withholdv.

Brit.

/wɪðˈhəʊld/,

/wɪθˈhəʊld/, U.S.

/wɪθˈhoʊld/,

/wɪðˈhoʊld/

Forms: see with- prefix and hold v.; Middle English–1600s occasionally as two words, 1500s–1700s frequently with hyphen; also Middle English wiðealden, Middle English withald, Middle English–1500s withalde, Middle English–1700s withold; past tense Middle English wiðeld, Middle English without, 1500s pseudo-archaic with hault; past participle Middle English–Middle English witholde, Middle English–1700s witholden (withholden was still frequently in the 19th century).

Etymology: < with- prefix + hold v.

a. transitive. To keep from doing something; to keep in check or under restraint; to hold back, restrain.Formerly also const. inf. = from doing a thing.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restrain [verb (intransitive)]

withholdc1200

restraina1425

retract1548

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restrain [verb (transitive)]

pindeOE

steerc950

hold971

forbidc1000

withstewc1175

withholdc1200

stewa1225

crempa1250

bistintc1300

i-stillc1315

withdraw1340

entemperc1380

rebukec1380

forfenda1382

refraina1382

refrainc1390

restraina1393

restayc1400

retainc1415

to hold abackc1440

overholda1450

reclaim?c1450

revokec1450

bedwynge1480

sniba1500

repressa1525

rein1531

inhibit1535

to keep back1535

cohibit1544

reprimec1550

lithe1552

to rein up1574

check1581

embridle1583

to rein in1593

retrench1594

refrenate1599

to hold back1600

snip1601

becheck1605

sneap1611

trasha1616

supersede1645

reprimand1689

snape1691

to clap a guy on1814

to pull up1861

to pull in1893

withstrain1904

c1200 Vices & Virtues 107 Alle unwilles ðe cumeð of ðe manne, ðies hes atempreð, & wiðhalt te misdon.

c1200 Vices & Virtues 143 Godd..wiðeld alle reines þrie hier & six moneþes.

c1290 Beket 1254 in S. Eng. Leg. 142 The teres fullen out of is eiȝene, he ne miȝte with-holden heom nouȝt.

1379 MS Gloucester Cathedral 19 No. 1. i. iv. lf. 11 b It..letteth & withholdeth the colre froo his kind decoccion.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 240 Jason..Ne mihte noght with~holde his lok, Bot so good hiede on hire he tok, That [etc.].

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 284 To be withholde ayein largesse.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 740 I schal..wyth-halde my honde for hortyng on lede.

c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 113 Y withdrew me, & ouercome my self, for to withholde my couetyse.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Job xvii. 4 Thou hast with holden their hertes from vnder~stondinge.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry V f. lxx Forasmuche as our saied father is witholden with diuerse sicknes, in such maner as he maie not intende in his owne persone.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. vi. 38 With-hold thine indignation, mighty heauen.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) iii. ii. 104 What cause with-holds you then, to mourne for him?

1696 N. Tate & N. Brady New Version Psalms of David xl. 9 Nor did [I]..my Lips with-hold.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 276 So I with-held my Passion, though I was indeed enrag'd to the highest Degree.

1742 S. Johnson Sydenham's Wks. (1787) IV. 493 He was with-held from the university by the commencement of the war.

1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. ii. v. 194 Had not some Awe of the Company..with-held his Rage.

1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones II. v. ii. 123 From serenading his Patient every Hunting Morning with the Horn.., it was impossible to withhold him.

1780 S. Johnson Let. 8 May (1992) III. 253 Such is the call for your presence; what is there to withold you.

1868 T. T. Lynch Rivulet (ed. 3) cxvii. 138 While darkness yet withheld the dawn.

1873 J. G. Holland Arthur Bonnicastle ii I longed to go nearer it, but the prohibition withheld me.

1912 Eng. Hist. Rev. Jan. 53 Walpole..withheld Great Britain from giving support..to..Frederick William.

absolute.c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Thess. ii. 6 Now what withholdith, ȝe witen, that he be schewid in his tyme.1560 Bible (Geneva) 2 Thess. ii. 7 He which now withholdeth, shal let til he be taken out of the waye.

b. reflexive. To restrain oneself.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from action [verb (reflexive)]

withholdc1200

withdrawc1290

defendc1350

abstainc1380

holda1400

deport1477

forbear1535

check1581

detract1637

the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > restrained or moderate behaviour > exercise moderation or restraint [verb (reflexive)]

hold971

withholdc1200

containc1290

keep1340

restraina1387

refrainc1450

retaina1500

attemper1548

retract1548

temper1560

reserve1586

check1833

c1200 Vices & Virtues 135 Ðe mann þe him wiðhalt..of ates & of drenches.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 258 Ich halsi ow..þet ȝe wið halden ow from fleschliche lustes.

