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单词 winter
释义

wintern.1

Brit. /ˈwɪntə/, U.S. /ˈwɪn(t)ər/
Forms: Old English uinter (Northumbrian), Old English wintran (dative), Old English wyntran (dative), Old English–Middle English wintr- (inflected form), Old English (rare)–Middle English wyntr- (inflected form), Old English (rare)–1600s wynter, Old English– winter, late Old English wintær, early Middle English winnterr ( Ormulum), early Middle English wyntra, Middle English vinter, Middle English vyntyr, Middle English wenter, Middle English whynter, Middle English wintir, Middle English winttur, Middle English wintur, Middle English wuintre (plural), Middle English wyntir, Middle English wyntur, Middle English wyntyr, Middle English wyntyre, Middle English–1500s vynter, Middle English–1500s wyntre, Middle English–1600s wintre, 1900s– wunter (Irish English (northern)); also Scottish pre-1700 uinter, pre-1700 venter, pre-1700 vintir, pre-1700 vintter, pre-1700 vyntere, pre-1700 vyntir, pre-1700 wintar, pre-1700 wintare, pre-1700 winthir, pre-1700 winttar, pre-1700 wintter, pre-1700 wontir, pre-1700 wyntar, 1900s wynter, 1900s– wunter. N.E.D. (1926) also records a form Middle English weinter.
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian winter, Old Dutch winter (Middle Dutch winter, Dutch winter), Old Saxon wintar (Middle Low German winter), Old High German wintar (Middle High German winter, German Winter), early Scandinavian (runic: Sweden) vintur (plural), Old Icelandic vetr (Icelandic vetur), Old Swedish vinter (Swedish vinter), Old Danish vinter (Danish vinter), Gothic wintrus; further etymology uncertain.Suggestions concerning the further etymology. The word is not attested in other branches of Indo-European, in which a different base is used to denote the season (see hiems n.). It has often been suggested that the Germanic name for this season may derive from a variant with nasal infix of the Indo-European base seen in wet adj. and (with different ablaut grade and suffixation) water n., reflecting a characterization of winter as ‘the wet season’, with the proposed nasalized base being paralleled by certain cognates of water n. (as e.g. Old Prussian wundan , Lithuanian vanduo water, classical Latin unda wave). However, these forms are now usually held to reflect anticipation of the -n- of an Indo-European suffix rather than nasalization within the root itself, which renders this argument problematic. The word has alternatively been connected with the Indo-European base of Early Irish find white (see findrinny n.), implying that winter was understood as ‘the white season’ (presumably a reference to snow), or with the base of wind n.1 and weather n., i.e. ‘the windy season’; although semantically plausible, neither of these explanations can be accepted with confidence. Inflection. Probably originally an athematic consonant stem (r -stem), but apparently widely assimilated to the Germanic u -stem declension. Athematic plural forms are attested in early Scandinavian (runic) and Old Icelandic. In Old English the word inflects as a strong masculine, especially in the singular, in the plural also frequently as a strong neuter (winter , Northumbrian wintru ); an unchanged plural form survives in Middle English. The inflection as u -stem is preserved most clearly in the Old English dative singular form wintra . Weak inflection occurs very occasionally apparently only in combination with mid adj. (compare midwinter n.). In sense 2 the word often occurs in Old English in the genitive plural after a cardinal number (compare e.g. quot. eOE1 at sense 2); some early Middle English forms with final -e may also show the reflex of the genitive plural. Specific senses. In all of the Germanic languages this word denotes the season of winter. In early Scandinavian and Old Icelandic, as in Old English, it also has the sense ‘year’ (compare sense 2). Compare also the adjectival formations in Old English -wintre and the Germanic parallels discussed at twinter adj. On the names of the seasons in the Germanic languages more generally see the discussion at summer n.1 With sense 1d compare the Old English poetic compound wintercearig ( < winter n.1 + chary adj.), apparently in sense ‘desolate as winter, sad as winter’, said of an exiled wanderer (see quot. OE at Compounds 1c).
1.
a. The season between autumn and spring (generally regarded as lasting from December to February in the northern hemisphere and from June to August in the southern hemisphere), characterized by cold weather, long nights, the absence of leaves on deciduous trees, and the hibernation of certain animals. Also: the colder half of the year, including the cooler parts of spring and autumn, as contrasted with summer.There has long been considerable variation between use with and without definite article, especially after prepositions; use with definite article sometimes distinguishes reference to the winter of a particular year (see sense 1b).There has been some variation in the months regarded as comprising this season. In astronomy, winter is the period from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox. Cf. midwinter n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > season > [noun] > winter
midwinterOE
wintertideOE
winterOE
wintertimea1398
hiemsc1450
snow-time1535
dead of winter1548
after-winter1593
back-winter1599
snow1778
ice queen1818
old-fashioned winter1829
OE Maxims II 5 Winter byð cealdost, lencten hrimigost.., sumor sunwlitegost.
lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xxi. 285 On sumera hit bið wearm and on wintra ceald.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 11254 O sumerr. & onn herrfesst-tid. O winnterr & o lenntenn.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 19 Evchan segge..vtsong inwinter binachte. Isomer Iþe daȝinge.
c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 458 Ne recche ich noȝt of winteres rene.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 131 (MED) Þis trau is yzet bezide þe welle of godes drede, huer-of hit is echedaye ywetered ine wyntre and ine zomere.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. xviii. 6 Alle the bestes of erthe vp on hym shul dwelle al wynter.
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xvii. l. 226 As men may se in wyntre Ysekeles in eueses þorw hete of þe sonne, Melteth in a mynut while.
1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde iii. ii. sig. i6v They [sc. sterres] that be vnder vs in the wynter be ouer vs in ye somer.
1532–3 in J. Raine Durham Househ. Bk. (1844) 192 In agestamento unius equi in vynter,..16 d.
1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 32 Haruest..continueth till the twelft day of December, and then doth the Son entre into Capricorn, & Winter beginneth.
a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) v. iv. 134 You and you, are sure together, As the Winter to fowle Weather. View more context for this quotation
1649 B. Gerbier 1st Lect. Cosmogr. 2 The Summer and Winter, the long and the short days.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 124 The Seasons of the Year might generally be divided, not into Summer and Winter, as in Europe; but into the Rainy Seasons, and the Dry Seasons.
1786 R. Burns Twa Dogs xxix, in Poems 19 Thro' Winter's cauld, or Summer's heat.
1824 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Gardening (ed. 2) iii. ii. 893 The season called winter by the natives of South America, lasting from May to November.
1841 C. Dickens Old Curiosity Shop ii. lii. 86 Store of fire-wood for the winter.
1900 Secret Service 31 Aug. 9/2 The frigidity of winter had not yet passed away.
1941 Life 3 Mar. 13/3 Today snow plows keep Donner Pass clear through the winter.
1980 K. Tynan Let. 2 Feb. (1994) viii. 641 Life in Puerto Vallarta..is perfect in the winter for my wonky chest.
2007 Cruising World Oct. 98/1 I got caught in a squall and nearly flipped on the first day of winter.
b. This season in a particular year; an instance of winter (sense 1a). Also (with modifier, as cold, hard, long, etc.): a particular instance of the season characterized by the weather, conditions, etc., prevailing or experienced during that time.
ΚΠ
OE Beowulf (2008) 1128 Hengest ða gyt wælfagne winter wunode mid Finne.
OE Blickling Homilies 213 Wæs se winter eac þy geare to þæs grim þæt manig man his feorh for cyle gesealde.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3009 Auer-alche wintre [c1300 Otho wynter] inne Wales heo wuneden.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 11166 (MED) Atte laste þo winter towarde ende drou.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. iv. iv. 145 If..þe wintir toforehonde was as springinge tyme hote and moyst.
c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xiii. l. 198 After an hard wynter.
1465 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 140 I pray yow ye woll send me hedir ij elne of worsted for doblettes to happe me this cold wynter.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) iv. 338 In Rachgyrn..[he] Lay till the vyntir neir wes gane.
1534 L. Cox tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Epist. Paule vnto Titus sig. E.iiiv I am purposed all this next winter to be at Nycopole which is a citie of the contre of Thrace.
1565 in J. W. Burgon Life & Times Sir T. Gresham (1839) II. 93 And now do I the more feare the danger of this winter, for that I have now lost the comodity..of going to the Spa for this yere.
a1645 W. Laud Diary in Hist. Troubles (1695) I. 51 God bless us in the Spring, after this green Winter.
1690 C. Mather Wonderful Wks. God Commemorated App. sig. D3 It was credibly affirmed, that in the Winter of the Year 1688, there fell a Red Snow.
1739 J. Belcher Let. in Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. (1894) 6th Ser. VII. 250 You say nothing, brother, of the rocquelo I wrote for, which I very much want, because I have none fit to wear this winter.
1770 tr. C. H. Manstein Mem. Russia 139 They made several impressions during the winter of the year 1736 to 1737.
1810 G. Crabbe Borough xxii. 307 A Winter past since Peter saw the Town, And Summer Lodgers were again come down.
1883 Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 3 300 There will be a large haddock fleet this winter.
1907 E. von Arnim Fräulein Schmidt xxii. 78 Yes, I was ill; but we had such a long winter that it was rather lucky to be out of it.
1946 Life 7 Jan. 21/1 The first winter of peace holds Europe in a deathly grip of cold, hunger and hopelessness.
2008 Ski Dec. 175/1 (advt.) This winter, treat yourself to the comforts of a well-appointed condominium.
c. Winter considered with reference to the harmful effects of the cold weather it brings; wintry or cold weather; a period of winter-like conditions.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [noun]
winterOE
cold?c1400
dreich1928
OE Ælfric De Temporibus Anni (Cambr. Gg.3.28) (2009) x. 94 Durh his [sc. of zephyr] blæd acuciað ealle eorðlice blæda.., & se wind towyrpð & ðawað ælcne winter.
c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 533 (MED) Of none wintere ich ne recche.
a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) l. 162 Caue ȝe haueð to crepen in, ðat winter hire ne derie.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) 3 Esdras ix. 6 Al the multitude sat in the flor of the temple, tremblende for the present winter.
1599 T. Dallam Diary in J. T. Bent Early Voy. Levant (1893) i. 84 This day we had bothe wynter and somer.
a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. l. 15229 Winter come to hand,..With mist and roik.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) iii. vii. 31 The Swallow followes not Summer more willing, then we your Lordship. Tim. Nor more willingly leaues Winter, such Summer Birds are men. View more context for this quotation
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis ix, in tr. Virgil Wks. 491 When..bellowing Clouds..with an armed Winter strew the Ground.
1725 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey III. xiv. 548 The winter pinches, and with cold I die.
1757 W. Burke Acct. European Settlem. Amer. II. vii. xxii. 241 The second sort, which..bears the winter better, is a more tall and vigorous plant.
1801 Farmer's Mag. Nov. 467 They stood the Winter well.
1853 Times 11 July 4/5 Condemning poor Irish students to stand the winter with cracked windows and broken tiles.
1915 W. Cather Song of Lark ii. v. 198 The old lady said that such sudden mildness..presaged a sharp return of winter, and she was anxious about her apple trees.
2011 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 20 July (Sport section) 11 Winter returned to the high Alps yesterday with fresh snow on the mountains.
d. figurative and in figurative contexts. A time or state of old age, decay, affliction, hostility, emotional coldness, etc. Cf. autumn n. 3, spring n.1 17d, summer n.1 5.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > time of
stoundOE
SeptuagesimaOE
winterc1425
plague time1549
plague year1549
stour1579
Winter of the Rals1846
locust years1948
the world > life > source or principle of life > age > old age > [noun]
eld971
old agec1330
agec1380
last agea1382
oldc1385
aldereldea1400
winterc1425
vilessec1430
annosityc1450
senectute1481
the black ox1546
golden years1559
years1561
great1587
afterlife1589
setting sun1597
antiquity1600
chair-daysa1616
the vale of yearsa1616
grandevity1623
green old age1634
eldship1647
senioritya1688
the other side of the hill1691
the decline of life1711
senectude1756
senility1791
senectitude1796
post-climacteric1826
Anno Domini1885
senium1911
golden age1946
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 2539 (MED) Longe proces makeþ hem to lour With þe wynter of vnweldy age, Þat lust is pallid.
a1450 Pater Noster Richard Ermyte (Westm. Sch. 3) (1967) 15 (MED) Þis Lord gyueþ vs here for þis wyntir oure deedly body as wyntir robe.
1549 W. Baldwin Canticles of Salomon Ded. sig. A.iiiv In the winter of theyr frosen faythe, & clumsed charitie.
1590 R. Greene Neuer too Late i. 22 I am driuen in the winter of my yeeres to abide the brunt of al stormes.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III i. i. 1 Now is the winter of our discontent, Made glorious summer by this sonne of Yorke. View more context for this quotation
1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iv. vi. 25 Ile take that winter from your lips faire Lady. View more context for this quotation
1668 R. Steele Husbandmans Calling (1672) iii. 35 Prosperity..nourisheth so many weeds, that the winter of affliction hath much ado to master them.
a1763 W. Shenstone Wks. Verse & Prose (1764) I. 166 When will relenting Delia chase The winter of my soul?
a1788 J. Logan Serm. (1791) II. 114 He was appointed..to struggle with the tempest; to weather the winter of affliction.
1829 I. Taylor Nat. Hist. Enthusiasm x. 296 What has been done is not lost; the seed sown may spring up, even after a century of winter.
1849 J. A. Froude Nemesis of Faith (ed. 2) vii. 48 It is night and day..with all of us, if we want to keep in health. To be sure, now and then there will come a North Pole winter.
1869 Ld. Tennyson Passing of Arthur 4 When the man was..In the white winter of his age.
1914 Harper's Mag. Nov. 822 O winter of my heart—when comes the spring?
1973 R. Ellmann Long Riverrun (1989) 74 From the barren winter of his academic labours Eliot had been roused to the barren springtime of his nerve-wracked marriage.
2015 D. M. Powers Damnable Heresy i. xvi. 149 During the next five years, in the winter of his own life, William Pynchon penned his last volume.
e. The season of winter personified, often as an old man with grey or white hair, and usually with reference to the harmful effects of cold weather; a representation of this. Also in Father Winter.See also General Winter at general n. 6d.
ΚΠ
a1475 J. Russell Bk. Nurture (Harl. 4011) in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 168 Wyntur with his lokkys grey febille & old.
a1525 (a1500) Sc. Troy Bk. (Douce) l. 1648 in C. Horstmann Barbour's Legendensammlung (1882) II. 275/1 Quhene þat herwist..was passede..And wyntir, his nixt nychtboure by..had þe treis dispulȝeit Of þare faire flouris.
1613 T. Heywood Marriage Triumphe sig. D3 Old Winter..still doth goe In a rug gowne ashied with flakes of snow.
1641 Novembris Monstrum 96 The aged hoary Winter now had seen Summer thrice wrapped in her winding sheetes.
1750 J. Green Entertainment for Winter's Evening 5 The streams like marble stand, Held fast by winter's icy hand.
?c1770 Beautiful Flora's Garland (title page) Flora's Pride debated, in a Dialogue between old Father Winter and beautiful Summer.
1820 P. B. Shelley Sensitive Plant in Prometheus Unbound 171 Winter came: the wind was his whip: One choppy finger was on his lip.
1848 Dublin Univ. Mag. June 762/2 He persuaded the child..that they [sc. birds] came to greet her from old Father Winter.
1860 National Mag. 7 278/2 Then Winter's hoary, aged head, Lies with his kindred low.
1902 N.Y. Times 5 Dec. (advt.) Old man Winter likely to arrive any moment.
1963 Times 9 Mar. 1/6 (advt.) At last, white Winter's icy grasp is weakening... Her crabbed, cold hands relinquish valley, heath and hill.
2014 Telegraph-Jrnl. (New Brunswick) (Nexis) 3 May b4 Burger Week is coming at the right time for New Brunswickers who are trying to desperately break loose of Father Winter's headlock.
2. Chiefly in plural preceded by a numeral: a year. Frequently in expressions referring to a person’s age, or the passage of time. In early use simply as a synonym for ‘year’, but in later use chiefly literary or rhetorical, and often with reference to advanced age or a protracted period of hardship or misfortune. Cf. summer n.1 4.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun]
wintereOE
yeareOE
yearOE
yearOE
yearOE
twelvemonthc1275
a time and times and half a timec1384
foil1481
zodiacc1560
twelve moons1609
suns1743
outfit1791
snow1825
season1827
yr1880
the world > time > period > year > [noun] > years
wintereOE
summersc1400
eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) Introd. Þa feng Ęlfred hiera broþur to rice, & þa was agan his ielde xxiii wintra.
eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) i. xiv. 35 Þa Læcedemonia besætan þa burg Mæse x winter.
OE Fortunes of Men 9 God ana wat hwæt him weaxendum winter bringað.
OE Prudentius Glosses (Boulogne 189) in H. D. Meritt Old Eng. Prudentius Glosses (1959) 4 [Sub quo prima dies mihi quam multas] hiemes [uoluerit] : wintras oþþe ger.
?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137 Ðat lastede þa xix wintre wile Stephne was king.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 15594 Fowwerrtiȝ winnterr ȝedenn forþ. & ȝet tær tekenn sexe.
a1225 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Lamb.) 4 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 159 Þah ich bo a wintre ald to ȝung ich em on rede.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4834 Ah al oðer hit iwarð. inne þan twam wintren.
a1300 Passion our Lord 132 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 41 Vele wintre hit is ago þe prophete hit seyde.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1211 Wintres forð-wexen on ysaac.
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xii. l. 3 I haue folwed þe in feithe þis fyue and fourty wyntre.
c1405 (c1375) G. Chaucer Monk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 61 Fully .xx. wynter yeer by yere He hadde of Israel the gouernance.
c1450 J. Metham Palmistry (Garrett) in Wks. (1916) 84 (MED) Jon Metham..tranlatyd yt in-to Englysch the xxvti wyntyr off hys age.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 635 Thus Anglydes endured yerys and wyntyrs, tyll Alysaundir was bygge and stronge.
1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. xiiv And hundreth wynter [1570 winters].
1522 Worlde & Chylde (de Worde) (1909) sig. A.iiiv Now I am .xix. wynter olde.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II i. iii. 249 What is sixe winters? they are quickly gone. View more context for this quotation
a1625 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Two Noble Kinsmen (1634) v. ii. 40 I knew a man Of eightie winters . View more context for this quotation
a1687 C. Cotton Poems (1689) 88 I am fifty Winters old.
1714 Dialogue Secretary of State & Connaught Squier 4 To Ease the Load, with me she strove in vain, Which thirty Winters she has born with pain.
1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 210 Ere sixteen winters old. View more context for this quotation
1842 Ld. Tennyson Palace of Art (rev. ed.) in Poems (new ed.) I. 145 A hundred winters snow'd upon his breast.
1880 Pall Mall Gaz. 21 Jan. 10/2 He was broken in body and mind, and twenty winters seemed to have fallen upon him.
1914 A. G. Chater tr. F. Nansen Through Siberia v. 109 A nyelma, 3 feet 6½ inches long, was eighteen winters old, while another, 20¾ inches long, was nine winters old.
1958 A. Ginsberg Let. 26 June (2008) 190 He brought me my first suit in years, fine English grey wool, last a thousand winters.
1972 P. Goodman Little Prayers & Finite Exper. 94 Lord, being sixty winters old I am not a child.
2016 Sunday Tel. (Nexis) 8 May (Living section) 37 The barn had stood here for a hundred winters and was good for another hundred at least.
3. Scottish (chiefly north-eastern in later use). The last load of grain to be brought in from the harvest. Often in to make (also take, have, etc.) winter: to bring the last of the grain in; to finish the harvest. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1794 Har'st Rig cxxxvi. 42 Now the Maiden has been win, And Winter is at last brought in.
1818 A. Fordyce Country Wedding 138 At harvest-home, when winter is brought in.
1868 G. Gall Diary (National Rec. Scotl. RH4/55) 1 Sept. We managed to make winter before night came.
1915 H. Beaton Benachie 122 Owing to early rising or working late, many a farmer ‘took winter’ sooner than it could have been possible for them otherwise.
1958 Bulletin (Glasgow) 1 Nov. Down the road, where our neighbours had ‘winter’ a week or two earlier, the potato gathering is proceeding in the cheerfullest fashion possible.
2005 A. Fenton Buchan Words & Ways Gloss. 149 Winter, to get, to have all of the harvest taken in and stacked.

Phrases

P1. winter and summer (also winters and summers): in winter and in summer; all the year round, at all times. Similarly †winters ne summers: neither in winter nor in summer (obsolete). Cf. summer and winter at summer n.1 and adj. Phrases 1. [Forms in -s in early use show adverbial -s suffix1 (compare Old Frisian winteres , Old High German wintares , etc.); in later use probably apprehended as plural. Compare later winters adv. and summers adv.]
ΚΠ
OE Phoenix 37 Wintres ond sumeres wudu bið gelice bledum gehongen.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1429 Enne blase of fure. þe neuer ne aþeostrede wintres ne sumeres.
c1480 (a1400) St. Lawrence 3 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 403 A fare tre callit lawrane, þat wyntyre & somir ay is grene.
1547 in in J. W. Clay Testamenta Eboracensia (1902) VI. 265 My suster..to have foure kie founde wynter and sommer.
1572 tr. S. Münster Briefe Coll. & Compend. Extract Cosmogr. f. 49v Both winter and sommer they are enforced to trauayle, and there is no end of these miseries.
1643 J. Caryl Expos. 3 First Chaps. Iob ii. 309 Some Trees keepe their greenesse and their leaves, winter and summer.
1696 J. Ovington Voy. Suratt 189 Both he and his Haram keep their Tents Winter and Summer in the Field.
1716 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 1 Oct. (1965) I. 275 The company are entertain'd with ice in several forms, Winter and Summer.
1762 W. Kenrick tr. J.-J. Rousseau Emilius & Sophia I. i. 58 You come..to wash them, winter and summer, with it [sc. the water] quite cold.
1834 New-Eng. Mag. Feb. 93 For above twenty-five years, I was present, winter and summer, at the opening of my store.
1886 C. E. Pascoe London of To-day (ed. 3) xliii. 378 Winter and summer, steamboats leave Westminster for Greenwich and Woolwich half-hourly.
1906 A. Mayer in U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. No. 261. 11 The actual death of cattle from tick infestation may more easily happen..if these pastures are occupied winter and summer.
1953 Pop. Mech. Oct. 174/2 Double-glazed windows also save money both winter and summer.
1965 T. Aber & S. King Hist. Hamilton County 790 He took possession of Murray's camps on Osprey Island and lived there, winters and summers, for several years.
