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单词 without
释义

withoutadv.prep.conj.n.

/wɪˈðaʊt/
Forms: Forms (Middle English written as one or as two words): α. wið-, wiþutan, Middle English wiþuten, withuten, Middle English wiþouten, etc. (see with n. and outen adv.), Middle English–1500s, 1600s–1800s archaic withouten; also Middle English -utene, -utin, Middle English -owtten(e, Middle English -oughten, -owghten, -outene, -yn(e, etc.; abbreviatedMiddle English wtouton, wtowtyn. β. Middle English wiþute, Middle English witute, Middle English–1500s withoute, (Middle English widh wute, wiþ houte, Middle English wit out(t)e, Middle English witheoute), etc. (cf. out adv.); abbreviatedMiddle English, 1500s wt oute, Middle English wtowte, wtouȝte. γ. Middle English wiþ vt, Middle English wiþout, etc. (see with n. and out adv., int., and prep.), Middle English– without; abbreviatedMiddle English–1500s wtout, Middle English wtouȝt, wtwt, 1500s, 1700s w̄out, 1600s wthout.
Etymology: Late Old English wiþútan , < wiþ with prep. + útan outen adv.: see within n.
A. adv. Outside, in various senses: opposed to within adv. Now only literary and somewhat archaic.For instances of the ellipsis of the object of the prep., in which without has the appearance of an adv., and may be so construed, see B. 14.
1. On the outside or outer surface (of a material thing); externally.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > [adverb] > outside
buteOE
outeneOE
withoutc1000
outwarda1382
withoutforthc1384
outc1390
out of door1579
outside1653
withoutsidec1660
out-over1818
outboard1935
c1000 Ælfric Homilies I. 86 His lichama barn wiðutan mid langsumere hætan.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3828 On a wond Wid-uten, ðo wrot he wið hond Ðe twel[f]e names of ðat kin.
1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 8047 A vesselle dypped..In water..Has water bath with-in and with-out.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. vii. 907 A reeod hatte arundo, and is mene bitwene a tree and an herbe... And is smoþe wiþoute and holough wiþinne.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 17347 Þei..shutte þe dores at þe last Wiþinne & wiþoute loken so.
14.. Why I can't be a Nun 180 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 143 Hyt schyned wythe-owte so fayre and clere.
1419 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1834) II. 247 They were endosid wiþ outyn to suche persones as us liste assigne.
1611 T. Coryate Crudities sig. I4 The Dukes Palace seemeth to be faire, but I was not in it, onely I saw it without.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iv. i. 44 Be the Iackes faire within, the Gils faire without ? View more context for this quotation
1621 T. W. tr. S. Goulart Wise Vieillard 82 The Images called Silenes, which a farre off, and without appeared to bee grossely carued.
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §505 It is an ordinary Curiosity, to Forme Trees and Shrubs..into Sundry Shapes; which is done by Moulding them within, and Cutting them without.
1816 S. T. Coleridge Christabel i. 10 The gate that was iron'd within and without.
2.
a. Outside (or out of) the place mentioned or implied; esp. outside the house or room; out of doors.
ΚΠ
a1100 in Assmann Ags. Hom. xvi. 126 Þæt ðær gelamp, þæt hig ealle in on þa burh foron, þæt ðær nan þyng þæs folces wyðutan belyfen næs.
c1100 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (MS.F.) ann. 992 Man scolde fandian gif man mihte betræppan þane here ahwar wiþutan.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6269 Bruttes weoren wið-innen..& Melga wið-vten [c1300 Otho wiþ-houte].
a1300 Cursor Mundi 996 A firin wall þar es a-bute, Mai nan win in þat es wit-oute.
c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 2240 Naymes þanne with-oute ȝede & hadde þe kyng wiþ-inne.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 15082 ‘Welcum be þou lauerd’, said þai, ‘Duell þou noght wit-vte.’
c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) v. 17 Fra þis citee til a hill withoute bare Sampson..þe ȝates of þe citee.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xii. f. xvij Behold thy moder and thy brethren stond without.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Kings x. 24 Whan they came in to offer sacrifyces.., Iehu appoynted him foure score men without.
1654 A. Johnston Diary (1919) II. 300 They wer al sett in the feilds, but M. J. L. absolutely refused to preach without.
1684 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 2nd Pt. 24 All this while, poor Mercie did stand without, trembling and crying for fear that she was rejected. View more context for this quotation
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones IV. x. iii. 20 There is a Footman without with the Horses. View more context for this quotation
1768 O. Goldsmith Good Natur'd Man v. 59 I'll go hasten things without.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. x. 562 Meanwhile the throng without was..becoming more numerous and more savage.
1890 Bridges Spring ii. viii When winds without make moan, I love my own fireside.
1892 I. Zangwill Children of Ghetto i. xv Pinchas..betook himself unceremoniously without.
b. transferred. Outside of a class, body, or community; not in the number or membership; in an alien or foreign community. those (that are) without = ‘outsiders’. Now only in echoes of 1 Corinthians v. 12.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > separation or isolation > [adverb] > outside a body or community
without1297
without doors1696
outside1865
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > [adverb] > in or to foreign land(s)
beyond the seasc900
without1297
o brodea1400
on brodea1400
abroada1450
overseas1583
oversea1616
in foreigna1640
foreign1813
over sea1845
exterritorially1853
out foreign1895
society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > separation or isolation > [noun] > one who is separated or isolated > stranger or outsider > collective or group
unthede?c1225
unledec1275
those (that are) without1525
colony1656
alienated1818
out-group1906
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 3024 Þe king..let rere up chirchen & to al þat lond aboute, & bissopes dude in hor poer, þat er were al wiþoute.
?a1300 in Old Eng. Misc. 146/34 xxxij. schiren syndan on engelonde. And Norþhumbre is wiþ-vtan And loðen and westmaralond and Cumberlond And Cornwale.
1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Chron. (1812) II. lxxiv. [lxx.] 224 The pryse was gyuen of them without, to syr Johne Holande.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Cor. v. 12 What have I to do to iudge them that are with out? Do ye not iudge them that are with in?
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Deut. xxv. 5 Then shall not ye wife of the deed take a straunge man without, but hir kynsman shal..take her to wyfe.
1676 W. Allen Serious & Friendly Addr. Non-conformists 67 The breaking the Churches Peace..and the bad effects of it, both among themselves and in reference to them without.