1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 12623 Ȝow to withholde Fro þe synnes þat byfore are tolde.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxii. 99 If it be swa þat any man..withhald him fra þis feste.

c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 73 With-holde þe from latynge of blood.

c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 116 He þat with-oldys him to sterre his hondes.

a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) ii. viii. §2. 283 He prayeth to God, to withhold him; because hee could not withhold himselfe.

1897 ‘P. Warung’ Tales Old Regime 246 Blake,..though tempted, yet withheld himself from yielding.

†c. intransitive. To refrain from; occasionally const. infinitive, or transitive with gerund. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from (action) [verb (transitive)]

holdc897

forgoa1000

oversitOE

forbearc1200

letc1330

to let bec1385

to lay apart1526

refrain1528

to let pass1530

retainc1540

abstain1578

restrain1594

stay1599

nurture1627

withhold1650

waive1653

inhold1655

withstand1852

skip1961

1650 H. More Observ. in Enthusiasmus Triumphatus (1656) 103 You could not with-hold from telling us that you are but a young man.

c1650 W. Bradford Hist. Plymouth Plant. (1856) 104 They withheld and did no more hurte.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 123. ¶5 He could no longer withhold making himself known to him.

1807 W. H. Ireland Stultifera Navis 118 (note) No man should withhold from extending his hand to support the falling.

1807 W. H. Ireland Stultifera Navis 275 (note) The fools will carefully withhold from the mention of their own fooleries.

1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India II. v. iv. 453 He was incapable of giving, or capable of withholding to give..an opinion.

†d. transitive. To keep away or off, ward off. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > ward off harm

withhold13..

defendc1330

to bear offc1380

withstand1398

shielda1400

repela1450

to keep off1548

repulse1560

warda1586

fence1589

shelter1621

ward1759

fend-off1830

to fend back1877

13.. K. Alis. 2302 Glitoun..pulte forth a stelene scheld, Ny~gusars dunt withhuld.

1560 J. Knox et al. Buke Discipline in J. Knox Wks. (1848) II. 252 Everie Churche must have..thak..able to withhold raine.

†e. To hinder, prevent. (With dir. object, clause, or accusative and inf.) Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hindering completely or preventing > hinder completely or prevent [verb (transitive)]

forbidc1000

forrunc1275

forbar1303

before-comec1384

withstanda1400

withholdc1400

prevenec1485

supprime1490

interrupt1497

resist?a1513

prevent1522

discourage1528

prohibit1531

stop1534

forleta1555

bar1559

to bar by and main1567

disbar1567

to cut off1576

embar1577

forestall1579

obvent1588

cancel1594

waylay1625

suppress1651

antevene1655

arceate1657

exarceate1657

interpel1722

stump1858

estop1876

plug1887

pre-empt1957

deter1961

c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 93 Vnderstandynge..ys luge wirkand, and withhaldand þat þat vndoynge by~comes.

1486 Bk. St. Albans c vj b It is anoyus sekenes..and with holdeth hir strengthe.

1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 39 Nothing with-holds, but that from an infinite tale of finites there may at length arise an infinite.

1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison II. iii. 22 Nothing with-holds my wishes to be released, but my desire of seeing the darling..happy.

f. To keep away or separated from. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > distance > distance or farness > be far from [verb (transitive)] > keep (a thing or person) at a distance

to hold offc1420

withhold1513

to keep away1548

to keep off1548

to stop off1722

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid iv. vi. 150 Quham of the realm of Itail I defraud, And fra the ground to him promist withhad.

1854 C. Patmore Betrothal in Angel in House 140 Like a ship frost-bound and far Withheld in ice from the ocean's roar.

†g. To defer, postpone. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > untimeliness > delay or postponement > delay [verb (transitive)]

forslowc888

eldc897

forsita940

gele971

lengOE

drilla1300

delayc1300

onfrestc1300

tarryc1320

jornc1330

dretchc1380

defer1382

forbida1387

to put offa1387

to put (also set) (something) in (or on) delaya1393

dilate1399

fordrawa1400

to put overc1410

latch?c1422

adjournc1425

prolongc1425

proloynec1425

rejournc1425

to put in respite1428

sleuthc1430

respitea1450

prorogue1453

refer1466

sleep1470

supersede1482

respectc1487

postpone1496

overseta1500

respett1500

enjourna1513

relong1523

retract1524

tarde1524

track1524

to fode forth1525

tract1527

protract1528

further1529

to make stay of1530

surcease1530

prorogate1534

to fay upon longc1540

linger1543

retard?1543

slake1544

procrastine1548

reprieve1548

remit1550

suspense1556

leave1559

shiftc1562

suspend1566

procrastinate1569

dally1574

post1577

to hold off1580

drift1584

loiter1589

postpose1598

to take one's (own) timea1602

flag1602

slug1605

elong1610

belay1613

demur1613

tardya1616

to hang up1623

frist1637

disjourn1642

future1642

off1642

waive1653

superannuate1655

perendinate1656

stave1664

detard1675

remora1686

to put back1718

withhold1726

protract1737

to keep over1847

to hold over1853

laten1860

to lay over1885

hold1891

back-burner1975

1726 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey V. xxii. 258 She..willing longer to survey The sire and son's great acts, with-held the day.