2001 Daily Mirror (Nexis) 1 Oct. 26 The Indian silver ankle chain she wears winter and summer.
P2.
winter of discontent n. (also winter of our discontent) [with allusion to the opening line of Shakespeare's Richard III (see quot. 1597)] a period of adversity or (esp. political or industrial) unrest; spec. the winter of 1978–9 in Great Britain, when widespread strikes occurred that are widely seen as contributing to a change of government the following spring.
ΚΠ
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III i. i. 1 Now is the winter of our discontent, Made glorious summer by this sonne of Yorke. View more context for this quotation]
1633 F. Taylor Selfe-Satisfaction sig. H3 A good man may gather the hony of comfort to carry home to the hiue of his soule to feed vpon in the winter of discontent.
1653 J. Taylor Sence upon Nonsence 7 We'le make the winter of our discontent To force fierce Crook-back into better tune.
1751 J. Free Poems 77 The Din of War is o'er—One blest Event Hath clos'd the Winter of our Discontent.
1818 Investig. Policy of Ministers 39 The warm summer of prosperity was followed by the winter of discontent. Severe distresses and difficulties spread throughout the country.
1873 7th Ann. Rep. Superintendent Public Schools of Missouri 28 Before long in Missouri, as in other States, the winter of discontent will yield to an incoming summer of better feeling and more hopeful progress.
1948 Financial Times 25 Mar. 2/2 A coup..cannot be dismissed as beyond the bounds of possibility..in this the winter of our discontent.
1979 Daily Tel. 9 Feb. 1/1 Mr Callaghan said that he had known it was going to be a ‘winter of discontent’.
2016 National Post (Canada) (Nexis) 19 Sept. a1 It may not prove to be a winter of discontent, but clouds are looming. The glorious summer the Liberals have enjoyed may soon be a fading memory.
P3. In various proverbs and proverbial expressions.
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a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 1090 (MED) In Wynter doth he noght for cold, In Somer mai he noght for hete.
c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Melibeus (Hengwrt) (2003) §623 The ydel man excuseth hym in wynter by cause of the grete coold and in somer by encheson of the hete.
a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 1062 After wynter folweth grene may.
c1450 (a1400) Orologium Sapientiæ in Anglia (1888) 10 352 (MED) Þe colde scharpnesse of wynter goth byfore þe likynge hete of somour.
a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 49 (MED) After wynter comeþ somer, and after euene comeþ day.
c1530 in R. Dyboski Songs, Carols, & Other Misc. Poems (1908) 133 Wynter etythe, that somer getith.
a1628 J. Carmichaell Coll. Prov. in Scots (1957) No. 1356 Sche is not sa pure as she peips, sche hes a mouse to her winter kitching.
a1633 G. Herbert Outlandish Prov. (1640) sig. E Every mile is two in winter.
1639 J. Clarke Paroemiologia 263 Winter thunder, is old mens wonder.
1670 J. Ray Coll. Eng. Prov. 42 A green winter makes a fat Church-yard.
1707 J. Mapletoft Sel. Prov. 108 Winter never rots in the sky.
1855 Arthur's Home Mag. Oct. 222/1 ‘There grows much bread in the winter night’, is a proverb full of a beautiful significance.
1870 E. C. Brewer Dict. Phrase & Fable 666/1 Winter for shoeing, peascod for wooing.
1920 Farm (Ellettsville, Indiana) 6 May It is said that the law of compensation works both ways—if the rich man gets his ice in the summer, the poor man gets his share in the winter.
1996 Guardian (Nexis) 9 Feb. t18 An old Rutland saying maintains that ‘when there is sunshine and spring in winter the year will not come good’.

Compounds

C1.
a.
(a) General attributive, esp. designating natural phenomena occurring during the winter, weather characteristic of the winter, plants which flourish in the winter, animals active during the winter, etc.For compounds denoting specific animals and plants, see Compounds 3c.
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the world > time > period > year > season > [adjective] > of or relating to winter
wintryeOE
winterOE
winterlyOE
frostyc1430
brumala1522
hiemalc1560
wintering1591
winterish1610
wintereda1616
hiematical1631
hibernal1646
wintersome1840
mid-wintry1852
mid-winterly1892
OE Phoenix 18 Ne mæg þær ren ne snaw.., ne sunnan hætu, ne sincaldu, ne wearm weder, ne winterscur wihte gewyrdan.
c1300 St. Michael (Laud) l. 559 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 315 (MED) Men seggez þat wynter-þondre selde man schal guod i-seo, For he ne may neuere come bote þat weder onkuynde beo.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) Prol. l. 938 The stormy wynter shoures.
c1425 (c1400) Laud Troy-bk. l. 3576 Wyntir-wedur.
tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 326 The side in longe vppon the south, let sprede, The cornel rise vppon the wynter sonne.
1576–7 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 318 v whyes, of iiij yeres olde, vj winter whies, 18l.
1585 J. Higgins tr. Junius Nomenclator 55/2 Alcedo, alcyon,..a winter birde commonly called the kings fisher.
1600 in F. Collins Wills & Admin. Knaresborough Court Rolls (1902) I. 223 I geve to Anne..one old winter stocke of bees.
a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) ii. vii. 175 Blow, blow, thou winter winde. View more context for this quotation
1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler To Rdr. sig. A 7 Winter-flies, all Anglers know,..are as useful as an Almanack out of date. View more context for this quotation
1717 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad III. x. 507 His Coursers..white as Winter-Snow.
1717 M. Prior Alma ii. 534 Cast your Eye By Night upon a Winter-Sky.
1773 G. White Let. 9 Nov. in Nat. Hist. Selborne (1789) 98 The..stock-dove..seldom appearing till towards the end of November; is usually the latest winter-bird of passage.
1850 Beck's Florist 115 A pleasing and interesting winter-tree is the Glastonbury Thorn.
1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey II. 136 A..bridge..across the bed of a winter torrent.
1869 Ld. Tennyson Passing of Arthur 221 The winter moon, Brightening the skirts of a long cloud.
1903 W. R. Fisher tr. A. F. W. Schimper Plant-geogr. v. 507 The mild temperate districts with winter rain and prolonged summer drought.
1943 Graphic Summary Farm Crops (U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. No. 512) 67 Important areas of winter vegetables are found in the States bordering the Gulf of Mexico.
1998 K. Shamsie In City by Sea xviii. 148 Hasan had been..drinking a cup of tea just hot enough to cut the chill of the first winter breeze.
(b) Designating things used or made in winter, resources available in winter, food and drink consumed in winter, etc.
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OE Possessions, Rents, & Grants, Bury St. Edmunds in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 194 Brihtric hæfð.. i mæsseboc & winterrædingboc & sumerboc.
lOE Laws: Rectitudines (Corpus Cambr.) ix. 450 viii pund cornes to mete, i sceap oððe iii pæniga to wintersufle.
1395 in J. C. Atkinson Cartularium Abbathiæ de Whiteby (1881) II. 568 De wynterfare..xxvi s. De lentynfare..xi li. x s. ii d. De halfare..xviii s.
c1475 (a1449) J. Lydgate Isopes Fabules (Harl.) l. 623 in Minor Poems (1934) ii. 587 The lawe dide hym compelle..his wynter flees to selle.
1628 T. May tr. Virgil Georgicks i. 15 Some sit up late at winter-fires.
1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler xii. 222 A winter bait for a Roch. View more context for this quotation
1673 Gentlewomans Compan. 215 Provide your Winter-Butter and Cheese in the Summer.
1713 Countess of Winchilsea Misc. Poems 36 Birds have dropt their Winter-plumes.
1729 E. Fenton Observ. Waller's Poems in E. Waller Wks. p. xxxiv/2 When the Sun retir'd..to the six Winter-Signs of the Zodiac; short'ning the days.
1765 J. Lee Introd. Bot. (ed. 2) Gloss. 463 Hybernaculum, Winter-lodge, the Part of a Plant that incloses and secures the Embryo from External Injuries.
1817 W. Scott Rob Roy II. xiii. 289 Sic as folk tell ower at a winter-ingle.
1819 J. Keats Eve St. Mark 77 The warm angled winter-screen.
1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 677 [Celery] is..cultivated as a winter salad.
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 484 To harrow it before cross-ploughing the winter-furrow.
1904 R. Bridges Demeter i. 282 I think he watch'd a summer-butterfly Creep out all crumpled from his winter-case.
1962 Times 3 Feb. 11/6 Highly seasoned salted foods constituted a large percentage of winter provisions.
2016 Sun (Nexis) 25 Feb. This veg can make the perfect side-dish or extra ingredient in warming winter casseroles and roasts.
(c) Designating buildings, rooms, enclosures, etc., occupied or used during the winter. See also winter housing n., winter room n. at Compounds 2, winter house n., winter quarters n.
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eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 886 Her for se here..up on Sigene & þær wintersetl [OE Tiber. B.i wintersetu] namon.
c1325 (a1300) Custumal Bleadon in Mem. Hist. & Antiq. Wilts. & Salisbury (1851) 202 (MED) Dominus nullum defensum facere deberet in hieme, quod dicitur wynterhaye, contra averia sua in nullo loco super terram suam propter eandem aruram.
tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 331 The wintir wonyng.
?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) (1881) 420 A Wyntir haule, hibernium, hibernaculum.
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Tablinum, was a wynter parlour, wherein were painted tables and bokes of stories.
1575 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories N. Counties Eng. (1835) I. 406 Another Close for Winter ground.
1578 G. Best True Disc. Passage to Cathaya ii. 18 The poore caues and houses of those countrie people..serue them..for their winter dwellings.
1604 J. Hind Lysimachus & Varrona sig. G4v Pan..pend up himselfe in his winter lodging.
1686 tr. Livy Rom. Hist. (new ed.) i. v. 127 They began to build Winter Hutts.
1728 R. Castell Villas of Ancients Illustr. i. 24 As Laurentinum was a Winter Villa, this Room seems to have been too open, and expos'd to the Weather.
1796 Monthly Rev. Nov. 248 Most of the disaffected or disappointed nobles have their winter residence there [sc. Moscow].
1814 B. Kohlmeister & G. Kmoch Jrnl. Voy. from Okkak iii. 15 We now steered for Kangertluksoak, a winter-station of the Esquimaux.
1863 J. Moreton Life & Work in Newfoundland 82 Their houses in the woods, named winter tilts, and required only to serve for one winter's use, are of very simple construction.
1916 G. A. Chamberlain John Bogardus xxxiv. 279 Here you have one large living-room..and on this side a summer and on that side a winter bedroom.
1974 H. Squire Newfoundland Outport in Making 6 Many families had winter cabins.
2013 Hull Daily Mail (Nexis) 16 Nov. 3 Nothing beats warming their hands against their mugs as the wind outside whips the wooden walls of their winter chalets.
(d) Designating clothing suitable for, or worn during, the winter. See also winter coat n. (b) at Compounds 2, winter weed n.1Quot. OE shows Old English wintergewǣde, lit. ‘winter garments’ (see winter weed n.1), in figurative use of snow covering the earth.
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OE Phoenix 250 Forst ond snaw mid ofermægne eorþan þeccað wintergewædum.
a1450 Pater Noster Richard Ermyte (Westm. Sch. 3) (1967) 15 (MED) Þe wyntir robe he weriþ in his lordis seruyce, ne spareþ he it noȝt in tempestis ne in stormes.
1568 Sir F. Knollys in Cal. Scot. Pap. (1900) II. 513 Unprovided of sufficient wynter garments.
1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 66 To euery one for his winter gowne, foure yardes of broad cloth.
1628 World Encompassed by Sir F. Drake 64 Notwithstanding it was in the height of Summer..we could..haue beene contented to haue kept about vs still our Winter clothes.
1694 P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais Pantagruel's Voy.: 4th Bk. Wks. iv. xxiv. 102 Have some winter Boots made of it, they'le never take in a drop of Water.
1728 J. Gay Beggar's Opera iii. vi. 46 Black Velvet Scarfs..are a handsome Winter-wear.
1759 G. Clough Let. 30 Sept. in Hist. Coll. Essex Inst. (1861) III. 104/1 Cold weather..will make us..put on our Winter Clothing.
1788 Morning Post 11 Jan. Millinery of every kind in the greatest variety, and the most fashionable Winter Hats and Bonnets.
1834 Bristol Mercury 18 Jan. Sir Charles Morgan..presented each of the girls with a winter cloak.
1856 Newcastle Courant 5 Dec. 1/4 (advt.) Gentlemen's Winter Gloves, in all the new Makes.
1876 C. M. Yonge Three Brides I. iii. 35 Her hair and pretty Parisian winter dress arranged to perfection.
1925 T. Dreiser Amer. Trag. II. iii. v. 113 There lay revealed..a pair of not too good high-top winter shoes.
1984 W. Beechey Rich Mrs. Robinson xii. 89 He needs some winter vests badly.
2000 Times 1 Jan. 8/2 That would mean dashing into the elegant White House lavatories for a quick change into winter underwear.
(e) Designating periods of time, parts of the day, etc., which fall in the winter, as winter evening, winter month, etc. See also winter day n., wintertide n., wintertime n.
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OE Genesis B 370 And moste [ic] ane tid ute weorðan, wesan ane winterstunde.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 11 (MED) In þe lond þat hatte Tile..alle þe sixe wynter monþes is nyght.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. l. 1167 The blake wynter nyht.
c1400 Brut (Rawl. B. 171) 194 (MED) He wolde nouȝt abide in Scotland in wynter seson.
?a1500 in C. H. Hartshorne Anc. Metrical Tales (1829) 226 (MED) Other knaves..Shall take knockes ful good cheape, Come once winter nith.
a1513 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen in Poems (1998) I. 43 The lang winter nicht.
1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 34 The wynter tropike or circle of retorning from the South.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 11 Thinges doone..in the Winter morninges.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 41 The Male [Hemp]..is made vp in bundels to be knockt and shaled in Winter euenynges.
1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. vii. xlii. 370/1 The like custome vsed hee in the winter season in his ieysts, and circuits throughout his Country.
1673 Siege in W. Davenant Wks. ii. i. 67/2 I tremble like a tender Lamb, In a cold Winter night.
1707 J. Freind Acct. Earl of Peterborow's Conduct in Spain 223 Marching in the stony Mountains, and in a Winter-season.
1786 J. Beekman Let. 13 Mar. in Beekman Mercantile Papers (1956) III. 1064 The perfect Stagnation of Trade during the Winter Months.
1825 T. Hook Sayings & Doings 2nd Ser. I. 156 The rosy May, though fashionably a winter month, led on the smiling summer of nature, and June..was fast approaching.
1867 C. G. Mackenzie Random Rhymes 280 Leave we awhile the winter hours unsung.
a1889 G. M. Hopkins in Dublin Rev. (1920) July–Sept. 46 They came from the south, Where winter-while is all forgot.
1928 Financial Times 22 Aug. 5/3 Restriction of output by stopping tapping for two months during the winter period is proposed.
1964 Economist 20 June 1364/2 This cold land where day ends at two o'clock on winter afternoons.
2010 Timber Home Living Dec. 43/2 During the long winter season, the family enjoys its outdoor sports—skiing, skating and hockey.
(f) Designating actions performed or events taking place during the winter, conditions obtaining in winter, etc.In early use frequently with connotations of gloom, sorrow, discomfort, etc.
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a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 43 Away is huere wynter wo.
a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 4750 Love it is..newe fruyt fillid with wynter tene.
1547 Certayne Serm. or Homilies (new ed.) sig. S.iij She gladly without any excuse or grudgyng (for conscience sake) did take that cold & foule winter iourney.
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iv. 76 Much lyk when pismers theire corne in granar ar hurding, Careful of a winter nipping, in barns they be piling.
1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) v. xviii. 555 In October you shall giue it the fourth ardor or earing, which is called Winter-ridging.
1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 216 They ought..to serue, but for Winter Talke, by the Fire side.
1677 W. Hubbard Pres. State New-Eng. (1865) I. 165 Some of the stoutest of the Narhagansets that had escaped the Winter-brunt.
a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1666 (1955) III. 467 I went my Winter Circle through my district.
1711 J. Swift Conduct of Allies 52 Eight Thousand Men, for whose Winter Campaign the Queen was willing to give forty Thousand Pounds.
1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at July Vines..will be satisfy'd with a single winter and one summer Pruning.
1730 J. Thomson Winter in Seasons 215 Thus in some deep retirement would I pass The winter-glooms, with friends of various turn.
1770 L. Carter Diary 23 Nov. (1965) I. 525 This seems to be the only inconveniency in this way of winter rotting [of flax].
1809 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 99 317 That very common..disease of our climate, the winter cough.
1842 C. Dickens Amer. Notes II. vii. 204 [The emigrants] had had a long winter-passage out.
1873 W. F. Butler (title) The Wild North Land: Being the story of a winter journey, with dogs, across northern North America.
1934 A. Huxley Beyond Mexique Bay 3 The gay and charming front-pagers who go on winter cruises are, in the main, elderly people.
1976 Backpacker Feb. 54/1 Winter backpacking is a challenging idea for those who have enjoyed the pleasures of extensive summer and fall backpacking.
2014 J. Molloy Hiking N. Carolina's National Forests ix. 44 It is a low-elevation trek by Pisgah National Forest standards, making it a good winter walk.
(g) Designating a place in its winter state, or affected by wintry conditions.
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1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. I2 As winter meads when sun doth melt their snow. View more context for this quotation
1685 in N. Tate Poems by Several Hands 252 Thou leav'st the splendor of a Crown..for the cold Winter Fields.
1716 J. Gay Trivia i. 1 Through Winter Streets to steer your Course aright.
1727 D. Lewis Philip of Macedon ii. v. 26 Like a Bark upon a Winter-Ocean.
1735 W. Somervile Chace iii. 97 So Ships in Winter-Seas..defy the Storm.
1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xxx. 48 The winds..We heard them sweep the winter land. View more context for this quotation
1855 D. T. Ansted in Orr's Circle Sci.: Inorg. Nature 38 A glacier..is the outlet of..vast reservoirs of snow, being a prolongation of the winter-world above.
1885 G. Allen Babylon II. xxv. 221 The fogs in London had been settling down..over the great grey gloomy winter city.
1939 Brainerd (Minnesota) Daily Disp. 10 Mar. 4/4 You could see the white house, nestling, cameo-like, against the bare winter hillside.
1987 M. Caughman et al. Calif. Coastal Resource Guide 20 Most of the sand removed from winter beaches is deposited in offshore sandbars.
2012 Washington Post (Nexis) 1 Jan. a18 The unusually mild temperatures..are disrupting the natural cycles that define the winter landscape.
(h) Designating persons (and occasionally animals or things) carrying out particular activities or fulfilling a particular role in winter.
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c1612 W. Strachey Hist. Trav. Virginia (1953) ii. 146 The harbour so vnfit for a shipp of that burthen to be a winter Roader in.
1654 H. Hibbert Waters of Marah 36 Let us not be summer friends, but winter friends.
1744 J. Campbell Lives Admirals III. i. 104 Twenty-six Men of War, and seven Fire-Ships, were assigned for the Winter Guard.
1778 A. Adams Let. 29 Sept. in L. H. Butterfield et al. Adams Family Corr. (1973) III. 96 Those sums with the payment of my winter Labourers left me destitute enough.
1783 G. Crabbe Village i. 14 When he tends the sheep, His winter charge.
1827 A. de C. Brooke Winter in Lapland & Sweden Pref. p. v How different is the scene that presents itself to the winter traveller.
1842 Cleave's Penny Gaz. 12 Mar. Frederick, who had occupied the throne but a few months,..was on that account called the ‘Winter King’.
1854 Poultry Chron. 1 363 The Cochins..proved themselves the best possible ‘winter-layers’.
1887 York Herald 4 Apr. 6/5 I will provide a suitable treat for the Scarbro' cabmen—recognised winter drivers, the bath-chair men, [etc.].
1920 County Agent & Farm Bureau Sept. 29/2 (advt.) To make your cows profitable winter milkers you must put more vitality into them now.
1987 Times 8 Oct. 32/4 (advt.) Winter staff. Cooks required by small chalet company.
2014 C. Splan Calif. Month-by-Month Gardening 108/2 Some succulents are winter growers that then go more or less dormant from May to August.
(i) figurative, with connotations of old age, decay, affliction, hostility, emotional coldness, etc. (see sense 1d, and cf. summer n.1 and adj. Compounds 1a(g)).
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the mind > emotion > love > [noun] > cold or conventional love
wintera1616
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) v. v. 6 Salsbury,..That Winter Lyon, who in rage forgets Aged contusions. View more context for this quotation
a1637 B. Jonson Timber 59 in Wks. (1640) III What a deale of cold busines doth a man mis-spend the better part of life in! in scattering complements, tendring visits,..making a little winter-love in a darke corner.
1651 N. Bacon Contin. Hist. Disc. Govt. 6 The worst of his fate was, to live to his Winter age.
1682 T. Otway Venice Preserv'd iii. 34 That mortify'd old wither'd Winter Rogue.
1709 A. Pope Chaucer's January & May in Poet. Misc.: 6th Pt. 183 The tastless, dry Embrace, Of a stale Virgin with a Winter Face.
1745 E. Young Consolation 21 The Crown of Manhood is a Winter-Joy; An Evergreen, that..Blossoms in the Rigour of our Fate.
1778 Epil. Miss in her Teens in Theatr. Bouquet 70 When winter age had almost caught the Fair, Youth, clad in sunshine, snatch'd her from despair.
1866 G. H. Calvert First Years in Europe viii. 198 These pictures of youth, beheld through the chill of our autumn and winter years.
1929 Times Lit. Suppl. 17 Oct. 805/3 His wanderings and amours, his winter marriage, his pluck under a painful operation in his seventy-eighth year.
1994 R. Bly Medit. on Insatiable Soul ii. 49 The coffin lid Lifted shows some Fall oakleaves sewn High above Your winter face.
b. Instrumental and objective.
winter-beaten adj.
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1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Jan. Argt. He compareth his carefull case to the sadde season of the yeare,..and to his owne winterbeaten flocke.
1732 J. M. Country-mans Misc. 11 Like as the Winter-beaten Herbs and Trees, Infold their sapless Limbs in mossy Freez.
1855 Times 6 Mar. 6/5 That winter-beaten and beleaguered host.
1918 J. McMillan Mocking Bird's Breed 51 She turned to the warmth of his friendship like a winter-beaten little bird turns to the glow of a Florida sun.
2008 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 20 Mar. a26 The woods look winter-beaten, skeletal, though they're really no more so than they were in November.
winter-bitten adj.
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1592 H. Chettle in A. Munday tr. E. de Maisonneufve Gerileon of Englande: 2nd Pt. To Transl. sig. A4v There in rime doggrell (like thy Winter bitten Epitaph) carroll thy rude conceipts.
