-locksuffix

Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element.

Forms:

α. Old English–Middle English -lac, early Middle English -lack, Middle English -lak, Middle English -lake, Middle English -loc, Middle English -lokk, Middle English -lokke, Middle English–1500s -loke, Middle English–1600s -locke, Middle English–1600s -lok, Middle English– -lock; also Scottish pre-1700 -lake, pre-1700 -lok.

β. chiefly northern Middle English -laic, Middle English -laick, Middle English -laik, Middle English -layk, Middle English -layke, Middle English -loyke, Middle English–1500s -laike; also Scottish pre-1700 -layk.

Origin: Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Perhaps a word inherited from Germanic. Etymon: English lāc.

Etymology: Either a specific development of Old English lāc gift, offering (see lake n.¹), (also in an isolated attestation) battle, struggle (see quot. OE at lake n.² 2) or cognate with Old Icelandic -leikr (see -laik suffix) < the Germanic base of lake n.² (compare lake n.¹). Compare Old High German scīnleich, skīnleihhi apparition, perhaps cognate with or formed similarly to Old English scinnlāc sorcery, magic, apparition, superstition, frenzy.Morphology. In Old English a significant number of nouns showing -lāc as the second element are attested, although many of them are rare. The first element of these words is typically a noun; occasionally a verb stem is found (as e.g. brēowlāc , in uncertain sense, probably ‘brewing’; compare brew v.). How far -lāc is to be regarded as a true suffix (rather than as the noun lāc , in either sense, in compound formation) is a matter of dispute (compare discussion below of transparent compounds of lāc in sense ‘offering’). These formations are apparently usually strong neuters (like lāc ; compare discussion below), although two of the more frequent ones (rēaflāc reiflock n. and lyblāc magic) also occasionally show strong masculine inflection. In early Middle English, the development to an abstract noun suffix was probably reinforced by association with the related -laik suffix, borrowed from early Scandinavian, which forms nouns denoting a state or condition, but (unlike the Old English suffix) usually with adjectives as the first element. The two suffixes are not always distinguished in spelling in Middle English (compare e.g. demerlayk n. and wedlayk at wedlock n. Forms). They eventually became homophonous in northern varieties and perhaps occasionally also in early use in the south, if phonologically reduced in low stress. For formations attested in early Middle English (especially in the so-called ‘AB language’ of the south-west midlands), compare e.g. ferlac n. and shendlac n.; for a late Middle English formation compare hudeloke secrecy, disguise (compare hidels n.). Occasional Old English formations with adjective as first element (e.g. frēolāc oblation (see freelage n.) and also cwiclāc living sacrifice), are to be regarded as independent compounds with the Old English noun as second element and unconnected with the later development of the suffix. Semantic development. With regard to their meaning, these nouns seem to have originally formed two groups. The first group, which is attested especially in verse, typically denotes energetic activity; compare e.g. feohtlāc fight-lac n., wīflāc cohabitation, fornication (compare wife n.), and perhaps rēaflāc reiflock n.). An old (Germanic) formation of this type (already opaque in Old English) is perhaps represented by aglāc distressing attack, torture (see egleche adj.). Compare also prefixed gelāc motion, commotion, battle, (also) crowd, host (compare y- prefix), for which a number of comparable compounds are attested, e.g. lindgelāc battle, lit. ‘shield action’. This type probably originally reflects compounds similar to those of plega (compare play n. 1), such as sweordplega sword-play n. Compare similar compounds of Old Icelandic leikr game, play, sport (see lake n.²), such as eggleikr battle, lit. ‘play of edges (i.e. swords)’. Another group of nouns typically denotes a practice of a ceremonial or similar kind; compare Old English lāc in sense ‘offering’ and related senses (see lake n.¹). Some nouns of this latter type are evidently to be regarded as transparent compounds of lāc (e.g. ǣfenlāc evening offering). But there are also nouns, perhaps related to either of these underlying types, in which the second element appears to denote a less specific kind of action so that it approaches the function of a suffix forming nouns of action; e.g. lyblāc magic (compare lib n.¹), wītelāc punishment (compare wite n.²), and wordlāc speech (compare word n.). Furthermore in some nouns, the element of action appears to be lost, compare especially brȳdlāc bridelock n., which already in Old English can denote the married state as well as (in plural) the marriage ceremony (compare the parallel, but slightly later semantic development of wedlock n.). In this abstract use, the Old English suffix overlaps semantically with Middle English -laik suffix See further A. McIntosh ‘English compounds containing OE -lāc, -lǣcan, ON -leik and some related matters’ in L. E. Breivik et al. Ess. on Eng. Lang. in Honour of Bertil Sundby (1989) 221–36 and R. Dance Words Derived from Old Norse in Early Middle Eng. (2003) 429–32.

