan1600

Angola1653

Malay1765

South African1806

Ngwaketsea1832

bushboya1834

Kapenaar1834

Transkeian1847

bosch-man1849

Natalian1850

burgher1879

Transvaaler1887

veldman1895

Rhodesian1897

Vaalpens1899

backvelder1911

plattelander1934

southwester1960

Zimbabwean1961

Zambian1963

Botswanian1966

Botswanan1967

Namibian1968

Ciskeian1973

Sowetan1974

1879 B. Frere et al. Speech Cape Town 24 To encourage the brave Burghers and Southey's Volunteers to do their best to put an end to the war on the northern border of the Colony.

1879 (title) Interview between..Sir Bartle Frere, and the Deputation from the Boer Committee, At the Burgher Camp, April, 1879.

1881 F. R. Statham Blacks, Boers, & British iii. 43 To save them from annihilation at the hands of the Free State burghers, the Basutos were, in 1868, taken under British protection.

1898 Kruger in South Africa 1 Jan. 11/1 Burghers and fellow-countrymen, the times are such that a wise and judicious development of our sources of aid requires the most earnest consideration.

1958 L. van der Post Lost World of Kalahari iii. 56 Every burgher was permitted, if not actually enjoined, to shoot a Bushman on sight.

Compounds

attributive and in other combinations (in sense 1).

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian vi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. II. 143 ‘I do not apprehend,’ answered the burgher-magistrate, ‘that the young man Butler's zeal is of so inflammable a character.’

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. i. viii. 62 Mark that queenlike burgher-woman.

1841 W. Spalding Italy & Ital. Islands II. 170 Contests, in which one club of burgher-oligarchs successively displaced another.

1855 J. L. Motley Rise Dutch Republic Hist. Introd. vii. 42 The burgher class controlled the government.

1873 W. H. Dixon Hist. Two Queens III. xiii. iv. 20 Springing from a burgher stock.

1878 R. Simpson School of Shakspere i. 154 To show the inferiority of a burgher militia to professional soldiers in war.

Derivatives

ˈburgherage n.

ΘΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > collectively

borough-folkc1200

borough-werenc1275

burgh-werec1275

cityc1300

town folkc1325

towna1382

commonity1456

nation1523

portery1565

town1582

townspeople1587

civility1598

municipality1790

citizenry1795

citizenhood1851

burgherage1858

burgherdom1884

burgherhood1885

1858 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia I. iii. iii. 210 Baronage, Burgherage, they were German mostly by blood, and by culture were wholly German.

ˈburgherdom n.

ΘΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > collectively

borough-folkc1200

borough-werenc1275

burgh-werec1275

cityc1300

town folkc1325

towna1382

commonity1456

nation1523

portery1565

town1582

townspeople1587

civility1598

municipality1790

citizenry1795

citizenhood1851

burgherage1858

burgherdom1884

burgherhood1885

1884 19th Cent. July 121 Voss the poet of burgherdom.

ˈburgherhood n. the body of burghers or citizens collectively.

ΘΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > collectively

borough-folkc1200

borough-werenc1275

burgh-werec1275

cityc1300

town folkc1325

towna1382

commonity1456

nation1523

portery1565

town1582

townspeople1587

civility1598

municipality1790

citizenry1795

citizenhood1851

burgherage1858

burgherdom1884

burgherhood1885

1885 Harper's Mag. Feb. 413/2 As the burgherhood enlarged, the assembly became a huge mob.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	burgher
释义	burghern. Brit. /ˈbəːɡə/, U.S. /ˈbərɡər/ Forms: Also 1500s–1600s burger, burgar, burgor, 1600s bourger. Etymology: In 16th cent. burger , < early modern German or Dutch burger citizen of a burg or fortified town; afterwards assimilated to English burgh , borough n. 1. An inhabitant of a burgh, borough, or corporate town; a citizen. Chiefly used of continental towns, but also of English boroughs, in a sense less technical than burgess. Now somewhat archaic. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] borough-manc1000 city mana1400 townsman1433 town manc1475 town dweller1484 oppidan?1548 burgher?1555 townsfolk1562 townsfolk1592 townswoman1612 town liver1620 town folk1679 citess1685 citizeness1754 citizette1798 townie1825 urban1835 townskip1837 townsperson1840 urbanite1892 burgheress1901 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > esp. as having civic rights burgess?c1225 citizena1325 commoner1384 citinerc1450 in-burgess1479 burgher?1555 bourgeoisie1593 bourgeois1604 burgessdom1661 ?1555 [implied in: M. Coverdale tr. O. Werdmueller Treat. Death i. xvi. 57 Our conuersation & burgership is in heauen. (at burghership n. b)]. 1590 C. Marlowe Tamburlaine: 2nd Pt. sig. K4^v Goe now and bind the Burghers hand and foot. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. i. 10 Your Argosies..Like Signiors and rich Burgars on the flood. View more context for this quotation ?1606 M. Drayton Man in Moone in Poemes sig. H6 As those great burgers of the forest wild, The Hart, the Goat. 1652 Let. fr. Paris in Severall Proc. Parl. No. 157. Had they..not been appeased by some of the Bourgers [of Paris]. 1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 186 in Justice Vindicated A Burger who hath..half a mark, let him pay a Peter-peny. 1698 in R. Holmes Bk. of Entries of Pontefract Corp. 233 The most able and sufficient Burgesse or Burgor inhabiting and residing in the said town. 1725 D. Defoe Compl. Eng. Tradesman I. xxiii. 402 The Burghers wives of Horsham..go as fine as they do in other places. 1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller I. 56 A rich burgher of Antwerp..in a broad Flemish hat. a1842 T. B. Macaulay Armada And the red glare on Skiddaw roused the burghers of Carlisle. 1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. v. 316 The valiant burghers..had already learned to grapple with the Dane. 2. A member of that section of the Scottish Secession Church, which upheld the lawfulness of the burgess oath: also attributive. See Antiburgher n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Presbyterianism > Presbyterian sects and groups > [noun] > Secession > person > burgher burgher1766 1766 J. Brown Hist. Acct. Seceders 67 The Anti-burghers..persecuted their Burgher brethren with deposition and excommunication. 1773 J. Smith Hist. Sketches Relief Church 41 The Burgher clergy maintained that it [the Synod] remained in their society, while the Antiburghers endeavoured to prove that they carried it away with them to Mr. Gibb's manse. 1861 E. B. Ramsay Reminisc. Sc. Life (ed. 18) 18 John Brown, Burgher minister at Whitburn. 1881 D. Masson Carlyle in Macmillan's Mag. 45 74 That Nonconforming communion, called the Burgher Seceders. 3. In Ceylon; see quot. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > native or inhabitant of Sri Lanka > [noun] Cingalese1613 Kaffir1704 Ceylonese1726 Sinhalese1801 burgher1807 Kandyan1849 Sri Lankan1973 1807 Cordiner Descr. Ceylon Admitted by the Dutch to all the privileges of citizens under the denomination of Burghers. 1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 457/1 The descendants of Europeans of unmixed blood, and that race which has sprung from the intercourse of Europeans with the natives, are called Burghers. 4. South African. A Dutch-speaking citizen of the Cape Colony, the Natal or Transvaal (South African) Republics, or the Orange Free State before the advent of British rule. Also attributive. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Africa > native or inhabitant of Southern Africa > [noun] > countries or regions Angolan1600 Angola1653 Malay1765 South African1806 Ngwaketsea1832 bushboya1834 Kapenaar1834 Transkeian1847 bosch-man1849 Natalian1850 burgher1879 Transvaaler1887 veldman1895 Rhodesian1897 Vaalpens1899 backvelder1911 plattelander1934 southwester1960 Zimbabwean1961 Zambian1963 Botswanian1966 Botswanan1967 Namibian1968 Ciskeian1973 Sowetan1974 1879 B. Frere et al. Speech Cape Town 24 To encourage the brave Burghers and Southey's Volunteers to do their best to put an end to the war on the northern border of the Colony. 1879 (title) Interview between..Sir Bartle Frere, and the Deputation from the Boer Committee, At the Burgher Camp, April, 1879. 1881 F. R. Statham Blacks, Boers, & British iii. 43 To save them from annihilation at the hands of the Free State burghers, the Basutos were, in 1868, taken under British protection. 1898 Kruger in South Africa 1 Jan. 11/1 Burghers and fellow-countrymen, the times are such that a wise and judicious development of our sources of aid requires the most earnest consideration. 1958 L. van der Post Lost World of Kalahari iii. 56 Every burgher was permitted, if not actually enjoined, to shoot a Bushman on sight. Compounds attributive and in other combinations (in sense 1). Π 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian vi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. II. 143 ‘I do not apprehend,’ answered the burgher-magistrate, ‘that the young man Butler's zeal is of so inflammable a character.’ 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. i. viii. 62 Mark that queenlike burgher-woman. 1841 W. Spalding Italy & Ital. Islands II. 170 Contests, in which one club of burgher-oligarchs successively displaced another. 1855 J. L. Motley Rise Dutch Republic Hist. Introd. vii. 42 The burgher class controlled the government. 1873 W. H. Dixon Hist. Two Queens III. xiii. iv. 20 Springing from a burgher stock. 1878 R. Simpson School of Shakspere i. 154 To show the inferiority of a burgher militia to professional soldiers in war. Derivatives ˈburgherage n. ΘΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > collectively borough-folkc1200 borough-werenc1275 burgh-werec1275 cityc1300 town folkc1325 towna1382 commonity1456 nation1523 portery1565 town1582 townspeople1587 civility1598 municipality1790 citizenry1795 citizenhood1851 burgherage1858 burgherdom1884 burgherhood1885 1858 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia I. iii. iii. 210 Baronage, Burgherage, they were German mostly by blood, and by culture were wholly German. ˈburgherdom n. ΘΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > collectively borough-folkc1200 borough-werenc1275 burgh-werec1275 cityc1300 town folkc1325 towna1382 commonity1456 nation1523 portery1565 town1582 townspeople1587 civility1598 municipality1790 citizenry1795 citizenhood1851 burgherage1858 burgherdom1884 burgherhood1885 1884 19th Cent. July 121 Voss the poet of burgherdom. ˈburgherhood n. the body of burghers or citizens collectively. ΘΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > collectively borough-folkc1200 borough-werenc1275 burgh-werec1275 cityc1300 town folkc1325 towna1382 commonity1456 nation1523 portery1565 town1582 townspeople1587 civility1598 municipality1790 citizenry1795 citizenhood1851 burgherage1858 burgherdom1884 burgherhood1885 1885 Harper's Mag. Feb. 413/2 As the burgherhood enlarged, the assembly became a huge mob. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021). burgherv. Etymology: < burgher n.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: ˈburgher. Scottish. = burgess v. ΚΠ a1854 Ld. Cockburn Memorials (1856) i. 70 Being ‘Burghered,’ or made to ‘Ride the Stang’. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online June 2021). < n.?1555v.a1854
随便看	be out of one's way be out of purse be out of temper be out of the story be out of the way be out of the way with be out of the window be out of there be out of touch be out the window be out to get be out to get a person be outside of be over the moon be overstanding for honours be p and q be packed in like sardines be packed like sardines be pally be pally with be pals be pals with be perceived be perfectly honest be petted on

burghern.

Compounds

Derivatives

burgherv.