1775 Birth-place 8 The old..Dropt gently, like the winter-bitten leaves, Into the grave.
1827 J. Clare Shepherd's Cal. 23 Crab, hip and winter-bitten sloe.
1951 Life 10 Dec. 32/2 A brief queer peace to the winter-bitten front.
2007 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 9 Feb. g6 The region's tan beaches and giant palm trees..are standard furniture in every winter-bitten Canadian's fantasy of a South Pacific getaway.
winter-blasted adj.
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1597 M. Drayton Englands Heroicall Epist. f. 2 The cold badge of winter-blasted haires.
1614 W. Lithgow Most Delectable Disc. Peregrination sig. E3v A roofe to my Winter-blasted lodging.
1719 W. M. Royal Invitation 24 The Soldier leaves his Winter blasted Bed.
1898 C. A. Hobbs Boys of Princeville vi. 81 There they laid her away beneath an oak tree whose few remaining winter-blasted leaves seemed typical of her young life.
2014 Washington Post (Nexis) 30 Apr. a9 Workers in bright uniforms carefully applied new layers of paint to winter-blasted buildings and benches.
winter-blighted adj.
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1842 E. Cook in Hampshire Advertiser 8 Oct. The spring-flower clinging round the winter blighted tree.
1907 I. K. Friedman Radical ii. iii. 76 The statue of General Thomas—sole adornment of the compact, winter-blighted park.
2005 M. A. Evans Relics xxii. 220 He paid heed to all of his senses as he canvassed the winter-blighted vegetation.
winter-boding adj. rare
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1892 W. Watson Poems 36 And spectral seem thy winter-boding trees.
1933 R. Campbell Flowering Reeds 19 The furious aurora burns Against the winter-boding sky.
winter-bound adj.
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1669 J. Ogilby tr. J. Nieuhof Embassy E.-India Company 105 The Vessels lye fast frozen, and Winter bound.
1792 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum IV. 361 As the wretch looks o'er Siberia's shore, When winter bound the wave is.
1904 E. P. Oppenheim Betrayal xxi. 179 A country silent and winterbound.
2015 Canberra Times (Nexis) 15 July a8 Lots of his fellow Canberrans, winter-bound, must still be marvelling at Saturday night's..storm of thundersnow.
winter-chilled adj.
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1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ vi. 72 In the Spring yielding a reviving Cordial to your Winter-chilled spirit.
1840 North Amer. & Daily Advertiser (Philadelphia) 7 Dec. The starved, neglected, and winter-chilled orphan.
1935 Pop. Mech. Mar. 474/2 An Oklahoma farmer hastens the growth of the plants by warming up the winter-chilled ground in his garden with an underground heating system.
2015 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 5 Apr. a1 The airport that once welcomed winter-chilled tourists with eight acres of turf and flowers.
winter-left adj. rare
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1955 S. Spender Coll. Poems 1928–53 ix. 173 Its vermilion seems A Red Admiral's wing, with veins Of lichen and rust, an underwing Of winter-left leaves.
winter-locked adj.
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1840 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 16 Dec. There is no city news of interest. The money market is quiet. We are winter-locked, and await release for business.
1926 S. Leslie Cantab xv. 183 He sobbed like a winter-locked river hastening over the weir at the first warmth of spring.
2009 Mirror (Nexis) 12 Feb. 41 Maybin has swapped winter-locked Ireland for the stifling conditions he'll confront..in the Malaysian capital.
winter-loving adj.
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1788 J. Hurdis Village Curate 118 And snows, such as the winter-loving Muse Of Cowper paints well pleas'd.
1863 ‘N. Brook’ Gertrude Winn xii. 228 Winter-loving urchins, heedless of the cold.
1921 Canad. Mag. Oct. 516/1 The people of old Quebec, as winter-loving in their day as any since.
2014 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 3 May 27 Vicia faba, also called the fava bean in many parts of the world, is the only winter-loving bean crop.
winter-shaken adj.
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1605 R. N. in J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. sig. A6v Winter-shaken Leaues.
1846 Sharpe's London Mag. 22 Aug. 267/1 The birds return to their winter-shaken nests.
1948 N.Y. Times 26 Jan. 18/7 Once on a winter shaken door Comes a stealthy knocking.
winter-starved adj.
ΚΠ
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Apol. Poetrie (1595) sig. K4 Figures and flowers, extreamelie winter-starued.
1658 W. Chamberlayne Loves Victory v. 74 More chearfull then the suns society To winter starved Scythians.
a1848 G. F. Ruxton Life in Far West (1849) ii. 57 The pasture for their winter-starved animals.
1911 F. F. Phillips White Isles xxv. 271 A thumping great winter-starved bull moose came and stuck his antlers through the alders on the other side.
2014 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 14 Dec. mb4 A white-footed mouse often meets its end in the talons or the teeth of winter-starved predators like hawks, owls and coyotes.
winter-swollen adj.
ΚΠ
1846 A. R. Fausset tr. Homer in Homer Iliad 161/2 (note) And as when winter-swollen torrents [Gk. χείμαρροι ποταμοί], gushing down from the mountain, commingle their impetuous waters.
1913 B. E. Stevenson Amer. Men of Action vi. 253 It would soon be the dead of winter, with snow hiding the trail and filling the passes, with streams ice-blocked and winter-swollen.
2002 J. Francome Inside Track v. 104 The sparkle of the winter-swollen stream at their feet.
winter-wasted adj.
ΚΠ
1806 J. Montgomery Wanderer of Switzerland & Other Poems 158 I meet thee by the way..On the winter-wasted wild.
1920 Mixer & Server 15 Nov. 53/2 Beside the winter wasted tree I sat alone with memory.
2013 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 24 Apr. a14 The winter-wasted hills of South Korea.
winter-wearied adj.
ΚΠ
1845 Leeds Mercury 15 Mar. 7/5 Bridesmaid of summer! with thy mantle green; (That luxury to winter-wearied eyes).
1904 Outlook 2 Apr. 817 The little trees were a delight to the winter-wearied eye.
2015 Sun Herald (Sydney) (Nexis) 27 Sept. 21 It's time for me to have a little peel action on my winter-wearied skin.
† winter-weighed adj. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
1866 J. G. Whittier Snow-bound 46 And woodland paths that wound between Snow drooping pine-boughs winter-weighed.
winter-whitened adj.
ΚΠ
1866 Leicester Chron. & Leics. Mercury 20 Jan. 2/1 The blusterous winds and drenching rains Have cleared the winter-whitened plains.
1906 T. Hardy Dynasts: Pt. 2nd i. vi. 39 Winter-whitened bones.
2006 National Post (Canada) (Nexis) 29 Apr. (Weekend Post) 15 Skiing through snow waist-deep in some places, I whooped and hollered as the sun came out and kissed my winter-whitened flesh.
winter-withered adj.
ΚΠ
1591 S. Daniel Sonnet xxvi, in Sir P. Sidney Astrophel & Stella 75 Her glasse..then presents her winter withred hieu.
1861 W. Billington Sheen & Shade 42 Thy glory floods my Soul's dim sky..Like sudden Summer on the Winter-withered Year!
1902 C. F. Keary Brothers iv. i. 96 Through thee, the Spring Jets sap into the winter-withered ground.
2007 E. Garner Ingenious Edgar Jones xxiii. 139 Beyond the fence, beyond the line of winter-withered trees of the parkland, something winked out of the road at Edgar.
winter-worn adj.
ΚΠ
1848 Gospel Mag. Apr. 157 Tears gushed to his relief trickling thick and fast down his winter-worn cheeks.
1940 Life 29 Apr. 73 (advt.) Don't drive another mile with winter-worn motor oil!
2008 San Diego Mag. Jan. 8/2 Our top product picks for soothing winter-worn skin and hair.
† winter-wrested adj. Obsolete rare
ΚΠ
a1560 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Nyne Fyrst Bks. Eneidos (1562) viii. sig. Bbiij Three winter-wrested showres.
c. Complementary and similative, as winter-blue, winter-seeming, winter-visaged, etc.With quot. OE cf. note in etymology.
ΚΠ
OE Wanderer 24 Ic hean þonan wod wintercearig ofer waþena [read waþema] gebind, sohte seledreorig sinces bryttan.
a1631 J. Donne Poems (1633) 229 Lovers dreame a rich and long delight, But get a winter-seeming summers night.
1898 G. Meredith Odes French Hist. 87 The maimed, Torn, tortured, winter-visaged.
1958 J. W. Day Lady Houston xv. 225 Never had..the winter-blue woods of Kimbolton or the generous warmth of Brampton Park..beckoned more seductively.
2010 Florida Times-Union (Nexis) 25 Dec. o12 Display windows that did have..lots of spun-glass winter-looking fluff and fake snow.
d. Adverbial, with the sense ‘in or during the winter’.
(a) Forming adjectives.
winter-blooming adj.
ΚΠ
1844 in W. Brereton Trav. Index 202/1 Oak, winter-blooming.
1941 Pomeroy (Iowa) Herald 31 July 4/2 The red-flowered, winter-blooming Cape Honeysuckle..has long been a popular vine or trailing shrub here.
2016 Daily Mirror (Nexis) 2 Jan. 40 The delicious fragrance of winter-blooming shrubs, such as Daphne and Sarcococca.
winter-felled adj.
ΚΠ
1736 W. Ellis New Exper. Husbandry 118 The Sap of a Winter-fell'd Oak, is almost as good as a sorry hearted one fell'd in Summer.
1804 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 95 89 This superiority in winter-felled wood.
1920 A. L. Howard Man. Timbers of World 179 The general consensus of opinion among Government authorities..is that winter-felled oak is the more durable.
2001 A. Unger et al. Conservation of Wood Artifacts i. 3 Napoleon demanded in 1810 that warships be built of winter felled timber.
winter-growing adj.
ΚΠ
1820 Amer. Farmer 11 Feb. 365/2 The ground can be cleared..in time to sow any winter growing crop.
1968 Jrnl. Wildlife Managem. 32 549/2 Production was limited to winter-growing plants.
2005 G. F. Smith Gardening with Succulents ix. 106/1 A mistake often made by gardeners is to regard this species as winter-growing.
winter-hardy adj.
ΚΠ
1868 Lloyd's Weekly 29 Nov. You cannot do better than fill up all the space with winter hardy greens.
1937 S. F. Armstrong Brit. Grasses (ed. 3) x. 215 It is moderately winter-hardy, and no other grass develops so rapidly in our climate.
2014 T. B. Marden Plant This Instead! 16 In colder climates, where century plants may not grow, winter-hardy plants such as yucca make perfect substitutes.
winter-made adj.
ΚΠ
1775 J. Anderson Ess. Agric. 240 The finest winter-made butter that I ever saw.
1818 T. Pickering Addr. Essex Agric. Soc. 9 Twenty loads of winter-made dung..in which there is commonly very little straw.
1937 Scotsman 15 Apr. 6/4 An odd lot or two of winter made cheese have been on the market.
2010 Dorset Echo (Nexis) 22 June Denhay also won..Bronze for the winter-made Traditional Cheddar.
winter-pruned adj.
ΚΠ
1902 Daily Herald (Delphos, Ohio) 3 June No difference could be detected..between the fall and winter pruned trees and those pruned in the spring.
2010 A. Titchmarsh Growing Fruit 120/3 Complete pruning of winter-pruned fruit.
winter-sown adj.
ΚΠ
1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 316 Winter sown Seed.
1819 Farmer's Mag. Aug. 336 Spring wheat is put in with the hand-hoe in March, to fill up any blanks that may happen on the winter-sown wheats.
2016 Times (Nexis) 30 Apr. I have just started cropping my winter-sown plants and am sowing the next batch indoors.
winter-standing adj. Quot. 1598 apparently shows winter modifying standing camp at standing adj. 3a.
ΚΠ
1598 R. Grenewey tr. Tacitus Annales ii. vi. 40 The souldiers were brought backe to their winter standing camps [L. in hiberna].]
1861 Dict. Daily Wants (new ed.) 887/1 The plants of the first crops should be set two feet apart each way, but the winter-standing crops are better at two feet by eighteen inches.
2012 Rangeland Ecol. & Managem. 65 507/2 Forage quality of winter standing herbage will be improved by summer clipping.
(b) Forming verbs, as winter-cut, winter-prune, winter-sow, etc.
ΚΠ
1634 W. Wood New Englands Prospect i. ii. 7 English Wheate and Rye proves better, which is Winter sowne.
1779 J. Abercrombie Brit. Fruit-gardener 219 As soon as a tree is thus Winterpruned, let it be directly nailed regularly to the wall.
1789 G. White Nat. Hist. Selborne 26 A very large fall of timber, consisting of about one thousand oaks, has been cut... These trees..were winter-cut, viz. in February and March.
1802 Comm. Board Agric. Husbandry III. ii. 467 After the land is cleared of the crop, it should be winter ploughed.
1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) II. Dialogues 289 I've hardly ony gerse o'th' land, at I winter-ferr'd, grund war seea kizzin'd.
1849 Cottage Gardener Sept. 345/1 Winter Planting Potatoes.—According to your advice I planted potatoes in winter.
1950 E. Hyams From Waste Land 191 We winter-washed the bushes against aphis.
1988 G. Lamb Orkney Wordbk. Winter-muck, to apply manure to the fields in the winter.
1996 Vancouver (Brit. Columbia) Sun (Nexis) 14 Feb. d10 There are 200,000 transplanted Canadians either living or winter holidaying on the desert.
e. With the first element in the genitive (winter's). Now chiefly designating parts of the day or night, as winter's day, winter's night, winter's morning, winter's evening, etc.
ΚΠ
eOE (Kentish) Will of Abba (Sawyer 1482) in N. P. Brooks & S. E. Kelly Charters of Christ Church Canterbury, Pt. 2 (2013) 665 Ten hennfuglas, ðritig teapera gif hit wintres deg sie, sester fulne huniges.
OE Rule St. Benet (Corpus Cambr.) viii. 32 On wintres timan [a1225 Winteney wintres tyman], þæt is fram þan anginne þæs monðes, þe is nouember gehaten, oþ eastran..on þære eahteþan tide þære nihte is to arisenne.
c1300 Body & Soul (Laud Misc. 108) (1889) 25 (MED) Als i lay in a winteris nyt..i sauȝ a selly syt.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 5959 (MED) Sche..halt hir clos the wyntres day.
a1449 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 779 The coolde wynterys nyght.
a1500 (c1380) G. Chaucer Parl. Fowls (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1871) l. 681 Nowe welcome somor..That hast thes wintres wedres ovire shake.
a1500 Life St. Alexius (Titus) (1878) l. 261 (MED) A-gayne xvij wynters ende..he schowlde owte of þis worllde wend.
1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. i. xiii. f. 37v/2, in R. Holinshed Chron. I Blewe claye..(which hardelye drinketh vppe the winters water in long season).
1595 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 v. v. 25 Let Aesop fable in a winters night.
a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) ii. i. 7 The..churlish chiding of the winters winde. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iii. iv. 64 O, these flawes and starts..would well become A womans story, at a Winters fire. View more context for this quotation
1717 W. Sutherland Britain's Glory: Ship-building Unvail'd Introd. p. xiv [They] advise for a Winter's Felling, that the Timber neither rifts, casts, nor twines, because of the Cold of the Winter.
1795 W. Cowper Pairing Time 9 It chanced then on a winter's day, But warm, and bright, and calm as May.
1796 Grose's Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue (ed. 3) (at cited word) He is like a winter's day, short and dirty.
1832 Penny Story-Teller 1 Aug. 1/2 I like this interval between dinner and tea in a winter's afternoon.
1839 Farmers' Reg. Dec. 758/1 Should he leave his drains open, they..will, after a winter's freeze..be nearly filled up.
1878 N. Miner Triplets lxxi. 489 When we say winter's evening, then all at once we seem to gather round the old fire place and listen to the crackling log.
1909 Pop. Mech. Jan. 36/2 One of her most dreaded duties is to rise in the cold, grey dawn of a winter's morning to prepare an early breakfast.
1968 Life 12 July 13/3 (advt.) On a cold winter's evening, electric heat gives you nothing but silent comfort—and the chance to hear the snow falling.
2008 Jet 9 June 7/1 You came out on a cold winter's night in January in numbers this country had never seen.
C2.
winter annual n. an annual plant, esp. one regarded as a weed, which germinates in the autumn and lives through the winter.
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the world > plants > by age or cycles > [noun] > annual
annual1633
hardy annual1706
tender annual1769
winter annual1857
semi-annual1882
therophyte1913
1857 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. Eng. 19 272 The winter annuals soon show themselves, and when well up harrowing, heavy rolling, and drilling the seed, take place.
1977 J. L. Harper Population Biol. Plants xviii. 547 A single population [of Papaver dubium] includes winter annuals and spring annuals.
winter beaver n. originally and chiefly North American (now rare) fur from a beaver caught in the winter, typically considered to be of relatively high quality; a skin or pelt of such a beaver.
ΚΠ
1643 in Arch. Maryland (1887) IV. 242 Good & merchantable winter beaver due from me to Capt Thomas Cornwaleys.
1744 A. Dobbs Acct. Countries adjoining Hudson's Bay 26 The fat Winter Beaver, kill'd in Winter,..is worth 5 s. 6 d. per Pound.
1846 Glasgow Herald 27 Nov. (advt.) His Winter Beavers and Mill'd Cloths will be found..decidedly cheap.
1905 H. Whitaker Probationer 190 The great packs of winter beaver that stand before my tepee.
2001 W. S. Dunn New Imperial Econ. vii. 155 Among the exports were..greased winter beaver.
winter bed n. a bed suitable for the cultivation of flowers, vegetables, etc., during the winter.
ΚΠ
1731 P. Miller Gardeners Kalendar 40 Plant out all your Cauliflower plants which are remaining in the Winter beds.
1819 E. Hammond Mod. Domest. Cookery (ed. 3) 236 Plant out Silesia and cos lettuce from the winter bed.
1942 Times Pict. (Dublin) 7 Nov. 9/3 The best type of winter bed..is the Dutch bed, originally used for bulb cultivation in Holland.
2016 B. H. Morrow Best Plants New Mexico Gardens & Landscapes 99/1 Pansies like moist, well-manured soil and do well in winter beds.
winter blues n. colloquial feelings of sadness, melancholy, or depression associated with winter; (in later use sometimes) spec. such feelings as the manifestation of seasonal affective disorder.
ΚΠ
1887 N.-Y. Daily Tribune 7 Apr. 4/5 Departed are our winter blues, From spring we solace draw.
1987 Today's Health Apr. 58/2 People suffering with this [sc. seasonal affective disorder] go through severe ‘winter blues’.
2006 Independent 10 Jan. 9/1 These days you can..banish the winter blues at a ‘light lounge’.
winter carnival n. North American (chiefly Canadian) an organized festival featuring various outdoor winter sports and activities, such as dog sled and snowmobile races, ice sculptures, etc.
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society > leisure > social event > large or public event > [noun] > winter carnival
winter carnival1837
1837 Lady's Bk. Oct. 188/2 It is a dangerous thing for two young hearts to be launched upon the flood-tide of a winter carnival, in a merry New England village.
1884 Outing & Wheelman Feb. 400/2 The winter carnival at Montreal, which was so successfully inaugurated last year, will open on February 4.
1973 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 13 Jan. 33/1 Most winter carnivals in Ontario rely less heavily on the snowmobile for their fun weekends.
2003 I. Ferguson Village Small Houses ix. 139 The Winter Carnival consisted of sled dog races on the Peace River, bannock-making competitions, and the flour-packing contest.
winter chill n. and adj. (a) n. the coldness or chilling effect of winter weather; (b) adj. cold or chilled owing to the effect of winter weather (rare).
ΚΠ
1602 F. Davison et al. Poet. Rapsody sig. B10v Thou all-forth-bringing earth, though winter chill, With boystrous blasts blow off thy Mantle greene.
1606 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iii. 127 My flesh (too-Winter-chill) My Spirit's small sparkles dooth extinguish still.
1781 W. Preston Poems 229 Smooth as ice, when winter chill, Gently stays th' untroubled rill.
1847 M. Howitt Ballads 185 'Twas in the winter chill, When icy cold the winds did blow.
1929 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 16/2 (advt.) Also shuts out winter chill, dampness and summer heat.
1939 Voices Winter 15 When all the world is winter-chill With stars and frost and wreathed light.
2011 San Diego Dec. 61/2 Wash down a $3 wild boar spring roll with a $5 Manhattan or Dark and Stormy, a perfect remedy for the winter chill.
winter-clad adj. (a) (of a place) having an appearance characterized by the effects of winter; (b) (of a person) wearing warm clothes suitable for the winter.
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the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > [adjective] > other
slitteredc1380
tatteredc1380
accoutredc1540
suiteda1592
undressed1605
uniforma1626
full-dressed1731
tucky1748
underdresseda1784
costumed1820
décolleté1831
fancy dressed1836
winter-clad1836
sacked1847
evening-dressed1848
mufti1853
tailor-made1896
swim-suited1955
1836 New Yorker 5 Nov. 104/1 I had no eye for the scenery, and the prospects of these now winter-clad cliffs.
1845 Boston Daily Atlas 15 May Fires in the evening are not uncomfortable, and most persons are still winter clad.
1905 Amer. Art News 28 Oct. The cover design..shows a winter-clad girl wrapped in ermine, out in a storm, and framed in a holly border.
1951 N.Y. Times 7 Dec. 29/3 Relatively high humidity added to the discomfort of winter-clad New Yorkers.
2011 Berkshire Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.) (Nexis) 16 Feb. A guided hike..through the winter-clad forests and fields.
winter coat n. (a) the coat of an animal in winter, where this differs from that in summer; (b) a person's coat suitable for winter weather.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [noun] > coat > winter coat
winter coat1557
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > coat > types of > weatherproof > winter coat
winter coat1557
north-western1701
1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes (new ed.) f. 2v The buck in brake his winter coate he flings.
1694 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 18 195 On the next day one of them was changed into a small Moth, leaving its useless skin, or Winter-coat.
1720 T. Gordon Humourist I. 225 Mr. Hobbes..made him a warm Winter Coat, which he said must last him three Years.
1848 Jrnl. Ethnol. Soc. 1 284 The difference between the summer and winter coat generally consists in the one being formed of seal and the latter of rein-deer skin.
1956 R. Macaulay Towers of Trebizond viii. 78 The camel..was very smooth, having just shed its winter coat.
2011 Boys' Life Apr. 11/1 We had packed winter coats, but the more we climbed, the colder it got.
winter count n. (with reference to the practices of North American Indians, esp. Plains Indians) a pictorial record or chronicle usually consisting of pictograms depicting the main event or events of each year, painted on an animal hide, piece of cloth, etc.; = year count n. 2. [After Lakota waníyetu iyáwapi ( < waníyetu winter, year + iyáwapi something which counts or is counted; < iyáwa to count + -pi, suffix forming nouns).]
