weatheringn.

/ˈwɛðərɪŋ/

Forms: Old English wæderung, Middle English widerung, Middle English wedring, weduring, wedurynge, widdringe, Middle English–1500s wederyng(e, Middle English wedryng(e, weddrynge, wedyrryng, Middle English–1500s wethering(e, wetheryng(e, 1500s wedering, 1600s wethring, 1500s– weathering.

Etymology: In sense 1, representing Old English wederung , < wed(e)rian (see weather v.); in later uses < weather v. + -ing suffix¹.

†1.

a. Weather conditions; (good or bad) weather; in nautical use chiefly with reference to the direction and force of the winds. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [noun]

weatherc725

weatheringa1122

wind and weathera1225

time?a1425

a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) ann. 1085 & þæs ilcan geares wæs swiðe hefelic gear..& swa mycel ungelimp on wæderunge swa man naht æðelice geþencean ne mæg swa stor þunring & læȝt wes.

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 13 Gif ȝe mine bibode healded þenne sende ic eou rihte widerunge.

c1325 Poem temp. Edw. II lxxvi God hath..send wederyng on erthe Cold & unkynde.

1425 Rolls of Parl. IV. 290/1 Grett rayne, and longe abydyng upon the water, be fortune of wederyng or otherwise.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 519/2 Wederynge, of þe eyre, temperies.

a1450 Mirk's Festial 284 Ȝe prayen to God forto haue kynde wedryng to all maner of sedys þat ben cast yn þe erthe.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxiv. 524 And wyte it, that by fortune of wedryng, they were well eyght monethes vpon the see.

c1500 Melusine (1895) xxvi. 206 That no raynne or other fowll wedryng myght lette þeire entree within the tounne.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. xii By reason of the vnreasonable wederynge as in y^e laste yere fell, y^e Whete was solde for .xvs. a quarter.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer iii. f. ccclviii After suche stormes [in budding-time] howe harde is it to auoyde, tyl efte wedring & yeres han maked her circute cours al about, er any frute be able to be tasted.

1536 R. Copland tr. P. Garcie Rutter of See (new ed.) sig. e.ii The maister & his maryners trymmeth not their sayl as it shulde, and yll wethering taketh them in the see.

1589 J. Sparke in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations iii. 537 He did consider what time he should spend ere he could get so farre to windeward againe, which would haue bene with the weathering which we had 10 or 12 dayes worke.

†b. Propitious or suitable weather. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [noun] > propitious or suitable weather

weathering1340

1340–70 Alex. & Dind. 1 Whan þis weith at his wil weduring hadde, Ful raþe rommede he rydinge þedirre.

1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 23 We shul preyen..for alle trewe shipmen,..y^t godd for his grace yeue hem wederyng and passage.

c1400 in W. G. Henderson Manuale & Processionale Ecclesiæ Eboracensis (1875) 221* Ȝe schulleþ also bidde þat god..suche widdringes vs sende on erþe þat þe fruyt þat is þer inne thriue.

c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 261 So þou synfull man..excusyst þe, & seyst, I may noȝt kepe þe halyday, for god wil sende no wederyng on þe werkeday.

?1533 W. Tyndale Expos. Mathew vi. f. lxviij^v Where the preste ought to praye in the mother tonge..for wederynge and frutes [etc.].

1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 236 b Ye shal pray for al manner of frutes..y^t almightye God..maye sende suche wederynges, y^t they maye come to the sustenaunce of man.

†c. Stormy weather; also, a storm. So great, strong weathering [compare French gros temps] . Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [noun] > stormy weather

weatherc888

unweatherc950

weatheringa1450

rough-weather1833

gurl1880

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xxxvii. l. 787 So thanne Cam þere bothe wynd & wedrynge, and fer Into the See it gan hem brynge.

c1450 Contin. Brut 482 Þere was such wedryng of thonder, lightnyng, hayll and rayne, þat the peple were sore adredde.

1455 Rolls of Parl. V. 335 Atte all tymes that any Carrik or Galey arryveth by force of Wederynge..in the Portes.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xv. 52 The duke Eneas and Dydo fleynge the wedrynge, shalle rendre hemself bothe togydre alle alone.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xv. 55 Vnto the tyme that the sayde cloudes were well thyk gadred with the stronge wedrynge that surprised them all atones.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. ccxxiii. f. clv The .v. daye of October passynge Tempeste of Wederynge fell in sondry places of Englonde.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cii. f. xli^v Both hoostes were so greuously betyn with the sayd Tempest and wederynge.