2. To keep back; to keep in one's possession (what belongs to, is due to, or is desired by another); to refrain from giving, granting, or allowing. †Formerly with dative of person. (The current sense.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (intransitive)] > keep what is due to or desired by another

withholdc1200

the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > keep what is due to or desired by another

ofholdOE

withholdc1200

abstaina1387

keep?1463

to hold up?1499

refrain?1504

outhold1512

detainc1535

to keep back1535

subtracta1538

substract1542

to hold out1907

c1200 Vices & Virtues 139 Ða þinges ðe ne sculen ben iȝiuen, þa bieð to wiðealden mid michele skele.

a1300 Cursor Mundi 28427 Gains godd i haue bene vn-hende, Þat i wit-halden ha my tende.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 914 Wid-held he ðor-of neu[er]e on del, Oc al ðat euere fel him to, Sac-les he let hin welden it so.

1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. vi. 42 He with-halt non hyne his huire.

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 5620 Ȝeld me þe relyqes vp agayn, þat þou with-halst of myne.

?c1455 J. Fastolf in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 123/2 The Pryore and Convent of Norwyche have wythhalden [v.r. wyth holden] certeyn rent for landes that they halden of me.

1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur x. xli. 480 A knyghte that hyght Goneryes that withhelde her alle her landes.

1493 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) 105 That ye without your duty belonging to the sayd Mr. Lee.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxxi^v Your old rightes & possessions, which wer from you..wrongfully with holden.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. xi. sig. Y8^v Soone as Titan gan his head exault, And soone againe as he his light withhault.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 186 Blessings..not with-held from Pagan people.

1728 A. Pope Dunciad iii. 226 These Fate reserv'd to grace thy reign divine, Foreseen by me, but ah! with-held from mine.

1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 480 From such an inference, I must..withhold my assent.

1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xlvi. 449 Perch, the messenger..could not withhold the tribute of his admiration from this zealous conduct.

1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. (ed. 2) xiii. 178 [Parliament's] acknowledged power to give or to withhold supplies.

a1873 S. Wilberforce Ess. (1874) I. 381 The other branches of the Church Catholic, with which..communion was..withholden from us.

1883 E. B. Tylor in Encycl. Brit. XV. 199/1 Such divine beings as can..give or withhold the rain.

1911 Act 1 & 2 George V c. 46 §4 That by reason of such refusal [to republish] the work is withheld from the public.

absolute.1782 W. Cowper Hope in Poems 158 He will give freely, or he will withold.1859 J. G. Whittier My Psalm 42 All as God wills, who wisely heeds To give or to withhold.

†3. To detain; to keep in bondage, in custody, or under control. Also figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)]

at-hold?c1225

to hold inc1300

withholda1325

distrainc1340

restrain1397

stressa1425

detain1485

to lay fast1560

constrain1590

enstraiten1619

embinda1628

pin1738

coerce1780

deport1909

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3019 He [sc. Pharaoh] wid-held hem and, al-so he [sc. Moses] it bad, Al ðe erf of egipt wurð dead.

c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iv. 597 It is no shame vn-to ȝow,..Hire to with-holden þat ye loueth most.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 308 If thou art on of alle, That with this vice hast ben withholde.

1422 J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. 161 Verite in this dayes is wyth-holde, bonde, and prisoner.

1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell sig. F.iv The twayne last [sc. Right and Reason] Be w^t holde so fast W^t mony as men sayne They can not come agayne.

1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream ii. i. 26 Shee, perforce, withhoulds the loued boy.

1611 C. Tourneur Atheist's Trag. (new ed.) i. sig. B4 Your fauour had by his duty beene preuented, If we had not with-held him in the way.

1714 ‘N. Ironside’ Orig. Canto Spencer xxxvi The strugling Fly he firmly doth with-hold. [Cf. quot. 1854 at sense 1f.]