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society > communication > record > pictorial, etc., records > [noun] > pictorial record
winter count1886
year count1972
1886 Amer. Naturalist 20 215 This last statement is confirmed by the Dakota winter-counts in Dr. Corbusier's collection.
1895 W. J. Hoffman Beginnings of Writing 35 These chronological records are designated ‘winter counts’, as each event covers that period of time between the end of one summer and the beginning of the next.
1943 Amer. Anthropologist 45 69 The Teton winter counts sometimes recorded in pictures events of general importance, but more often they mirrored the personal interest..of the men who kept them.
2016 Targeted News Service (Nexis) 29 Feb. Artists also began pictorially recording significant events from each prior year; these became known as ‘winter counts’.
winter country n. Australian and New Zealand land suitable for keeping livestock during the winter; cf. winter v. 3a(a), wintering n. 1a.
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the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > grassland > [noun] > pasture > winter pasture
wintering1783
winter country1851
1851 Argus (Melbourne) 10 May (heading) Winter Country. The undersigned have for sale about 307,000 Acres of first rate Winter Fattening Country, in the Wimmera District.
1898 E. E. Morris Austral Eng. 513/1 Winter country, in New Zealand (South Island), land so far unaffected by snow that stock is wintered on it.
1912 A. Wall Century N.Z.'s Praise 80 Good winter-country, where sweet grasses grow.
2016 Weekly Times (Austral.) (Nexis) 4 May 37 It's beautiful winter country, offering shelter for the stock, with one main creek that never dries up.
† winter cricket n. slang Obsolete (an insulting nickname for) a tailor.Probably with allusion to quot. a1616, which contains insulting words directed at a tailor, but where winter cricket may well have no established application to a tailor.
ΚΠ
a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iv. iii. 109 Thou Flea, thou Nit, thou winter cricket thou. View more context for this quotation]
1788 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue (ed. 2) Winter Cricket, a taylor.
1827 T. S. Surr Richmond III. vii. 101 Blount..turned out to be the tailor... ‘He called me a “winter-cricket”.’
1904 J. S. Farmer & W. E. Henley Slang VII. iii. 358/1 Winter-cricket, (common).—A tailor.
winter egg n. (a) the egg of a domestic bird laid in winter; (b) Zoology a thick-shelled egg produced in the autumn by various (esp. freshwater) invertebrates, remaining dormant until the spring; = winter ovum n.
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the world > animals > invertebrates > bodies or parts > [noun] > winter eggs
winter egg1840
winter ovum1841
1840 Domest. Animals 27 In guarding against cold and wet..consists the principal secret of having..winter eggs.
1841 Edinb. New Philos. Jrnl. 31 242 When they are of a rosaceous tinge, I look upon them as winter-eggs, analogous to those of many of the Rotiferæ.
1872 H. C. Bastian Beginnings of Life II. 514 The so-called ‘winter-eggs’ of the beautiful..Rotifer..Hydatina senta.
1995 R. F. Johnston & M. Janiga Feral Pigeons vi. 93 Winter eggs contain proportionally more albumen and less yolk than summer eggs.
2014 J. Olesen in J. W. Martin et al. Atlas Crustacean Larvae v. 29/1 Two types of eggs are laid:..(2) thick-shelled winter eggs (resting eggs) in which development is arrested at about the gastrula stage.
winterfall n. poetic the onset of winter.In quot. 1736 perhaps: a cold spell or fall of snow.
ΚΠ
1736 R. Erskine Paraphr. Song of Solomon 59 See lapsed Nature's cursed Earth, Nipt with a Winter-fall.
1858 E. Capern Ballads & Songs 12 In truth it was a jovial time, In cottage and in hall; But I will sing their children born 'Tween spring and winterfall.
1922 A. E. Housman Last Poems (N.Y. ed.) 43 And winterfalls of old Are with me from the past.
1946 L. Durrell Cities, Plains & People 22 Wrap your sulky beauty up, From sea-fever, from winterfall.
winter fallow n. the state or fact of lying fallow during the winter; (also) land that lies fallow during the winter. [Compare earlier summer fallow n.]
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the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > [noun] > systems of cultivation > fallowing
summer fallow1601
winter fallow1601
fallowing1610
summer fallowing1610
foiling1616
pin fallow1688
winter-fallowing1707
summer-working1778
bare-fallowing1829
summer work1886
the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [noun] > fallow land > other fallows
summerlea1572
summer fallow1601
winter fallow1601
twifallowing1610
fallow1684
rag fallow1784
1601 God speede Plough sig. Bv An Acre of ground turned vp before Christmas, so as it may lie in a Winter fallow.
1788 G. Washington Diary 20 Feb. (1925) III. 306 At Muddy hole they were..taking up grubs in the Winter fallow of No. 4.
1805 J. Wilson in Communications to Board of Agric. IV. 150 The winter after that, it [sc. the field] was made a kind of winter fallow, that is, it was ploughed, and harrowed in the winter, which is a silly practice, for this sort of fallowing never kills any trash in the land.
1907 Jrnl. Royal Hort. Soc. 32 14 Constant raking and rolling after such winter fallow will do wonders.
1995 N. Hudson Soil Conservation (ed. 3) xi. 265 A season of cropping may be alternated with a season of bare fallow, or winter fallow followed by a summer crop or vice versa.
winter-fallow v. transitive to allow (land) to lie fallow during the winter; also intransitive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivate or till [verb (transitive)] > lay fallow
summerlay1467
fauch1579
summer fallow1625
rest1634
summerland1667
summer work1687
winter-fallowa1722
pin-fallow1808
dead-fallow1851
fallow1873
bare-fallow1961
a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 54 Spring-corn, for which..they winter-fallow only.
1763 Museum Rusticum (1764) I. 33 Let the land be then Winter-fallowed.
1868 S. E. Todd Amer. Wheat Culturist ii.156 A great deal of good judgment should be exercised about winter-fallowing very light soils.
1913 E. R. Parsons Parsons on Dry Farming xiii. 120 When the ground underneath the plow sole is tough..it can be deep plowed and winter-fallowed to reduce the lumps.
2003 Peanut Sci. 30 54/1 Following cotton, plots were winter-fallowed.
winter-fallowing n. the action or practice of allowing land to lie fallow during the winter; an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > [noun] > systems of cultivation > fallowing
summer fallow1601
winter fallow1601
fallowing1610
summer fallowing1610
foiling1616
pin fallow1688
winter-fallowing1707
summer-working1778
bare-fallowing1829
summer work1886
1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 47 In Staffordshire they often give their Lands a Winter fallowing, besides the three summer fallowings.
1837 Brit. Husbandry (Libr. Useful Knowl.) II. v. 65 The labours of winter fallowing, when intended for the preparation of spring crops,..are necessarily more confined in their operation.
2011 Countryman (W. Austral.) (Nexis) 10 Feb. 25 The three-year trial compared winter fallowing of 50 per cent of a farm with a continuous wheat system.
winter-fatten v. transitive to fatten (animals) during the winter.
ΚΠ
1770 A. Young Rural Oeconomy i. 43 20 acres of cabbages, and 10 of clover hay, will winter fatten 80 steers or heifers.
1839 J. Buel Farmer's Compan. xvi. 164 English beef and mutton..is mostly winter-fattened..upon roots and straw.
1947 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 110 232 (caption) Average time taken to Winter fatten home-bred and imported steers.
1998 Farmers Weekly (Nexis) 6 Mar. 26 Reintroducing aid on maize silage means you will winter-fatten cattle for almost nothing.
winter-fattened adj. (of an animal) fattened during the winter.
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1889 Newport (Rhode Island) Mercury 27 July 6/1 During May, June and July most of the winter-fattened stock has been worked off.
1906 Queensland Agric. Jrnl. 17 92 For winter fattened fowls a shed is best for the fattening coops to stand in.
2011 San Jose (Calif.) Mercury News (Nexis) 11 Apr. The winter-fattened geese honking and hissing across glistening lawns.
winter feed n. fodder for feeding animals during winter.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > animal food > [noun] > fodder > winter or summer fodder
stover1557
winter fodder1567
winterage1589
summering1605
wintering meat1606
winter feeda1722
a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 276 I was saying, that I had winter-feed..for more beasts than I had.
1765 Museum Rusticum IV. 400 Deduct for the ewes winter-feed..3 8 0.
1815 T. Quayle Gen. View Agric. Islands on Coast of Normandy viii. 121 Coarse aquatic plants..are made as hay, and reserved for winter-feed of cattle.
1923 Pop. Sci. Monthly May 49/3 Winter feed in more severe climates and plenty of underbrush are needed.
2006 M. B. Shaw Solomon v. 31 Most of the fodder stacks they hoped to use as winter feed for the mules were twisted and lying in the mud.
winter-feed v. transitive to feed or maintain (animals) during winter; to provide with winter fodder.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [verb (transitive)] > feed with specific food or meal
sup1575
winter-feed1606
soil1608
supper1666
browse1675
cake1799
slop1848
mash1859
pair-feed1944
zero-graze1954
1606 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iii. 142 The wide-stradling Mower; That..Cuts-crosse the swaths to Winter-feed his Farme.
1769 A. Young Ess. Managem. Hogs p. xvi Provision must be made for winter-feeding such hogs as do not require assistance from the dairy.
1887 3rd Ann. Rep. Bureau Animal Industry 1886 189 No effort is made to winter feed the general herd.
1919 K. J. Mackenzie Cattle & Future of Beef-Production in Eng. xi. 150 If the South Wales steers such as I tried to winter-feed in my youth are excepted..no one can say that this claim is unfounded.
2005 J. Dailey Lone Calder Star iii. 43 Seems the Slash R had bought it [sc. hay] all up, claiming they needed it to winter-feed their cattle.
winter feeding n. the action of winter-feed vb.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [noun] > types of feeding
winter feeding1602
soiling1607
fogging1765
stall-feeding1805
suppering1820
box feeding1843
warming1874
self-feed1894
self-feeding1917
zero grazing1954
1602 R. Carew Surv. Cornwall ii. f. 127 A fruitfull veine of land, comprizing certayne parishes, which serueth better then any other place in Cornwall for Winter feeding.
1756 T. Hale et al. Compl. Body Husbandry v. xii. 213/1 These Cattle being for Sale early in Spring, will always fetch a good Price; but the Winter feeding of them may easily run away with what should be his [sc. the Husbandman's] Profit.
1805 R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. II. 221 Stall or winter-feeding of cattle or sheep.
1915 Pop. Mech. Feb. 250/1 Melted suet, in which ground nuts and scraps of meat are mixed, is the standard ration for the winter feeding of song birds.
2009 Weed Technol. 23 94/1 When cut for grazing, the swathed crop extends the grazing season for cattle and reduces the cost of winter feeding.
winter-flowering adj. (of a plant) flowering in winter.
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1732 Flower-garden Display'd 106 Winter flowering Pear.
1858 De Bow's Rev. July 58 The poet Martial mentions a present of roses from the Pharian gardens to the Emperor, and those, too, of winter flowering roses.
1946 M. Free All about House Plants facing p. 240 (caption) Veltheimia, a dependable winter-flowering bulb with glossy green foliage.
2004 Park Home & Holiday Caravan Feb. 38/3 Witch hazels, or hamamelis, are extraordinarily useful winter-flowering shrubs.
winter fodder n. food for feeding animals in the winter.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > animal food > [noun] > fodder > winter or summer fodder
stover1557
winter fodder1567
winterage1589
summering1605
wintering meat1606
winter feeda1722
1567 G. Turberville tr. G. B. Spagnoli Eglogs iii. f. 21v I..scarce could kepe my flock aliue and Winter fodder bie.
1773 S. Johnson Let. 15 Oct. (1992) II. 101 He..has introduced turnips for winter fodder.
1847 W. C. L. Martin Ox 35/2 After being kept on winter-fodder, they are turned out to graze in the spring.
2014 D. Goulson Sting in Tale (U.S. ed.) i. 5 Silage making is an alternative approach to providing winter fodder for livestock.
† winter-hained adj. [ < winter n.1 + hained adj.] Obsolete (of pasture) preserved from grazing during the winter.
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the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > grassland > [adjective] > pasture > preserved during winter
winter-hained1796
1796 R. Locke in Lett. & Papers Agric. (Bath & West of Eng. Soc.) VIII. 276 A piece of winter-hayned land.
1886 C. Scott Pract. Sheep-farming 86 To have in reserve a winter-hained old pasture, which the ewes and lambs can fall back on.
† winter-haining n. [ < winter n.1 + haining n.] Obsolete the preservation of pasture from grazing during the winter; the period during which this takes place.
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the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > management of pasture > [noun]
winter-haining1667
haining1733
strip-grazing1955
paddock grazing1960
1667–8 Act 19 & 20 Charles II c. 8 §10 in Statutes of Realm (1963) V. 638 The time of the Winter heyning (that is to say) from the Eleventh day of November to the Three and twentieth day of Aprill.
1743 Sel. Trans. Soc. Improvers Knowl. Agric. Scotl. 37 The Dung of these [sheep] in Summer, with Winter-haining, will keep the Ground in good Heart.
1877 Jrnl. Forestry & Estates Managem. 1 261 At that time the forest was again cleared, and no animal except deer admitted from the 11th November until the 23rd April (old style), which period was called the Winter Haining.
1906 W. F. Rawnsley in G. E. Jeans Mem. Old Hampshire 80 After the end of the pannage-month..the time called the Winter Haining began, and, in order to allow the deer to have all there was to eat during the winter, commoners' cattle were kept out from November 11th to April 23rd.
winter-heavy adj. heavy owing to the effects of winter; heavy as in winter.
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1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love xxix. 435 This was an old world she was still journeying through, winter-heavy and dreary.
2014 J. Weil Great Glass Sea 94 That day, he tore down the light-bleeding curtains from the windows, the winter-heavy rugs from the walls.
winter holiday n. (a) a fixed period in winter during which a school, university, etc., closes (usually in plural, with the); (b) a holiday taken in the winter.The more usual term for sense (b) in North American usage, and also for sense (a) in U.S. usage, is winter vacation n.
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1772 S. Pegge tr. W. Fitzstephen Descr. London 50 In the winter holidays, the youth are entertained in a morning with boars fighting.
1869 Glasgow Herald 1 Jan. 6/5 Lord Provost Chambers, at present enjoying a short winter holiday abroad.
1876 Brit. Friend 1 Dec. 329/1 Wanted, after the Winter Holidays, a thoroughly efficient Teacher.
1914 Harper's Mag. Dec. 38/1 It has been assumed that the winter holiday is undertaken in search of warm weather.
1999 K. C. Wright & J. F. Davie Forecasting Future 126 They find themselves overloaded with demands for their time as the needs of students increase, the marking period ends, or the winter holidays approach.
2008 Nespresso No. 2. 17/1 A winter holiday at a Japanese hot spring inn.
winter housing n. housing suitable or intended for occupation in winter.
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society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > types of house > [noun] > winter house
winter houseOE
winter housing?1440
hibernacle1708
tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) Tab. l. 18 (MED) Bildynge of wyntir housynge.
a1450 ( tr. Vegetius De Re Militari (Douce) f. 35 (MED) Þe oost haþ also wiþ ynne hem in eueriche legioun men of craft..to beeldynge of hir wynter housyng.
1860 I. I. Hayes Let. 14 Aug. in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. & Arts (1861) 31 52 Restowing our cargo, so that we might put below, the deck-load of lumber intended for our winter housing.
2016 Sidmouth Herald (Nexis) 22 Apr. Cattle have been moved out of their winter housing into the fields through the spring and summer.
winter ice n. ice formed in the winter; (in later use) spec. (chiefly North American) level sea ice less than one year old and more than eight inches (20.3 cm) thick.
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1535 Bible (Coverdale) Wisd. xvi. D Ye hope of ye vnthankfull shal melt awaie as the wynter yse [Ger. wie ein reiffe ym winter].
1638 J. Ballard Hist. Susanna xi. sig. G4 Dissolving like to winter-Ice before The Summers Sun-beams.
1797 Trans. Royal Irish Acad. 6 52 Particular instances where the defect of summer heat and winter ice seem to be most strongly marked.
1859 Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. 3 66 The winter ice, which forms in the rivers, compelled her [sc. a steamer] to start for Mia-tao Strait.
1958 G. Teleki in Proc. Conf. Arctic Sea Ice (Nat. Acad. Sci. Publ. 598) 78/2 Polar ice can be separated from winter ice, and different kinds of ice can be distinguished.
2016 Newsweek (Nexis) 15 Apr. 1 They'll arrive at a spot in the northern latitudes in a warmer month and let the winter ice freeze around them.
winterkill n. North American the death of plants or animals as a result of exposure to frost, snow, or extreme cold.
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the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > crop or crops > [noun] > winter-killing
winter-killing1827
winterkill1837
1837 Daily Herald & Gaz. (Cleveland, Ohio) 6 Sept. The liability of wheat to winter kill on the prairies, has heretofore seriously affected the prospects of settlers in these gardens of nature.
1945 Ecol. Monogr. 15 343 (heading) Limnological conditions in ice-covered lakes, especially as related to winter-kill of fish.
2016 Ont. Farmer (Nexis) 11 Oct. a34 In 2016 there was very little winterkill observed across the province, mainly due to a very mild winter.
winterkill v. North American (a) transitive to kill (a plant or animal) by exposure to frost, snow, or extreme cold (chiefly in passive); (b) intransitive (of a plant or animal) to die as a result of exposure to frost, snow, or extreme cold.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > crop or crops > [verb (intransitive)] > become winter killed
winterkill1790
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > crop or crops > [verb (transitive)] > winter-kill
winterkill1790
1790 N. Webster Farmer's Catechizm 9 in Little Reader's Assistant Is not clover liable to be winter-killed?
1794 E. L'Hommedieu in Trans. Soc. Promotion Agric. (U.S.) 2 111 The wheat was hurt by the winter, though..by computing that part which was not winter killed, the product would have been fifteen bushels.
1846 E. Emmons Agric. N.Y. I. 281 The grain very rarely winter-kills.
1849 Message President U.S.: Pt. III 653 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (31st Congress, 1st Sess.: Senate Executive Doc. 1) III The..snow which lies upon the ground nearly six months in the year would be likely to ‘winter-kill’ it.
1918 S. S. Visher Geogr. S. Dakota 56 Red clover is not a success..largely because it winter-kills.
1977 Chicago Tribune 2 Oct. xi. 1/4 High nitrogen fertilizer..would only promote late growth that would winterkill.
2015 Bismarck (N. Dakota) Tribune (Nexis) 17 Dec. c1 There's a lot of white suckers, and it rarely winterkills so they'd certainly have a good forage base if they could get some longevity.
winterkilled adj. North American (of plants, esp. wheat or other cereal crops, or animals) killed or damaged by exposure to frost, snow, or extreme cold.
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the world > plants > disease or injury > [adjective] > spoiled by heat, cold, etc.
mowburnt1548
house-burnt1640
winterkilled1817
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > crop or crops > [adjective] > killed
winterkilled1817
weathered1875
laid1886
1817 S. R. Brown Western Gazetteer 49 That wheat..never gets winter-killed or smutty.
1950 Pop. Mech. Feb. 207/1 When fish won't take any other bait, use winter-killed honeybees which can be obtained from a local beekeeper.
2014 Hay & Forage Grower 19 Aug. Wisconsin alfalfa growers may see one of the biggest production spikes this season after contending with winterkilled acreage the previous year.
winter-killing n. North American the death of plants or animals as a result of exposure to frost, snow, or extreme cold; = winterkill n.
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the world > plants > disease or injury > [noun] > damage due to environmental conditions
wind-stroke1657
carbunculation1666
firing1693
fire blast1727
houseburning1757
winter-killing1827
sun scald1850
scalding1865
sunburn1865
wind-blow1921
water stress1922
balling1928
windrock1969
wind-rocking1972
Waldsterben1983
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > crop or crops > [noun] > winter-killing
winter-killing1827
winterkill1837
1827 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 12 372 If his soil will settle in four hours, after being well stirred in a tumbler of pure water, he need have no apprehensions of the ‘winter-killing’.
1944 Soil Surv. La Porte County, Indiana 101 To guard against the hazards of winter-killing of clover, it is generally advisable to seed some timothy with the clover.
2007 Beef (Nexis) 1 Mar. 88 Grass fills in gaps in alfalfa stands caused by poor alfalfa establishment or winter-killing.
winter oil n. any of various oils that maintain a low viscosity or remain clear at low temperatures.
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the world > food and drink > food > fat or oil > [noun] > vegetable oil or margarine
palm oil1625
vegetable oil1651
butter of mace1694
Negro-oil1753
sunflower oil1768
Galam butter1782
vegetable butter1790
vegetable fat1797
winter oil1811
butter substitute1834
red palm oil1836
butter oil1844
shea butter1847
palm butter1848
vegetable lard1859
palm-kernel oil1863
butterine1866
margarine1873
oleomargarine1873
bosch1879
oleo1884
oleo oil1884
vegetable shortening1892
Nucoline1894
almond butter1895
nut butter1896
Nutter1906
marge1919
Maggie Ann1931
sun oil1937
vanaspati1949
maggie1971
canola oil1982
1811 National Intelligencer (Washington) 31 Dec. (advt.) Also for Sale, best Winter Oil.
1881 Spons' Encycl. Industr. Arts IV. 1386 For lubricating purposes, some manufacturers prepare a ‘winter oil’.., which does not thicken in cold weather.
1955 Country Life 3 Feb. 323/1 The thinner winter oil..reduces friction when starting from cold and during short trips.
2009 G. Nagaraj Oilseeds ii. 96 Soybean oil is a natural winter oil which means that it will remain clear at cool temperatures for long periods before clouding.
winter-old adj. (of ice or snow) that has lasted since or throughout winter.
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the world > time > period > year > season > [adjective] > of or relating to winter > since or all winter
winterlong1843
winter-old1897
1897 tr. F. Nansen Farthest North II. v. 194 Ice which can hardly be winter-old, or at any rate has been formed since last summer.
1938 Prairie Schooner 12 199 He arrived there at just the right time of year, when spring was still new and in the wind was an odor of distant, winter-old snow mingled with freshly broken earth and early flowers.
2009 S. Kelso Riversend vi. 126 Her mouth set like winter-old ice.
Winter Olympiad n. = Winter Olympic Games n.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > match or competition > [noun] > series of, as public spectacle > specific
May games1531
game1636
victorial1657
natal games1728
gathering1828
Olympiad1896
Olympian Games1896
Winter Olympic Games1908
winter game1924
Winter Olympics1924
Olympics1925
spartakiad1928
Winter Olympiad1928
Summer Olympics1931
paraplegic games1953
Paralympics1954
Paralympic Games1955
Special Olympics1968
worlds1984
iron man1985
1928 Times 17 Feb. 6/4 The usual clean crisp snow has given place to an earthy slush, and as a result the second celebration of a Winter Olympiad has come to an abrupt standstill.
1980 Skiing Feb. 71 On the eve of this month's XIII Winter Olympiad, take a look back—to some of the earliest Winter Olympics.