1846 A. Marsh Father Darcy xxxix The secrets of my trade..are not to be lightly communicated to those who are without.
1864 E. B. Pusey Daniel (1876) 300 To win those without to live according to the law.
3. figurative and gen. Outside of the inward being, soul, or mind; with regard to external actions or circumstances; in relation to others or to something other than the self; sometimes, in outward appearance as opposed to inward reality; outwardly.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > [adverb] > on the outside
outwardOE
withoutc1000
outwithc1225
withoutforthc1380
outc1390
utouth1398
outwardsc1429
outwardlyc1432
withoutside1578
exogenously1879
the world > existence and causation > existence > extrinsicality or externality > objectivity > [adverb] > outside the self
withoutc1000
withoutforth1357
outwardlyc1432
unselfly1606
without1768
c1000 Ælfric Homilies II. 404 Swa sind ge eac æteowode wiðutan rihtwise on manna gesihðum.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 2 Þeo oðer is alwið vten & riwleð þe licome & þe licomliche deden.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 25 Ypocrisye..is a zenne þet makeþ to ssewy þe guod wyþoute þet ne is naȝt wyþinne.
a1400 Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. (1914) 54 How þay sall bere þam with-owtten and with-in; howe to God, how to man.
c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxvi. 123 Ne þare schuld na man luffe a creature for þe bewtee withouten.
1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) i. iii. sig. ci Some thynges they make in operacyon wtout all only, the whiche thynges are not in the soule materyally.
1560 Bible (Geneva) 2 Cor. vii. 5 We were troubled on euerie side, fightings without, & terrours within.
1607 E. Grimeston tr. S. Goulart Admirable & Memorable Hist. 392 Rage..may..haue inward beginnings, without any accidentall contagion without.
1653 Z. Bogan Medit. Mirth Christian Life 209 When (for ought a man can see) by his countenance without, a godly man may be sad, and melancholick, and perplexed.
1692 E. Walker tr. Epictetus Enchiridion xxvi An injury To something else without, 'tis none to thee.
1832 H. Martineau Hill & Valley v. 84 Then you will be at ease without and at peace within.
1855 G. Macdonald (title) Within and Without: a dramatic poem.
4. Preceded by from, in above senses.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > direction > specific directions > [phrase] > from without
withouta1400
ab extra1610
the world > existence and causation > existence > extrinsicality or externality > objectivity > [adverb] > outside the self
withoutc1000
withoutforth1357
outwardlyc1432
unselfly1606
without1768
a1400–50 Wars Alex. 1032 ‘Ȝe Calodoyns’,..he callis fra with-oute.
1645 T. Gataker Gods Eye on Israel 52 Nor any helper..; as no power from within, so no ayd from without.
1722 W. Wollaston Relig. of Nature ix. 190 The hints I received from without.
1768 O. Goldsmith Good Natur'd Man v. 73 He who seeks only for applause from without, has all his happiness in another's keeping.
1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xxxvi. 363 Doors opened smartly from without.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 548 An independent state, jealous of all interference from without.
1898 J. R. Illingworth Divine Immanence vi. 137 The man loses his power of self-determination,..and is..determined from without.
B. prep.
I. Outside of, beyond (in various senses): opposed to within prep. Now only literary or archaic.
1.
a. Outside of, on or at the outside of, in the space external to (a space, region, place, receptacle, enclosing boundary, etc.). without board (Nautical): see board n. 12. See also without doors adv. below.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > outside of [preposition]
withoutc893
utouth1478
withoutside1686
outside1711
outta1856
to get outside of ——1869
c893 tr. Orosius Hist. ii. iv. §7 Wiðutan þæm dice is geworht twegea elna heah weall.
a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) ann. 1079 Se cyng Willelm gefeaht togeanes his sunu Rotbearde wiðutan Normandige.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 761 Ne cume ȝe neauer wi[ð]-vten scipes bord.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1367 At a welle wið-uten ðe tun.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 8196 Ilkan to sette þaire pauylion..wiþ-out [Vesp. vte-wit] þe toun.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 10989 Þe folke þat were þe chirche wiþoute wondride what he was aboute.
c1400 Rule St. Benet (prose) 31 Obied wid-vten þe kirke dore to þe vre be sungen.
1410 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 16 The Cherch of seynt Clementis wyth~owtyn Templebarr.
1426 Cov. Leet Bk. 111 As well withoute house as within.
1496 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 176 To pyche the said shipp without borde.
1497 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 250 Abourde the Regent withoute Portesmouth haven.
1571 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. 711 No Bishop maie geeue orders without his owne Diocese.
a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1846) I. 205 Thare fell a schour of rane,..so vehement, that no man mycht abyd without a house.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iii. 94 A little Chappell a mile without the Village.
a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) i. i. 20 We cannot know..whether there be any Worlds without the compass of this.
1717 G. Berkeley Jrnls. Trav. Italy 21 Jan. in Wks. (1955) VII. 261 The church of S: Agnes without the City.
1745 Kent's London Directory 83 Snow Thomas & Comp. Bankers, without Temple-bar.
1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. II. xviii. 727 The Irish language was universally spoken without the pale.
1869 J. Tyndall Notes 9 Lect. on Light §292 The rays of greatest heat..lie entirely without the visible spectrum.
1885 Act 48 Vict. c. 15. Sched. ii. 2 A parish..situate partly within and partly without the boundary.
b. (with verb of motion) So as to be outside of, to the outside of, out of. Obsolete or archaic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > out of [preposition]
out ofeOE
withoutc1000
outc1300
outwitha1400
utouthc1480
forth of1513
forth1567
c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxi. 39 Ða namon hig & ofslogon hyne & awurpon wið-utan þone win-geard.
c1290 Beket 2226 in S. Eng. Leg. 170 With-oute þe ȝates ne cam he nouȝt.
1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. III. 91 Nabugodonosor..slowȝ alle the strong men,..and þrewe hem wiþ outen þe walles vnburied.
a1450 Knt. de la Tour 45 She yede without her place crieng on God.
1464–5 in Acts Parl. Scot. (1874) XII. 30/2 Sendand woll..fra quhatsumeuir port..within þe Realme of Scotland wtwt þe samyn Realme.
1889 R. L. Stevenson Master of Ballantrae xii. 317 He led me without the camp.
c. On the outer side of; further out than; (in or to the space) beyond. (Cf. within prep. 1d.)
ΚΠ
1623 J. Bingham tr. Xenophon Hist. 18 All the middest of his battell..was extended without the left Wing of Cyrus his Troopes.
1712 W. Rogers Cruising Voy. 5 When I came without the Spit-end, I saluted the Hastings.
1777 W. Dalrymple Trav. Spain & Portugal xliii The rest of the court form in a second circle without the ambassadors.
1779 T. Forrest Voy. New Guinea 122 Off the rock of Sipsapa, are three spots of breakers,..one without another.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Without, outside, as, studding-sail without studding-sail.
