woadn.¹

Brit.

/wəʊd/, U.S.

/woʊd/

Forms:

α. Old English–Middle English waad, Old English–1600s wad, late Old English vad, early Middle English waað (probably transmission error), Middle English wadd, Middle English–1600s wadde, Middle English–1700s wade, 1600s–1700s wadd; English regional (chiefly east midlands and northern) 1800s– wad; Scottish pre-1700 vad, pre-1700 vadde, pre-1700 vaid, pre-1700 vyad, pre-1700 wad, pre-1700 wadd, pre-1700 wadde, pre-1700 wade, pre-1700 waid, pre-1700 waide, pre-1700 wead, pre-1700 wed (in compounds); N.E.D. also records a form Scottish pre-1700 wayde.

β. Middle English wodd, Middle English woide, Middle English woode, Middle English wovode, Middle English (1500s in compounds) wod, Middle English–1500s wode, Middle English–1600s wood, Middle English–1700s woade, Middle English– woad, 1500s woadde, 1500s wodde, 1600s waude.

γ. Middle English–1500s 1700s ode, 1500s–1600s oade, 1500s–1600s oode, 1600s oad.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian wēde , Old Saxon wēd (Middle Low German wēt , wēde ), Middle Dutch weet , wēde (Dutch wede ), Old High German weit (Middle High German weit , weid , German Waid ) < a variant (with loss of -z- ) of a Germanic base, which was borrowed into Latin and the Romance languages in a wide variety of forms, reflecting multiple borrowing, earliest (showing the reflex of Germanic -z- ) as post-classical Latin waisdo (8th cent.), compare also gaisdo (11th cent.), gaisda (11th cent.), waisda , weisda (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources), waisdus (12th cent.), guaisdium , guesdium (12th cent.), waisdia (12th cent.), etc., Old French (Picardy) and Anglo-Norman waisde (1036), Old French, Middle French guesde (end of the 11th cent.; French guède ). The following borrowings of a variant with loss of -z- probably represent later borrowing from individual continental Germanic languages: post-classical Latin waida , weida (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources), gueda (13th cent.), Old French and Anglo-Norman waide (c1165), gaide (13th cent.), Anglo-Norman weide (14th cent. or earlier), Italian guado (1274); compare also ( < Middle English) post-classical Latin wada , woda (from 13th cent. in British sources), Anglo-Norman wade , wode . Compare also (from an apparent ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the original Germanic base with -z- ) the Gothic diminutive form *wizdila woad (compare the Germanic base of -el suffix¹; recorded in Latinized forms uuisdil(e), ouisdelem, guisdil, in Latin translations of Oribasius) (perhaps compare post-classical Latin wisda (from second half of the 13th cent. in British sources), Anglo-Norman wisde (14th cent. or earlier)), and also the obscure but seemingly related Old English (rare) weard (attested only in early glossaries, rendering post-classical Latin sandix woad; compare quots. OE, a1300, a1425 at sense 1a), apparently reflecting a Germanic base form with stem vowel a (compare post-classical Latin wasdus (10th cent.), wasdium (12th cent.), wasdia (1196 in a British source)).Further etymology. The ulterior etymology of the Germanic base is unclear. Perhaps ultimately related are classical Latin vitrum woad, (also) glass, typically of a blue colour (see vitrum n.) and ancient Greek ἰσάτις woad (see isatin n.), although the exact relationship is difficult to explain phonologically. The divergence of forms in Greek, Latin, and Germanic suggests independent borrowing from a common source. The plant woad is native to the Caucasus and western and central Asia, and the technology of dyeing with woad is thought to have spread west into Europe from this region by at least the end of the second millennium bc. It is therefore very likely that the word is of non-Indo-European origin, and that its phonological diversity results from the borrowing of variant forms at different times and places. In Europe the cultivation of woad for dyeing reached its height in the late Middle Ages and early modern period. The plant was grown throughout Europe, with France and Germany the leading producers and exporters. Until it was eventually superseded by indigo (which began to be imported in large quantities from India in the late 16th cent.) woad was the principal blue dyestuff in use in Europe. Place-name evidence. The word is a common element in topographical compounds in Anglo-Saxon charter bounds (compare e.g. quot. OE at Compounds 1a(a)) and later field names and place names, indicating extensive cultivation of woad in England in earlier times; compare Wadbeorgas , Worcestershire (972; now Wadborough), Wattun , Hertfordshire (11th cent. in a copy of a will of 969; now Watton at Stone), Wadhulle , Wiltshire (1086; now Woodhill Park), Wadone , Dorset (1086; now Waddon), etc. Notes on forms. The β. forms chiefly show the regular (southern) development of Old English ā to open ō (or its shortened reflex); forms such as wood, woode (and oode at γ. forms) show further raising of Middle English open ō to close ō as a result of the influence of preceding w (compare forms of woe int., adv., n., and adj.). The γ. forms show assimilatory loss of initial w- before a mid to high back rounded vowel; compare ooze n.¹, ooze n.² and see further E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §421 note 5. Notes on senses. With garden woad (see sense 1a) compare post-classical Latin glastum sativum (1516 or earlier). With wild woad at sense 1b compare post-classical Latin glastum sylvestre (1516 or earlier). Compare glastum n.

a. A flowering plant, Isatis tinctoria (family Brassicaceae), having multiple erect stems, arising from a basal rosette of leaves, and clusters of tiny yellow flowers, native to the Caucasus and western and central Asia, and formerly much cultivated, esp. in France, for the indigo blue dye obtained from the leaves (see sense 2a). Also garden woad.Also called dyer's weed (see first element), glastum.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants used in dyeing > [noun] > woad

woadeOE

ash of Jerusalem1548

glastum?c1550

pastel1578

straw woad1612

dyer's woad1860

dyer's weed1866

the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > blue colouring matter > [noun] > dyes and dyestuffs > woad

woadeOE

woadOE

eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. xxxviii. 94 Dolhsealf, genim wades croppan & netelan, eac gecnuwa wel.

OE Ælfric Gloss. (St. John's Oxf.) 311 Sandix, wad [c1225 Worcester wod].

a1300 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 556/14 Sandix, i. waisde, i. wod.

a1350 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 123 [Gaisdo] wolde..wode.

a1425 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 227 [Sandix maior] wode.

1538 W. Turner Libellus de re Herbaria at Isatis Uulgus herbam appellat wad.

1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. D.iij^v Glastum is called..in english wad, & not Ode as some corrupters of the englishe tonge do nikename it.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 40 The Garden Woade [L. glastum..satiuum] whiche Dyars use, hath leaues lyke Plantayne, but something thicker.

1585 Proclam. Elizabeth I against Sowing of Woade 14 Oct. (single sheet) That no maner of person or persons..shal..breake vp..any maner of grounde..for the..purpose to sowe or plant woade in.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxxiii. xiii. 484 These Azurs, receive first a dye, and are boiled with a certaine hearbe..called Oad [Fr. il les faut cuire auec leur herbe; L. in sua coquitur herba], the colour and juice whereof Azur is apt to drinke in and receive.

1657 S. Purchas Theatre Flying-insects i. xv. 93 Woad, which affords a foggy food that over-lades the Bees.

1739 S. Trowell New Treat. Husbandry 33 Of Woad or Wade, the best Land for it.

1778 S. Whatley England's Gazetteer (ed. 2) at Bedfordshire Woad, a plant used by dyers, is also cultivated here.

1856 Farmer's Mag. Jan. 77 A long and explicit covenant [in a lease] against growing pernicious weeds, such as flax, hemp, woad.

1922 J. J. Sudborough Bernthsen's Text-bk. Org. Chem. (new ed.) xxxv. 555 Indigo, which is obtained from the indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria ), and from woad (Isatis tinctoria ), has been known for thousands of years as a valuable blue dye.