2010 Financial Times 6 Feb. (How to spend it section) 51/1 The main attraction at every Winter Olympiad is the Alpine skiing.
Winter Olympic Games n. an international competitive winter sports festival, now held every four years in different countries and venues; cf. Summer Olympic Games n. at summer n.1 and adj. Compounds 3.The first Winter Olympic Games held under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee took place in Chamonix, France, in 1924. At first the winter games were held in the same year as the summer games, but since 1994 the events have taken place in alternating even-numbered years.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > match or competition > [noun] > series of, as public spectacle > specific
May games1531
game1636
victorial1657
natal games1728
gathering1828
Olympiad1896
Olympian Games1896
Winter Olympic Games1908
winter game1924
Winter Olympics1924
Olympics1925
spartakiad1928
Winter Olympiad1928
Summer Olympics1931
paraplegic games1953
Paralympics1954
Paralympic Games1955
Special Olympics1968
worlds1984
iron man1985
1908 Observer 23 Aug. 8/5 To encourage aeroplanists..to enter a flying machine contest in connection with the winter Olympic games the inventor of the ‘Aeroway’ device for maintaining equilibrium..offers to give the use of his invention.
1923 Times 18 Dec. 15/4 The Winter Olympic Games' events will be held at Chamonix between January 25 and February 3.
1956 Times 6 Jan. 9/5 In 1948..I won a bronze medal in the Winter Olympic Games.
2016 Advertiser (Austral.) (Nexis) 17 Apr. 82 Eddie Edwards was an underdog in the ski-jumping competition in the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary.
Winter Olympics n. = Winter Olympic Games n.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > match or competition > [noun] > series of, as public spectacle > specific
May games1531
game1636
victorial1657
natal games1728
gathering1828
Olympiad1896
Olympian Games1896
Winter Olympic Games1908
winter game1924
Winter Olympics1924
Olympics1925
spartakiad1928
Winter Olympiad1928
Summer Olympics1931
paraplegic games1953
Paralympics1954
Paralympic Games1955
Special Olympics1968
worlds1984
iron man1985
1924 Washington Post 27 Jan. s1 (headline) Americans third on first day of Winter Olympics.
1981 ‘E. Lathen’ Going for Gold i. 11 It took the Winter Olympics to keep him in the continental United States in February.
2016 Guardian (Nexis) 4 Apr. The 1998 bribery scandal which related to the award of the 2002 Winter Olympics to Salt Lake City.
winter ovum n. Zoology (now rare) (usually in plural) a thick-shelled egg that is produced in the autumn by various (esp. freshwater) invertebrates, remaining dormant until the spring; = winter egg n. (b).Contrasted with summer ovum n. at summer n.1 and adj. Compounds 3.
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the world > animals > invertebrates > bodies or parts > [noun] > winter eggs
winter egg1840
winter ovum1841
1841 A. Pritchard Hist. Infusoria 351 The egg is worthy of notice, having sometimes a smooth soft shell, at others a hard spinous one; the latter is termed the winter ovum.
1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 634 The ova [of Rotifers] are of three kinds, small male ova, thin-shelled summer ova, and thick-shelled winter or, better, resting ova.
2007 J. Elwick Styles Reasoning Brit. Life Sci. vi. 134 Sex thus became the only way to distinguish ‘true’ ova from various other kinds of reproductive masses like the various buds, gemmae, winter ova and ephippial ova.
winter packet n. Canadian (now historical) a boat or land party carrying mail between trading posts during winter; the mail itself.
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society > communication > correspondence > postal services > person or vehicle that carries letters or mail > [noun] > vehicle or vessel
post1600
winter packet1831
1831 E. Smith Let. 25 Nov. in G. P. de T. Glazebrook Hargrave Corr. (1938) 79 The time for our Winter Packet being now preparing to Travell on to your Quarter, I will not let it go without acknowleging the receipt of your friendly epistile.
1896 J. McDougall Saddle, Sled & Snowshoe iii. 31 We saw the glimmer of a camp-fire..it was the one winter packet from the east on its way to Edmonton.
1917 Scribner's Mag. Mar. 327/2 If you enlist we'll expect to hear from you by the spring canoe or the winter packet at least.
1983 Arctic 36 238/2 McKenzie carried the HBC winter packet the 700 miles from Fort Chimo to Seven Islands.
winter piece n. a picture or description of a winter scene.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > season > [noun] > winter > picture or description of winter scene
winter piece1612
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to subject > [noun] > landscape-painting > a landscape or view > type of
paysage1611
winter piece1612
rockscape1754
pastoral1798
skyscape1811
snow scene1836
icescape1839
cloudscape1868
townscape1880
winterscape1884
treescape1885
farmscape1886
cowscape1896
roadscape1899
cityscape1915
dunescape1928
slumscape1947
hellscape1959
jungle-scape1973
1612 H. Peacham Gentlemans Exercise i. xi. 45 Such a winter peece should be graced and beautified with all manner of workes and exercises of winter.
1697 J. Addison Pref. to Dryden's Georgics ⁋12 The Scythian Winter-piece appears so very cold and bleak to the Eye, that a Man can scarce look on it without shivering.
1797 T. Holcroft tr. F. L. Stolberg Trav. II. xlii. 70 The third [painting] is a winter piece.
1839 Art-union Nov. 171/1 The winter-pieces are very numerous, among them may be particularly distinguished those of M. Ver Wee and M. Noter.
1925 N. Amer. Rev. Sept. 138 These winter-pieces are very different from the pastorals (already published) of the Farmer ploughing in the clear sunshine of his farm.
2016 Cochrane (Alberta) Times (Nexis) 12 Oct. 17 There are a lot of autumn scenes, and some winter pieces of Cochrane along the Bow River.
winter pride n. Agriculture (now rare) the condition of being winter-proud.
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the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > crop or crops > [noun] > grain crop > winter crop
winter corn1472
winter wheat1577
winter pridea1722
a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 93 Sow old wheat at the first and earliest sowing, if you fear winter-pride.
1917 T. Wibberley Farming Factory Lines vii. 93 It is a difficult matter to revive a ‘winter scalded’ crop of corn, but a very simple matter indeed to check any tendency to ‘winter pride’.
1989 E. J. Wibberley Cereal Husb. vii. 113 (table) Autumn... Check in vegetative growth. Therefore, less winter pride (excess growth).
winter-proud adj. Agriculture (of wheat or other crops) growing too luxuriantly in winter, esp. as a result of mild weather.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > crop or crops > [adjective] > early
forward1601
winter-proud1601
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xvii. ii. 501 When either corne is winter-prowd, or other plants put forth and bud too earely, by reason of the mild and warme aire.
1799 J. Robertson Gen. View Agric. Perth 146 When the wheat is winter-proud, which commonly happens after a mild season.., that luxuriance..ought to be checked by eating it down with sheep.
1832 J. Baxter Libr. Agric. & Hort. Knowl. (ed. 2) 615 There is danger of the crop running to straw, or becoming what is called winter-proud.
1900 Essex County Standard 15 Dec. 3/3 As usual in a mild season, we hear certain misgivings about being winter-proud.
2004 Farmer's Weekly (Nexis) 6 Aug. 6 Sowing sooner than mid-August runs the risk of crops getting winter proud and plants being lost to frost.
winter range n. (a) U.S. (a piece of) grazing land used by livestock in winter; (b) Biology the geographical area within which a migratory species occurs during winter; cf. summer range n. (b) at summer n.1 and adj. Compounds 3.
ΚΠ
1822 Amer. Missionary Reg. May 432/1 Their object..is to provide themselves with wood and water, and winter range.
1837 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1836 192 South Carolina is stated by the Rev. Mr. Bachman to be the most northerly winter range of the last-mentioned bird.
1948 E. N. Wentworth America's Sheep Trails xviii. 399/2 The ewes and cutback lambs..trailed back to..the winter range.
1987 J. DuFresne Glacier Bay National Park ii. 29 Arctic terns..travel 20,000 miles each year back and forth from their winter range in the southern hemisphere.
2002 Washington Post Mag. (Nexis) 19 May w10 My maternal uncles..were about to drive 2,000 sheep from the exhausted grass of their winter range 100 miles to fresh grass in the Bighorn Mountains.
winter-rig v. now rare (in later use English regional (chiefly Lincolnshire)) transitive to plough (land) in ridges and allow it to lie fallow during the winter, so as to expose the maximum amount of soil to the winter frosts; cf. winter-fallow vb.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > ploughing > plough (land) [verb (transitive)] > plough by season
summer-stir1613
winter-rig1616
1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) i. vi. 20 He shall Winter-rigge all such land.
1661 M. Stevenson Twelve Moneths 39 At the end of this moneth [sc. August], begin to winter-rig all fruitful soyls.
1877 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. Winter-rig, to plough land up into ridges so that the soil may be more fully subjected to the winter frosts.
1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. 347/1 Winter-rig, to dress the land for the winter by ploughing the fields into high ridges so that the maximum amount of soil will catch the frosts and be broken up by them into a more friable consistency by the spring.
winter road n. Canadian a road or route used in the winter, typically made of compacted snow or ice ploughed over a frozen waterway or ground impassable in the summer.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > [noun] > used at specific season
summer road1745
winter road1801
1801 A. Mackenzie Voy. from Montreal vi. 84 One of the natives who followed us, called it the Winter Road River.
1808 H. Gray Lett. from Canada (1809) 254 The country people who first form the winter roads on the snow, direct their Carioles by the nearest course where the snow is most level; and they go in as straight a line as possible, to the place where they are destined.
1888 Amer. Law Reg. 36 235 The plaintiff's injury came from the defendant's carelessness in cutting a hole through the ice, and leaving it exposed, upon or near a place where there had been a winter road for more than 20 years.
1916 Yukon Territory 194 In the summer of 1902 the government built a winter road between Dawson and Whitehorse, a distance of approximately 333 miles.
2016 Vancouver (Brit. Columbia) Sun (Nexis) 4 Jan. a10 During the winter, remote communities receive supplies from winter roads, which are becoming less reliable due to warming on the ‘front line’ of climate change.
winter room n. a room or building, typically heated, used in the winter; cf. summer room n. at summer n.1 and adj. Compounds 3.
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1643 R. Gentilis tr. G. Diodati Pious Annot. Holy Bible (Judges iii. 20) 141/2 According to the custome of great men, who had their Summer rooms, and their Winter rooms.
1791 G. Brewer Hist. Tom Weston I. iii. 34 The winter-room was very differently furnished,..the chairs and curtains, which were all crimson, seemed to spread a comfortable warmth round the room.
1911 J. Ward Rom. Era Brit. iv. 77 There was a ‘winter-room’ on the south side.
2006 K. Alexander in L. Nargi Knitting Memories 133 A cozy winter room with a woodstove and comfy chairs.
winter rules n. Golf (in non-professional golf) rules allowing a player to reposition the ball slightly for a better lie without penalty, usually invoked in adverse weather conditions; cf. preferred lie n. at preferred adj. and n. Compounds.
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1903 Washington Post 19 Apr. 11/1 The recent rains had left several of the greens in poor condition, and the winter rules were adopted to obviate these imperfections.
1961 T. Armour How to play your Best Golf all Time 45 Don't get into the habit of using ‘winter rules’.
2006 Irish Times (Nexis) 31 Jan. (Sport section) 25 His round would represent a course record but for winter rules being in place.
winter session n. originally Scottish (a) a session of a legislative, judicial, or other body which takes place during the winter; formerly also in plural (with singular or plural agreement); (b) a period of university or school instruction taking place during the winter.Cf. winter term n.
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1552–3 in R. Adam Edinb. Rec. (1899) I. 71 For the furnessing of the collis to the tolbuyth in the winter cessioun.
1659 R. Pittilloh Scotl. Mourning 7 It is a gross misrepresentation of affairs.., to affirm there is no need of setling these Courts till the time of the downsitting of the winter Session or Terme, in regard the Summer Terme is past.
1753 R. P. Virtue Triumphant II. xvii. 250 In this winter sessions,..he applied to his friends at court.
1779 Med. Reg. 151 During this winter Session are taught all the several branches of Medicine, except Botany.
1866 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 22 June 536/1 182 men in the classes at the commencement of the winter session.
1912 Polit. Sci. Q. 27 751 Congress in its winter session would regard favorably the..legislation proposed by the cabinet.
2006 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 23 June 1 As soon as Federal Parliament's winter session finishes, politicians flee home for a six-week break.
2014 Washington Post (Nexis) 16 Jan. t21 The winter session begins the first week of February, with eight classes.
winter sleep n. a state of hibernation or similar period of winter dormancy; cf. winter sleeper n.
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1661 J. Burton Hist. Eriander 197 The spring is come... By whose indulgent heat the flowers do creep With the chill Dormouse from their winter sleep.
1758 R. Dodsley Preceptor (ed. 3) II. 228 They [sc. swallows] are generally found near Rocks or watery Places, flying weakly about, as it were to try their Wings after their first Revival from their Winter Sleep.
1850 London Jrnl. Med. 2 645 It has been found that in hybernating animals, at the commencement of the winter-sleep, the pulsations of the heart subsided from 200 to 50 in a minute.
1901 M. C. Dickerson Moths & Butterflies i. 49 It will be a matter of a few hours only before the glorious Black Swallowtail will come forth, ready for a life of sunshine and flowers after its long winter sleep.
2006 C. Frazier Thirteen Moons ii. i. 39 As I reached for a last fallen stick of oak, a copperhead newly awakened from its winter sleep..struck at my hand.
winter sleeper n. an animal that hibernates or remains largely dormant during the winter; cf. winter sleep n.
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the world > animals > by habits or actions > [noun] > hibernating animal
winter sleeper1600
seven sleeper1799
winterer1905
1600 J. Norden Vicissitudo Rerum sig. E2 And men that erst in couert caues did dwell, Like winter sleepers, rouze them from their cell.
1709 T. Robinson Vindic. Mosaick Syst. 89 in Ess. Nat. Hist. Westmorland & Cumberland Those [creatures] that are Winter-Sleepers, when the Summer warmth abates,..draw to..Winter-Quarters.
1847 Brit. & Foreign Med. Rev. 24 410 The common sleep of winter-sleepers powerfully promotes the formation of fat; during their winter sleep the fat is exhausted.
1911 J. A. Thomson Biol. Seasons iv. 333 A survey of the Winter-sleepers seems to show that the life-saving reaction must have arisen by..natural selection.
2008 Guardian (Nexis) 13 Nov. 39 One of these winter sleepers is at risk from changes to our climate. Hedgehogs normally seek out a place to hibernate around bonfire night [etc.].
winter-spring adj. designating a period of time encompassing, or something taking place during, the winter and the following spring.
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1888 W. D. Hay Blood vii. 29 Although it was so late in the winter-spring season, the weather was wild and wintry.
1967 Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 16 409 The ‘Atlanto-Scandian’ winter-spring spawning stocks.
2014 G. C. Gunn Rice Wars in Colonial Vietnam i. 42 Fortunately, around seventy-one thousand hectares, or 40 percent of the winter-spring rice crop, had already been harvested.
† winter stall n. [ < winter n.1 + stall n.4] Bee-keeping Obsolete a hive in which bees are kept during the winter.
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the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > bee-keeping > [noun] > beehive > types of
winter stalla1300
remover1623
swarmer1855
bar-hive1884
a1300 Vision St. Paul (Jesus Oxf.) 40 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 148 Þickure hi hongeþ..Þan don been in wynterstal.
1587–8 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 312 iij wynter stales of bees.
1824 J. Mactaggart Sc. Gallovidian Encycl. 94 A bee-man lang the chiel had been, Keep'd mony a winter stale.
1895 Western Mail (Cardiff) 14 Dec. (Ladies' Suppl.) 3/3 In September the bees were at work going and coming from early morn to evening, but a few days later many were found in winter stalls.
winter story n. a story of a kind told for entertainment during the winter; spec. a fantastic or unrealistic tale; cf. winter's tale n.
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the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > disregard for truth, falsehood > fabrication of statement or story > a false or foolish tale > [noun]
spellc888
triflea1250
talea1325
vanity1340
a tale of waltrot1377
fablec1384
niflec1395
triflerya1400
truffc1430
jest1488
winter's talec1555
winter story1646
galley-packet1786
galley-yarn1874
cuffer1887
ploda1903
scuttlebutt yarn1918
just-so story1922
1646 E. Drapes Plain Discov. Beame in Master Edwards Eye 13 It is but a winter storie, and false report.
1793 Orphan Sisters I. v. 48 Her uncle's winter stories of their usual length.
1889 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Daily Jrnl. 5 June In one group [of legislators]..were seen Messrs. Watson, Schuler, Mead and Babcock, who were retailing winter stories on this fair summer morn.
2015 East Kent Mercury (Nexis) 1 Jan. The Sunshine Ukes provided musical entertainment and Roisin Murray told some winter stories.
winter term n. (a) Law (the name of) the session of a law court which immediately precedes the winter vacation; (b) (the name, at some universities and schools, of) the academic term immediately preceding the winter vacation, or falling wholly or largely in winter.In sense (a) a formal designation in some jurisdictions, such as Scotland, but only used informally in others, such as England and Wales. See note at term n. 4a.
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1659 R. Pittilloh Scotl. Mourning 7 The time of the downsitting of the winter Session or Terme.
1665 G. Evans Let. 8 Oct. in J. Worthington Diary & Corr. (1855) II. i. 179 Cambridge is almost disuniversitied, and either there will be no winter term, or nothing to do in it.
1747 Rules & Statutes Govt. Hertford Coll. 156 Going out thus Armed,..every Morning of the two long Winter Terms.
1797 Gazetteer & New Daily Advertiser 2 Dec. The Lord Advocate of Scotland..being called from the Bar..in the middle of the Winter Term of the Court of Session.
1840 Connecticut Common School Jrnl. June 230/2 The annual examination of all the schools in town about the middle of March, at the close of the Winter term.
1887 Sc. Law Rev. & Sheriff Court Rep. 3 213 The winter term occurs in the short days amid inclement weather.
1989 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 20 Oct. The court will likely hear the case during its winter term.
2014 Aberdeen Evening Express (Nexis) 11 Dec. 6 The two day holiday will be..added to the beginning of the Christmas holidays. This will allow the winter term to finish on a Friday.
winter-thin adj. thin owing to the effects of winter; thin as in winter.
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1820 J. Keats Fancy in Lamia & Other Poems 125 The snake all winter-thin Cast on sunny bank its skin.
1954 Poetry 85 134 I graze in the sun-warmed wheat When porridge is winter-thin.
2001 D. Proper Running Waters 91 A winter-thin brown trout takes your fly.
winter tyre n. a tyre designed to provide added traction in cold, slippery, or icy conditions.
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1904 Anaconda (Montana) Standard 6 Dec. 8/3 Peter Sanger..has had winter tires put on the wheels of the fire wagons.
1952 Life 17 Nov. 49 Goodyear's new Suburbanite..will outpull and outperform..any other winter tire on the market.
2009 Daily Tel. 30 Dec. 23/5 Winter tyres use a different rubber, which retains its elasticity at low temperatures.
winter vacation n. (a) chiefly U.S. a fixed period in winter during which a school, university, etc., closes; (b) originally and chiefly North American a holiday taken in the winter.Cf. winter holiday n.
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1763 E. Wigglesworth Doctr. Reprobation briefly Considered Pref. sig. A2 Some time before the last winter vacation.
1840 Connecticut Common School Jrnl. 15 Jan. 105/1 The New England practice of having district schools taught by college-students, during their winter vacation.
1870 Newport (Rhode Island) Daily News 20 Dec. The gentlemen who are taking a winter vacation on the top of Mount Washington, appear to be having rather a jolly time of it.
1906 Commonw. Austral. Parl. Deb. 1906 32 1437/1 The absence of a rule providing for a winter vacation in South Australia.
1929 Fur-Fish-Game Feb. 8/1 The advantages of a winter vacation are many... There are no bugs nor insects, no sticky, hot weather.
2005 J. Emmons Loss of Leon Meed iii. iv. 276 The final day of school before winter vacation.
2007 B. Fradkin Dream Chasers xiii. 167 A monster boat to cruise the Great Lakes and winter vacations in Florida.
winter vegetable n. a vegetable that is typically in season during the winter.
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1733 G. Jacob Mirrour xvii. 64 A Person who has a good Constitution..may..be his whole Life, like Winter Vegetables the whole Year, always in Prosperity.
1881 Garden 13 Aug. 165/1 Brussels Sprouts..are such a useful and delicate winter vegetable.
1972 Y. Lovelock Veg. Bk. 118 The..melon pumpkin..is a winter vegetable of Central American origin.
2014 Oxf. Amer. Summer 38/3 Roasted winter vegetables with vadouvan.
† winter-verging adj. poetic rare Obsolete verging on winter; approaching winter.
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1824 T. Fenby To a Redbreast in Wild Roses 18 The winter-verging autumn morn.
winter vomiting bug n. gastroenteritis caused by a norovirus, occurring especially during the winter (cf. winter vomiting disease n.); (also) norovirus itself.
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2002 Sunday Mail (Glasgow) 20 Jan. 2/2 A second stomach bug—the Winter Vomiting Bug—has now hit 187 staff and patients.
2009 Caterer & Hotelkeeper 1 Oct. 7 Blumenthal closed the iconic restaurant..for two weeks..after more than 500 diners were struck down by norovirus, or winter vomiting bug.
2014 D. R. Forsyth & S. J. Wallis Best Five MCQs for Geriatric Med. SCE 23 His daughter suspected he had caught the ‘winter vomiting bug’ from his grandson.
winter vomiting disease n. [probably originally after scientific Latin hyperemesis hiemis (see quot. 1929)] gastroenteritis caused by a norovirus, occurring especially during the winter.
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1929 J. Zahorsky in Arch. Pediatrics 46 391 (title) Hyperemesis hiemis or the winter vomiting disease.
1982 J. B. Walter Introd. Princ. Dis. xxxii. 465 The winter vomiting disease is probably viral in origin.
2008 Independent 4 Jan. 9/1 Norovirus, also known as winter vomiting disease, is partly to blame for the record numbers of people who failed to return to work after the Christmas break.
Winter War n. (also with lower-case initials) now historical the war between the U.S.S.R. and Finland in 1939–40. [Compare Finnish talvisota (1943 or earlier) and Swedish (with definite article) vinterkriget (1942 or earlier), with the same literal sense.]
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society > armed hostility > war > types of war > [noun] > other specific war
Punic War1556
Vandal war1613
American Civil War1775
Seven Years War1775
Revolutionary Wara1784
Peninsular war1811
Great War1815
Mormon war1833
opium war1841
the Thirty Years' War1841
the Thirty Years' War1842
Mexican War1846
Napoleonic War1850
Crimean War1854
Hundred Years War1874
Balkan war1881
Boer War1883
Winter War1939
Six Day War1967
Yom Kippur War1973
Gulf War1981
Falklands conflict1982
1939 N.Y. Times 17 Dec. viii. 1 Winter War. Russia's invasion of Finland produced a type of warfare unusual in modern history.