†d. At more than, beyond (a specified distance).
ΚΠ
1724 London Gaz. No. 6290/3 To begin to Work without 70 Yards Distance from the Shoar.
2.
a. transferred and figurative. Outside of, not in the limits of, external(ly) to.
ΚΠ
1028–60 Laws Northumb. Priests §61 Þæt nan man ne wifige on neahsibban men þonne wiðutan þam iiii. cneowe.
1357 Lay Folks' Catech. (T.) 105 Withouten halikirke nis na saule hele.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 13166 Nauþer I. aske þe hous ne lande ne nane oþer þing wiþ-oute resoun [Vesp. wit vnresun].
c1400 Rule St. Benet (prose) 17 Ilke sunday wid-uten lentin sal þe cantikils be said.
c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert vii Whan he was vexed with ony materis, eythir with-oute þe religion or with-Inne.
1558 J. Knox First Blast against Monstruous Regiment Women f. 47v It was forbidden vnto them to marie without their owne tribe.
1618 G. Wither Wither's Motto in Juvenilia (1633) 544 He that beares an honest heart about him, Needs never feare what changes be without him.
1694 G. Stanhope tr. Simplicius Comm. Epictetus' Morals i. 11 The Object that moves our Affection, is without us.
1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels II. 138 Some [reasons] are without the compass of my present design.
1877 W. Sparrow Serm. xiv. 190 One whose sources of happiness are without him.
†b. So as to exceed; beyond. Obsolete.The phr. without measure (= French sans or outre mesure), ‘immoderate(ly)’, ‘excessive(ly)’, belongs here or under B. 10a.
ΚΠ
?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) 137 On lenth it es withouten mesure.
a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Fiiv Somtyme without measure, he trusted in golde And now without mesure, he shal haue hunger & colde.
c1610–15 Life St. Mildrede in C. Horstmann Lives Women Saints (1886) 63 Beating and bouncing her without all measure.
†c. without time: outside of or independent of time; for ever; eternally. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > duration > eternity or infinite duration > [adverb]
always fortha700
alwayeOE
oeOE
everOE
buten endea1000
echelichec1175
till doomsdayc1175
to timea1200
perdurablyc1275
in ayea1300
without endc1330
anytimea1375
for ay and oc1374
continually1382
perpetuallyc1385
ay-forthc1390
everlastinglyc1390
perpetualc1392
eternallyc1393
endlessa1400
in (also for, to) perpetuitya1400
always?c1425
without timec1425
endlesslya1450
sempiternlyc1450
infinitivec1470
aylastinglyc1475
everlastingc1475
incessantly1481
in saecula saeculorum1481
sempiternally1509
all days1533
for altogether1542
constantly1567
interminate?1567
incorruptibly1579
perpetuously1612
in perpetuum1613
eternal1614
unterminably1631
unfadinglya1672
unendingly1674
for a constancy1710
perennially1729
tarnally1790
imperishably1795
indefectibly1837
immortally1858
fadelessly1861
the world > time > duration > eternity or infinite duration > [adverb] > eternally or transcending time
eternallya1385
without timec1425
aeviternally1608
intemporally1660
timelessly1823
datelessly1854
c1425 (c1400) Prymer (Cambr.) (1895) 6 Holi modir of god..wasche awe our giltis, þat we..moun stie up to þe seete of endeles blis, þere þou dwellist wiþ þi sone wiþ-outen tyme.
1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1845) xliv. 215 Withouten tyme is no erthly thynge, Nature, fortune, or yet dame Sapyence.
1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. vi. 91 This Mynd is without time and only euerlasting.
1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. 237 Of these Names [of the Deity] some are negative, signifying that Superessential Being: as, inessential, without time, independent.
1786 J. Clowes tr. E. Swedenborg True Christian Relig. (ed. 2) §30 Forasmuch as God is in all Time without Time, therefore in his Word he speaketh of what is past and to come, as of what is present.
1832 Christian Examiner & Gen. Rev. July 313 The Son..was alone produced of the one only Father without time and before all things.
†3.
a. Beyond the extent of, outside the range of (some action or perception); beyond the scope or sphere of action of. Obsolete.For without comparison at sense B. 10d, etc. see B. 10d.
ΚΠ
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. ccxix The bearer..thought it..better for hym to bestowe it without the Kynges reche.
1551 W. Turner New Herball Prol. sig. A ijv He beynge without the danger of gonne shot.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 151v Though it be without my commission to meddle with them.
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Xx2 Two thinges are without our commaund: Poyntes of Nature, and pointes of Fortune. View more context for this quotation
a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) i. iii. 91 Conjectures of things without our knowledge.
1770 J. Reynolds Disc. Royal Acad. (1876) iii. 332 Beauties in our art that seem..to lie without the reach of precept.
1809 E. A. Kendall Trav. Northern Parts U.S. I. vii. 70 The happy consequences..are without description.
1809 Levity & Sorrow II. 221 To witness the elements jarring from above, and without their reach.
†b. Beyond the capacity or comprehension of (= beyond adv., prep., and n. Phrases 6); outside the province of. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love i. iv. sig. C2 O now I apprehend you; your phrase was without me before. View more context for this quotation
1605 B. Jonson Sejanus ii. i. 93 The ages that succeede..shall admire And reckon it an act, without your Sexe. View more context for this quotation
4. Used absol. by ellipsis of object, in opposition to within (or in) preposition, where it has the appearance of an adverb.
ΚΠ
c1300 K. Horn (Laud) 256 Wit hinne þe curt and wit oute.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 5933 Bath in huses and wit-vte.
1480 in Cov. Leet Bk. 446 Placez within the shire of Couentre & withoute.
1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1399/1 Aliances either in Italie or without.
1830 T. Carlyle in Foreign Rev. 5 9 Is not God's Universe within our head, whether there be a torn scull cap or a king's diadem without?
II. Senses intermediate between I. and III.
†5. In addition to, or with the addition of; besides. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 186 We habbeð seoue þusund of gode cnihten. wið-outen wifmen.
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 4107 An hondred þousend hors..Wiþ oute votmen þat were so vale þat þer nas of non ende.
1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 54 With~outen alle þis a hundreth knyghtes he toke.
1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. VI. 93 Wiþ oute þe ful service he wolde every day seie þe sawter.
c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 463 Housbondes..she hadde fyue With outen oother compaignye in yowthe.
1436 in Hist. MSS Comm.: Rep. MSS Var. Coll. (1907) IV. 197 in Parl. Papers 1906 (Cd. 3218) LXIV. 1 There ys redy..iiijc shippes of forstage wythoute other smal shipes.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Isa. xlv. B God (wt out whom there is none other God).