1985 R. Davies What's bred in Bone (1986) v. 292 It gave him particular pleasure to make the acquaintance of woad, the isatis tinctoria , from the juice of which a dark blue could be extracted.

2001 Financial Times 17 May 17 Woad looks like spinach or sugar beet, with green leaves sprouting upwards from a central crown.

b. More fully wild woad. A flowering plant, Reseda luteola (family Resedaceae), having single erect stems, arising from a basal rosette of leaves, and tiny yellow-green flowers on long racemes, native to Eurasia, and formerly much cultivated for the intense yellow dye obtained from the plant. Cf. weld n.¹ a. Now rare. Also called dyer's rocket, dyer's weed.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants used in dyeing > [noun] > weld

waldOE

weldc1374

wild woada1425

wolda1500

base rocket1578

yellow-weed1597

weld seed1765

wild mignonette1861

a1425 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 227 [Sandix minor] wyld wode.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. xlvi. 66 There be two sortes of Woad: the one is of the garden... The other is wilde Woad.

1597 W. Langham Garden of Health 678 The Wilde woad both drunke and applied, helpeth the milt.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Guesde sauvage, wild woad, which growes of it selfe in grounds wherein th' other hath beene sowne; and differs not much from it but in staulke.

1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis ii. ii. 232 The cods of the wild woad, (Glasti Sylvestris) together with the Seeds therein contain'd.

1710 W. Salmon Botanologia II. Index Latinus Isatis agria, Wild Woad.

1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 445 Reseda Luteola..Wild Woad. Dyers-weed.

1821 J. Clare Cowper Green in Village Minstrel I. 114 Thy wild-woad on each road we see.

1862 Internat. Exhib.: Kingdom of Italy: Official Descr. Catal. 284 The woad (Reseda luteola) is a little used for dyeing skins which have been steeped in sumach.

a1864 J. Clare Midsummer Cushion (1990) 26 Tall wild woad that lifts its spirey tops By stone pits.

1893 M. H. A. Stapleton Three Oxfordshire Parishes 315 The land was laid down in woad (Reseda luteola), which was used for yellow dye.

1913 N. L. Britton & A. Brown Illustr. Flora Northern U.S., Canada & Brit. Possessions (ed. 2) II. 200 Reseda Luteola L. Dyer's Rocket. Yellow-weed... Wild woad.

2004 P. Bouet et al. Bayeux Tapestry 91 Mustard yellow (woad: Reseda luteola).

†c. bastard woad n. a variety of woad or a plant resembling woad (sense 1a), described as having hairy leaves which spoil dye or produce dye of a poor quality. Cf. weld n.¹ b. Obsolete.Perhaps a species of Reseda or Sesamoides.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > resedaceous plants (weldworts) > [noun] > plants belonging to

bastard woad1597

weld1597

reseda1752

weld plant1805

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 396 Of Sesamoides, or bastard Weld or Woade.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Sesamoïde, bastard woad; an hearbe of two kinds, a great, and a little one.

1651 L. Sowerby Ladies Dispensatory 309 Bastard-woad bruised and drunk.

1705 tr. Whole Art of Dying ii. 309 Care ought to be taken in Weeding the Woad, that all the bastard Woad be plucked up and thrown away.

1819 T. Radcliff Rep. on Agric. of E. & W. Flanders 314 Great attention must be paid to separate the leaves from all other plants, and particularly from those of the bastard woad.

1835 tr. J. A. C. Chaptal Chymistry Appl. to Agric. xx. 296 The design of the weeding is to remove all strange plants.., especially the roots of bastard woad, (bourdaigne), the mixture of which injures the coloring matter of the pure isatis.

a. Indigo blue dye or dyestuff prepared from the leaves of the plant Isatis tinctoria (see sense 1a), typically by first drying and fermenting them. Also as a count noun: a dye or dyestuff of this kind. Now chiefly historical.Also called pastel.The chief colouring matter in woad is indigo, also found in greater amounts in the indigo plant ( Indigofera tinctoria) which eventually replaced the woad plant as a source of dye. Most indigo dye is now produced synthetically. Cf. indigo n. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > blue colouring matter > [noun] > dyes and dyestuffs > woad

woadeOE

woadOE

OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 220 [Curtinae..] ex [auro,] iacintho : of wade uel hæwenre dæage.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 76 Þin eȝene boþ colblake & brode Riȝt swo ho weren ipeint mid wode.

?c1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer Former Age (Cambr. Ii.3.21) (1878) l. 17 No Madyr welde or wod no litestere Ne knewh.

a1450 ( Libel Eng. Policy (Laud) in T. Wright Polit. Poems & Songs (1861) II. 180 The madre and woode that dyers take on hande.

1489–90 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Jan. 1489 §39. m. 14 Woode called Tolowse woede.

1494 in F. W. Weaver Somerset Medieval Wills (1901) 322 ij mesers of Ode.

1545 Rates Custome House sig. dj Woad of goscoyne the pipe .iii. pound vi.s. viii.d. Woad of the Ile of Surrey the ballet x.s. Woad of the Ile of Assorns [= Azores] the ballet x.s.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. cc The Merchaunt straungers..daily brought Oade, Oyle, Sylke,..and other Merchaundyse into this Realme.

1580 R. Hitchcock Pollitique Platt sig. a.iii For these Herynges: retourne will be made, of all sutche necessaries, as we want in this Realme, viz: Wine and Woades [etc.].

1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 64 The Marchants of Normandie made fine for licence to harbor their woads, till it was otherwise prouided.

1602 B. Jonson Poetaster ii. i. sig. C^v He that respects to get, must relish all commodities alike; and admit no difference betwixt Oade, and Frankincense.

1604 Rates Marchandizes sig. I1 Iland or greene Woade..Tholoze Woade.

1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 75 The King..ordained; That wines and woads from..Gascoigne and Languedocke, should not be brought but in English bottomes.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 224 Azores..They affoord much Oade, which has made them most famous and best inriched them.

1756 M. Postlethwayt Short State Progress French Trade & Navigation 54 These islands produce two several sorts of valuable woads, which are used for dyeing.

1804 M. Edgeworth Will ix, in Pop. Tales I. 231 My father-in-law..was dying some cloth with woad.

1867 W. Morris Life & Death of Jason vi. 113 Deep dying-earths, and woad and cinnabar.

1882 J. Smith Dict. Pop. Names Plants 441 Woad..is manufactured now only at Parsons Drove near Wisbech.

1894 C. Vickerman Woollen Spinning 102 The woad cut into small pieces is cast into the vat, which is then filled with water.

1936 D. V. Thompson Materials of Medieval Painting iii. 139 Stuffs were dyed with woad and worn with no benevolent thoughts of the wrack and ruin that their manufacture had left behind them.

1992 Indiana (Pa.) Gaz. 12 July e7 Skeins of yarn soaked in Woad come out blue.

2011 J. P. McKay et al. Hist. World Societies (ed. 9) 2 xxv. 776 Woad..remained Europe's main blue dye until the opening of a direct sea route to India by the Portuguese in 1498.

b. Blue body paint or dye made from woad (sense 1a), esp. as said to have been used by ancient Britons; a paint or dye of this type. Also more generally: any blue body paint or dye.The association of ancient Britons with the use of woad as a body paint apparently derives from Caesar’s De Bello Gallico 5.14 (see e.g. quots. 1563, 1565).

ΚΠ

1563 S. Wythers in tr. J. Sleidane Briefe Chron. Foure Principall Empyres ii. f. 51 (margin) They [sc. the Pictes] were the auncyent inhabitauntes of England. Who, as Ceser sayeth, vsed to paint them selues with woad to seme more terrible vnto their enemyes.

1565 A. Golding tr. Caesar Martiall Exploytes in Gallia v. f. 117 Al the Britons doe dye themselves wyth woade [L. vitro], which setteth a blewish color uppon them.