Forming nouns denoting an action, practice, or state. In modern English only in wedlock n.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	-lock
释义	-locksuffix Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element. Forms: α. Old English–Middle English -lac, early Middle English -lack, Middle English -lak, Middle English -lake, Middle English -loc, Middle English -lokk, Middle English -lokke, Middle English–1500s -loke, Middle English–1600s -locke, Middle English–1600s -lok, Middle English– -lock; also Scottish pre-1700 -lake, pre-1700 -lok. β. chiefly northern Middle English -laic, Middle English -laick, Middle English -laik, Middle English -layk, Middle English -layke, Middle English -loyke, Middle English–1500s -laike; also Scottish pre-1700 -layk. Origin: Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Perhaps a word inherited from Germanic. Etymon: English lāc. Etymology: Either a specific development of Old English lāc gift, offering (see lake n.¹), (also in an isolated attestation) battle, struggle (see quot. OE at lake n.² 2) or cognate with Old Icelandic -leikr (see -laik suffix) < the Germanic base of lake n.² (compare lake n.¹). Compare Old High German scīnleich, skīnleihhi apparition, perhaps cognate with or formed similarly to Old English scinnlāc sorcery, magic, apparition, superstition, frenzy.Morphology. In Old English a significant number of nouns showing -lāc as the second element are attested, although many of them are rare. The first element of these words is typically a noun; occasionally a verb stem is found (as e.g. brēowlāc , in uncertain sense, probably ‘brewing’; compare brew v.). How far -lāc is to be regarded as a true suffix (rather than as the noun lāc , in either sense, in compound formation) is a matter of dispute (compare discussion below of transparent compounds of lāc in sense ‘offering’). These formations are apparently usually strong neuters (like lāc ; compare discussion below), although two of the more frequent ones (rēaflāc reiflock n. and lyblāc magic) also occasionally show strong masculine inflection. In early Middle English, the development to an abstract noun suffix was probably reinforced by association with the related -laik suffix, borrowed from early Scandinavian, which forms nouns denoting a state or condition, but (unlike the Old English suffix) usually with adjectives as the first element. The two suffixes are not always distinguished in spelling in Middle English (compare e.g. demerlayk n. and wedlayk at wedlock n. Forms). They eventually became homophonous in northern varieties and perhaps occasionally also in early use in the south, if phonologically reduced in low stress. For formations attested in early Middle English (especially in the so-called ‘AB language’ of the south-west midlands), compare e.g. ferlac n. and shendlac n.; for a late Middle English formation compare hudeloke secrecy, disguise (compare hidels n.). Occasional Old English formations with adjective as first element (e.g. frēolāc oblation (see freelage n.) and also cwiclāc living sacrifice), are to be regarded as independent compounds with the Old English noun as second element and unconnected with the later development of the suffix. Semantic development. With regard to their meaning, these nouns seem to have originally formed two groups. The first group, which is attested especially in verse, typically denotes energetic activity; compare e.g. feohtlāc fight-lac n., wīflāc cohabitation, fornication (compare wife n.), and perhaps rēaflāc reiflock n.). An old (Germanic) formation of this type (already opaque in Old English) is perhaps represented by aglāc distressing attack, torture (see egleche adj.). Compare also prefixed gelāc motion, commotion, battle, (also) crowd, host (compare y- prefix), for which a number of comparable compounds are attested, e.g. lindgelāc battle, lit. ‘shield action’. This type probably originally reflects compounds similar to those of plega (compare play n. 1), such as sweordplega sword-play n. Compare similar compounds of Old Icelandic leikr game, play, sport (see lake n.²), such as eggleikr battle, lit. ‘play of edges (i.e. swords)’. Another group of nouns typically denotes a practice of a ceremonial or similar kind; compare Old English lāc in sense ‘offering’ and related senses (see lake n.¹). Some nouns of this latter type are evidently to be regarded as transparent compounds of lāc (e.g. ǣfenlāc evening offering). But there are also nouns, perhaps related to either of these underlying types, in which the second element appears to denote a less specific kind of action so that it approaches the function of a suffix forming nouns of action; e.g. lyblāc magic (compare lib n.¹), wītelāc punishment (compare wite n.²), and wordlāc speech (compare word n.). Furthermore in some nouns, the element of action appears to be lost, compare especially brȳdlāc bridelock n., which already in Old English can denote the married state as well as (in plural) the marriage ceremony (compare the parallel, but slightly later semantic development of wedlock n.). In this abstract use, the Old English suffix overlaps semantically with Middle English -laik suffix See further A. McIntosh ‘English compounds containing OE -lāc, -lǣcan, ON -leik and some related matters’ in L. E. Breivik et al. Ess. on Eng. Lang. in Honour of Bertil Sundby (1989) 221–36 and R. Dance Words Derived from Old Norse in Early Middle Eng. (2003) 429–32. Forming nouns denoting an action, practice, or state. In modern English only in wedlock n. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < suffix
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