†6. Exclusive of, not including, except. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 378 Nim..þa wyrtas wærma, alla wiðutan sauina.
c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 425 Godard was..þe moste swike, Þat eure in erþe shaped was, With-uten on, þe wike Iudas.
c1320 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 119 He wes the fayrest mon, With-outen Absolon, That seththe wes ant tho.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 557 A flod..[o]uer-flowged men & deres-kin, Wið-vten noe and hise ðre sunen.
III. Expressing absence, privation, or negation: With or involving the absence or want of; in a state of not having, or so as not to have; so, or such, that there is no... Opposed to with prep. II. ***. (The ordinary current use.)
7.
a.
(a) (with object a thing, material or immaterial) With absence of; not with the presence or addition of; not having with it or with one; not accompanied by; not combined or associated with; not having in one's charge; not carrying or wearing.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > place > absence > with absence of (a thing) [preposition]
withoutc1175
sansc1300
forouta1375
minus1808
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 997 Bræd All þeorrf. wiþþ utenn berrme.
12.. Prov. Alfred 119 Wyþvte wysdome is weole wel vnwurþ.
a1352 L. Minot Poems (1887) vii. 138 Bisschoppes.. Þat songen all withouten stole.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Luke xxii. 35 Whanne I sente ȝou with oute sachel, and scrip, and schoon.
1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xxi. 10 Barfot on an asse back, bootles..With-oute spores oþer spere.
c1426 J. Audelay Poems (1931) 14 Wele withoutyn woo.
1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. v. sig. Hiiv There is no fyre without some smoke.
1565 A. Golding tr. Ovid Fyrst Fower Bks. Metamorphosis iii. f. 7 A spring withouten mudde as syluer clere.
1600 T. Nashe Summers Last Will 16 I..vse to go without money, without garters, without girdle.
1744 G. Berkeley Siris (ESTC T72826) §196 Phosphorus burns equally, with and without air.
1866 J. Bryce Holy Rom. Empire (new ed.) xvi. 304 A barbarism which had inherited all the vices of civilization without any of its virtues.
†(b) Less, minus (a certain amount). Obsolete.
ΚΠ
c1450 Godstow Reg. 435 In brede xiiij. elnys with out ynche.
b. (with object a person) In the absence of; in a state of absence from; not with the companionship or attendance of.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > place > absence > with absence of (a thing) [preposition] > in a state of absence from (a person)
withoutc1385
absent1888
c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Dido. 969 Forth they gon..His fere & he with-outyn any gyde.
c1450 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi ii. viii. 48 What may þe worlde auaile þe wiþoute ihesu?
1491 Cartul. S. Nicholai Aberdon. (New Spalding Club) I. 256 Nay mess salbe songit Withoutin xij personis and ye prest.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. xlix He..began secretly to commen without any witnesses or arbitrers nere hand with the bishop alone.
1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. v. 33 He counsel'd Dionysius to give over the Tyranny, and live with~out a Guard.
1685 Lady Russell Lett. (1853) I. 165 Doubtless he is at rest, though I find none without him.
1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 6. ⁋11 Those to whom he has formerly been known will very patiently support his absence when they have tried a little to live without him.
1877 M. W. Hungerford Phyllis (1890) xxvii. 337 If you can live without me,..I would rather ten thousand times be dead, than exist without you.
c. without-profit(s) adj., of a life assurance policy: providing normal cover but not allowing the insured to receive a share of the profits of the insurance company. Also applied to the associated funds, business, etc. Cf. with-profit(s) at with prep. 24d (s).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > insurance > [adjective] > insurance policy types
tontine1790
whole-life1832
term1834
floating1839
all risks1885
third party1901
non-profit1905
knock for knock1906
stamped1913
warehouse to warehouse1922
without-profit(s)1924
with-profit(s)1924
loaded1928
unit-linked1966
no-fault1967
new-for-old1984
critical illness1986
1924 Tayler & Tyler Life Assurance ii. 19 Nearly all the offices transacting life assurance business issue two great classes of policy—(a) Those which share in the profits, known as ‘with-profit’ or ‘participating’ policies; and (b) Those which do not share in the profits, known as ‘without-profit’ or ‘non-participating’ policies.
1944 S. d'E. Colam Life Assurance for Agents 16 Premiums for with profit policies are larger than for without profit policies.
1960 Times 24 Oct. (Financial Review) p. xiii/4 For without-profits contracts are tending to come down.
1965 Economist 24 July p. xxii When interest rates are high and there is significant inflation, profits on the without~profits businesses are high, since the premiums were originally fixed on the basis of lower money returns than are now being earned.
1982 London Life Association Ann. Rep. Total without profit funds.
8.
a. In a state of not possessing; not having (as a possession of any kind, a part, an advantage, etc.); in want of, destitute of, lacking.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > non-possession > not having [preposition]
without1297
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 991 Wanne man wiþoute eir of him sulue to deþe were ibroȝt His moder kun was is eir.
c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 2860 Þe erl of cestre,..Þat was yung knith wituten wif.
c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 345 With outen bake mete was neuere his hous.
1459 Paston Lett. I. 476 j. hood of russet felwet withougt a typpet.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts ix. 9 And he was iij. dayes wyth out sight.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts xiv. 17 He lefte not hym silfe with outen witnes.
1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Luke i. f. 11–12 The grief and pensifnesse of beeng without issue.
1653 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis (rev. ed.) xxii. 426 The shin-bone exposed to all encounters without any defence at all.
1668 J. Dryden Sr Martin Mar-all iii. 32 I hate him worse than foul weather without a Coach.
1754 in Minutes of Evid. Nairne Peerage (1873) 48 in Sessional Papers House of Lords (H.L. A) XII. 65 Deceased..w [ith] out issue of his body.
1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield II. ii. 44 Without cross or coin to bless yourself with.
1872 ‘G. Eliot’ Middlemarch II. iv. xxxv. 212 I do believe you are better without the money.
1883 Law Times 20 Oct. 407/2 Preventing..a litigant without a case from wantonly harassing his opponent.
b. Not with (something that might be given, granted, or obtained); not getting or receiving, or having got or received.
ΚΠ
c1200 Vices & Virtues 11 Ðat we sculen bliðeliche ȝiuen.., wið-uten erðliche mede, alle ðe niede habbeð.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 169 Lo hu ha [sc. the devils] ne machten wið uten his leaue fule swin swenchen.