1668 H. P. Cressy Church-hist. Brittany ii. ix. 28/2 Anciently all Brittains were indeed Picts, that is a people which delighted to paint themselves with woad, figuring upon their bodies the shapes of severall wild beasts, as beleiving that would render them more formidable to their Enemies.

1715 S. Garth Claremont 91 When Dress was monstrous, and Fig-leaves the Mode, And Quality put on no Paint but Woade.

1736 N. Salmon Antiq. Surrey 179 A Briton with his Sword girt about his naked body, with no other Covering than figures died with Woad, whence they had the name of Picts.

1818 J. Hughes Horæ Brittanicæ I. i. 51 The painting of their bodies with woad..arose partly from superstition, and was partly adopted as a defence against the weather, as well as designed to terrify their enemies.

1868 Hours at Home Apr. 489/2 If to-morrow morning we were to..resort once again to the woods, and the flint hatchet, and the woads and the hip-cloth.

1903 J. K. Jerome Tea-table Talk ii. 42 The ancient Briton had a pretty taste in woads.

1934 E. Pound Cavalcanti in T. S. Eliot Literary Ess. Ezra Pound (1954) 199 The ultimate Britons were at the date unbreeched, painted in woad, and grunting.

1994 Guardian (Nexis) 14 Jan. (Sports) 15 Around 30,000 will stream through the narrow streets, faces streaked with the pagan woads of Switzerland, Norway and Austria.

2014 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 20 Mar. 47/1 The Braveheart notion of Scottish nationalism—spear-carriers, faces painted in woad, crying freedom against the English oppressor—has been extinct, even as myth, for several decades.

c. figurative and in figurative contexts: a stain, a taint. Cf. woad v. 2b. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > sullying or staining of reputation > [noun] > a stain or slur

spota1225

umberc1380

blotc1386

maculate1490

touch1508

blemish1526

blur1548

attaint1592

stain1594

attainder1597

tachec1610

sullya1616

tainta1616

smutch1648

slur1662

woad1663

a blot on an escutcheon1697

blotch1860

smear1943

1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus xxi. 269 In the degeneration of these [sc. civility and Christianity], are the darkest nights of turpitude, and the deepest Woads of malice tinctured.

1667 E. Waterhouse Short Narr. Fire London 42 This..gives the judgement a tincture, nay, a deep woad of intense displeasure.

1980 R. B. J. Walker Polit. Theory & Tranformation World Politics vi. 49 The discipline often presents itself as a realm of barbarians, besmirched with the woad of neo-Machiavellian policy analysis.

Compounds

C1.

(a) General attributive.

ΚΠ

OE Bounds (Sawyer 104) in W. de G. Birch Cartularium Saxonicum (1885) I. 304 Swa in badan dene in clacces wadlond.

lOE Laws: Gerefa (Corpus Cambr.) xii. 454 On længtene.., gif hit mot gewiderian, mederan settan, linsed sawan, wadsæd eac swa.

1589 R. Payne Briefe Descr. Ireland 8 Some of smal iudgements..haue fayled of their expected woad crops, by meanes of their vn skilfull choyse of ground.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 98 A Prince blew, or of a blewish, or woad-colour.

1726 R. Bradley Country Gentleman & Farmer's Monthly Director 36 Carefully weed your Woad-Field.

1799 W. Tooke View Russ. Empire III. x. iv. 287 It is the more necessary to multiply the woad plantations.

1826 Atlas 4 June 44/1 The management of a woad farm and the woad farmers.

1884 Cent. Mag. Jan. 434/2 The hops, licorice, madder, and woad roots sent out at the beginning.

1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 20 Sept. 5/1 The three enormous grinding wheels..speed on their roundabout course, devouring forkful upon forkful of unresisting woad leaves.

1906 Country-side 17 Nov. 7 The woad seedling is very delicate.

1992 J. Thirsk in B. Short Eng. Rural Community iii. 51 A fairly large acreage was needed to make it worthwhile erecting a woad mill for the season.

2011 T. Hennell Change in Farm (ed. 2) 194 The last English woad-farm to survive (at Boston, Lincolnshire) planted none in 1931.

2013 Farmers Weekly 29 Mar. 80/2 The couple..now farm 37ha plus neighbouring land, mostly under woad production.

(b)

woad blue n.

ΚΠ

1667 W. Petty in T. Sprat Hist. Royal-Soc. 289 Nor is Allum used in many Colours, viz. In no Woad or Indico Blews.

1759 W. Lewis tr. C. Neumann Chem. Wks. 438/1 We know of no other [theory] that accounts, in any degree, for the production of the Indigo and Woad blue.

1828 Amer. Farmer 14 Nov. 279/2 It would be worse than useless to attempt to bring our dyers back to the old expensive but highly permanent process of giving a woad-blue to their goods before coloring them black.

1997 J. Balfour-Paul Indigo in Arab World v. 75 When imported tropical indigo became available the dyers using it considered themselves superior even to the dyers of woad blue and much rivalry resulted.

woad ground n. now historical

ΚΠ

1616 G. Markham in tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) Table of Additions sig. Sss3^v/2 Woad-ground, 309. the making of Woad, 309.

1652 W. Blith Eng. Improver Improved xxxiii. 226 You have in many of your great, deep, rich pastures, many hils and hill sides good Woad-ground.

1705 tr. Whole Art of Dying 350 Sheep should be put into the Woad Grounds to eat up the Grass and Weeds.

1811 National Reg. 1 Dec. 764/1 She went to work in the woad grounds.

1912 P. H. Ditchfield Cottages & Village Life Rural Eng. xv. 170 A century ago there were still woad or ‘wad’ grounds near Hardingstone.

1997 J. Thirsk Alternative Agric. (2001) ii. iv. 84 Such directions and field names..locate this woad ground in a part of the parish where the land had not yet been brought into a state of high cultivation.

woad plant n.

ΚΠ

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. v. 88/2 G a Woad Plant O born by Woader.

1726 R. Bradley Country Gentleman & Farmer's Monthly Director 36 Take care that the Woad Plants stand single; for if they grow close together, they spoil one another.

1896 Mid-Surry Times 28 Nov. The leaves of the woad plant (Isatis tinctoria) are crushed to a pulp in a mill, and the pulp made into balls.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1447 This is the woad plant, and is presumably that used by our forefathers in ancient Britain for staining their bodies blue.

2004 K. N. Sanecki Discovering Herbs (ed. 7) 116 The blue dye obtained from the woad plant seems surprisingly inappropriate, for the plant has profuse bright yellow flowers.

b. Instrumental and objective.

woad-painted adj.

ΚΠ

1786 C. Vallancey Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis IV. xiii. Pref. p. xix These Peacti or Pactyæ, are not the Picti or woad painted Britons, (the Welsh) described by Cæsar.

1891 F. W. Farrar Darkness & Dawn II. xliv. 105 But how could those woad-painted fighters withstand the skill..of our legionaries?

2015 Sc. Express (Nexis) 10 May 30 The aim of the strategy will be to persuade voters south of the Border that the Nats..are not merely a warband of woad-painted whack-jobs intent only on tearing the country apart.

woad planter n. now rare

ΚΠ

?1734 Pract. Husbandman & Planter II. iii. 61 Blythe, who was the first that wrote well of the Cultivation of Woad in England, and whose Precepts are generally followed by all Woad Planters.

1799 A. Young Gen. View Agric. County Lincoln 197 The woad-planter gives 4 or £5. per acre per annum.

1932 L. Lower Here's Another 29 Men in adjoining caves heard of the enterprising woad planter's success.

C2.

woad ball n. a ball composed of a quantity (approximately two fistfuls) of crushed leaves of woad (sense 1a); cf. woad net n.