1526 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) I. 616 For defense of great wyndes and outragious wetheringes.

1605 J. Stow Annales (new ed.) 633 On Candlemas euen..was great weathering of wind, hayle, snow, rayne.

2. The action of exposing a hawk to the action of the weather. (Cf. weather v. 1a.) Also weathering ground.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > hunting > hawking > [noun] > hawking procedures

casting1388

to come to reclaima1398

rebukingc1400

plumage?a1450

enseamingc1575

imping1575

mewing1575

weathering1575

manning1580

lure1614

carry1618

coping1855

seeling1859

the world > food and drink > hunting > hawking > [noun] > weathering ground

weathering1575

1575 G. Turberville Bk. Faulconrie 76 He muste remember euery euening to tye out his hawke a weathering.

1677 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation (ed. 2) ii. 168 Weathering, is when you air your Hawk in Frost, Sun, or by the Fire-side.

1773 J. Campbell Treat. Mod. Faulconry 264 Weathering, the setting out of a hawk to take the air.

1855 F. H. Salvin & W. Brodrick Falconry in Brit. Isles iii. 44 In the morning..they may be..placed upon blocks in the open air, without their hoods; this is called ‘weathering’.

attributive.1635 F. Quarles Emblemes v. ix. 278 Ev'n like the Hawlk, (whose keepers wary hands Have made a prisner to her wethring stock). [See stock n.¹ 19.]1960 M. Woodford Man. Falconry ii. 9 The weathering ground should be a level, well-drained area of short grass protected from the prevailing winds.1978 Country Life 27 July 215/3 Hawking enthusiasts will be delighted to find a well-stocked weathering ground at Kinmount.

a. The action of the atmospheric agencies or elements on substances exposed to its influence; the discoloration, disintegration, etc. resulting from this action.

ΘΠ

the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > [noun] > loss of material > wearing away > by action of weather

weathering1665

degradation1799

weather-wear1824

weather1894

1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng (1725) 88 The weathering of so many Centuries of Years.

1757 tr. J. F. Henckel Pyritologia v. 87 The ore on sinter is a plain and easy proof in behalf of a weathering, or a production by damps, rather than by way of streaming.

1774 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 64 489 The miners have called this decaying of the sulphurous ores of copper, iron, and other metals and semi-metals, the weathering of these ores.

1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 211 It is snow-white, a description which is very applicable to the newer part of the deposit at San Filippo, where it has not become darkened by weathering.

1845 J. Phillips & C. G. B. Daubeny Geol. in Encycl. Metrop. VI. 702/2 The weathering of the surfaces of buildings by the fluctuations of heat and moisture is partly dependent on the structure and composition of the stone.

1856 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters IV. 269 Now this sculpture by streams, or by gradual weathering, is the finishing work by which Nature brings her mountain forms into the state in which she intends us..to..love them.

1878 A. K. Johnston Africa viii. 94 Hills of red sand formed from the weathering of a ferruginous sandstone of which the plain..is composed.

1888 F. Rutley Rock-forming Minerals 122 Through weathering, the iron..becomes converted into sesquioxide.

1914 Moir in Man XIV. 179 The second part of my paper..deals with the ‘weathering out’ of scratches upon flint.

b. The action of the elements (on land, clay, etc.) as a beneficial agency; the state of being pulverized and rendered workable by this action.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [noun] > action of weather

weathering1548

1548 H. Latimer Notable Serm. sig. B.viii^v And I feare me thys lande is not yet rype to be ploughed. For as the saiyng is, It lacketh wethering: This gete lacketh wetheryng, at leaste way it is not for me to plough.

c. Philology. Phonetic decay. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [noun] > phonetic decay

weathering1870

1870 F. A. March Compar. Gram. Anglo-Saxon Lang. §102 Weathering of Case-endings.

1870 F. A. March Compar. Gram. Anglo-Saxon Lang. §226 Weathering of Inflexion Endings.

d. Exposure (of the face or skin) to all kinds of weather.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [noun] > exposure to weather

weathering1887

1887 R. L. Stevenson Memories & Portraits vi. 96 His face..was ruddy and stiff with weathering.

4. Nautical. The action of passing (an object) on the windward side. Also attributive.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of wind > [noun] > passing on windward side

weathering1878

1878 D. Kemp Man. Yacht & Boat Sailing 378/2 Weathering.—A relative term used in sailing to define the action of one vessel that is eating to windward of another.