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 377 Y was left with outen helpe.
c1420 Prose Life Alex. 41 He commanded þat he schulde wende hame to his felawes wit-owtten any harme.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin iv. 69 Thus departed the messagers with-outen other ansuere.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry IV f. x The duke was banished..and yet without license of Kyng Richarde he is returned again into the realme.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 118 The Victim Ox..Sunk of himself, without the Gods Command: Preventing the slow Sacrificer's Hand. View more context for this quotation
1707 I. Watts Hymns & Spiritual Songs i. 12 Prophets and Kings desir'd it long, But dy'd without the sight.
1723 Duke of Wharton True Briton No. 3. ¶6 They are all Guilty of Felony, without Benefit of the Clergy.
1842 Ld. Tennyson Lord of Burleigh in Poems (new ed.) II. 201 He to lips, that fondly falter, Presses his without reproof.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 623 He would as soon die without their absolution as with it.
c. In the construction of certain verbs: see to do without —— 1 at do v. Phrasal verbs 1, to go without —— at go v. Phrasal verbs 2. Also colloquial with ellipsis.
ΚΠ
1458 in J. H. Parker Some Acct. Domest. Archit. (1859) III. 43 Of the pore penyles the hiereward wold habbe A hood or a girdel, and let hem goo without.
1713 J. Addison Cato ii. vi Come 'tis no matter, we shall do without him.
1899 R. Whiteing No. 5 John St. 75 His one principle of conduct is to do without.
9.
a. With no use, employment, or action of (an instrument, means, etc.); not using, or not being acted upon by.without book: see without (†one's) book at book n. Phrases 2a: hence (with hyphen) attributive or as adjective, recited without book or from memory.
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a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) ann. 1086 He hæfde Yrlande mid his werscipe gewunnon & wiðutan ælcon wæpnon.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 11329 Wiþþ utenn mete & drinnch Heold crist hiss fasste þære. Fowwerrtiȝ daȝhess.
1471 G. Ripley Compound of Alchymy vi. iv, in E. Ashmole Theatrum Chem. Britannicum (1652) 162 So that hyt lyke wax wyll melt..Wythouten blast.
1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. iv. 7 Weele haue..no withoutbooke Prologue faintly spoke After the Prompter, for our entrance. View more context for this quotation
c1615 F. Bacon Advice to G. Villiers in Wks. (1879) I. 519/1 The excess of diet..would be avoided; wise men will do it without a law.
1673 E. Browne Brief Acct. Trav. Hvngaria 130 Two sorts of Virgin Mercury; the one running out and discovering it self without labour, the other requiring some way of extraction and separation.
1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. p. xxi To pass the Evening without Cards.
1798 S. T. Coleridge Anc. Marinere iii, in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads 16 Withouten wind, withouten tide, She steddies with upright keel.
1816 S. T. Coleridge Christabel i. 13 The moon shines dim..But they without its light can see The chamber carv'd so curiously.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. i. 150 The new parliament, which, having been called without the royal writ, is more accurately described as a convention.
1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days ii. vii. 359 Be a good fellow, and let's try if we can't get on without the crib.
1865 A. C. Swinburne Masque Queen Bersabe 92 [The rushes] Grew wet withouten foot of men.
b. With no action or agency of (a person); esp. with no co-operation of, or support from.
ΚΠ
1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience Prol. 44 Alle thyng thurgh his myght made he, For with-outen hym myght nathing be.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John xv. 5 For with outen me ȝe mown no thing do.
1476 in C. L. Kingsford Stonor Lett. & Papers (1919) II. 19 I..saide..That..I coulde not answere that mateer without yow.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin ii. 36 A childe born with-outen fader.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Kings xviii. 25 Thinkest thou that I came vp hither without ye Lorde to destroye these cities?
1592 in J. Morris Troubles Catholic Forefathers (1877) (modernized text) 3rd Ser. 28 Imprisoned for burying a Catholic without a minister.
a1612 J. Harington in Nugæ Antiquæ (1779) II. 221 To make peace withouten his allyes and friends.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 98 Without thee nothing lofty can I sing. View more context for this quotation
1712 J. Swift Jrnl. to Stella 13 Dec. (1948) II. 581 We shall have a Peace very soon, the Dutch are almost entirely agreed, & if they stop we shall make it without them.
1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues II. 39 A State may get on without cobblers.
1928 N.E.D. at Without Mod. Come and help me with this job; I can't do it without you.
10. (with object an abstract thing, as a quality, attribute, action, condition, etc.):
a. (depending on or referring to a verb) With absence or lack of, or freedom from; so that there is no…; often forming phrases equivalent to negative adverbs, e.g. without end = endlessly, without fail = unfailingly, without fear = fearlessly, without success = unsuccessfully, etc.Frequent in Middle English in intensive or expletive phrases, as without dread, without lease (lease n.2), without leasing, without let, without letting, without lie (lie n.1), without miss (miss n.1), without strife, etc. See also the various nouns.
ΚΠ
c1175 Lamb. Hom. 143 Iwarpen ine eche pine, wiþuten alesinge, and wið-uten milce.
c1220 Bestiary 412 For to winnen fode, derflike wiðuten dred.
a1250 Owl & Nightingale 183 Wit-ute cheste and bute fiȝte.
c1275 Laȝamon Brut 17480 Þat hii come to Ambres-buri wiþ houte delaie.
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (1724) 245 Þer wyþoute fayle, At Eccestre strong enou hii smyte an batayle.
1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 3429 Swa parfitely may nane lyf here, With-outen veniel syns sere.
1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xiv. 237 He is neuere murie, Withoute mornynge amonge, and mischief to bote.
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 281 Sche seith me nay withouten oth.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10406, l. 10407 Þai þat stad er in þair blis, Wit-vten want.., Wit-vten seke, wit-vten sare.
a1450 J. Myrc Instr. to Par. Priests 24 Say þy serues wyþowten hast.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin viii. 129 With-outen cause ye be not come hider.
c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) 4 Quhen he purchessis pace ande concord, vytht out diminutione of his rycht.
a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iv. vii. sig. G.iiijv I will take the lawe on hir withouten grace.
1614 A. Gorges tr. Lucan Pharsalia vi. 219 Then Pompey's men withouten stop, Do mount vpon the trenches top.
1633 Earl of Manchester Al Mondo: Contemplatio Mortis (rev. ed.) 152 It is iust..that they who liue without repentance, should die without comfort.
1721 A. Ramsay Lucky Spence x Nane gathers gear withoutten care.
1779 Mirror No. 57. ⁋6 I hope I may say it without vanity.
1812 Ld. Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II i. xxxi. 23 Far as the eye discerns, withouten end.
1822 H. Maddock Rep. Court Vice Chancellor Eng. 5 35 Stating..‘that the estates were to be sold without reserve.’
1834 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. (1837) I. 101 Men can without trouble be brought to confess that they sin.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 540 Great doubt has been thrown on his integrity, but without sufficient reason.