ΚΠ

1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique ii. lv. 393 The countrie men of Tholose..do not grinde their woade balles [Fr. les pelottes de pastel] into powder, but gather it together by great vessels full, and put it vnder the milstone to presse out the waterish parts of it.

1891 S. P. Sadtler Hand-bk. Industr. Org. Chem. 425 The woad balls improve in quality by keeping for some years, the best variety coming from the south of France under the name of Pastel.

1944 Econ. Hist. Rev. 14 36 The life-like sculpture of two woadmen standing with a bulging sack of woad balls between them.

2009 P. John in T. Bechtold & R. Mussak Handbk. Nat. Colorants viii. 112 Indigo is formed in the acidic environment of the woad ball.

† woad fat n. Obsolete a vat or tub in which woad is fermented and prepared for use as a dye, or in which wool or cloth is dyed using woad; = woad vat n.

ΚΠ

1413 in D. Keene Surv. Medieval Winchester (1985) viii. 303 [A vessel called the] wodfat.

1479 Will of Henry Swayne (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/7) f. 3 Odefatis.

c1500 in J. Harley et al. Rep. MSS R. R. Hastings (1928) I. 425 (MED) To mak blewe: Tak a litel flory of the wodfat and malle it smal in a bolle and do ther to a galoun of clere water.

1569 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 155 My woadfat coveryngs.

1664 Inventory 9 Aug. in J. A. Johnston Probate Inventories Lincoln Citizens 1661–1714 (1991) 9 Three wadfatts and other Matialls [sic].

1682 in B. Trinder & J. Cox Yeomen & Colliers in Telford 1660–1750 (1980) 268 Two ffurnaces and one Wadfat in the dyehouse.

1705 tr. Whole Art of Dying xi. 294 The Pale Blew's are more beautiful, and don't so much encline to Green, or Grey, when they are Dyed in a Woad Fat.

1778 D. Loch Tour Trading Towns Scotl. 43 Adam Dickson dyer and cloathier..works two woad fats, and finds much benefit by using them.

† woad-gore n. Obsolete a sludge-like by-product of the fermentation or production of woad (in sense 2a); the dregs from a woad-vat; cf. gore n.¹ 1.In quots. regarded as a pollutant.

ΚΠ

1419 in H. T. Riley Munimenta Gildhallæ Londoniensis (1859) I. 335 Qe nulle ne gette estreyin, poudre, fyms, wodegor, nautre vilenye.

?a1525 (?1416–17) in W. H. B. Bird Black Bk. Winchester (1925) 8 Ordinacio pro wodegor..qui aliquam cuvam..wodgor iactat vel iactari fecit in rivolum.

woad house n. now rare a building in which woad is fermented or prepared for use as a dye.

ΚΠ

1607 Inventory in J. H. Bettey Wilts. Farming 17th Cent. (2005) p. xxviii An olde woade house and fower woade mylles whereof two are at Martin and two at Blagdon.

1747 S. Trowell & W. Ellis Farmer's Instructor 107 The Charges of the Woad-house, Mill, and other Utensils, Land and Labour..are very great.

1829 H. D. Best Personal & Lit. Mem. 456 We rode over the farm to the woad-houses.

1985 E. Kerridge Textile Manuf. in Early Mod. Eng. xii. 163 It was usual for the clothier to have his own dye-house and not unknown for him to prepare his own woad in his own woad house.

† woad lead n. Obsolete rare a vat or tub in which woad is fermented and prepared for use as a dye; a vat or tub in which wool or cloth is dyed using woad; = woad vat n.; cf. lead n.¹ 5a.

ΚΠ

1485–6 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 157 2s. pro operacione 79 petr. plumbi operati in j wadlede.

woad-leaved adj. having leaves resembling those of a woad plant in appearance (chiefly in the names of particular plants).

ΚΠ

1751 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. II. 577 The woad-leaved Jacobæa.

1822 S. Clarke Hortus Anglicus II. 417 Woad-leaved Centaury.

1907 M. C. Sedgwick & R. Cameron Garden Month by Month 447 (table) Boltonia glastifolia. Woad-leaved boltonia.

2006 P. Sell & G. Murrell Flora Great Brit. & Ireland IV. 491/1 S[enecio] glastifolius... Woad-leaved Ragwort.

woadman n. now historical and rare a person (esp. a man) who grows or cultivates woad or prepares it for use as a dye.Recorded earliest as a surname.

ΚΠ

1296 in G. Fransson Middle Eng. Surnames (1935) 107 (MED) Symon le Wademan.

1375 in G. Otto Handwerkernamen in Mittelengl. (1938) 88 Waddeman.

a1450 in L. T. Smith York Plays (1885) p. xxvi Wadmen.

1652 W. Blith Eng. Improver Improved xxxv. 230 The Woad-man will make you up three or four sorts of Woad, according as he intends to friend a Customer.

1778 J. Haigh Dyer's Assistant 15 Woadman..is the Name given to the Journeyman Dyer, whose principal Business is to conduct the Woad.

1847 Farmer's Mag. June 543/2 It is land of this quality which is so much sought after by woadmen, chiccory growers, peppermint distillers.

2014 S. Orr New Amer. Herbal 359/1 The woadmen..harvested and worked with the plant until their hands and arms were stained blue-black.

† woad mark n. Obsolete rare a small area on a piece of woaded cloth that is dyed darker than the surrounding cloth, as an indicator of the quality or degree of dyeing.

ΚΠ

1613 J. May Declar. Estate of Clothing v. 30 Some can set a woadmarke vpon a cloth with a little Indico which hath no woade at all on the peice.

† woad rose n. Obsolete rare a small round or circular area on a piece of woaded cloth that is dyed darker than the surrounding cloth, as an indicator of the quality or degree of dyeing; cf. woad mark n.

ΚΠ

1613 J. May Declar. Estate of Clothing v. 30 The diers of London doe best obserue a true course in setting a woaded seale vpon woaded colours, which is a truer testimonie than the woad rose or marke so many waies abused.

woad vat n. now chiefly historical a vat or tub in which woad is fermented and prepared for use as a dye, or in which wool or cloth is dyed using woad; = woad fat n.

ΚΠ

1754 T. Smollett tr. Select Ess. Commerce, Agric., Mines, Fisheries 489 The ordinary greens, stained blue in a woad vat, and afterwards yellow,..are seldom uniform.

1778 J. Haigh Dyer's Assistant 19 A Woad-Vat may be set without the Addition of Indigo.

1865 H. Watts Dict. Chem. III. 252 Woad-vat. (Pastel-vat).

1968 R. J. Adrosko Nat. Dyes in U.S. i. 18 Great skill was required to develop the correct degree of fermentation in the woad vat due to great quality differences in the raw material.

2003 Oxoniensia 67 72 His dyehouse contained two copper furnaces (one great and one small), a brass vat and three woad vats.

Derivatives

woady adj. painted or smeared with woad.