1894 Times 30 July 7/3 Britannia had stood far enough out into the English Channel to get weathering distance.

5. Architecture. A projecting course on the face of a wall, serving as a ‘drip’ to throw off rainwater; a sloped ‘set off’ of a wall or buttress; the inclination or slope given to a surface in order to prevent the lodgement of water.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > wall of building > [noun] > structures for throwing off rainwater

water board1372

water table1428

water tabling1520

weatherboard1568

weather-spar1632

throat1736

weathering1739

creasing1823

weather-table1839

dashboard1881

watershed1886

waterboarding1927

1739 C. Labelye Short Acct. Piers Westm. Bridge 69 The Sally, or Projection of a Cordon or rustic Cornish..serves also as a Weathering to the Stone-work.

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 545 The measurer takes a line or tape and begins..at the plinth, then stretching the line to the top, bends it into the offset, or weathering.

1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. §1882 The massive buttress, with its deep weatherings, or water~tables between each graduation or stage of the height.

1845 J. H. Parker Gloss. Terms Archit. (ed. 4) 402 Weathering, a slight inclination given to horizontal surfaces, especially in masonry, to prevent water from lodging on them.

1875 R. R. Brash Eccl. Archit. Ireland 98 The weatherings..were contrived with skill and judgment.

attributive.1886 R. Holland Gloss. Words County of Chester Weathering course, bricks set out from the wall round the bottom of a chimney, to protect the thatch where it joins the chimney.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1926; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	weathering
释义	weatheringn. /ˈwɛðərɪŋ/ Forms: Old English wæderung, Middle English widerung, Middle English wedring, weduring, wedurynge, widdringe, Middle English–1500s wederyng(e, Middle English wedryng(e, weddrynge, wedyrryng, Middle English–1500s wethering(e, wetheryng(e, 1500s wedering, 1600s wethring, 1500s– weathering. Etymology: In sense 1, representing Old English wederung , < wed(e)rian (see weather v.); in later uses < weather v. + -ing suffix¹. †1. a. Weather conditions; (good or bad) weather; in nautical use chiefly with reference to the direction and force of the winds. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [noun] weatherc725 weatheringa1122 wind and weathera1225 time?a1425 a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) ann. 1085 & þæs ilcan geares wæs swiðe hefelic gear..& swa mycel ungelimp on wæderunge swa man naht æðelice geþencean ne mæg swa stor þunring & læȝt wes. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 13 Gif ȝe mine bibode healded þenne sende ic eou rihte widerunge. c1325 Poem temp. Edw. II lxxvi God hath..send wederyng on erthe Cold & unkynde. 1425 Rolls of Parl. IV. 290/1 Grett rayne, and longe abydyng upon the water, be fortune of wederyng or otherwise. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 519/2 Wederynge, of þe eyre, temperies. a1450 Mirk's Festial 284 Ȝe prayen to God forto haue kynde wedryng to all maner of sedys þat ben cast yn þe erthe. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxiv. 524 And wyte it, that by fortune of wedryng, they were well eyght monethes vpon the see. c1500 Melusine (1895) xxvi. 206 That no raynne or other fowll wedryng myght lette þeire entree within the tounne. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. xii By reason of the vnreasonable wederynge as in y^e laste yere fell, y^e Whete was solde for .xvs. a quarter. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer iii. f. ccclviii After suche stormes [in budding-time] howe harde is it to auoyde, tyl efte wedring & yeres han maked her circute cours al about, er any frute be able to be tasted. 1536 R. Copland tr. P. Garcie Rutter of See (new ed.) sig. e.ii The maister & his maryners trymmeth not their sayl as it shulde, and yll wethering taketh them in the see. 1589 J. Sparke in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations iii. 537 He did consider what time he should spend ere he could get so farre to windeward againe, which would haue bene with the weathering which we had 10 or 12 dayes worke. †b. Propitious or suitable weather. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [noun] > propitious or suitable weather weathering1340 1340–70 Alex. & Dind. 1 Whan þis weith at his wil weduring hadde, Ful raþe rommede he rydinge þedirre. 