1862 Law Jrnl. Rep. 31 Ch. 676 Primâ facie, a party writing a letter, and using the expression ‘without prejudice’, means that he is not to be prejudiced.
1881 M. E. Braddon Asphodel III. 265 He..then let her go without a word.
1896 R. Kipling Seven Seas 121 I do well To love my love withouten fear.
b. (depending on or referring to a noun.) Characterized by absence of, lacking or free from, not having: often forming phrases equivalent to negative adjectives e.g. without end = endless, without fear = fearless, without number (†tale) = innumerable, etc.
ΚΠ
c1175 Lamb. Hom. 95 He deð þa þe beoð bilehwite and wið-utan ufelnesse.
c1230 Hali Meid. 15 He is leoflukest þing & wiðuten eauer euch bruche.
a1250 Owl & Nightingale 863 For nys no mon wiþvten sunne.
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 8903 Þi louerd ssal abbe an name..vair wiþoute blame.
c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 4111 Neuere ne was he with-oute strif, Bot ay wykkeliche lyuede ys lyf.
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 45 To grounde I was withoute breth.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 102 Mild and mek witouten gall.
14.. Tundale's Vis. 32 He was a man withoute pyte.
1509 J. Fisher Mornynge Remembraunce Countesse of Rychemonde (de Worde) sig. Bvi v Be not sad..as men withouten hope.
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §499 It is obserued by some, that there is a vertuous Bezoar, and another without vertue.
1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding i. iv. 27 There was a time, when the Mind was without those Principles.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 137 All sorts of Tools, and Iron-work, they had without Tale.
1758 D. Hume Eloquence in Ess. 66 'Tis vehement reasoning, without any appearance of art.
1859 N. Hawthorne Fr. & Ital. Jrnls. (1871) II. 284 It resembled an unspeakably bad dough nut, without any sweetening.
1869 J. Ruskin Queen of Air §77 They are white, without purity;..massive, without strength; and slender, without grace.
c. With no possibility of; so, or such, as not to admit of; so, or such, that there can be no...
ΚΠ
a1300 Cursor Mundi 25821 For þair wanhopping Þai fall wit~vten vp-couering.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 226 With-out reskew he stekyt him to dede.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 113 Our men was slayne withoutyn redempcioune.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 329/2 Without remedy, irremediable.
1671 A. Marvell Let. 12 Jan. in Poems & Lett. (1971) II. 126 Such a clause..makes it felony without Clergy.
1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 174. ⁋14 These wounds..are without cure.
1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. to Henry VII I. App. i. 151 The great lords and abbots among the Anglo-Saxons..could punish without appeal any thieves..they caught.
1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 199 Even this right of property will fail, or at least it will be without a remedy, unless I pursue it within the space of sixty years.
d. In such phrases as without comparison, without controversy, without doubt, †without nay, etc. the meaning apparently varies between ‘beyond’ (sense 2 or 2c) and ‘involving the absence of’, ‘not admitting of’, ‘so that there is or can be no…’.
ΚΠ
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 81 Þe ymage of his sseppere, þet is uayr wyþoute comparysoun.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 2053 Cham wit-outen dout Sal be his brothers vnderlote.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xv. 55 Eneas appyered aboue all the other wythout ony comparyson the most fayre.
1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes 218 He without al doubt or controuersy, was very Emperor of al Britayn.
1557 New Test. (Geneva) Heb. vii. 7 Without all nay, he which is lesse, receaueth blessyng of hym which is greater.
1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 165 When Cortez saw that beautifull thing, his joy was without comparison.
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Ss3 These things are without Contradiction, and could not otherwise be. View more context for this quotation
1621 M. Wroth Countesse of Mountgomeries Urania 155 [My love of her] was without compare, had hers not equald it.
†e. without day = sine die n. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > frequency > infrequency > infrequently or it rarely happens [phrase] > without a date set for resumption or indefinitely
without day1607
sine die1631
1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. X2/1, Day To be dismissed with out day, is to be finally discharged the court.
1713 Mod. Cases Queen's-Bench 262 He doubted of the Effect of a Nolle Pros'..if it discharged the Indictment, or only put the Defendant without Day.
11.
a. Followed by a gerund or verbal noun in -ing: equivalent to ‘so as not to’ or ‘and not’ with the corresponding vb., or ‘not’ with the present participle; e.g. to pass by without seeing = ‘to pass by so as not to see’, ‘to pass by and not see’, ‘to pass by, not seeing’.
ΚΠ
c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 2620 Tristrem is went oway Wiþ outen coming oȝain.
1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xi. 144 He..wilned me were graunted Grace, wyth-outen any bede-byddynge.
1515 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. I. 407/1 To pas and repas als oft as thai ples..without ony..aresting.
c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 2992 Tite, withoutyn tariyng, atirit were all.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxxv The Frenche kyng..callyng for water, washed and rose without any answere makyng.
1639 S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events To Rdr. sig. a vij Drones which do but humme about flowers, without gathering any honey from them.
1734 G. Berkeley Let. in Wks. (1871) IV. 217 I can hardly stir abroad without catching cold.
1779 Mirror No. 2. ⁋1 No child ever heard from its nurse the story of Jack the Giant Killer's cap of darkness, without envying the pleasures of invisibility.
1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 1st Ser. I. 93 We never passed at night without seeing the eldest girl at work.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. ii. 169 He was a slave without being a dupe.
1877 J. Ruskin St. Mark's Rest iv. §51 A solemn piece of old Venetian wall..which you might pass under twenty times without seeing.
1885 Law Times 79 119/2 No person was..to blast coal without the charge having been inspected by the underlooker.
†b. Governing an infinitive with to. [After French, etc.]
ΚΠ
1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxii. 470 That we maye retourne agen hole and sounde..wythoute to be dyshonoured.
1556 tr. J. de Flores Histoire de Aurelio & Isabelle sig. F6 Without to see it whiche is written.
c. By ellipsis of the gerund: Not counting, leaving out of account. colloquial.
ΚΠ
1872 ‘G. Eliot’ Middlemarch II. iv. xxxv. 212 My father has enough to do to keep the rest, without me.
†12. without mo or more: in various senses (see mo pron.1 and n.1 4, more pron. 3c). Often used as a tag.
ΚΠ
c1300 St. Michael (Laud) 418 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 311 Þat euerech of heom [sc. firmamenz].., One steorre hath with-oute mo.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 81 Þanne beþ þer in walis þre, wiþ oute Mor.
c1350 Leg. Rood iii. 148 By þat ilk way went we twa, Þi moder and I with-outen ma.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 2573 Þe werwolf..went wiȝtly a-wei wit-oute any more.