ΚΠ

1846 W. Barnes Poems Rural Life in Nat. Eng. 70 The blue woady streaks On their arms and their cheeks.

1909 H. G. Wells Ann Veronica ii. 40 Ancestresses..must have danced through a brief and stirring life in the woady buff.

2009 Guardian (Nexis) 15 Jan. The Sheriff calls in the Scottish Celts to fight Robin. A load of big, hairy, dirty, woady savages turn up.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	woad
释义	woadn.¹ Brit. /wəʊd/, U.S. /woʊd/ Forms: α. Old English–Middle English waad, Old English–1600s wad, late Old English vad, early Middle English waað (probably transmission error), Middle English wadd, Middle English–1600s wadde, Middle English–1700s wade, 1600s–1700s wadd; English regional (chiefly east midlands and northern) 1800s– wad; Scottish pre-1700 vad, pre-1700 vadde, pre-1700 vaid, pre-1700 vyad, pre-1700 wad, pre-1700 wadd, pre-1700 wadde, pre-1700 wade, pre-1700 waid, pre-1700 waide, pre-1700 wead, pre-1700 wed (in compounds); N.E.D. also records a form Scottish pre-1700 wayde. β. Middle English wodd, Middle English woide, Middle English woode, Middle English wovode, Middle English (1500s in compounds) wod, Middle English–1500s wode, Middle English–1600s wood, Middle English–1700s woade, Middle English– woad, 1500s woadde, 1500s wodde, 1600s waude. γ. Middle English–1500s 1700s ode, 1500s–1600s oade, 1500s–1600s oode, 1600s oad. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian wēde , Old Saxon wēd (Middle Low German wēt , wēde ), Middle Dutch weet , wēde (Dutch wede ), Old High German weit (Middle High German weit , weid , German Waid ) < a variant (with loss of -z- ) of a Germanic base, which was borrowed into Latin and the Romance languages in a wide variety of forms, reflecting multiple borrowing, earliest (showing the reflex of Germanic -z- ) as post-classical Latin waisdo (8th cent.), compare also gaisdo (11th cent.), gaisda (11th cent.), waisda , weisda (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources), waisdus (12th cent.), guaisdium , guesdium (12th cent.), waisdia (12th cent.), etc., Old French (Picardy) and Anglo-Norman waisde (1036), Old French, Middle French guesde (end of the 11th cent.; French guède ). The following borrowings of a variant with loss of -z- probably represent later borrowing from individual continental Germanic languages: post-classical Latin waida , weida (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources), gueda (13th cent.), Old French and Anglo-Norman waide (c1165), gaide (13th cent.), Anglo-Norman weide (14th cent. or earlier), Italian guado (1274); compare also ( < Middle English) post-classical Latin wada , woda (from 13th cent. in British sources), Anglo-Norman wade , wode . Compare also (from an apparent ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the original Germanic base with -z- ) the Gothic diminutive form wizdila woad (compare the Germanic base of -el suffix¹; recorded in Latinized forms uuisdil(e), ouisdelem, guisdil, in Latin translations of Oribasius) (perhaps compare post-classical Latin wisda* (from second half of the 13th cent. in British sources), Anglo-Norman wisde (14th cent. or earlier)), and also the obscure but seemingly related Old English (rare) weard (attested only in early glossaries, rendering post-classical Latin sandix woad; compare quots. OE, a1300, a1425 at sense 1a), apparently reflecting a Germanic base form with stem vowel a (compare post-classical Latin wasdus (10th cent.), wasdium (12th cent.), wasdia (1196 in a British source)).Further etymology. The ulterior etymology of the Germanic base is unclear. Perhaps ultimately related are classical Latin vitrum woad, (also) glass, typically of a blue colour (see vitrum n.) and ancient Greek ἰσάτις woad (see isatin n.), although the exact relationship is difficult to explain phonologically. The divergence of forms in Greek, Latin, and Germanic suggests independent borrowing from a common source. The plant woad is native to the Caucasus and western and central Asia, and the technology of dyeing with woad is thought to have spread west into Europe from this region by at least the end of the second millennium bc. It is therefore very likely that the word is of non-Indo-European origin, and that its phonological diversity results from the borrowing of variant forms at different times and places. In Europe the cultivation of woad for dyeing reached its height in the late Middle Ages and early modern period. The plant was grown throughout Europe, with France and Germany the leading producers and exporters. Until it was eventually superseded by indigo (which began to be imported in large quantities from India in the late 16th cent.) woad was the principal blue dyestuff in use in Europe. Place-name evidence. The word is a common element in topographical compounds in Anglo-Saxon charter bounds (compare e.g. quot. OE at Compounds 1a(a)) and later field names and place names, indicating extensive cultivation of woad in England in earlier times; compare Wadbeorgas , Worcestershire (972; now Wadborough), Wattun , Hertfordshire (11th cent. in a copy of a will of 969; now Watton at Stone), Wadhulle , Wiltshire (1086; now Woodhill Park), Wadone , Dorset (1086; now Waddon), etc. Notes on forms. The β. forms chiefly show the regular (southern) development of Old English ā to open ō (or its shortened reflex); forms such as wood, woode (and oode at γ. forms) show further raising of Middle English open ō to close ō as a result of the influence of preceding w (compare forms of woe int., adv., n., and adj.). The γ. forms show assimilatory loss of initial w- before a mid to high back rounded vowel; compare ooze n.¹, ooze n.² and see further E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §421 note 5. Notes on senses. With garden woad (see sense 1a) compare post-classical Latin glastum sativum (1516 or earlier). With wild woad at sense 1b compare post-classical Latin glastum sylvestre (1516 or earlier). Compare glastum n. 1. a. A flowering plant, Isatis tinctoria (family Brassicaceae), having multiple erect stems, arising from a basal rosette of leaves, and clusters of tiny yellow flowers, native to the Caucasus and western and central Asia, and formerly much cultivated, esp. in France, for the indigo blue dye obtained from the leaves (see sense 2a). Also garden woad.Also called dyer's weed (see first element), glastum. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants used in dyeing > [noun] > woad woadeOE ash of Jerusalem1548 glastum?c1550 pastel1578 straw woad1612 dyer's woad1860 dyer's weed1866 the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > blue colouring matter > [noun] > dyes and dyestuffs > woad woadeOE woadOE eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. xxxviii. 94 Dolhsealf, genim wades croppan & netelan, eac gecnuwa wel. OE Ælfric Gloss. (St. John's Oxf.) 311 Sandix, wad [c1225 Worcester wod]. a1300 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 556/14 Sandix, i. waisde, i. wod. a1350 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 123 [Gaisdo] wolde..wode. a1425 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 227 [Sandix maior] wode. 1538 W. Turner Libellus de re Herbaria at Isatis Uulgus herbam appellat wad. 1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. D.iij^v Glastum is called..in english wad, & not Ode as some corrupters of the englishe tonge do nikename it. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 40 The Garden Woade [L. glastum..satiuum] whiche Dyars use, hath leaues lyke Plantayne, but something thicker. 1585 Proclam. Elizabeth I against Sowing of Woade 14 Oct. (single sheet) That no maner of person or persons..shal..breake vp..any maner of grounde..for the..purpose to sowe or plant woade in. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxxiii. xiii. 484 These Azurs, receive first a dye, and are boiled with a certaine hearbe..called Oad [Fr. il les faut cuire auec leur herbe; L. in sua coquitur herba], the colour and juice whereof Azur is apt to drinke in and receive. 