1940 N.Y. Times 6 Dec. 2/3 The Finns already have declared that ‘the Winter war in the north is ours’.
1973 J. Fleming You won't let me Finish x. 82 The cook came here during the Winter War.
2009 Skiing Heritage June 40/2 The biathlon relay had become..an international stage upon which the Soviets re-fought the Winter War.
winter-weary adj. (and n.) tired of or exhausted by winter; also as n. (with the and plural agreement), denoting people in such a state considered collectively.
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1845 Youth's Compan. 27 Mar. 187/3 Whispering its cheering words into the ear of the winter weary.
1859 R. M. Copeland Country Life xlv. 384 The green herbage is eagerly cropped by the winter-weary sheep and lambs.
1917 D. H. Lawrence Look! We have come Through! 160 We who are winter-weary in the winter of the world.
1968 N.Y. Times 5 Apr. 46/2 The sun-yellow forsythia is just beginning to nod a welcoming hello to winter-weary apartment-dwellers pouring into the parks.
2008 Islands Nov. 44 Best of all for the winter-weary, many Caribbean islands lie just hours away by air from American hubs.
winter white n. and adj. (a) n. the pure white of snow; (in later use also) off-white, typically with a yellowish tinge, considered more suitable for winter clothing than pure white; (b) adj. pure white, white as snow; (in later use also) off-white, typically with a yellowish tinge.
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1884 Congregationalist (Boston, Mass.) 2 June 88/3 How pure and radiant shone the whole fair landscape, dressed still in winter white.
1915 E. Sitwell Mother 16 Her ice-cold breast was winter-white.
1950 Irish Times 16 Dec. 4/3 ‘Winter white’ has become an established fashion... Hats in peach-bloom velour are featured in this off-white as well.
1969 Times 15 Oct. 15/ (advt.) All with winter white polo neck, cuffs.
2008 N.Y. Mag. 22 Sept. 53/4 I do wear a lot of white. I've noticed with the collections there's a lot more winter white.
winter wonderland n. (originally) an area considered a wonderful place to be in winter; (now chiefly) a beautiful winter scene or landscape, esp. one characterized by fresh falls of snow.In later use frequently with allusion to the often-recorded song Winter Wonderland (1934).
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1903 National Mag. Feb. 602 (caption) Scenes in the Florida winter wonderland.
1959 Flying Mag. Sept. 77/2 When the snows come, the region becomes a winter wonderland and winter sports take over.
2013 Daily Mail (Nexis) 22 Jan. During lessons we'd peer through frosty windows at the winter wonderland outside.
winter woollies n. warm garments, typically made of wool, worn in cold winter weather (also figurative); cf. woolly n. 1.
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1908 Graphite Feb. 914/1 If the ground hog sees his shadder When he peereth forth today, Please keep on your winter woolies Till about the first of May.
1926 P. G. Wodehouse Heart of Goof vi. 194 His mother had bought him a new set of winter woollies which felt like horsehair.
1964 Observer 13 Sept. 11/3 If we wear the winter woollies of traditional trade unionism against the hot sun of automation, we may sweat it out instead of thinking it out.
2016 Birmingham Evening Mail (Nexis) 3 May 14 Get ready to finally pack away those winter woollies and get those shorts and T-shirts out of the loft.
C3. Designating plants and their products.
a.
(a) Designating crops and varieties of crop plant that are sown in the autumn and remain in the ground over the winter.
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the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > [adjective] > sown in autumn
wintera1398
the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > [adjective] > late-ripening
wintera1398
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > crop or crops > [adjective] > summer or winter crop
summera1398
wintera1398
winter corn1472
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. lxv. 956 Wynter seed [L. semina hiemalia] is soone ysowe and somer seed is late ysowe.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. cxv. 1008 Barlich hatte ordeum..Þis corn we clepith wynter bere.
c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 155 (MED) Þey Entre with all þere Bestes, to fede vn-to þe tyme of wyntur seede.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 28 Winter Barley..is to be sowed in September.
1673 J. Ray Coll. Eng. Words 130 Corn or any other grain, the longer it continues in the ground, or the earlier it is sown,..the better laden it is,..as for example, winter Oats better then summer Oats.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 58 When Astrea's Ballance, hung on high, Betwixt the Nights and Days divides the Sky, Then..sow your Winter Grain. View more context for this quotation
1762 J. Mills New Syst. Pract. Husbandry I. 466 The gray and other large winter peas.
1774 J. Robinson Journey through Nova-Scotia 10 We saw fine wheat upon their marshes, and as fine winter rye as ever England produced.
1836 Hampshire Advertiser & Salisbury Guardian 20 Aug. Winter oats, 33s. per quarter.
1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 63 In Egypt, wheat is a winter crop.
1915 Weekly News Let. (U.S. Dept. Agric.) 27 Oct. 3/2 The leaves of winter rape are smooth, fleshy, and covered with a greyish-green bloom.
1984 D. Millerchip Food Resources of Man i. 5 Winter cereals must be sown in autumn prior to the cold temperatures of winter.
2015 Wilts. Gaz. & Herald (Nexis) 3 June The family will continue to farm their wheat, oats, winter oilseed rape and winter beans.
(b)
winter wheat n. wheat that is sown in winter, or that is sown in autumn and remains in the ground through the winter; cf. winter corn n.
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the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > crop or crops > [noun] > grain crop > winter crop
winter corn1472
winter wheat1577
winter pridea1722
1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. iii. i. f. 95v/2, in R. Holinshed Chron. I As for the difference that is betweene the summer & winter wheate, most husbandmen knowe it not, sith they are neyther acquainted with summer wheat, nor winter barley.
1762 J. Mills New Syst. Pract. Husb. I. 359 A little rye is found in winter wheat, and a little barley in spring wheat.
1861 Amer. Agriculturist Jan. 8/2 The ground was then thoroughly harrowed and winter wheat sown.
1948 G. D. H. Bell Cultivated Plants Farm viii. 61 A certain amount of winter wheat is drilled in January and February, but the conditions need to be very favourable for this practice, and October is usually the best time.
2014 D. Barber Third Plate iii. 45 Hard winter wheat, the drought-resistant ‘Turkey Red’ introduced by Mennonite immigrants, replaced the traditional soft wheat.
b.
(a) Designating late-ripening fruits and varieties of fruit.
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the world > plants > valued plants and weeds > edible product or fruit > [adjective] > characterized by season
winterc1450
c1450 in Notes & Queries (1979) Dec. 508 (MED) Þan walnotys and wodebynde and wynturnotys gode, With wylowe and water hathe wonde hit abowte.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 289/2 Wynter frute, fruit de yuer.
1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 18v Winter fruite gather, when Mighel is past.
1604 N. F. Fruiterers Secrets 24 But especially, Pippins, Iohn apples, or as some call them Dewzins, Pear-maynes, winter-russettings, and such other lasting seruiceable fruite, with good vsage, will last till new fruite come in.
1609 T. Dekker Rauens Almanacke sig. B3v When winter plomes are ripe and ready to be gathered.
1676 J. Worlidge Vinetum Britannicum 169 Bings-pear, Winter-Poppering, Thorn-pear, [etc.]..are all very good Winter-pears.
1707 J. Mortimer Kallendar Jan. in Whole Art Husbandry Apples... Winter Pearmain... Pears. Winter Musk,..Winter Norwich,..Winter Burgamot, Winter Bon-Chrestien.
1793 Compl. Distiller iv. 149 N. B. You must never mix summer and winter fruit together.
1806 B. M'Mahon Amer. Gardener's Cal. 587/2 Select List of Fruit-Trees... Pear... Winter Fruit... Green Rennet.
1861 Amer. Agriculturist Jan. 19/1 Winter Apples. Baldwin, Hubbardston Nonsuch.., Danver's Winter Sweet.
1903 Canad. Horticulturist 27 225/2 The more tender fruits, such as the peach, are injured; some winter plums are safe.
1983 Washington Post 16 Nov. b7/5 Winter pears poached in ginger brandy.
2014 R. Jacobsen Apples Uncommon Char. 90 Apple names can be red herrings. The Winter Banana assuredly does not taste like banana.
(b)
Winter Nelis n. (also Winter Nellis, pl. Winter Nelies) a late-ripening variety of dessert pear, having green skin with russet patches and a buttery, sweet flavour; (also) the tree producing such fruit. [ < winter n.1 + the name of Jean Charles de Nelis (d. 1834), Belgian horticulturalist, who grew the cultivar, after French Nélis d'Hiver (1823 or earlier).]
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1824 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Gardening (ed. 2) ii. i. 145 Nelis, Winter. Nélis d'Hiver... Very excellent, though not large from a standard, and is highly deserving of a wall.
1985 Gourmet Oct. 66/2 The winy flavor and firm texture of Boscs and Winter Nelis are particularly suited to upside-down tarts, with their strong caramel flavor.
2010 N. Slater Tender II. 633 A Winter Nelis, has blossoms like a snow flurry and, in autumn, leaves the color of bitter orange marmalade.
winter queening n. now chiefly historical a late-ripening variety of apple which keeps well through the winter and has prominent angular ribs on the surface of the fruit and a pale yellow skin flushed with red.Cf. Queening n.1
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > apple > cider apples
ruddock1600
redding1611
stocking-apple1629
Harvey1640
genet-moyle1655
moil1657
winter queening1657
must1662
redstreak1662
redstreak apple1664
eleot1676
peeling1676
Sodom apple1676
stire1699
woodcock1700
underleaf1707
coccagee1727
white sour1727
sheepnose1817
Tom Putt1831
cider-apple1875
Slack-ma-girdle1885
sheep's nose1936
1657 W. Coles Adam in Eden clxviii. 257 The Winter Queening.
1709 J. Lawson New Voy. Carolina 108 Winter Queening is a durable Apple, and makes good Cider.
1873 Englishwoman's Domest. Mag. Dec. 326/2 Winter Queening.—Medium-sized fruit; skin pale yellow, slightly marked with dull red. Boils well, and is of a particularly pleasant flavour. November to May.
1922 V. Sackville-West Heir 63 The apples had his especial affection, and he never referred to them save by the personal pronouns, ‘Ah, Winter Queening,’ he would say, ‘she's a grand bearer’.
2002 Yorks. Post (Nexis) 21 Oct. Careful research was used to help replant the orchard with 300 trees, including many old varieties of pear, cherry and walnut and apple varieties with evocative names such as Green Custard, Catshead and Winter Queening.
† winter thorn n. [after French Épine d'hiver (1675)] Obsolete (also more fully winter thorn pear) a late-ripening variety of pear with a yellow-green skin and a sweet musky flavour.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > pear > late-ripening varieties
saffron pear1664
squib-pear1664
Virgoule1691
Virgouleuse1691
winter thorn1693
conference1885
Passe Crassane1954
1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner i. iii. xiv. 168 For the 15 Fathoms of the East, 12 Trees, viz. 3 Boncretiens, 2 Bergamots, 1 Ambrett, 1 Winter Thorn [Fr. Épine d'hiver]..and 1 Lansac.
1724 S. Switzer et al. Pract. Fruit-gardener xvii. 122 The Winter Thorn is an excellent Pear..; it is doubtlessly so named from the Thorniness of the Boughs.
1802 W. Forsyth Treat. Fruit-trees vii. 87 Epine d'Hyver (the Winter Thorn Pear)..is in eating about the latter end of December.
1921 U. P. Hedrick Pears N.Y. v. 377 Épine d'Hiver... Winter Thorn... A very old French pear, reported as early as 1675.
c. In the names of plants and plant varieties (typically ones which bloom or flourish in winter).Often translating the Latin specific epithet hyemalis.winter aconite, winter heliotrope, winter hemp, winter savory, winter wolf's-bane: see the second element.
winterbloom n. †(a) an early-flowering azalea (obsolete rare); (b) a North American witch hazel, Hamamelis virginiana, with yellow or orange flowers which blossom in the autumn.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > cultivated or ornamental trees and shrubs > [noun] > azaleas or rhododendrons
mountain rose1640
rhododendron1657
Alpine rose1728
winterbloom1752
azalea1753
mountain rosebay1759
rosebay1760
rhodora1770
mountain laurel1785
swamp azalea1796
big laurel1810
rose tree1818
white honeysuckle1818
meadow pink1827
Pinkster1833
mayflower1838
alpenrose1839
swamp pink1840
rhodie1851
swamp honeysuckle1856
ponticum1875
tree azalea1884
rhodo1886
Kurume azalea1920
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular medicinal plants or parts > medicinal trees or shrubs > [noun] > non-British medicinal trees or shrubs > witch hazel
oppie1592
witch hazel1737
hamamelis1751
winterbloom1752
wych alder1822
hazel1867
1752 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. (ed. 6) at Azalea Winter-bloom, or American Upright Honeysuckle.
1828 C. S. Rafinesque Med. Flora U.S. I. 227 Hamamelis Virginica. English Name—Winter witch hazel... Vulgar Names—Witch hazel, Snapping hazelnut, Winter bloom, Pistachoe nut, &c.
1991 M. Castleman Healing Herbs v. 548 Witch hazel blooms long after most flowers have disappeared,..from September to December, hence the name winterbloom.
2007 Daily Tel. 19 Dec. 7/2 Witch hazel Known as the winterbloom for the late autumn/early winter flowering which can occur.
winter clover n. the partridgeberry, Mitchella repens.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular fruit-tree or -plant > [noun] > tree or plant producing edible berries > partridge-berry
partridgeberry1714
mitchella1785
winter clover1807
1807 Monthly Mag. July 532/2 It is fixed on a single stem, is called winter-clover, much sought after by the Indians, and said strongly to indicate a good soil.
1887 Garden 26 Nov. 485/2 The Winter Clover (Mitchella ripens) fruits but rarely; it, however, forms a fine evergreen carpet and is certainly worth including.
2015 J. J. Pursell Herbal Apothecary 164/2 Squaw vine Mitchella repens Also called partridge berry, checkerberry, winter clover, deerberry, hive vine, one berry.
winter daffodil n. an autumn-flowering bulbous plant, Sternbergia lutea (family Amaryllidaceae), native to the Mediterranean and central Asia, and widely cultivated in gardens for its deep yellow flowers.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > daffodil and allied flowers > allied flowers
summer fool1597
winter daffodil1615
Jacobaea lily1752
African tulip1759
Jacobean lily1770
haemanthus1771
alstroemeria1775
snowflake1777
chandelier lily1818
hippeastrum1821
clivia1828
Vallota1837
sprekelia1840
Murray lily1847
knight's star1855
Natal lily1855
Loddon lily1882
Peruvian lily1883
spider lily1887
1615 tr. C. van de Passe Garden of Flowers iii. sig. E2v/1 This Narcissus cometh in the harvest and is called the great winter daffodill.
1853 Local Preachers' Mag. Apr. 165/2 The yellow amaryll..is the sternbergia lutea of modern botanists, the amaryllis lutea of others..and the great or autumn and winter daffodil of Parkhurst.
1997 Times 1 Feb. (Weekend section) 4 (advt.) Winter Daffodils £5.00 per 20.
2007 B. W. Ellis Covering Ground ii. 102/2 Winter daffodil (Sternbergia lutea) is another excellent bulb for adding yellow, somewhat crocuslike flowers in fall.
winter flower n. (a) a flower or plant that blooms in winter (cf. Compounds 1a(a)); †(b) wintersweet, Chimonanthus praecox (obsolete).figurative in quot. 1733. [In sense (b) after scientific Latin Chimonanthus genus name, lit. ‘winter flower’ (see chimonanthus n.).]
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the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > flower or flowering plant > [noun] > flowering or blossoming > plant characterized by time, duration, or order of
precoque?1440
serotine1598
night-flower1648
precoce1660
winter flower1664
everbloomer1850
ever-bearer1855
nudiflor1885
1664 S. Blake Compl. Gardeners Pract. 14 The striped Crokus and the Safforn Crokus, these are both winter Flowers.
1733 A. Pope Corr. 10 June (1956) III. 374 I hope to see you..before this Winter-flower is faded. I will defer her interment till to-morrow night.
1830 Gardener's Mag. 6 687 From the middle of November to Christmas the garden is ornamented by that matchless winter flower the Chrysánthemum.
1832 G. Don Gen. Syst. Gardening & Bot. II. 652/2 C[himonanthus] fragrans... Fragrant Winter-flower.
1915 Jrnl. Royal Hort. Soc. 40 29 Chimonanthus fragrans, known as Winter Sweet or Winter Flower, from China and Japan... When seen on a fine day, covered with its beautiful, fragrant blossoms, it is a sight to be remembered.
1947 Life 27 Jan. 54/2 Winter flowers bloom along the coast and the trees hang heavy with Spanish moss.
2015 C. Reid Roads were not built for Cars xi. 170 They were attracted to Pasadena's warm winter climate, horticultural delights (including citrus fruits and exotic winter flowers) and grand hotels.
winter gillyflower n. now historical and rare either of two plants cultivated in gardens for their early-blooming, strongly-scented flowers, the wallflower ( Erysimum cheiri) and dame's violet ( Hesperis matronalis).
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > cruciferous flowers > yellow or orange flowers
wall-fairc1450
winter gillyflower1547
heartsease1548
wall gillyflower1548
gillyflower1578
keiri1578
wallflower1578
alyssum1731
queen's balm1797
wall1825
warrior1825
cheiranthus1850
gilly1858
1547 R. Record Vrinal of Physick f. 63v Medicyns for the stone, both in the raynes and bladder,..Water plantayne. Wynter Gyllofer.
1618 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden vi. 13 Wall flowers, commonly called..winter-gilly flowers, because they will grow..and abyde the strongest frost and drought, continually greene, and flowring, euen in Winter.
1854 A. Pratt Flowering Plants & Ferns Great Brit. I. 57 C[heiranthus] Cheiri (Common Wall-flower)... Our fathers called it the Winter Gilly-flower,—for it may be seen while wintry winds are still uttering their wild music.
1879 Encycl. Brit. X. 536/2 The dame's violet, Hesperis matronalis, called variously the queen's, the rogue's, and the winter gillyflower.
1981 T. McLean Medieval Eng. Gardens v. 152 One other variety, the yellow stock, March or winter gillyflower, showed such a liking for walls that it earned itself the name wallflower.
2008 T. J. Bennett Legacy vi. 110 She spotted a splash of yellow nestled at the base of a birch tree... ‘Look. A winter gillyflower.’
winter grape n. any of several North American vines (genus Vitis) which bear fruits said to become sweeter after exposure to frost, esp. V. cordifolia; (also) the fruit of such a vine.Cf. frost grape n. at frost n. Compounds 4.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular fruit-tree or -plant > [noun] > tree or plant producing edible berries > grape-vine > types of
wild vinea1382
malmsey1511
malvoisie1517
raisin1573
parsley vine1648
winter grape1670
morillon1691
summer grape1709
Pineau1763
tresseau1763
frost grape1771
muscadinec1785
sweet-water1786
chicken grape1807
scuppernong1811
Marsanne1824
Merlot1825
Cabernet1833
Isabella1835
mustang1846
Traminer1851
labrusca1854
Pinot1854
Catawba1857
Isabel1858
Trebbiano1860
aglianico1862
Canaiolo1862
verdelho1883
vinifera1888
Durif1897
Chardonnay1911
Chenin Blanc1913
Sylvaner1928
Syrah1928
Tokay wine1959
Mourvedre1967
1670 W. Dyer To Kings most Excellent Majesty 2 There are also plenty of Vines which naturally yield three sorts of pleasant Grapes.., the third a small Black Winter-grape, somewhat tart, but very wholsome and good.
1771 G. Washington Diary 20 Nov. (1925) II. 43 Began to Plant Cuttings of the Winter Grape.
1833 N.Y. Spectator 8 Mar. Elliott had laid his gun on the saddle before him, and was reaching up to pull some winter grapes from a tree.
1872 Amer. Naturalist 6 728 The winter grape (Vitis cordifolia) often grew to a great size, many vines measuring 24 and some 40 inches in circumference several feet from the ground.
1949 Amer. Photogr. Apr. 244/2 Winter grape is one of our commonest species from northern New York to Michigan.
2002 T. E. Hemmerly Ozark Wildflowers 210 Winter GrapeVitis vulpina L. [V. cordifolia Michx.].
winter heath n. any of various heaths (genus Erica) which flower in late winter to early spring; esp. E. carnea, which is native to mountainous areas of central and southern Europe and is widely cultivated as a garden plant for its racemes of pink bell-shaped flowers.
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the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > shrubs > heather or heath and similar plants > [noun]
heather1335
ling?c1357
heath1626
grig1691
bottle heath?1711
sea-heath1713
heather-bell1725
red heath?1788
Calluna1803
Scotch heath1822
Erica1826
winter heath1842
heathwort1847
heath-blooms1858
St. Dabeoc's heath1863
cat-heather1864
honey bottle1868
French heath1871
1842 J. W. Loudon Ladies' Mag. Gardening 146 One of the most beautiful of the winter Heaths is that appropriately named Erica hyemalis, with a profusion of blush-coloured flowers.
1882 Garden 14 Jan. 17/1 The Winter Heath (E[rica] carnea) as a low-growing..shrub is one of the best of all winter blooming plants.
1989 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 14. Dec. c5/1 There's virtually nothing flowering in the garden except stalwart winter heaths.
2016 D. S. Ingram et al. Sci. & Garden (ed. 3) xiii. 188 (table) Winter heaths (Erica spp.).
winter hellebore n. (originally) †winter aconite, Eranthis hyemalis (family Ranunculaceae) (obsolete); (in later use) any winter-flowering hellebore (genus Helleborus).Quot. 1784 shows slightly earlier use of winter dwarf hellebore denoting winter aconite.
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1784 J. Abercrombie Propagation & Bot. Arrangem. Plants & Trees II. 428 Winter dwarf Hellebore, or Winter Aconite.]
1787 Bot. Mag. 1 §3 Helleborus hyemalis. Winter Hellebore or Aconite.
1832 W. Hone Year Bk. Daily Recreat. & Inform. 5 The winter hellebore usually flowers, in mild weather, about the conversion of St. Paul, January 25th.
1988 Country Life 3 Nov. 177/3 The path passes..along the back of the garden and past ferns, snowdrops and winter hellebores.
2000 Evening Standard (Nexis) 28 Jan. 23 White and yellow primulas..with the vivid yellow of forsythia and grey pussy-willow above and the greenish-white of winter hellebores between.
winter jasmine n. a jasmine with bright yellow flowers that bloom during the winter, Jasminum nudiflorum, native to China and widely cultivated as a garden plant.
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1865 Preston Guardian 21 Jan. 4/5 In our own garden we have the rose in flower, the polyanthus,..the winter Jasmine (Jasminum nudiflorum), and the wall cress.