1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 23 We shul preyen..for alle trewe shipmen,..y^t godd for his grace yeue hem wederyng and passage. c1400 in W. G. Henderson Manuale & Processionale Ecclesiæ Eboracensis (1875) 221* Ȝe schulleþ also bidde þat god..suche widdringes vs sende on erþe þat þe fruyt þat is þer inne thriue. c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 261 So þou synfull man..excusyst þe, & seyst, I may noȝt kepe þe halyday, for god wil sende no wederyng on þe werkeday. ?1533 W. Tyndale Expos. Mathew vi. f. lxviij^v Where the preste ought to praye in the mother tonge..for wederynge and frutes [etc.]. 1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 236 b Ye shal pray for al manner of frutes..y^t almightye God..maye sende suche wederynges, y^t they maye come to the sustenaunce of man. †c. Stormy weather; also, a storm. So great, strong weathering [compare French gros temps] . Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [noun] > stormy weather weatherc888 unweatherc950 weatheringa1450 rough-weather1833 gurl1880 a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xxxvii. l. 787 So thanne Cam þere bothe wynd & wedrynge, and fer Into the See it gan hem brynge. c1450 Contin. Brut 482 Þere was such wedryng of thonder, lightnyng, hayll and rayne, þat the peple were sore adredde. 1455 Rolls of Parl. V. 335 Atte all tymes that any Carrik or Galey arryveth by force of Wederynge..in the Portes. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xv. 52 The duke Eneas and Dydo fleynge the wedrynge, shalle rendre hemself bothe togydre alle alone. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xv. 55 Vnto the tyme that the sayde cloudes were well thyk gadred with the stronge wedrynge that surprised them all atones. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. ccxxiii. f. clv The .v. daye of October passynge Tempeste of Wederynge fell in sondry places of Englonde. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cii. f. xli^v Both hoostes were so greuously betyn with the sayd Tempest and wederynge. 1526 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) I. 616 For defense of great wyndes and outragious wetheringes. 1605 J. Stow Annales (new ed.) 633 On Candlemas euen..was great weathering of wind, hayle, snow, rayne. 2. The action of exposing a hawk to the action of the weather. (Cf. weather v. 1a.) Also weathering ground. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > hunting > hawking > [noun] > hawking procedures casting1388 to come to reclaima1398 rebukingc1400 plumage?a1450 enseamingc1575 imping1575 mewing1575 weathering1575 manning1580 lure1614 carry1618 coping1855 seeling1859 the world > food and drink > hunting > hawking > [noun] > weathering ground weathering1575 1575 G. Turberville Bk. Faulconrie 76 He muste remember euery euening to tye out his hawke a weathering. 1677 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation (ed. 2) ii. 168 Weathering, is when you air your Hawk in Frost, Sun, or by the Fire-side. 1773 J. Campbell Treat. Mod. Faulconry 264 Weathering, the setting out of a hawk to take the air. 1855 F. H. Salvin & W. Brodrick Falconry in Brit. Isles iii. 44 In the morning..they may be..placed upon blocks in the open air, without their hoods; this is called ‘weathering’. attributive.1635 F. Quarles Emblemes v. ix. 278 Ev'n like the Hawlk, (whose keepers wary hands Have made a prisner to her wethring stock). [See stock n.¹ 19.]1960 M. Woodford Man. Falconry ii. 9 The weathering ground should be a level, well-drained area of short grass protected from the prevailing winds.1978 Country Life 27 July 215/3 Hawking enthusiasts will be delighted to find a well-stocked weathering ground at Kinmount. 3. a. The action of the atmospheric agencies or elements on substances exposed to its influence; the discoloration, disintegration, etc. resulting from this action. ΘΠ the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > [noun] > loss of material > wearing away > by action of weather weathering1665 degradation1799 weather-wear1824 weather1894 1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng (1725) 88 The weathering of so many Centuries of Years. 1757 tr. J. F. Henckel Pyritologia v. 87 The ore on sinter is a plain and easy proof in behalf of a weathering, or a production by damps, rather than by way of streaming. 1774 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 64 489 The miners have called this decaying of the sulphurous ores of copper, iron, and other metals and semi-metals, the weathering of these ores. 1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 211 It is snow-white, a description which is very applicable to the newer part of the deposit at San Filippo, where it has not become darkened by weathering. 1845 J. Phillips & C. G. B. Daubeny Geol. in Encycl. Metrop. VI. 702/2 The weathering of the surfaces of buildings by the fluctuations of heat and moisture is partly dependent on the structure and composition of the stone. 