1657 S. Purchas Theatre Flying-insects i. xv. 93 Woad, which affords a foggy food that over-lades the Bees. 1739 S. Trowell New Treat. Husbandry 33 Of Woad or Wade, the best Land for it. 1778 S. Whatley England's Gazetteer (ed. 2) at Bedfordshire Woad, a plant used by dyers, is also cultivated here. 1856 Farmer's Mag. Jan. 77 A long and explicit covenant [in a lease] against growing pernicious weeds, such as flax, hemp, woad. 1922 J. J. Sudborough Bernthsen's Text-bk. Org. Chem. (new ed.) xxxv. 555 Indigo, which is obtained from the indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria ), and from woad (Isatis tinctoria ), has been known for thousands of years as a valuable blue dye. 1985 R. Davies What's bred in Bone (1986) v. 292 It gave him particular pleasure to make the acquaintance of woad, the isatis tinctoria , from the juice of which a dark blue could be extracted. 2001 Financial Times 17 May 17 Woad looks like spinach or sugar beet, with green leaves sprouting upwards from a central crown. b. More fully wild woad. A flowering plant, Reseda luteola (family Resedaceae), having single erect stems, arising from a basal rosette of leaves, and tiny yellow-green flowers on long racemes, native to Eurasia, and formerly much cultivated for the intense yellow dye obtained from the plant. Cf. weld n.¹ a. Now rare. Also called dyer's rocket, dyer's weed. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants used in dyeing > [noun] > weld waldOE weldc1374 wild woada1425 wolda1500 base rocket1578 yellow-weed1597 weld seed1765 wild mignonette1861 a1425 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 227 [Sandix minor] wyld wode. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. xlvi. 66 There be two sortes of Woad: the one is of the garden... The other is wilde Woad. 1597 W. Langham Garden of Health 678 The Wilde woad both drunke and applied, helpeth the milt. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Guesde sauvage, wild woad, which growes of it selfe in grounds wherein th' other hath beene sowne; and differs not much from it but in staulke. 1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis ii. ii. 232 The cods of the wild woad, (Glasti Sylvestris) together with the Seeds therein contain'd. 1710 W. Salmon Botanologia II. Index Latinus Isatis agria, Wild Woad. 1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 445 Reseda Luteola..Wild Woad. Dyers-weed. 1821 J. Clare Cowper Green in Village Minstrel I. 114 Thy wild-woad on each road we see. 1862 Internat. Exhib.: Kingdom of Italy: Official Descr. Catal. 284 The woad (Reseda luteola) is a little used for dyeing skins which have been steeped in sumach. a1864 J. Clare Midsummer Cushion (1990) 26 Tall wild woad that lifts its spirey tops By stone pits. 1893 M. H. A. Stapleton Three Oxfordshire Parishes 315 The land was laid down in woad (Reseda luteola), which was used for yellow dye. 1913 N. L. Britton & A. Brown Illustr. Flora Northern U.S., Canada & Brit. Possessions (ed. 2) II. 200 Reseda Luteola L. Dyer's Rocket. Yellow-weed... Wild woad. 2004 P. Bouet et al. Bayeux Tapestry 91 Mustard yellow (woad: Reseda luteola). †c. bastard woad n. a variety of woad or a plant resembling woad (sense 1a), described as having hairy leaves which spoil dye or produce dye of a poor quality. Cf. weld n.¹ b. Obsolete.Perhaps a species of Reseda or Sesamoides. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > resedaceous plants (weldworts) > [noun] > plants belonging to bastard woad1597 weld1597 reseda1752 weld plant1805 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 396 Of Sesamoides, or bastard Weld or Woade. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Sesamoïde, bastard woad; an hearbe of two kinds, a great, and a little one. 1651 L. Sowerby Ladies Dispensatory 309 Bastard-woad bruised and drunk. 1705 tr. Whole Art of Dying ii. 309 Care ought to be taken in Weeding the Woad, that all the bastard Woad be plucked up and thrown away. 1819 T. Radcliff Rep. on Agric. of E. & W. Flanders 314 Great attention must be paid to separate the leaves from all other plants, and particularly from those of the bastard woad. 1835 tr. J. A. C. Chaptal Chymistry Appl. to Agric. xx. 296 The design of the weeding is to remove all strange plants.., especially the roots of bastard woad, (bourdaigne), the mixture of which injures the coloring matter of the pure isatis. 2. a. Indigo blue dye or dyestuff prepared from the leaves of the plant Isatis tinctoria (see sense 1a), typically by first drying and fermenting them. Also as a count noun: a dye or dyestuff of this kind. Now chiefly historical.Also called pastel.The chief colouring matter in woad is indigo, also found in greater amounts in the indigo plant ( Indigofera tinctoria) which eventually replaced the woad plant as a source of dye. Most indigo dye is now produced synthetically. Cf. indigo n. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > blue colouring matter > [noun] > dyes and dyestuffs > woad woadeOE woadOE OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 220 [Curtinae..] ex [auro,] iacintho : of wade uel hæwenre dæage. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 76 Þin eȝene boþ colblake & brode Riȝt swo ho weren ipeint mid wode. ?c1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer Former Age (Cambr. Ii.3.21) (1878) l. 17 No Madyr welde or wod no litestere Ne knewh. a1450 ( Libel Eng. Policy (Laud) in T. Wright Polit. Poems & Songs (1861) II. 180 The madre and woode that dyers take on hande. 1489–90 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Jan. 1489 §39. m. 14 Woode called Tolowse woede. 1494 in F. W. Weaver Somerset Medieval Wills (1901) 322 ij mesers of Ode. 1545 Rates Custome House sig. dj Woad of goscoyne the pipe .iii. pound vi.s. viii.d. Woad of the Ile of Surrey the ballet x.s. Woad of the Ile of Assorns [= Azores] the ballet x.s. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. cc The Merchaunt straungers..daily brought Oade, Oyle, Sylke,..and other Merchaundyse into this Realme. 1580 R. Hitchcock Pollitique Platt sig. a.iii For these Herynges: retourne will be made, of all sutche necessaries, as we want in this Realme, viz: Wine and Woades [etc.]. 1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 64 The Marchants of Normandie made fine for licence to harbor their woads, till it was otherwise prouided. 1602 B. Jonson Poetaster ii. i. sig. C^v He that respects to get, must relish all commodities alike; and admit no difference betwixt Oade, and Frankincense. View more context for this quotation 1604 Rates Marchandizes sig. I1 Iland or greene Woade..Tholoze Woade. 1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 75 The King..ordained; That wines and woads from..Gascoigne and Languedocke, should not be brought but in English bottomes. 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 224 Azores..They affoord much Oade, which has made them most famous and best inriched them. 1756 M. Postlethwayt Short State Progress French Trade & Navigation 54 These islands produce two several sorts of valuable woads, which are used for dyeing. 1804 M. Edgeworth Will ix, in Pop. Tales I. 231 My father-in-law..was dying some cloth with woad. 1867 W. Morris Life & Death of Jason vi. 113 Deep dying-earths, and woad and cinnabar. 1882 J. Smith Dict. Pop. Names Plants 441 Woad..is manufactured now only at Parsons Drove near Wisbech. 1894 C. Vickerman Woollen Spinning 102 The woad cut into small pieces is cast into the vat, which is then filled with water. 1936 D. V. Thompson Materials of Medieval Painting iii. 139 Stuffs were dyed with woad and worn with no benevolent thoughts of the wrack and ruin that their manufacture had left behind them. 1992 Indiana (Pa.) Gaz. 12 July e7 Skeins of yarn soaked in Woad come out blue. 2011 J. P. McKay et al. Hist. World Societies (ed. 9) 2 xxv. 776 Woad..remained Europe's main blue dye until the opening of a direct sea route to India by the Portuguese in 1498. b. Blue body paint or dye made from woad (sense 1a), esp. as said to have been used by ancient Britons; a paint or dye of this type. Also more generally: any blue body paint or dye.The association of ancient Britons with the use of woad as a body paint apparently derives from Caesar’s De Bello Gallico 5.14 (see e.g. quots. 