1915 H. H. Thomas Gardening for Amateurs I. 178/2 Prune the Winter Jasmine fairly hard in March.
1992 N. Singer To still Child (1993) iii. 23 It was a beautiful garden, even now in winter when only the winter jasmine was in bloom.
2008 J. Kellum Southern Sun 70 (caption) You can grow winter jasmine in a good-sized planter to add color during the cool months.
winter marjoram n. any of several plants in the genus Origanum; esp. pot marjoram ( O. onites) and an oregano of the subspecies O. vulgare hirtum; = winter sweet marjoram n.
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the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > herb > [noun] > oregano or marjoram
organOE
marjorama1393
origanuma1398
organuma1450
marjoram gentle1538
orgament1552
english marjoram1578
pot marjoram1578
fine marjoram1597
winter marjoram1597
orgamy1609
winter sweet marjoram1640
origany1728
oregano1959
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > culinary herbs > sweet or pot marjoram
marjorama1393
origanuma1398
organuma1450
marjoram gentle1538
orgament1552
english marjoram1578
pot marjoram1578
fine marjoram1597
winter marjoram1597
orgamy1609
winter sweet marjoram1640
origany1728
wintersweet1846
1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 539 The pot Marierome is also called Winter Marierome.
1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Medicinal Materials i, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Ss3 Marjoram is either impatient of cold, or most patient thereof, the latter is Winter Marjoram which flourishes in the midle of Winter.
1767 J. Rutter & D. Carter Mod. Eden i. xxxviii. 118 Level the surface, and sow the seeds of winter marjoram or pot marjoram pretty thick, and rake them in.
1857 W. N. White Gardening for South 237 Origanum Heracleoticum.—Winter marjoram, a hardy perennial, a native of Greece, and first cultivated in England in 1640.
1987 L. Hutson Herb Garden Cookbk. 108/1 In many places, especially England, oregano is called wild marjoram or winter marjoram.
2014 Oxf. Compan. Food (ed. 3) 495/3 O. heracleoticum, winter marjoram, is much used as a flavouring in Italy and elsewhere, and has several cultivars.
winter peach n. a late-ripening peach; (also) the tree producing such fruit.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > stone fruit > peach > types of peach
presse1604
avant-peach1611
man peach1629
nutmeg1629
Roman peach1629
muscat1664
Rambouillet1664
winter peach1664
rumbullion1670
Orleans1674
pavie1675
Magdalenea1678
minion1691
admirable1693
maudlin1699
clingstone1705
nipple peach1719
rareripe1722
melter1766
vanguard1786
freestone1807
cling1845
lemon cling1848
peregrine1903
doughnut peach1993
1664 S. Blake Compl. Gardeners Pract. 83 Of Peaches: there is the double Peach-flower, the smooth Peach, and the rough Peach, the early Peach, and the winter Peach.
1787 J. Woodforde Diary 31 Oct. (1926) II. 354 Mr. Custances Garden brought us this Morning a Basket of Winter Peaches.
1867 Salt Lake Daily Tel. (Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory) 13 Nov. There are the winter peaches still left us upon the trees, firm, not ripened. Their time is December.
1960 I. Wallach Absence of Cello (1961) 199 Marian wanted a winter peach.
2005 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 14 July 6 Next [to flower] are the Taiwan cherry, P. campanulata, blooming in rich cherry-pink from mid-July for four weeks, the winter peaches P. persica cultivars (double pink, white, rose) and, in August, the pink cherry-plums P. cerasifera.
winterpick n. [ < winter n.1 + pick n.3 (compare pick v.1 12)] English regional (now rare) a sloe (see sloe n. 1a), esp. one picked after the first frost of the winter.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > stone fruit > plum > sloe
sloec725
blackberry1567
cat-sloe1578
snag1578
hedge-peak1630
bull-plum1770
hedge-speak1847
winterpick1859
egg-peg1878
1859 W. S. Coleman Our Woodlands 118 ‘Winterpicks’ is a provincial synonyme for this fruit, and ‘winterpick-wine’ takes the place of port in the rustic ‘cellar’.
1870 Once a Week 22 Jan. 567/2 I made many other inquiries from other cottages, and found that they were all well acquainted with the winterpick, although they did not all make it into wine.
1993 Times (Nexis) 18 Sept. (Features section) Pick only the firmest, ripest, intact berries (traditionally, sloes were picked in the autumn after the first frost, hence its nickname of winterpick wine, and left to steep in gin until Christmas).
winter purslane n. a small annual plant having a basal rosette of fleshy, heart-shaped leaves, long petioles, and small white flowers, Claytonia perfoliata (family Montiaceae), native to western North America and widely cultivated as a leaf vegetable.Also called miner's lettuce.
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1884 W. Miller Dict. Eng. Names Plants Claytonia perfoliata, Cuban Winter-Purslane.
1984 Country Life 5 Apr. 943/2 I should mention the winter purslane, Claytonia perfoliata, which we should be eating now.
2013 M. Johansen tr. O. G. Mouritsen Seaweeds 136 At the end of the season toward spring, the stems of winter purslane are very long and a tiny white flower forms on top of the leaves.
winter rocket n. winter cress; esp. Barbarea vulgaris.Cf. rocket n.4 2.
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1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum vii. iii. 819 (heading) Barbarea. Winter Cresses, or rather Winter Rocket.
1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) III. 584 Erysimum Barbarea. Winter Cresses. Winter Rocket. Rocket Wormseed.
1863 J. T. B. Syme Sowerby's Eng. Bot. (ed. 3) I. 171 Barbarea vulgaris... Under the name of Winter Cress and Winter Rocket this plant has long been cultivated in gardens as an early salad.
1964 Lowell (Mass.) Sun 28 Dec. 7/4 Closely related to the Winter Rocket is the plain old Rocket, which also has sad, green leaves..but with a hotter, bitterer taste than its cousin.
2004 Sunday Tel. (Nexis) 10 Oct. 7 This weekend, I have been sowing grow-bags of coriander in the cold greenhouse, along with winter rocket.
winter rose n. †(a) the common hollyhock, Alcea rosea (obsolete); (b) a rose blooming in winter (cf. Compounds 1a(a)); (c) a hellebore (genus Helleborus); esp. the Christmas rose, H. niger.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > rose and allied flowers > rose > types of rose flower or bush
summer rosea1456
French rose1538
damask rose?a1547
musk rose1559
province1562
winter rose1577
Austrian brier1590
rose of Provence1597
velvet rose1597
damasine-rose1607
Provence rose1614
blush-rose1629
maiden's blush1648
monthly rose tree1664
Provinsa1678
York and Lancaster rose1688
cinnamon rose1699
muscat rose1707
cabbage rose1727
China-rose1731
old-fashioned rose1773
moss rose1777
swamp rose1785
alba1797
Cherokee rose1804
Macartney rose1811
shepherd's rose1818
multiflora1820
prairie rose1822
Boursault1826
Banksian rose1827
maiden rose1827
moss1829
Noisette1829
seven sisters rose1830
Dundee rambler1834
Banksia rose1835
Chickasaw rose1835
Bourbon1836
climbing rose1836
green rose1837
hybrid China1837
Jaune Desprez1837
Lamarque1837
perpetual1837
pillar rose1837
rambler1837
wax rose1837
rugosa1840
China1844
Manetti1846
Banksian1847
remontant1847
gallica1848
hybrid perpetual1848
Persian Yellow1848
pole rose1848
monthly1849
tea rose1850
quarter sessions rose1851
Gloire de Dijon1854
Jacqueminot1857
Maréchal Niel1864
primrose1864
jack1867
La France1868
tea1869
Ramanas rose1876
Japanese rose1883
polyantha1883
old rose1885
American Beauty1887
hybrid tea1890
Japan rose1895
roselet1896
floribunda1898
Zéphirine Drouhin1901
Penzance briar1902
Dorothy Perkins1903
sweetheart1905
wichuraiana1907
mermaid1918
species rose1930
sweetheart rose1936
peace1944
shrub rose1948
1577 Hill's Gardeners Labyrinth ii. xii. 41 The floure of this plant.., is named ye winter Rose, in that this plant yeeldeth floures like to the Rose, from the beginning of Haruest, vnto the winter time.
1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum ii. lxv. 306 The Garden Mallowes, which we call Hollihockes,..some also as the Dutch men doe Winter Roses, for their beautifull flowers shew themselves, from the end of Sommer untill winter.
1658 tr. G. della Porta Nat. Magick iii. x. 81 The root afterward wil take, & so yeeld us a winter-rose.
1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the Second 18 The winter Rose must blow, the Sun put on A brighter Beam in Leo.
1795 C. Smith Rural Walks I. ii. 44 This is the black hellebore, or what is commonly called the winter rose.
1862 Floral World & Garden Guide Mar. 63/2 The winter rose is Helleborus niger; it will grow in any good garden soil.
1891 R. Kipling Life's Handicap iv. 88 Clumps of winter-roses lay between the silver candlesticks.
1906 J. Foord Decorative Plant & Flower Stud. facing Pl. XXVIII. The Hollyhock blooms from midsummer till late autumn, in sheltered positions even lingering into the winter, which, with the rose-like formation of the double flower, gave rise to its old name, the ‘Winter Rose’.
1988 Changing Times Nov. 132/3 Winter roses are often the prettiest; they have more petals than summer blooms and develop more slowly.
2013 Advertiser (Adelaide) (Nexis) 21 June (State ed.) (Features section) 77 Consider helleborus, affectionately known as the winter rose.
winter squash n. any variety of squash (genus Cucurbita, esp. C. maxima) having fruits which are harvested when mature and thick-skinned, and may be stored for use during the winter; (also) the fruit itself.Cf. summer squash n. at summer n.1 and adj. Compounds 4c.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > fruits as vegetables > pumpkin
peponOE
pompion1526
pompillion1598
turquin1600
pumpkin1647
calabash1658
potiron1658
winter squash1771
zucca1818
kabocha1884
sugared pumpkin1884
sugar-pumpkin1905
Ceylon pumpkin1913
trombone1946
Queensland blue1956
1771 Boston Evening Post 8 Apr. 4/2 (advt.) To be sold by Susanna Renken at her Shop..Lavender, Sage, summer & winter Squash, Musmellon, Hemp.
1809 E. A. Kendall Trav. Northern Parts U.S. III. lxx. 109 The vine of a species of pompion called by the colonists winter squash.
1969 S. G. Harrison et al. Oxf. Bk. Food Plants 122/2 Winter squashes are cut in the autumn and can be kept for 3 or 4 months or longer.
2005 Fit Yoga Feb. 53/2 Winter squash..from the ubiquitous pumpkin to the yellow spaghetti squash, peach-colored butternut, and green acorn.
winter strawberry n. now rare the strawberry tree, Arbutus unedo; (also) the fruit of this tree, a reddish-yellow berry which has rough, warty skin and ripens late in the year.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > cultivated or ornamental trees and shrubs > [noun] > arbutus or strawberry tree
strawberry tree1548
arbute1551
arbutus1551
memerill1592
winter strawberry1708
madroño?1842
1708 J. P. Lecaan Advice Gentlemen in Army Spain & Portugal 79 The Strawberry-Tree... This beautiful Evergreen is now become no Stranger to our English Gardens, having this Winter seen several Nosegays sold of their Flowers and Fruit, which they call here Winter Strawberries.
1866 E. Watts Flowers & Flower Garden v. 27 The Arbutus, or Winter Strawberry, is a hardy ever-green, the bright-coloured strawberry-like fruit of which is gay and pretty in winter.
1907 F. G. Heath Our Brit. Trees 59 As the fruit of the Arbutus is ripe late in the year, it is sometimes called ‘The Winter Strawberry’.
1996 A. L. Jacobson N. Amer. Landscape Trees 81/2 The winter strawberry. Killarney strawberry tree. From Ireland... A shrub or rarely a twisted-trunk little tree.
wintersweet n. (a) = winter marjoram n. (now rare); (b) a flowering shrub, Chimonanthus praecox (family Calycanthaceae), native to China and widely cultivated as a garden plant for its fragrant, pale yellow flowers which bloom in the winter before the leaves appear; also called Japan allspice.
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the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > shrubs > non-British shrubs > [noun] > Asian
Japan allspice1789
ramie1817
kaffir lime1824
luculia1826
rice-paper plant1832
pith plant1834
chimonanthus1836
jiti1836
rhea1837
leycesteria1838
wintersweet1846
crape-myrtle1850
skimmia1853
China-grass1858
taccada1866
saxaul1874
white kerria1900
sarcococca1914
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > culinary herbs > sweet or pot marjoram
marjorama1393
origanuma1398
organuma1450
marjoram gentle1538
orgament1552
english marjoram1578
pot marjoram1578
fine marjoram1597
winter marjoram1597
orgamy1609
winter sweet marjoram1640
origany1728
wintersweet1846
1846 G. W. Johnson Dict. Mod. Gardening 701/1 Winter sweet. Origanum heracleoticum.
1880 Garden 7 Feb. 121/1 Chimonanthus fragrans (Winter Sweet).
1934 Ld. Berners First Childhood ii. 20 Just outside the windows there grew a shrub of the early-blossoming chimonanthus. (Winter-sweet it was called in the days before gardeners grew so refined.)
1980 Gardener's Dozen 12 My winter-sweet..sometimes gets knocked about by the frost and snow.
2005 J. Seidemann World Spice Plants 265/1 Origanum vulgare... Common Names. Oregano, wild marjoram, pot marjoram, winter marjoram, winter sweet, pizza herb.
winter sweet marjoram n. = winter marjoram n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > herb > [noun] > oregano or marjoram
organOE
marjorama1393
origanuma1398
organuma1450
marjoram gentle1538
orgament1552
english marjoram1578
pot marjoram1578
fine marjoram1597
winter marjoram1597
orgamy1609
winter sweet marjoram1640
origany1728
oregano1959
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > culinary herbs > sweet or pot marjoram
marjorama1393
origanuma1398
organuma1450
marjoram gentle1538
orgament1552
english marjoram1578
pot marjoram1578
fine marjoram1597
winter marjoram1597
orgamy1609
winter sweet marjoram1640
origany1728
wintersweet1846
1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum i. v. 11 Majorana odorata perennis. Winter sweete Marjerom.
1718 R. Bradley New Improvem. Planting & Gardening: Pt. 3 172 Winter Sweet-Marjoran..will resist our Frosts, and remain good two or three Years without renewing.
1838 G. Don Gen. Hist. Dichlamydeous Plants IV. 765/2 Winter sweet marjoram, requires a sheltered, dry soil.., and is usually propagated by slips or cuttings.
1996 Salina (Kansas) Jrnl. 1 Apr. a5 (advt.) Pot marjoram (Winter Sweet Marjoram) has strong flavoring popular in Italian cooking.
2007 G. Allen Herbalist in Kitchen xliii. 217 Origanum vulgare subs. hirtum (also known as Origanum hirtum or Origanum heracleoticum):..Greek oregano, marjoram, pot marjoram, winter sweet marjoram.
C4. In names of animals (typically ones which are active in winter or appear in winter as migrants).Often translating the scientific Latin specific name hyemalis.
winter bunting n. the snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis.
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1815 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. 367 Winter Bunting (Emberiza hyemalis).
1957 Kingbird 7 45 White bird, white snowbird (the plumage is largely white); winter bunting.
2000 J. Roberts Romania: Birdwatching & Wildlife Guide viii. 225 Snow Bunting... (‘Winter Bunting’. a.k.a. Pasărea omâtului—‘Snow bird’.)
winter duck n. (a) (North American) the long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis; (b) the northern pintail, Anas acuta.
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the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > order Anseriformes (geese, etc.) > subfamily Merginae (duck) > [noun] > member of genus Anas (miscellaneous) > anas acuta (pintail)
sea-widgeon1624
pintail1674
sea pheasant1674
cracker1678
sprigtail1768
winter duck1775
sprig1844
pin-tailed duck1851
pigtailed winder1864
ladybird1885
smeath1888
smee1888
1775 G. Cartwright Jrnl. Resid. Coast Labrador 7 Apr. (1792) II. 61 The water being open, I saw many winter-ducks; also one flock of king-ducks.
1804 T. Bewick Hist. Brit. Birds II. 360 (heading) Pintail Duck. Sea Pheasant, Cracker, or Winter Duck.
1888 G. Trumbull Names & Portraits Birds 89 To some at Lake St. Clair and Chicago this is the Winter-Duck..while others at Chicago are more familiar with the New England title Old Squaw.
1917 T. G. Pearson Birds Amer. I. 128 Pintail. Dafila acuta... Winter Duck; Lady-bird; Long-necked Cracker.
1947 Wilson Bull. 59 151 ‘Winter ducks’ were taken in 12 fathoms (72 feet) of water, rarely at 15 fathoms.
2001 R. Hull Sc. Birds ii. 118 Pintail... Scots Names: Cracker, Sprig Tail, Thin Neck, Winter Duck.
winter falcon n. North American (now rare) the red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus; (sometimes also) the gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus; = winter hawk n.
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the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > family Accipitridae (hawks, etc.) > [noun] > genus Buteo (buzzard) > buteo lineatus (red-shouldered hawk)
hen hawk1742
winter falcon1785
red-shouldered buzzard?a1808
winter hawk1811
red-shouldered hawk1812
1785 T. Pennant Arctic Zool. II. ii. 209 Winter Falcon... With a black bill; yellow cere:..appears at approach of winter, and retires in the spring.
1882 J. M. Wheaton in Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio IV. i. 428 The Red-shouldered Buzzard, Hen Hawk or Winter Falcon, is common in all parts of the State.
1948 L. A. Hausman Birds of Prey Northeastern N. Amer. xix. 89 Falco rusticolus candicans. Also Called Gray Gyrfalcon, Greenland Falcon, Winter Falcon, White Hawk, Winterer, White Winter Hawk.
† winter finch n. U.S. (Obsolete) the dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis.
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the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > arboreal families > family Fringillidae (finch) > [noun] > unspecified and miscellaneous types of
ligurine1572
ligury1598
flax-finch1640
Kate1774
winter finch1783
indigo-bird1864
Galapagos finch1888
mamo1891
Darwin's finch1936
1783 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds II. 274 Winter Finch... Found at New York, in the winter.
1839 Naturalist 4 259 The last bird figured in this part is the Winter Finch, Fringilla hyemalis.
winter flounder n. an Atlantic flatfish, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (family Pleuronectidae), found off the east coast of North America.
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the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > order Pleuronectiformes (flat-fish) > [noun] > family Pleuronectidae > pseudopleuronectes americanus (winter flounder)
winter flounder1814
mud dab1873
niggerfish1876
1814 S. L. Mitchill Rep. Fishes N.-Y. 387 New-York Flatfish..is called the winter flounder.
1904 St. Nicholas Sept. 1034/1 As a food-fish the winter flounder holds a very high rank.
2006 Progressive Grocer (Nexis) 1 Sept. The nine most common commercial flounders and soles are as follows:..Lemon sole (winter flounder): North Atlantic... Rock sole (rock flounder) Pacific Ocean.
winter gnat n. any of various small crane flies of the Holarctic family Trichoceridae, which sometimes swarm on winter days; esp. the European Trichocera hiemalis.
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the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > suborder Nematocera > family Trichoceridae > trichocera hyemalis (winter gnat)
winter gnat1817
winter midge1835
1817 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. II. xxvi. 443 A bright sun imparted animation to troops of the winter gnat (Trichocera hiemalis, Meig.), which frisked under every bush.
1926 A. H. Hamm in J. J. Walker Nat. Hist. Oxf. District 257 Four species of ‘Winter-gnats’ are always common from autumn to spring.
2015 Guardian 29 Dec. 36/2 Winter gnats belong to an order that is central to all biodiversity: the flies.
winter gull n. any gull which appears in winter in a particular locality; esp. the common gull ( Larus canus) and the black-headed gull ( L. ridibundus) in Britain (obsolete), and the herring gull ( L. smithsonianus) in the United States; cf. winter mew n.
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the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > family Laridae (gulls and terns) > [noun] > member of genus Larus (gull) > appearing in winter
calmewec1430
colmow?a1500
winter mew1678
winter gull1776
1776 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4, octavo) II. iii. Pl. LXXXVI (caption) Winter Gull.
1804 T. Bewick Hist. Brit. Birds II. 221 (heading) Winter Gull. Winter Mew, or Coddy Moddy.
1844 J. P. Giraud Birds Long Island 357 Larus argentatus—Brun. Herring or Silvery Gull... Winter dress, the head and neck all round mottled and streaked with grayish-brown... In this plumage it is the ‘Gray Winter Gull’ of our gunners.
1875 J. C. Morton Cycl. Agric. (new ed.) II. 119/3 Larus canus, the common gull; and L. hybernicus, the winter gull; the species which visit fresh ploughed land.
1884 J. W. Collins Notes Habits & Methods Capture Sea Birds in Rep. Commissioner 1882 (U.S. Comm. Fish & Fisheries) 330 Of all the birds which visit the fishing-banks the kittiwake gull (‘winter gull’, ‘pinyole’, etc., of the fishermen) is beyond question the most abundant.
2006 R. M. Knutson Flattened Fauna v. 48 The herring gull is found across the northern U.S. in the summer, and farther south along the coasts (where it is called the winter gull) in the colder months.
winter hawk n. North American the red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus; (sometimes also) the gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus; cf. winter falcon n.Early ornithologists regarded the winter hawk as a distinct species, but the bird depicted in Audubon's plate (quot. 1831) is an immature red-shouldered hawk.
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the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > family Accipitridae (hawks, etc.) > [noun] > genus Buteo (buzzard) > buteo lineatus (red-shouldered hawk)
hen hawk1742
winter falcon1785
red-shouldered buzzard?a1808
winter hawk1811
red-shouldered hawk1812
1811 A. Wilson Amer. Ornithol. IV. 74 Length of the Winter Hawk twenty inches, extent forty-one inches, or nearly three feet six inches.
1831 J. J. Audubon Ornithol. Biogr. I. 364 The Winter Hawk. Falco hyemalis, Gmel.
1883 Trans. Royal Soc. Canada 1 iv. 53 The last named [sc. the gyrfalcon] is known as the partridge or winter hawk.
1907 ‘N. Blanchan’ Birds Every Child should Know xv. 215 (heading) Red-shouldered Hawk. Called also: Hen Hawk; Chicken Hawk; Winter Hawk.
2001 D. W. Nellis Common Coastal Birds Florida & Caribbean ii. 189/2 It is also called winter hawk, red-bellied hawk, and hen hawk in English.
winter mew n. now rare the common gull, Larus canus; cf. winter gull n. [Perhaps after post-classical Latin larus hibernus (1676 in the passage translated in quot. 1678), itself perhaps after German Wintermöwe (cited in the same work as Winder-Meb).]