14.. Guy Warw. (Cambr.) 719 Wythowytyn more forthe they rode.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 61 Till Noramkirk he come withoutyn mar.
a1586 (?a1513) W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 257 The dewill sayis thane, withouttin mair, ‘Renunce ȝour God and cum to me’.
13. In senses B. 7 – B. 11 often with conditional implication (mostly with negative, expressed or implied): If one have (or had) not, if there be (or were) not, unless one have or there be, in the absence of, in default of, ‘supposing the negation or omission of’ (Johnson).
ΚΠ
1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. III. 161 Noþer man ne womman schulde be punsched wiþ oute gilt.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 126 (MED) Na werc may stand Wit-outen grundwall to be lastand.
c1451 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert (1910) 99 Þat swech þingis myte not be do witȝ-outen vertuous lyuyng.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Heb. xi. 6 With out faith it is vnpossible to please him.
1661 J. Godolphin Συνηγορος Θαλασσιος Introd. sig. [av] The Mariner..may not sail without one Cat or more in his Vessel.
1748 J. Thomson Castle of Indolence i. i Withouten that would come an heavyer bale.
1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. xv. 150 What is genius or courage without an heart?
1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple II. xviii. 310 Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?
1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. x. 617 The people believed that without the nobles there was no safety; the nobles believed that without the crown there was no honour.
14.
a. With ellipsis of the object (cf. A. 4). Now colloquial (except in contrast with with).In negative contexts, as in quots. 1733, 1898 at sense A. 4, virtually = otherwise; this use is further extended in unstudied speech, e.g.: ‘You can go, if you can find somebody to go with,—not without’.
ΚΠ
c1400 Rule St. Benet (prose) 16 Þe nihend-ferþe salme wid þe antefen ouþ ir wid-vten.
1609 W. Shakespeare Louers Complaint in Sonnets sig. K3 Smal shew of man was yet vpon his chinne,..Yet..nice affections wauering stood in doubt If best were as it was, or best without.
1654 D. Osborne Lett. (1888) 233 Here is a ring:..'tis indifferent whether there be any word in't or not; only 'tis as well without.
1672 R. Wiseman Treat. Wounds i. viii. 70 We threw out our Tent, and by Sarcoticks cured this wound without.
1681 Heraclitus Ridens 2 Aug. 2/1 Come, it is a great while since we had a Pindarique, have you never a one in your Budget? Earn. I am seldom without.
1720 Lady B. Germaine Let. 17 Oct. in Countess of Suffolk Lett. (1824) I. 73 Though you should take the four [thousand pounds], still I shall have enough without.
1733 J. Tull Horse-hoing Husbandry vii. 26 All the former Roots being broken off at the Ends in taking up (for 'tis impossible to do it without).
1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. v. 27 Pray don't! You'll have enough on your Hands without.
1800 E. Hervey Mourtray Family IV. 57 Well, promise nothing, Mr. Chowles; but do it without.
1834 J. H. Newman Lett. & Corr. (1891) II. 48 [He] was afraid to tell me, and left Oxford without.
1878 E. A. Freeman Let. in W. R. W. Stephens Life & Lett. E. A. Freeman (1895) II. 161 I don't get any worship here; but I am better without.
1898 W. W. Jacobs Grey Parrot in Sea Urchins (1906) 208 You must have given him some encouragement... A man wouldn't offer to lend a lady his opera-glasses without.
b. slang. in reference to liquor: Not mixed with sugar: cf. with prep. 26b (b).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > types or qualities of intoxicating liquor > [preposition] > not mixed with sugar
without1836
1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 1st Ser. II. 194 Glasses of brandy-and-water cold-without.
1840 R. H. Barham Execution in Ingoldsby Legends 1st Ser. 301 There is ‘punch,’ ‘cold without,’ ‘hot with,’ ‘heavy wet.’
1843 R. S. Surtees Handley Cross I. xv. 322 ‘Take a glass of brandy,’ said she... ‘'Ot with? or cold without?’
15. Qualified by a negative: not without = not lacking, with or having some (implying or suggesting a somewhat slight or not very great amount).Cf. not with negative adjective or adverb (not adv. 10c).
ΚΠ
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 42 Sa sure a havin..that nocht wtout cause the historiographours named it, the Porte of saifgaird and saiftie.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. v. 18 Thou would'st be great, Art not without Ambition. View more context for this quotation
1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. iv. 36 Nor were we without other guests.
1807 R. Southey Lett. from Eng. II. xxxvii. 129 I looked back upon Birmingham not without satisfaction at thinking I should never enter it again.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xi. 113 Many..were not without hopes that mild and liberal counsels might prevail.
1879 J. McCarthy Donna Quixote I. 61 She remembered not without a pang that [etc.].
C. conj.
1. The preposition governing a clause introduced by that, so that without that becomes a conjunctional phr.:
†a. (a) Except that. (b) In addition to the fact that. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1022 Þatt waȝhe rifft wass henngedd tær Forr þatt itt hidenn shollde. All þatt tatt tær wiþþ innenn wass..Wiþþ utenn þatt te bisscopp sellf..Þær shollde cumenn o þe ȝer Ann siþe. & all himm ane.
1489 in T. Dickson Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1877) I. 145 Laide downe in redy siluer for rybbanis to the King,..withowte at the Master of the Wardrop hes boycht v dussane of rybbanis..summa iijli.
b. (in sense B. 10) Without its being the case that: now expressed by the construction with gerund (B. 11), with or without possessive, e.g. without that you shall need = ‘without your needing’; without that he led me = ‘without leading me’. Now rare or Obsolete.
ΚΠ
c1450 in W. T. Barbour Hist. Contract (1914) 201 Withoute þat ever eny accord..were made or had bitwene þe seid John Mercer and John Halsnoth.
1471 J. Fortescue Wks. (1869) 525 Sainte Edwarde reyned..peseably..with oute eny clayme made vppon him, by hyr, or by her husbande, and with outen that eny of ther heirs have claymed this londe.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxvi. 560 The speres flew in peces wythout that ony of theym felle to the grounde.
1594 R. Carew tr. J. Huarte Exam. Mens Wits xiii. 203 Himselfe will deliuer them into your hands, without that you shall need to conquer them.
1596 T. Danett tr. P. de Commynes Hist. iii. vi. 97 The captaine at the castell gate..offred me a cup of wine, without that he led me into the castel as he was accustomed.
a1648 Ld. Herbert Life Henry VIII (1649) 172 This seem'd to be done, without that the King was fully inform'd thereof.
a1648 Ld. Herbert Life Henry VIII (1649) 202* Your Actions (without that I or any else spake of them) make you a Lyar.