1563, 1565). ΚΠ 1563 S. Wythers in tr. J. Sleidane Briefe Chron. Foure Principall Empyres ii. f. 51 (margin) They [sc. the Pictes] were the auncyent inhabitauntes of England. Who, as Ceser sayeth, vsed to paint them selues with woad to seme more terrible vnto their enemyes. 1565 A. Golding tr. Caesar Martiall Exploytes in Gallia v. f. 117 Al the Britons doe dye themselves wyth woade [L. vitro], which setteth a blewish color uppon them. 1668 H. P. Cressy Church-hist. Brittany ii. ix. 28/2 Anciently all Brittains were indeed Picts, that is a people which delighted to paint themselves with woad, figuring upon their bodies the shapes of severall wild beasts, as beleiving that would render them more formidable to their Enemies. 1715 S. Garth Claremont 91 When Dress was monstrous, and Fig-leaves the Mode, And Quality put on no Paint but Woade. 1736 N. Salmon Antiq. Surrey 179 A Briton with his Sword girt about his naked body, with no other Covering than figures died with Woad, whence they had the name of Picts. 1818 J. Hughes Horæ Brittanicæ I. i. 51 The painting of their bodies with woad..arose partly from superstition, and was partly adopted as a defence against the weather, as well as designed to terrify their enemies. 1868 Hours at Home Apr. 489/2 If to-morrow morning we were to..resort once again to the woods, and the flint hatchet, and the woads and the hip-cloth. 1903 J. K. Jerome Tea-table Talk ii. 42 The ancient Briton had a pretty taste in woads. 1934 E. Pound Cavalcanti in T. S. Eliot Literary Ess. Ezra Pound (1954) 199 The ultimate Britons were at the date unbreeched, painted in woad, and grunting. 1994 Guardian (Nexis) 14 Jan. (Sports) 15 Around 30,000 will stream through the narrow streets, faces streaked with the pagan woads of Switzerland, Norway and Austria. 2014 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 20 Mar. 47/1 The Braveheart notion of Scottish nationalism—spear-carriers, faces painted in woad, crying freedom against the English oppressor—has been extinct, even as myth, for several decades. c. figurative and in figurative contexts: a stain, a taint. Cf. woad v. 2b. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > sullying or staining of reputation > [noun] > a stain or slur spota1225 umberc1380 blotc1386 maculate1490 touch1508 blemish1526 blur1548 attaint1592 stain1594 attainder1597 tachec1610 sullya1616 tainta1616 smutch1648 slur1662 woad1663 a blot on an escutcheon1697 blotch1860 smear1943 1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus xxi. 269 In the degeneration of these [sc. civility and Christianity], are the darkest nights of turpitude, and the deepest Woads of malice tinctured. 1667 E. Waterhouse Short Narr. Fire London 42 This..gives the judgement a tincture, nay, a deep woad of intense displeasure. 1980 R. B. J. Walker Polit. Theory & Tranformation World Politics vi. 49 The discipline often presents itself as a realm of barbarians, besmirched with the woad of neo-Machiavellian policy analysis. Compounds C1. a. (a) General attributive. ΚΠ OE Bounds (Sawyer 104) in W. de G. Birch Cartularium Saxonicum (1885) I. 304 Swa in badan dene in clacces wadlond. lOE Laws: Gerefa (Corpus Cambr.) xii. 454 On længtene.., gif hit mot gewiderian, mederan settan, linsed sawan, wadsæd eac swa. 1589 R. Payne Briefe Descr. Ireland 8 Some of smal iudgements..haue fayled of their expected woad crops, by meanes of their vn skilfull choyse of ground. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 98 A Prince blew, or of a blewish, or woad-colour. 1726 R. Bradley Country Gentleman & Farmer's Monthly Director 36 Carefully weed your Woad-Field. 1799 W. Tooke View Russ. Empire III. x. iv. 287 It is the more necessary to multiply the woad plantations. 1826 Atlas 4 June 44/1 The management of a woad farm and the woad farmers. 1884 Cent. Mag. Jan. 434/2 The hops, licorice, madder, and woad roots sent out at the beginning. 1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 20 Sept. 5/1 The three enormous grinding wheels..speed on their roundabout course, devouring forkful upon forkful of unresisting woad leaves. 1906 Country-side 17 Nov. 7 The woad seedling is very delicate. 1992 J. Thirsk in B. Short Eng. Rural Community iii. 51 A fairly large acreage was needed to make it worthwhile erecting a woad mill for the season. 2011 T. Hennell Change in Farm (ed. 2) 194 The last English woad-farm to survive (at Boston, Lincolnshire) planted none in 1931. 2013 Farmers Weekly 29 Mar. 80/2 The couple..now farm 37ha plus neighbouring land, mostly under woad production. (b) woad blue n. ΚΠ 1667 W. Petty in T. Sprat Hist. Royal-Soc. 289 Nor is Allum used in many Colours, viz. In no Woad or Indico Blews. 1759 W. Lewis tr. C. Neumann Chem. Wks. 438/1 We know of no other [theory] that accounts, in any degree, for the production of the Indigo and Woad blue. 1828 Amer. Farmer 14 Nov. 279/2 It would be worse than useless to attempt to bring our dyers back to the old expensive but highly permanent process of giving a woad-blue to their goods before coloring them black. 1997 J. Balfour-Paul Indigo in Arab World v. 75 When imported tropical indigo became available the dyers using it considered themselves superior even to the dyers of woad blue and much rivalry resulted. woad ground n. now historical ΚΠ 1616 G. Markham in tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) Table of Additions sig. Sss3^v/2 Woad-ground, 309. the making of Woad, 309. 1652 W. Blith Eng. Improver Improved xxxiii. 226 You have in many of your great, deep, rich pastures, many hils and hill sides good Woad-ground. 1705 tr. Whole Art of Dying 350 Sheep should be put into the Woad Grounds to eat up the Grass and Weeds. 1811 National Reg. 1 Dec. 764/1 She went to work in the woad grounds. 1912 P. H. Ditchfield Cottages & Village Life Rural Eng. xv. 170 A century ago there were still woad or ‘wad’ grounds near Hardingstone. 1997 J. Thirsk Alternative Agric. (2001) ii. iv. 84 Such directions and field names..locate this woad ground in a part of the parish where the land had not yet been brought into a state of high cultivation. woad plant n. ΚΠ 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. v. 88/2 G a Woad Plant O born by Woader. 1726 R. Bradley Country Gentleman & Farmer's Monthly Director 36 Take care that the Woad Plants stand single; for if they grow close together, they spoil one another. 1896 Mid-Surry Times 28 Nov. The leaves of the woad plant (Isatis tinctoria) are crushed to a pulp in a mill, and the pulp made into balls. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1447 This is the woad plant, and is presumably that used by our forefathers in ancient Britain for staining their bodies blue. 2004 K. N. Sanecki Discovering Herbs (ed. 7) 116 The blue dye obtained from the woad plant seems surprisingly inappropriate, for the plant has profuse bright yellow flowers. b. Instrumental and objective. woad-painted adj. ΚΠ 1786 C. Vallancey Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis IV. xiii. Pref. p. xix These Peacti or Pactyæ, are not the Picti or woad painted Britons, (the Welsh) described by Cæsar. 1891 F. W. Farrar Darkness & Dawn II. xliv. 105 But how could those woad-painted fighters withstand the skill..of our legionaries? 2015 Sc. Express (Nexis) 10 May 30 The aim of the strategy will be to persuade voters south of the Border that the Nats..are not merely a warband of woad-painted whack-jobs intent only on tearing the country apart. woad planter n. now rare ΚΠ ?1734 Pract. Husbandman & Planter II. iii. 61 Blythe, who was the first that wrote well of the Cultivation of Woad in England, and whose Precepts are generally followed by all Woad Planters. 1799 A. Young Gen. View Agric. County Lincoln 197 The woad-planter gives 4 or £5. per acre per annum. 