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the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > family Laridae (gulls and terns) > [noun] > member of genus Larus (gull) > appearing in winter
calmewec1430
colmow?a1500
winter mew1678
winter gull1776
1678 J. Ray tr. F. Willughby Ornithol. 350 The Winter-Mew [L. larus fuscus sive Hybernus], called in Cambridge-shire the Coddy-Moddy.
1802 G. Montagu Ornithol. Dict. p. xxv There is very little doubt the Winter Mew is no other than the young of the Common Gull.
1931 H. J. Massingham Birds of Seashore 183 Common Gull, Blue Maa or Winter Mew. The Common Gull is the rarest of our more familiar gulls.
winter midge n. (a) = winter gnat n. (now rare); (b) U.S. any non-biting midge of the genus Diamesa, which emerges from rivers in large numbers in winter.
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the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > suborder Nematocera > family Trichoceridae > trichocera hyemalis (winter gnat)
winter gnat1817
winter midge1835
1835 J. Rennie & J. O. Westwood Nat. Hist. Insects II. xv. 258 The winter midges Trichocera (hyemalis) afford another instance of the numerical excess of certain species.
1895 Knowledge May 115/1 Such is Trichocera hiemalis, the so-called winter-midge, the dancing swarms of which may often be seen enjoying themselves in the air when the temperature is sufficiently high.
1935 Tech. Bull. (U.S. Dept. Agric.) No. 467. 12 Diptera other than house flies consisted mainly of winter midges (Trichoceridae), taken largely in November and December.
1952 O. A. Johanssen in W. E. Britton et al. Guide Insects Connecticut VI. v. 13 The winter midge, D[iamesa]nivoriunda Fitch occurs commonly in the eastern states during the winter months in the vicinity of brooks.
1976 Mem. Amer. Entomol. Soc. No. 30. 1 In the United States, the adults of several species emerge in the winter months and may, during a winter thaw, be rather common on the snow along streams—hence their common name of ‘winter midges’.
2003 Colorado Outdoors Sept. 19/1 A winter midge hatch can stir fish up.
winter moth n. a European geometrid moth, Operophtera brumata, which is active in winter and has a flightless female.Introduced to North America where it is considered a pest. [After scientific Latin Geometra brumata, former taxonomic name ( Linnaeus Systema Naturæ (ed. 10, 1758) I. 529).]
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the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Heterocera > [noun] > family Geometridae > geometra brumata (winter-moth)
winter moth1809
1809 A. H. Haworth Lepidoptera Britannica ii. 305 G[eometra brumaria] (The Winter Moth).
1920 P. J. Fryer Insect Pests & Fungus Dis. Fruit & Hops viii. 34 The Winter Moth female, after pairing with the male, lays eggs, which in course of time hatch out to minute caterpillars.
2001 G. C. McGavin Essent. Entomol. 251 The Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata) is a typical pest species, which was accidentally introduced to North America from Europe.
winter redbird n. U.S. the northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis, which is resident in eastern North America throughout the year.Contrasted with summer redbird n. at summer n.1 and adj. Compounds 5.
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the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > seed eaters > [noun] > family Emberizidae > subfamily Cardinalinae > genus Cardinalis
red-bird1649
Virginian nightingale1668
hawfinch1673
nutcracker1688
Virginia nightingale1694
cardinal1702
cardinal grosbeak1783
scarlet grosbeak1837
winter redbird1868
1868 C. C. Abbot in G. H. Cook Geol. New Jersey 779 Cardinalis virginianus... Known generally as ‘Winter Red-bird’, and as it frequents leafless bushes, after all other small birds almost have departed, appears to be more numerous in winter than at any other season.
1889 Hardwicke's Sci.-gossip 25 146/1 Our lively cardinal grosbeak..is known as the ‘winter red bird’, because..more of a songster in December than in June.
2002 S. Rafle N. Carolina 6/2 Cardinal—This state bird is sometimes known as the Winter Redbird.
winter shad n. U.S. the gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum (family Clupeidae), a widespread fish in fresh and brackish water in the eastern United States.Quot. 1788 appears to show the English word in a German linguistic context.
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1788 J. D. Schöpf Reise nordamerikanischen Staaten II. 67 Winter-Shad nannte man einen Fisch, welcher sich den ganzen Winter durch in diesem und den übrigen virginischen Flüssen findet.]
1819 D. B. Warden Statist., Polit. & Hist. Acct. U.S. III. xxxiv. 191 Shad, (Clupea alosa,) 6 lb.; white shad, taylor shad, 3 lb.; winter shad, ½ oz.
1921 Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc. 50 ii. 363 In our southern markets, Baltimore and Washington, the gizzard shad is sold as winter shad.
2004 K. Schultz Field Guide Freshwater Fish 179 Shad, Gizzard. Dorosoma cepedianum. Other names shad, eastern gizzard, hickory shad, mud shad, nanny shad, skipjack, winter shad.
winter snipe n. chiefly U.S. (a) any of various waders (shorebirds) present in winter; spec. purple sandpiper ( Calidris maritima) and dunlin ( C. alpina) (now rare); (b) a snipe (genus Gallinago) present in winter.Cf. summer snipe n. at summer n.1 and adj. Compounds 5.
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1844 J. P. Giraud Birds Long Island 229 In autumn, the plumage is so entirely different from that of spring, that by gunners generally it is considered a distinct species, and is called by them at that season ‘Winter Snipe’.
1867 T. F. De Voe Market Assistant 166 Black-breasted snipe, winter snipe, or red-backed sandpiper.—This small bird is sometimes found in great plenty.
1895 R. Ridgway Ornithol. Illinois II. 44 Tringa maritima... Purple sandpiper. Popular synonyms. Winter Snipe (Maine); Rock Snipe.
1914 North-China Herald 12 Sept. 827/3 In such fields..the winter snipe often swarm and afford the most delightful shooting.
1993 Guardian 11 Oct. 19/7 This week has seen wind-blown invasions of northern thrushes, winter snipe, woodcock, geese, and swans.
2011 Auk 128 552/1 Transient winter snipe may demonstrate delayed migration.
winter teal n. U.S. (rare) the common or green-winged teal, Anas crecca, which winters over most of the United States.Contrasted with summer teal n. at summer n.1 and adj. Compounds 5.
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1830 E. Moore in Trans. Plymouth Inst. 346 Common Teal, or Winter Teal, Anas crecca.—Lin. Querquedula crecca.—Steph. Very common in winter.
2008 B. Thompson Young Birder's Guide Birds E. N. Amer. 75 Other names for the Green-winged Teal include Common Teal, Mud Teal.., and Winter Teal (it winters farther north than other teal species).

Derivatives

ˈwinter-like adj. characteristic of or resembling (that of) winter; wintry.
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1567 G. Turberville tr. G. B. Spagnoli Eglogs iv. f. 34 Aye Winterlike, a frowning cheare and frostie face she beares.
1612 J. Speed Theatre of Empire of Great Brit. i. xli. 79/1 Winter-like dispositions of weather.
1740 T. Smith Jrnl. in Jrnls. T. Smith & S. Deane (1849) 268 I believe no man ever knew so winter-like a spell so early in the year.
1849 Farmer's Mag. June 563/1 During the whole of the past month and up to the 13th inst., the weather was exceedingly cold and winter-like, with heavy falls of snow and hard frosts.
1915 Pop. Sci. Monthly Feb. 133 Summerlike periods in autumn and winterlike periods in spring can in every individual case be explained.
2016 Northern Echo (Nexis) 25 Apr. Snow has been reported in North Yorkshire..as a blast of Arctic air brings winter-like conditions for a short time.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

wintern.2

Brit. /ˈwɪntə/, U.S. /ˈwɪn(t)ər/, Scottish English /ˈwɪntər/
Forms: 1600s vinter, 1600s– winter, 1800s wunter (Northumberland).
Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: winter dyke n.; winter hedge n.; winter n.1
Etymology: Origin unknown. Perhaps shortened < either winter dyke n. or winter hedge n., although both are first attested later, and the semantic correspondence is not exact. Alternatively, perhaps a use of winter n.1 as an antithesis to summer n.2 4d (compare winter n.3 beside summer n.2 4e), although the semantic correspondence is again not exact, nor is the motivation for an antithesis clear.
Scottish and English regional (northern). Now rare and historical.
A metal rack, hung from the bars of a fire grate or kitchen range, on which a pot, kettle, flat iron, etc., is placed to be heated or kept warm.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > cooking vessel or pot > [noun] > bar or chain for hanging
rack1391
reckon1400
hake1402
kilp1425
pot-clip1459
pothangles1468
reckon-crook1469
kettle-hook1485
rax1519
pot hangings1521
pot hangerc1525
pot-crookc1530
pot-hook1530
trammel1537
pot-kilp1542
gallow-balk1583
hale1589
hanger1599
pot-keep1611
pot rack1619
reckon hook1645
ratten crook1665
winter1668
rantle1671
cotterel1674
rantle-tree1685
rannel-balk1781
sway1825
rannel-perch1855
1668 Edinb. Test. LXXIII. 175 in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Winter Ane iron winter for warmeng of aill.
1757 Dumfries Test. XIV. 329 in Sc. Nat. Dict. at Winter An iron winter with a wood handle.
1827 in Sc. Notes & Queries (1890) Sept. 57/2 Jeremiah Smith, blacksmith, admitted—his essay, ‘a hand hammer.’... Gerrard Bates, blacksmith—essay, ‘a winter.’
1895 H. Ochiltree Redburn i. 4 The fireplace still stands, with its three broken ribs, and the old ‘winter’ in front of them.
1905 I. Wilkinson in Eng. Dial. Dict. VI. 513/1 Hing t'winter on t'bars.
1976 Scots Mag. July 376 Another kind of iron or brass stand could also be hooked on [to the bars of the grate]. This was attached to a double bar rounded at the opposite end, along which it could slide. The teapot usually sat on it and it went by the name of a ‘winter’.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

wintern.3

Brit. /ˈwɪntə/, U.S. /ˈwɪn(t)ər/
Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: winter n.1
Etymology: Origin uncertain.Perhaps a specific sense development of winter n.1, originating as a humorous antithesis to the summer or upper rail or crossbar of the hand-printing press (summer n.2 4e). Perhaps compare also winter n.2
Printing. Now chiefly historical.
In some forms of hand-operated printing press: a block of wood supporting the carriage and having a tenon at each end to fit into corresponding mortises in the cheeks. Cf. summer n.2 4e.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > printing machine or press > parts of printers or presses > [noun] > carriage > support for
winter1683
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 46 The Length of the Winter besides the Tennants, is one Foot nine Inches.
1770 P. Luckombe Conc. Hist. Printing 298 The length of the Winter besides the tenons, is one foot nine inches and a quarter.
?1832 in C. H. Timperley Dict. Printers (1839) 927/1 [Allegedly from the epitaph of Adam Williamson, Edinburgh printer] My platen can make no impression; my winter hath no spring.
1898 Printer & Bookmaker Nov. 146/1 The old-time printer had several mechanisms in his hand press which have passed out of general recollection. The least known of these were the winter, the cheeks, and the rounce.
1941 D. Pottinger Printers & Printing iii. 55 The iron frame, cast in one piece, corresponded to the cheeks, cap, head, till, and winter of the old presses.
1982 Jrnl. Printing Hist. Soc. 15 83 With the winter taking the full force of the impression each time the lever was pulled it was hardly surprising that sometimes the tenons gave way.
1998 R.-G. Rummonds Printing on Iron Handpress Gloss. 469/2 The ribs are hooked to the winter at the platen end of the press.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

winterv.

Brit. /ˈwɪntə/, U.S. /ˈwɪn(t)ər/
Forms: see winter n.1
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: winter n.1
Etymology: < winter n.1 Compare earlier overwinter v. and wintered adj. Compare also summer v.1Compare Middle Dutch winteren to become wintry, to overwinter (Dutch winteren ), Middle Low German winteren , Middle High German wintern to become wintry, to overwinter (German wintern ), Old Icelandic vetra to become wintry. In early use apparently after classical Latin hiemāre hiemate v.; with sense 1a(a) compare also classical Latin hībernāre hibernate v.
1.
a.
(a) intransitive. To pass or spend the winter; to stay or reside (at a specified place) during the winter. Of an animal: to find, or be provided with, food and shelter in the winter.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabiting temporarily > [verb (intransitive)] > in winter
winterc1384
hut1691
winter-quarter1693
winter1826
hibernate1865
overwinter1895
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [verb (intransitive)] > be wintered
winterc1384
the world > time > period > year > season > [verb (intransitive)] > pass the spring, summer, or winter
winterc1384
summer1440
aestivate1623
perhiemate1623
summerize1797
hibernate1816
spring1835
December1845
overwinter1895
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xxvii. 12 If on ony maner thei myȝten come to Fenyce, for to wynterne [L. hiemare] in the hauene of Crete.
a1450 ( tr. Vegetius De Re Militari (Douce) (1988) 99 (MED) Whereeuere the oost wynterid þey bulde hem loggynge for hem & her hors.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts xxvii. 12 The haven was nott commodius to wynter in.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Isa. xviii. B The beastes of the earth wyntered there.
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey i. 45 Aladin..assigned him this village to winter in, and the mountaines adioyning for the sommering of his cattell.
1671 J. Dryden Evening's Love ii. 15 Birds that breed in one Countrie, and goe to winter in another.
1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. ii. i. 2 Discovering a Leak we unshipped our Goods and winter'd there.
1783 W. Tooke tr. J. G. Georgi Russia IV. 217 The Torgotan khan..went to winter in the Kumanian deserts.
1801 A. Mackenzie Voy. from Montreal Fur Trade p. xxvii About a third of these [middlemen] went to winter, and had more than double the above wages.
1828 R. Darvill Treat. Race Horse Introd. p. ix Mr. Crooke had a farm at Redland, in Gloucestershire, at which place his horses usually wintered.
1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. ii. 46 The heathen men wintered for the first time in the Isle of Sheppey.
1920 P. J. Fryer Insect Pests & Fungus Dis. Fruit & Hops xxiii. 376 The ‘spinning mites’..appear in spring, probably from eggs, though some may winter in crannies or under the ground.
1949 10 Story Western May 12/2 He had been telling them all how he was going to winter here at the Buffalo Crossing line camp.
1978 Audubon Jan. 51/1 Enormous numbers of waterfowl wintered in its vast marshes.
2000 Denver Post 17 Dec. m1/4 Breckheimer wintered in Vail working as a lift operator and returned to Tolna for spring planting.
2014 H. MacDonald H is for Hawk xxvii. 253 I'd seen..tractors harrowing slopes, stockmen turning sheep out to winter in the fields.
(b) intransitive. Originally and chiefly North American. With over in same sense. Cf. overwinter v. 2, 3.
ΚΠ
1847 J. L. Barton Commerce of Lakes 16 An unusual number of vessels wintered over in this port last year.
1870 Proc. Missouri State Hort. Soc. 11th Ann. Meeting 56 The brood which wintered over produced the brood that we have had this year.
1956 Life 2 Apr. 38/3 Its mission was to build two bases on the edge of the continent [of Antarctica]..where 163 volunteers will winter over after establishing a beachhead.
1979 C. Kilian Icequake iv. 42 How are we supposed to winter over on a goddam iceberg?
2016 S. C. Poulson Why Would Anyone do That? iv. 108 They actually decided to winter over together, living in small quarters during a period of near-constant darkness.
(c) intransitive. Originally and chiefly North American. With out in same sense.
ΚΠ
1860 World (N.Y.) 10 Oct. 3/6 Two [tourists] who have gone back wintered out on the Saskatchewan.
c1870 R. Campbell Let. 27 Apr. in C. Wilson Campbell of Yukon (1970) 165 I..had long consultations with most of the Freemen, wintering out in this quarter.
1968 E. S. Russenholt Heart of Continent viii. 132 When November [comes]..the population of Assiniboia is ‘at home’—excepting only, those hundreds who elect to ‘winter out’ on the plains and along the waterways.
1970 R. D. Symons Broken Snare xvi. 112 He [sc. a steer] had found a bunch of wild horses... So he had wintered out quite happily with his kind hosts.
1991 Washington Post (Nexis) 24 Feb. (Mag.) 11 White perch are estuary fish, wintering out in the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay, but seldom venturing out into the ocean.
b. intransitive. figurative. To make the necessary effort to live or survive (against actual or implied adversity). rare.
ΚΠ
1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 1st Ser. I. 26 The Miss Willises..seemed to have no separate existence, but to have made up their minds just to winter through life together.
1991 F. H. Littell in P. Basden & D. S. Dockery People of God xxiii. 315 Is there any hope that the traditional religions, having wintered through the decades of oppression by the Marxist establishments, will have learned some important lessons?
†2. intransitive. To be or become wintry. Obsolete. rare.The precise meaning intended in quots. a1425 and c1450 is not certain: they could instead show sense 1a(a) or sense 3a(a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > season > [verb (intransitive)] > grow wintry
wintera1425
hiemate1623
shut1854
a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 32v Hiemo, to wyntren [c1480 Pepys to make Wynter, a1500 Harl. 1738 wynteryn].
c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 588/4 Hyemo, to wyntry.
?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 140v To Wyntyr, brumare, brumescere.
3.
a.
(a) transitive. To keep or maintain (something) during winter; esp. to provide (animals) with food and shelter throughout the winter. Also with the fodder, or the land used, as subject.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [verb (transitive)] > winter in or out
winter1440
rough1858
out-winter1930
in-winter1961
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 530 Wyntryn', or kepe a thynge al the wyntyr, yemo.
1550–1 in J. W. Clay Testamenta Eboracensia (1902) VI. 306 To wynter theme [sc. two ox twinters] unto such tyme as thei be able to drawe.
1570–1 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) III. 594 For vppyng ye Swannes and wynteryng them..xxiijs.
1580 in F. Collins Wills & Admin. Knaresborough Court Rolls (1902) I. 139 To..my wief a cowe and asmoche haie as will wynter hir.
a1647 F. Gorges Amer. painted to Life: Hist. Plantations (1658) xxxvi. 84 When they came to winter them [sc. cows] with in-land Hay, and seed upon such wild Fother as was never cut before, they could not hold out the Winter.
1710 D. Hilman Tusser Rediv. Oct. (1744) 135 If I keep more Sheep than I can Winter.
1769 J. Abercrombie Every Man his Own Gardener (ed. 3) 331 You either intend, or are necessitated to winter them [sc. cauliflower plants] all in frames, or on warm borders.
1794 Edinb. Advertiser 2 May 274/2 (advt.) The cattle and horses have all been bred, and wintered on the ground.
1809 W. Pitt Gen. View Agric. Leics. 153 This turf land will winter the breeding ewes with a little assistance from green crops.
1824 J. C. Loudon Green-house Compan. i. 15 The sickly condition of plants wintered in such of these houses as still exist.
1883 Standard 3 Apr. 3/5 It should be the aim of the grass-land farmer to summer as many and winter as few animals as possible.
1916 Weekly News Let. (U.S. Dept. Agric.) 18 Sept. 3/1 How to winter his beef cattle economically is often a serious problem with the farmer.
1939 Examiner (Launceston, Tasmania) 26 Aug. 3/1 (advt.) 5000 ac[res] good bush land, will winter 100 cattle and 1200 sheep.
1953 J. Ehrman Navy in War of William III ii. xii. 520 Trenchard then developed the arguments against wintering the main fleet in Spain.
2009 V. B. Conger Widow's Might iv. 125 The widow Hannah Pickering was paid for wintering the town bull for two years.
(b) transitive. With over in same sense. Cf. overwinter v. 4.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabiting temporarily > [verb (intransitive)] > in winter
winterc1384
hut1691
winter-quarter1693
winter1826
hibernate1865
overwinter1895
the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > [verb (transitive)] > sustain plants through winter
winter1826
overwinter1945
1826 New-Hampsh. Statesman 18 Nov. The pigs, to be wintered over, must be content on a few ears of corn, and plenty of water.
1858 N.-Y. Times 7 June 4/5 All our advices from the Western States concur in showing an unprecedented quantity of produce in that region, which, owing to the crisis last Fall, has been wintered over.
1861 Daily Commerc. Reg. (Sandusky, Ohio) 8 Feb. The working bees which were hatched last autumn, and are being wintered over, will die off about the time that apple and peach trees are in bloom.
1920 Wisconsin Hort. Aug. 222/2 Hardy cos and cabbage lettuce are also wintered over, the seed being planted under the bell jars.
1982 ‘E. Lathen’ Green grow Dollars i. 12 A tomato that could be planted, wintered over, then harvested.
2009 A. O. Tucker & T. DeBaggio Encycl. Herbs 270/2 Most North Americans find it necessary to grow the bay plants in pots and winter them over indoors.
2014 Star Tribune (Minneapolis) (Nexis) 17 Aug. 1 e The calves don't have the stress of being weaned from their mothers, nor of being wintered over.
†b. transitive. figurative. To maintain (an opinion) through a period of trial. See also to summer and winter at summer v.1 Phrases c. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > adhere constantly or steadfastly to [verb (transitive)]
to stand in ——a1382
abidea1393
saddena1500
to bide bya1513
to stick to ——?1531
to stout out1568
to make good1606
winter1608
buckle1793
maintain1819
1608 Bp. J. Hall Characters Vertues & Vices ii. 108 What he [sc. the Unconstant] will be next, as yet he knoweth not; but ere hee haue Wintred his opinion, it will be manifest.
1618 T. Adams Happines of Church ii. 236 To winter an opinion is too tedious: hee hath bin many things; what hee will be, you shall scarce know, till hee is nothing.
†4. transitive (in passive). To be rendered immobile by winter weather; to be winter-bound. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1555 R. Eden Disc. Vyage rounde Worlde in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 218v They sayled to the .49. degree and a halfe vnder the pole Antartyke: where beinge wyntered, they were inforced to remayne.
5. transitive. Chiefly literary. To affect like winter, to subject to wintry conditions; to make wintry; to chill, freeze. Chiefly figurative. Cf. winter n.1 1d. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict > like winter
winter1622
the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > worse > [verb (transitive)] > in quality or character
defade1423
debase1569
deteriorate1572
welk1579
bastardize1587
invile1599
winter1622
disimprove1642
degenerate1645
deterior1646
imbastardize1649
degrade1652
honeycomb1821
travesty1825
1622 J. Taylor Sir Gregory Nonsence sig. B3v Time now that summers him, wil one day winter him.
1629 J. Ford Lovers Melancholy iv. 67 I am so..wintred with the tempests of affliction.
1787 A. Seward Let. 10 May (1811) I. lxiii. 294 May you..never find them [sc. friends] wintered by the bleak gusts of disease or sorrow!
1857 G. Meredith Farina 19 The spectres..uttered noises that wintered the blood.
1957 E. Dahlberg Sorrows of Priapus (1989) Prol. 2 Eudoxus and Euclid winter all lechery.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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