1853 C. Brontë Villette I. xii. 223 It was next to impossible that a casket could be thrown into her garden..without..that she should have caught intimation [etc.].
†c. (with conditional implication as in B. 13) If it be or were not the case that, unless: = A. 2. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
c1440 Generydes 475 Withoute that she myght have his loue ageyn, She were on don for euere in certayne.
c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 4 This myth not be do with-outen þat þei had substauns of possession.
1523 Queen Margaret of Scotl. Let. (modernized text) in M. A. E. Wood Lett. Royal & Illustrious Ladies (1846) I. 266 The lordes wilbe..ferd to leve the governours wayes, with~out that they may fynd some suyrtie to take ther partt.
†d. without that (or this) that: legal phrase introducing an exception, spec. in pleading [translating Law Latin absque hoc quod, Law French sans ceo que] , a form, obsolete since 1852, whereby a defendant asserted special matter of exception or justification against the plaintiff's claim while reserving his denial of the whole cause of action.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [phrase] > introducing an exception
without that (or this) that1518
1518 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 150 That all the said mesuages and lendes shuld be in the rule..of the Chamberleyne..Without that that the said mesuages and londes extend to the yerely value of cxl li.
1592 B.N.C. (Oxford) Docts. B 2 37 (MS.) Without that, that H.P. was never properly enfeoffed.
1601 W. Fulbecke Parallele or Conf. Law i. 72 b The plaintife replyed, that..the defendant..assaulted him and beate him..and the defendant reioined that..by their common accorde they played together, without that that he beate him in other maner.
1651 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions 422 Conspiracy, he is alive, with out that, that he is dead.
1651 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions 423 Where one pleads out of his Fee, the other saith within, without that, that it was out in manner and forme.
1824 H. J. Stephen Treat. Princ. Pleading ii. 211 The defendants delivered their petition to the common council, complaining of an undue election; without this that the jurisdiction..belonged to the court of the mayor and aldermen.
2. Hence, by omission of that, simply as a conjunction: If..not, except, unless. Also, chiefly in U.S. dialect use: unless, without its being the case that.Formerly common in literary use, most frequently with verb in subjunctive; later colloquial (‘not in use, except in conversation’, Johnson 1755) or archaic, and now chiefly nonstandard. Often replaceable by the const. with gerund (B. 11), e.g. without he be compelled = ‘without being compelled’; esp. with clause referring to an attendant circumstance or result rather than a condition, as in quot. 1467.
ΚΠ
1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. v. 176 Quath conscience to þe kynge with-oute þe comune help, Hit is ful hard..þer-to hit to brynge.
1467 M. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 335 If I were there wyth-ought I had the more..wurchepfull persones abought me..it shuld be to me but a vylney.
1477 in C. L. Kingsford Stonor Lett. & Papers (1919) II. 28 She is displeside and I know nat whereffore, with owte hir olde sekenes be fallen on hir agayn.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Chron. (1812) I. xii. 12 All the moost parte of the realme were right joyouse, withoute it were a fewe parsones..fauourable to syr Hewe Spencer.
a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) i. xii. sig. C.iiiv Good workes to godwarde woorketh no man without god woorke with him.
1565 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 410 [He] will nocht deliver..the said hors without he be compellit.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) iii. ii. 91 Such a one, as a man may not speake of, without he say sir reuerence. View more context for this quotation
a1643 J. Shute Judgem. & Mercy (1645) 129 He may barke, but he cannot bite without a man come within his reach.
1695 W. Congreve Love for Love iv. i. 57 He can't be cur'd without I suck the Poyson from his Wounds.
1754 J. Shebbeare Marriage Act I. xxx. 178 Do not think of marrying this young Lady, without you are convinced you can love her.
1787 J. Beattie Scoticisms 101 I will not go without I am paid for it. Scottish and obsolete and vulgar English.
1802 E. Parsons Myst. Visit III. 51 I shall never intrude without you invite me.
1814 Family Politics ii. i, in J. Galt New Brit. Theatre II. 207 I'm but a working woman, and cannot live without I gets my due.
1834 T. Arnold Let. 14 Apr. in A. P. Stanley Life & Corr. T. Arnold (1898) I. vii. 328 Not allowing God's seal, without it be countersigned by one of their own forging.
1859 Ld. Tennyson Elaine in Idylls of King 221 Not without She wills it.
1860 O. W. Holmes Elsie Venner (1891) xv. 211 I know these people.., so as all the science in the world can't know them, without it takes time about it.
1867 J. R. Lowell Biglow Papers 2nd Ser. (new ed.) Introd. p. xlv I don't git much done 'thout I bogue right in along 'th my men.
1868 J. H. Blunt Reformation Church of Eng. I. 437 No canons were to become law without they were assented to..by the crown.
1887 Daily News 21 Nov. 2/7 Without a great change takes place the meeting is sure to commence to-morrow.
1903 ‘T. Collins’ Such is Life i. 31 A man should n't make a dog of his self without he's well paid for it. That's my (adj.) religion.
1955 F. O' Connor Wise Blood iii. 52 Everything she looked at was that child... She couldn't lie with that man without she saw it.
1962 E. Albee Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? i. 51 Man can put up with only so much without he descends a rung or two on the old evolutionary ladder.
1984 A. Carter Nights at Circus ii. 46 No two deaths without a third follows.
D. n.
That which is external; the outside. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > [noun] > the outside or exterior > external aspect as opposed to internal
rindeOE
barkc1374
shell1377
husk1567
cortex1660
swarth1807
without1899
1899 C. F. d'Arcy Idealism & Theol. Introd. 22 Necessity is determination from without, determination by the not-self. It belongs therefore to whatever has a ‘without.’
1938 L. MacNeice Mod. Poetry 28 Wyndham Lewis maintains that it is the artist's or writer's business to depict the Without of people and not their Within.

Draft additions 1993

In negative contexts: lacking some resource or quality, esp. money; poor, destitute. colloquial.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > poverty > [adverb] > without money
pennilessly1890
without1922
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xviii. [Penelope] 707 Henry Dunbar by that other woman I lent him afterwards with Mulveys photo in it so as he see I wasnt without.
1971 ‘G. North’ No Choice for Sgt. Cluff ii. 24 ‘Norah and Fred aren't without.’ ‘They've had to sweat for it.’
1986 New Yorker 24 Feb. 47 (caption) I really am very pleased with the dress I bought. It makes me feel not so dumpy and without.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adv.prep.conj.n.c893
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