†4.

a. To keep in use or possession; rarely, to keep in place; to retain; esp. to retain in the memory; occasionally to reserve to oneself. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)]

holda855

haveeOE

witec1000

at-holdc1175

withholdc1200

keepc1400

reserve?a1439

retain1449

detain1541

to stick to ——1560

contain1600

to make good1606

preserve1617

inhold1726

to hang on to1873

the mind > mental capacity > memory > retention in the mind > retain in the memory [verb (transitive)]

i-mune971

to have (also bear, keep, hold, etc.) in minda1200

withholdc1200

membera1382

treasure1382

demeanc1460

mindc1460

retain1474

keep1574

to take (a thing) with one1577

carry1583

weara1586

the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > for oneself or another

reserve1399

withholdc1430

c1200 Vices & Virtues 27 Hit is al ȝedwoll, and of haðenesse ȝiet wiðhealden.

c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) iv. pr. vi. 139 He wolde for-leten perauenture to continue innocence, by þe whiche he ne may nat wiþholden fortune.

c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋967 [The Pater noster] is short,..for to withholden it the moore esily in herte.

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum v. ii. (Tollem. MS.) Þe heed is sumdel comynge narow and hyȝe, and þat to with holde þe bagge of þe brayne.

c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 78 Study..to kepe and witholde kyndly hete.

c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. xv. 10 He hath with holde to him alle vengeaunces.

1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) li. 74 I wold ye couthe and wel withheld the example of a knyght that had thre wyues.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer ii. f. cccxliiii Al though it be a whyle swete, it maye not be with holde.

†b. To keep attached to one's person or engaged in one's service; to retain for one's pleasure or profit, keep on one's side. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > attached to one's person or service

at-holdc1200

withholdc1300

retain1449

reservea1529

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 2356 A thusand knihtes ful wel o bon With-held þe king, with him to lede.

c1380 Antecrist in J. H. Todd Three Treat. Wycklyffe (1851) 150 Crist wiþhelde no men of lawe ne pleders at þe barr for robes and fees.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1919) xxvi. 157 All the mynstrelles þat comen before hym..ben withholden with him as of his houshold.

c1412 T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum 1250 With-holde hir on þi side.

1423 Acts Privy Council III. 90 He has bene with~holde and of retenue for a yere wyt the..noble Kyng Henry.

1426–7 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 11 [He] neuer was seruaunt to þe..Duc..ne wythhaldyn in hese seruice.

c1500 Three Kings' Sons (1895) 22 My lorde withhelde him for his seruaunt.

†5. To keep, maintain, preserve. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > keep, maintain, or preserve

holdc1000

i-haldOE

keepc1175

withholdc1200

keepa1325

maintaina1375

preservea1393

c1200 Vices & Virtues 71 Ðat tu hes kunne wel ȝecnawen & mid godes fultume wiðhealden.

c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) iv. pr. vi. 142 God..hastiþ to wiþhalden þe þinges þat he haþ maked in to hys semblaunce.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 7 Knyhthode..Wherof the wyde worldes fame Write in Cronique is yit withholde.

c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 513 To seeken hym a Chauntrye for soules Or with a breetherede to been withhoolde.

c1418 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 244 Hem nedethe nether spere ne shulde, Ne in no castel to be withholde.

†6.

a. To hold. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > absence of movement > hold or holding > hold [verb (transitive)]

holdc1000

takec1225

withhold1513

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid viii. xi. 44 In thair hand wythhaldand, euery knycht, Twa javilling speris.

b. To hold up, sustain. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > support > [verb (transitive)]

to bear upeOE

underbearc950

bearOE

holdc1000

weighc1200

to hold up1297

upholda1300

sustainc1330

undersetc1330

comforta1382

underbear1382

upbear1390

sustaina1398

upkeepc1412

carrya1425

supporta1425

chargea1500

convey1514

avoke1529

confirm1542

stay1548

to carry up1570

bolster1581

lift1590

upstay1590

atlas1593

sustent1605

statuminatea1628

firm1646

appui1656

establish1664

shoulder1674

to keep up1681

upheave1729

withhold1769

1769 H. Brooke Fool of Quality IV. xvii. 28 [He] cut the hair that withheld me in twain; so down I thought I fell.

†7. intransitive. To hold or adhere to. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > agreement > observance > observe, adhere, or keep a promise [verb (intransitive)]

to make (hold, pay, keep, yield or break) a vowc1290

beholda1400

to hold touch (also the touches)c1400

faithc1410

withholda1450

to keep touch1541

adherec1550

as good as one's word (also promise)c1560

inhere1563

watch1608

maximize1875

a1450 Knt. de la Tour Prol. 4 Forto flee euelle and with~holde the good.

a1450 Knt. de la Tour Prol. 54 Alle these men that kepithe hem selff clene..haue free hert to witholde good ensaumples of lyff.