1856 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters IV. 269 Now this sculpture by streams, or by gradual weathering, is the finishing work by which Nature brings her mountain forms into the state in which she intends us..to..love them. 1878 A. K. Johnston Africa viii. 94 Hills of red sand formed from the weathering of a ferruginous sandstone of which the plain..is composed. 1888 F. Rutley Rock-forming Minerals 122 Through weathering, the iron..becomes converted into sesquioxide. 1914 Moir in Man XIV. 179 The second part of my paper..deals with the ‘weathering out’ of scratches upon flint. b. The action of the elements (on land, clay, etc.) as a beneficial agency; the state of being pulverized and rendered workable by this action. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [noun] > action of weather weathering1548 1548 H. Latimer Notable Serm. sig. B.viii^v And I feare me thys lande is not yet rype to be ploughed. For as the saiyng is, It lacketh wethering: This gete lacketh wetheryng, at leaste way it is not for me to plough. c. Philology. Phonetic decay. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [noun] > phonetic decay weathering1870 1870 F. A. March Compar. Gram. Anglo-Saxon Lang. §102 Weathering of Case-endings. 1870 F. A. March Compar. Gram. Anglo-Saxon Lang. §226 Weathering of Inflexion Endings. d. Exposure (of the face or skin) to all kinds of weather. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [noun] > exposure to weather weathering1887 1887 R. L. Stevenson Memories & Portraits vi. 96 His face..was ruddy and stiff with weathering. 4. Nautical. The action of passing (an object) on the windward side. Also attributive. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of wind > [noun] > passing on windward side weathering1878 1878 D. Kemp Man. Yacht & Boat Sailing 378/2 Weathering.—A relative term used in sailing to define the action of one vessel that is eating to windward of another. 1894 Times 30 July 7/3 Britannia had stood far enough out into the English Channel to get weathering distance. 5. Architecture. A projecting course on the face of a wall, serving as a ‘drip’ to throw off rainwater; a sloped ‘set off’ of a wall or buttress; the inclination or slope given to a surface in order to prevent the lodgement of water. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > wall of building > [noun] > structures for throwing off rainwater water board1372 water table1428 water tabling1520 weatherboard1568 weather-spar1632 throat1736 weathering1739 creasing1823 weather-table1839 dashboard1881 watershed1886 waterboarding1927 1739 C. Labelye Short Acct. Piers Westm. Bridge 69 The Sally, or Projection of a Cordon or rustic Cornish..serves also as a Weathering to the Stone-work. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 545 The measurer takes a line or tape and begins..at the plinth, then stretching the line to the top, bends it into the offset, or weathering. 1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. §1882 The massive buttress, with its deep weatherings, or water~tables between each graduation or stage of the height. 1845 J. H. Parker Gloss. Terms Archit. (ed. 4) 402 Weathering, a slight inclination given to horizontal surfaces, especially in masonry, to prevent water from lodging on them. 1875 R. R. Brash Eccl. Archit. Ireland 98 The weatherings..were contrived with skill and judgment. attributive.1886 R. Holland Gloss. Words County of Chester Weathering course, bricks set out from the wall round the bottom of a chimney, to protect the thatch where it joins the chimney. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1926; most recently modified version published online December 2021). weatheringadj. /ˈwɛðərɪŋ/ Etymology: < weather v. + -ing suffix². That wears away or disintegrates through the action of the weather. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > [adjective] > by loss of material or wasted > worn > by action of weather > becoming or causing weathering1855 1855 C. Kingsley Glaucus 21 Syenite usually does so in our damp climate, from the ‘weathering’ effect of frost and rain. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xxi. 148 The cliffs of the Breithorn are much exposed to weathering action. 1892 in A. E. Lee Hist. Columbus I. 676 The uses of the clays derived from the weathering shale are only in their infancy as yet. 1912 Hibbert Jrnl. Oct. 106 What we call changing physical objects—weathering hills or ageing suns. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1926; most recently modified version published online March 2018). < n.a1122adj.1855
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weatheringn.

weatheringadj.