Derivatives

withˈholdable adj. liable to be or capable of being withheld.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > retaining > [adjective] > able to be retained > able to be withheld

withholdable1821

1821 J. Bentham Elements Art of Packing 248 The habitual, but ever withholdable bribes, with which they are fed.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	withhold
释义	withholdv. Brit. /wɪðˈhəʊld/, /wɪθˈhəʊld/, U.S. /wɪθˈhoʊld/, /wɪðˈhoʊld/ Forms: see with- prefix and hold v.; Middle English–1600s occasionally as two words, 1500s–1700s frequently with hyphen; also Middle English wiðealden, Middle English withald, Middle English–1500s withalde, Middle English–1700s withold; past tense Middle English wiðeld, Middle English without, 1500s pseudo-archaic with hault; past participle Middle English–Middle English witholde, Middle English–1700s witholden (withholden was still frequently in the 19th century). Etymology: < with- prefix + hold v. 1. a. transitive. To keep from doing something; to keep in check or under restraint; to hold back, restrain.Formerly also const. inf. = from doing a thing. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restrain [verb (intransitive)] withholdc1200 restraina1425 retract1548 society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restrain [verb (transitive)] pindeOE steerc950 hold971 forbidc1000 withstewc1175 withholdc1200 stewa1225 crempa1250 bistintc1300 i-stillc1315 withdraw1340 entemperc1380 rebukec1380 forfenda1382 refraina1382 refrainc1390 restraina1393 restayc1400 retainc1415 to hold abackc1440 overholda1450 reclaim?c1450 revokec1450 bedwynge1480 sniba1500 repressa1525 rein1531 inhibit1535 to keep back1535 cohibit1544 reprimec1550 lithe1552 to rein up1574 check1581 embridle1583 to rein in1593 retrench1594 refrenate1599 to hold back1600 snip1601 becheck1605 sneap1611 trasha1616 supersede1645 reprimand1689 snape1691 to clap a guy on1814 to pull up1861 to pull in1893 withstrain1904 c1200 Vices & Virtues 107 Alle unwilles ðe cumeð of ðe manne, ðies hes atempreð, & wiðhalt te misdon. c1200 Vices & Virtues 143 Godd..wiðeld alle reines þrie hier & six moneþes. c1290 Beket 1254 in S. Eng. Leg. 142 The teres fullen out of is eiȝene, he ne miȝte with-holden heom nouȝt. 1379 MS Gloucester Cathedral 19 No. 1. i. iv. lf. 11 b It..letteth & withholdeth the colre froo his kind decoccion. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 240 Jason..Ne mihte noght with~holde his lok, Bot so good hiede on hire he tok, That [etc.]. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 284 To be withholde ayein largesse. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 740 I schal..wyth-halde my honde for hortyng on lede. c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 113 Y withdrew me, & ouercome my self, for to withholde my couetyse. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Job xvii. 4 Thou hast with holden their hertes from vnder~stondinge. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry V f. lxx Forasmuche as our saied father is witholden with diuerse sicknes, in such maner as he maie not intende in his owne persone. a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. vi. 38 With-hold thine indignation, mighty heauen. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) iii. ii. 104 What cause with-holds you then, to mourne for him? View more context for this quotation 1696 N. Tate & N. Brady New Version Psalms of David xl. 9 Nor did [I]..my Lips with-hold. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 276 So I with-held my Passion, though I was indeed enrag'd to the highest Degree. 1742 S. Johnson Sydenham's Wks. (1787) IV. 493 He was with-held from the university by the commencement of the war. 1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. ii. v. 194 Had not some Awe of the Company..with-held his Rage. View more context for this quotation 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones II. v. ii. 123 From serenading his Patient every Hunting Morning with the Horn.., it was impossible to withhold him. View more context for this quotation 1780 S. Johnson Let. 8 May (1992) III. 253 Such is the call for your presence; what is there to withold you. 1868 T. T. Lynch Rivulet (ed. 3) cxvii. 138 While darkness yet withheld the dawn. 1873 J. G. Holland Arthur Bonnicastle ii I longed to go nearer it, but the prohibition withheld me. 1912 Eng. Hist. Rev. Jan. 53 Walpole..withheld Great Britain from giving support..to..Frederick William. absolute.c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Thess. ii. 6 Now what withholdith, ȝe witen, that he be schewid in his tyme.1560 Bible (Geneva) 2 Thess. ii. 7 He which now withholdeth, shal let til he be taken out of the waye. b. reflexive. To restrain oneself. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from action [verb (reflexive)] withholdc1200 withdrawc1290 defendc1350 abstainc1380 holda1400 deport1477 forbear1535 check1581 detract1637 the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > restrained or moderate behaviour > exercise moderation or restraint [verb (reflexive)] hold971 withholdc1200 containc1290 keep1340 restraina1387 refrainc1450 retaina1500 attemper1548 retract1548 temper1560 reserve1586 check1833 c1200 Vices & Virtues 135 Ðe mann þe him wiðhalt..of ates & of drenches. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 258 Ich halsi ow..þet ȝe wið halden ow from fleschliche lustes. 1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 12623 Ȝow to withholde Fro þe synnes þat byfore are tolde. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxii. 99 If it be swa þat any man..withhald him fra þis feste. c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 73 With-holde þe from latynge of blood. c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 116 He þat with-oldys him to sterre his hondes. a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) ii. viii. §2. 283 He prayeth to God, to withhold him; because hee could not withhold himselfe. 1897 ‘P. Warung’ Tales Old Regime 246 Blake,..though tempted, yet withheld himself from yielding. †c. intransitive. To refrain from; occasionally const. infinitive, or transitive with gerund. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from (action) [verb (transitive)] holdc897 forgoa1000 oversitOE forbearc1200 letc1330 to let bec1385 to lay apart1526 refrain1528 to let pass1530 retainc1540 abstain1578 restrain1594 stay1599 nurture1627 withhold1650 waive1653 inhold1655 withstand1852 skip1961 1650 H. More Observ. in Enthusiasmus Triumphatus (1656) 103 You could not with-hold from telling us that you are but a young man. c1650 W. Bradford Hist. Plymouth Plant. (1856) 104 They withheld and did no more hurte. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 123. ¶5 He could no longer withhold making himself known to him. 1807 W. H. Ireland Stultifera Navis 118 (note) No man should withhold from extending his hand to support the falling. 1807 W. H. Ireland Stultifera Navis 275 (note) The fools will carefully withhold from the mention of their own fooleries. 1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India II. v. iv. 453 He was incapable of giving, or capable of withholding to give..an opinion. †d. transitive. To keep away or off, ward off. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > ward off harm withhold13.. defendc1330 to bear offc1380 withstand1398 shielda1400 repela1450 to keep off1548 repulse1560 warda1586 fence1589 shelter1621 ward1759 fend-off1830 to fend back1877 13.. K. Alis. 2302 Glitoun..pulte forth a stelene scheld, Ny~gusars dunt withhuld. 1560 J. Knox et al. Buke Discipline in J. Knox Wks. (1848) II. 252 Everie Churche must have..thak..able to withhold raine. †e. To hinder, prevent. (With dir. object, clause, or accusative and inf.) Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hindering completely or preventing > hinder completely or prevent [verb (transitive)] forbidc1000 forrunc1275 forbar1303 before-comec1384 withstanda1400 withholdc1400 prevenec1485 supprime1490 interrupt1497 resist?a1513 prevent1522 discourage1528 prohibit1531 stop1534 forleta1555 bar1559 to bar by and main1567 disbar1567 to cut off1576 embar1577 forestall1579 obvent1588 cancel1594 waylay1625 suppress1651 antevene1655 arceate1657 exarceate1657 interpel1722 stump1858 estop1876 plug1887 pre-empt1957 deter1961 c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 93 Vnderstandynge..ys luge wirkand, and withhaldand þat þat vndoynge by~comes. 1486 Bk. St. Albans c vj b It is anoyus sekenes..and with holdeth hir strengthe. 1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 39 Nothing with-holds, but that from an infinite tale of finites there may at length arise an infinite. 1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison II. iii. 22 Nothing with-holds my wishes to be released, but my desire of seeing the darling..happy. f. To keep away or separated from. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > distance > distance or farness > be far from [verb (transitive)] > keep (a thing or person) at a distance to hold offc1420 withhold1513 to keep away1548 to keep off1548 to stop off1722 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid iv. vi. 150 Quham of the realm of Itail I defraud, And fra the ground to him promist withhad. 1854 C. Patmore Betrothal in Angel in House 140 Like a ship frost-bound and far Withheld in ice from the ocean's roar. †g. To defer, postpone. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > untimeliness > delay or postponement > delay [verb (transitive)] forslowc888 eldc897 forsita940 gele971 lengOE drilla1300 delayc1300 onfrestc1300 tarryc1320 jornc1330 dretchc1380 defer1382 forbida1387 to put offa1387 to put (also set) (something) in (or on) delaya1393 dilate1399 fordrawa1400 to put overc1410 latch?c1422 adjournc1425 prolongc1425 proloynec1425 rejournc1425 to put in respite1428 sleuthc1430 respitea1450 prorogue1453 refer1466 sleep1470 supersede1482 respectc1487 postpone1496 overseta1500 respett1500 enjourna1513 relong1523 retract1524 tarde1524 track1524 to fode forth1525 tract1527 protract1528 further1529 to make stay of1530 surcease1530 prorogate1534 to fay upon longc1540 linger1543 retard?1543 slake1544 procrastine1548 reprieve1548 remit1550 suspense1556 leave1559 shiftc1562 suspend1566 procrastinate1569 dally1574 post1577 to hold off1580 drift1584 loiter1589 postpose1598 to take one's (own) timea1602 flag1602 slug1605 elong1610 belay1613 demur1613 tardya1616 to hang up1623 frist1637 disjourn1642 future1642 off1642 waive1653 superannuate1655 perendinate1656 stave1664 detard1675 remora1686 to put back1718 withhold1726 protract1737 to keep over1847 to hold over1853 laten1860 to lay over1885 hold1891 back-burner1975 1726 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey V. xxii. 258 She..willing longer to survey The sire and son's great acts, with-held the day. 2. To keep back; to keep in one's possession (what belongs to, is due to, or is desired by another); to refrain from giving, granting, or allowing. †Formerly with dative of person. (The current sense.) ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (intransitive)] > keep what is due to or desired by another withholdc1200 the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > keep what is due to or desired by another ofholdOE withholdc1200 abstaina1387 keep?1463 to hold up?1499 refrain?1504 outhold1512 detainc1535 to keep back1535 subtracta1538 substract1542 to hold out1907 c1200 Vices & Virtues 139 Ða þinges ðe ne sculen ben iȝiuen, þa bieð to wiðealden mid michele skele. a1300 Cursor Mundi 28427 Gains godd i haue bene vn-hende, Þat i wit-halden ha my tende. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 914 Wid-held he ðor-of neu[er]e on del, Oc al ðat euere fel him to, Sac-les he let hin welden it so. 1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. vi. 42 He with-halt non hyne his huire. c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 5620 Ȝeld me þe relyqes vp agayn, þat þou with-halst of myne. ?c1455 J. Fastolf in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 123/2 The Pryore and Convent of Norwyche have wythhalden [v.r. wyth holden] certeyn rent for landes that they halden of me. 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur x. xli. 480 A knyghte that hyght Goneryes that withhelde her alle her landes. 1493 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) 105 That ye without your duty belonging to the sayd Mr. Lee. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxxi^v Your old rightes & possessions, which wer from you..wrongfully with holden. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. xi. sig. Y8^v Soone as Titan gan his head exault, And soone againe as he his light withhault. 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 186 Blessings..not with-held from Pagan people. 1728 A. Pope Dunciad iii. 226 These Fate reserv'd to grace thy reign divine, Foreseen by me, but ah! with-held from mine. 1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 480 From such an inference, I must..withhold my assent. 1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xlvi. 449 Perch, the messenger..could not withhold the tribute of his admiration from this zealous conduct. 1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. (ed. 2) xiii. 178 [Parliament's] acknowledged power to give or to withhold supplies. a1873 S. Wilberforce Ess. (1874) I. 381 The other branches of the Church Catholic, with which..communion was..withholden from us. 1883 E. B. Tylor in Encycl. Brit. XV. 199/1 Such divine beings as can..give or withhold the rain. 1911 Act 1 & 2 George V c. 46 §4 That by reason of such refusal [to republish] the work is withheld from the public. absolute.1782 W. Cowper Hope in Poems 158 He will give freely, or he will withold.1859 J. G. Whittier My Psalm 42 All as God wills, who wisely heeds To give or to withhold. †3. To detain; to keep in bondage, in custody, or under control. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)] at-hold?c1225 to hold inc1300 withholda1325 distrainc1340 restrain1397 stressa1425 detain1485 to lay fast1560 constrain1590 enstraiten1619 embinda1628 pin1738 coerce1780 deport1909 a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3019 He [sc. Pharaoh] wid-held hem and, al-so he [sc. Moses] it bad, Al ðe erf of egipt wurð dead. c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iv. 597 It is no shame vn-to ȝow,..Hire to with-holden þat ye loueth most. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 308 If thou art on of alle, That with this vice hast ben withholde. 1422 J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. 161 Verite in this dayes is wyth-holde, bonde, and prisoner. 1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell sig. F.iv The twayne last [sc. Right and Reason] Be w^t holde so fast W^t mony as men sayne They can not come agayne. 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream ii. i. 26 Shee, perforce, withhoulds the loued boy. View more context for this quotation 1611 C. Tourneur Atheist's Trag. (new ed.) i. sig. B4 Your fauour had by his duty beene preuented, If we had not with-held him in the way. 1714 ‘N. Ironside’ Orig. Canto Spencer xxxvi The strugling Fly he firmly doth with-hold. [Cf. quot. 1854 at sense 1f.] †4. a. To keep in use or possession; rarely, to keep in place; to retain; esp. to retain in the memory; occasionally to reserve to oneself. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] holda855 haveeOE witec1000 at-holdc1175 withholdc1200 keepc1400 reserve?a1439 retain1449 detain1541 to stick to ——1560 contain1600 to make good1606 preserve1617 inhold1726 to hang on to1873 the mind > mental capacity > memory > retention in the mind > retain in the memory [verb (transitive)] i-mune971 to have (also bear, keep, hold, etc.) in minda1200 withholdc1200 membera1382 treasure1382 demeanc1460 mindc1460 retain1474 keep1574 to take (a thing) with one1577 carry1583 weara1586 the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > for oneself or another reserve1399 withholdc1430 c1200 Vices & Virtues 27 Hit is al ȝedwoll, and of haðenesse ȝiet wiðhealden. c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) iv. pr. vi. 139 He wolde for-leten perauenture to continue innocence, by þe whiche he ne may nat wiþholden fortune. c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋967 [The Pater noster] is short,..for to withholden it the moore esily in herte. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum v. ii. (Tollem. MS.) Þe heed is sumdel comynge narow and hyȝe, and þat to with holde þe bagge of þe brayne. c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 78 Study..to kepe and witholde kyndly hete. c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. xv. 10 He hath with holde to him alle vengeaunces. 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) li. 74 I wold ye couthe and wel withheld the example of a knyght that had thre wyues. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer ii. f. cccxliiii Al though it be a whyle swete, it maye not be with holde. †b. To keep attached to one's person or engaged in one's service; to retain for one's pleasure or profit, keep on one's side. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > attached to one's person or service at-holdc1200 withholdc1300 retain1449 reservea1529 c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 2356 A thusand knihtes ful wel o bon With-held þe king, with him to lede. c1380 Antecrist in J. H. Todd Three Treat. Wycklyffe (1851) 150 Crist wiþhelde no men of lawe ne pleders at þe barr for robes and fees. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1919) xxvi. 157 All the mynstrelles þat comen before hym..ben withholden with him as of his houshold. c1412 T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum 1250 With-holde hir on þi side. 1423 Acts Privy Council III. 90 He has bene with~holde and of retenue for a yere wyt the..noble Kyng Henry. 1426–7 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 11 [He] neuer was seruaunt to þe..Duc..ne wythhaldyn in hese seruice. c1500 Three Kings' Sons (1895) 22 My lorde withhelde him for his seruaunt. †5. To keep, maintain, preserve. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > keep, maintain, or preserve holdc1000 i-haldOE keepc1175 withholdc1200 keepa1325 maintaina1375 preservea1393 c1200 Vices & Virtues 71 Ðat tu hes kunne wel ȝecnawen & mid godes fultume wiðhealden. c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) iv. pr. vi. 142 God..hastiþ to wiþhalden þe þinges þat he haþ maked in to hys semblaunce. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 7 Knyhthode..Wherof the wyde worldes fame Write in Cronique is yit withholde. c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 513 To seeken hym a Chauntrye for soules Or with a breetherede to been withhoolde. c1418 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 244 Hem nedethe nether spere ne shulde, Ne in no castel to be withholde. †6. a. To hold. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > absence of movement > hold or holding > hold [verb (transitive)] holdc1000 takec1225 withhold1513 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid viii. xi. 44 In thair hand wythhaldand, euery knycht, Twa javilling speris. b. To hold up, sustain. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > support > [verb (transitive)] to bear upeOE underbearc950 bearOE holdc1000 weighc1200 to hold up1297 upholda1300 sustainc1330 undersetc1330 comforta1382 underbear1382 upbear1390 sustaina1398 upkeepc1412 carrya1425 supporta1425 chargea1500 convey1514 avoke1529 confirm1542 stay1548 to carry up1570 bolster1581 lift1590 upstay1590 atlas1593 sustent1605 statuminatea1628 firm1646 appui1656 establish1664 shoulder1674 to keep up1681 upheave1729 withhold1769 1769 H. Brooke Fool of Quality IV. xvii. 28 [He] cut the hair that withheld me in twain; so down I thought I fell. †7. intransitive. To hold or adhere to. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > agreement > observance > observe, adhere, or keep a promise [verb (intransitive)] to make (hold, pay, keep, yield or break) a vowc1290 beholda1400 to hold touch (also the touches)c1400 faithc1410 withholda1450 to keep touch1541 adherec1550 as good as one's word (also promise)c1560 inhere1563 watch1608 maximize1875 a1450 Knt. de la Tour Prol. 4 Forto flee euelle and with~holde the good. a1450 Knt. de la Tour Prol. 54 Alle these men that kepithe hem selff clene..haue free hert to witholde good ensaumples of lyff. Derivatives withˈholdable adj. liable to be or capable of being withheld. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > retaining > [adjective] > able to be retained > able to be withheld withholdable1821 1821 J. Bentham Elements Art of Packing 248 The habitual, but ever withholdable bribes, with which they are fed. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < v.c1200
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