1932 L. Lower Here's Another 29 Men in adjoining caves heard of the enterprising woad planter's success. C2. woad ball n. a ball composed of a quantity (approximately two fistfuls) of crushed leaves of woad (sense 1a); cf. woad net n. ΚΠ 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique ii. lv. 393 The countrie men of Tholose..do not grinde their woade balles [Fr. les pelottes de pastel] into powder, but gather it together by great vessels full, and put it vnder the milstone to presse out the waterish parts of it. 1891 S. P. Sadtler Hand-bk. Industr. Org. Chem. 425 The woad balls improve in quality by keeping for some years, the best variety coming from the south of France under the name of Pastel. 1944 Econ. Hist. Rev. 14 36 The life-like sculpture of two woadmen standing with a bulging sack of woad balls between them. 2009 P. John in T. Bechtold & R. Mussak Handbk. Nat. Colorants viii. 112 Indigo is formed in the acidic environment of the woad ball. † woad fat n. Obsolete a vat or tub in which woad is fermented and prepared for use as a dye, or in which wool or cloth is dyed using woad; = woad vat n. ΚΠ 1413 in D. Keene Surv. Medieval Winchester (1985) viii. 303 [A vessel called the] wodfat. 1479 Will of Henry Swayne (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/7) f. 3 Odefatis. c1500 in J. Harley et al. Rep. MSS R. R. Hastings (1928) I. 425 (MED) To mak blewe: Tak a litel flory of the wodfat and malle it smal in a bolle and do ther to a galoun of clere water. 1569 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 155 My woadfat coveryngs. 1664 Inventory 9 Aug. in J. A. Johnston Probate Inventories Lincoln Citizens 1661–1714 (1991) 9 Three wadfatts and other Matialls [sic]. 1682 in B. Trinder & J. Cox Yeomen & Colliers in Telford 1660–1750 (1980) 268 Two ffurnaces and one Wadfat in the dyehouse. 1705 tr. Whole Art of Dying xi. 294 The Pale Blew's are more beautiful, and don't so much encline to Green, or Grey, when they are Dyed in a Woad Fat. 1778 D. Loch Tour Trading Towns Scotl. 43 Adam Dickson dyer and cloathier..works two woad fats, and finds much benefit by using them. † woad-gore n. Obsolete a sludge-like by-product of the fermentation or production of woad (in sense 2a); the dregs from a woad-vat; cf. gore n.¹ 1.In quots. regarded as a pollutant. ΚΠ 1419 in H. T. Riley Munimenta Gildhallæ Londoniensis (1859) I. 335 Qe nulle ne gette estreyin, poudre, fyms, wodegor, nautre vilenye. ?a1525 (?1416–17) in W. H. B. Bird Black Bk. Winchester (1925) 8 Ordinacio pro wodegor..qui aliquam cuvam..wodgor iactat vel iactari fecit in rivolum. woad house n. now rare a building in which woad is fermented or prepared for use as a dye. ΚΠ 1607 Inventory in J. H. Bettey Wilts. Farming 17th Cent. (2005) p. xxviii An olde woade house and fower woade mylles whereof two are at Martin and two at Blagdon. 1747 S. Trowell & W. Ellis Farmer's Instructor 107 The Charges of the Woad-house, Mill, and other Utensils, Land and Labour..are very great. 1829 H. D. Best Personal & Lit. Mem. 456 We rode over the farm to the woad-houses. 1985 E. Kerridge Textile Manuf. in Early Mod. Eng. xii. 163 It was usual for the clothier to have his own dye-house and not unknown for him to prepare his own woad in his own woad house. † woad lead n. Obsolete rare a vat or tub in which woad is fermented and prepared for use as a dye; a vat or tub in which wool or cloth is dyed using woad; = woad vat n.; cf. lead n.¹ 5a. ΚΠ 1485–6 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 157 2s. pro operacione 79 petr. plumbi operati in j wadlede. woad-leaved adj. having leaves resembling those of a woad plant in appearance (chiefly in the names of particular plants). ΚΠ 1751 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. II. 577 The woad-leaved Jacobæa. 1822 S. Clarke Hortus Anglicus II. 417 Woad-leaved Centaury. 1907 M. C. Sedgwick & R. Cameron Garden Month by Month 447 (table) Boltonia glastifolia. Woad-leaved boltonia. 2006 P. Sell & G. Murrell Flora Great Brit. & Ireland IV. 491/1 S[enecio] glastifolius... Woad-leaved Ragwort. woadman n. now historical and rare a person (esp. a man) who grows or cultivates woad or prepares it for use as a dye.Recorded earliest as a surname. ΚΠ 1296 in G. Fransson Middle Eng. Surnames (1935) 107 (MED) Symon le Wademan. 1375 in G. Otto Handwerkernamen in Mittelengl. (1938) 88 Waddeman. a1450 in L. T. Smith York Plays (1885) p. xxvi Wadmen. 1652 W. Blith Eng. Improver Improved xxxv. 230 The Woad-man will make you up three or four sorts of Woad, according as he intends to friend a Customer. 1778 J. Haigh Dyer's Assistant 15 Woadman..is the Name given to the Journeyman Dyer, whose principal Business is to conduct the Woad. 1847 Farmer's Mag. June 543/2 It is land of this quality which is so much sought after by woadmen, chiccory growers, peppermint distillers. 2014 S. Orr New Amer. Herbal 359/1 The woadmen..harvested and worked with the plant until their hands and arms were stained blue-black. † woad mark n. Obsolete rare a small area on a piece of woaded cloth that is dyed darker than the surrounding cloth, as an indicator of the quality or degree of dyeing. ΚΠ 1613 J. May Declar. Estate of Clothing v. 30 Some can set a woadmarke vpon a cloth with a little Indico which hath no woade at all on the peice. † woad rose n. Obsolete rare a small round or circular area on a piece of woaded cloth that is dyed darker than the surrounding cloth, as an indicator of the quality or degree of dyeing; cf. woad mark n. ΚΠ 1613 J. May Declar. Estate of Clothing v. 30 The diers of London doe best obserue a true course in setting a woaded seale vpon woaded colours, which is a truer testimonie than the woad rose or marke so many waies abused. woad vat n. now chiefly historical a vat or tub in which woad is fermented and prepared for use as a dye, or in which wool or cloth is dyed using woad; = woad fat n. ΚΠ 1754 T. Smollett tr. Select Ess. Commerce, Agric., Mines, Fisheries 489 The ordinary greens, stained blue in a woad vat, and afterwards yellow,..are seldom uniform. 1778 J. Haigh Dyer's Assistant 19 A Woad-Vat may be set without the Addition of Indigo. 1865 H. Watts Dict. Chem. III. 252 Woad-vat. (Pastel-vat). 1968 R. J. Adrosko Nat. Dyes in U.S. i. 18 Great skill was required to develop the correct degree of fermentation in the woad vat due to great quality differences in the raw material. 2003 Oxoniensia 67 72 His dyehouse contained two copper furnaces (one great and one small), a brass vat and three woad vats. Derivatives woady adj. painted or smeared with woad. ΚΠ 1846 W. Barnes Poems Rural Life in Nat. Eng. 70 The blue woady streaks On their arms and their cheeks. 1909 H. G. Wells Ann Veronica ii. 40 Ancestresses..must have danced through a brief and stirring life in the woady buff. 2009 Guardian (Nexis) 15 Jan. The Sheriff calls in the Scottish Celts to fight Robin. A load of big, hairy, dirty, woady savages turn up. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † woadn.² Forms: 1600s oade, 1600s woad, 1600s woade. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: English woar , woar of the sea ; orewood n. Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps (i) a variant or alteration of woar (variant of ore n.⁵), originally in woar of the sea; or perhaps (ii) < -wood in orewood n., by confusion with woad n.¹ (compare β. forms at that entry). Chiefly Welsh English (Pembrokeshire). Obsolete. More fully sea woad, woad of the sea. Seaweed, esp. that cast on the shore and gathered for use as fertilizer.Chiefly in the work of George Owen. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants yielding fuel or manure > [noun] > seaweeds used as fuel or manure warec725 sea-warec1000 kelpa1387 orewood1586 ore1587 float-ore1602 vraic1610 woad of the seaa1613 oarweed1622 bell-ware1812 laminaria1848 a1613 G. Owen Descr. Penbrokshire (1892) vii. 55 Havinge lyme, sand woade of the sea and divers other principall helpes to better the soile, where neede is. a1613 G. Owen Descr. Penbrokshire (1892) vii. 55 Narberth have the better lande and better meanes of mendinge as lyme, sand, sea woad, stonne marle. a1613 G. Owen Descr. Penbrokshire (1892) viii. 75 The sea ore, or woad as some call yt, which is verye weedes growinge vnder water in the sea vpon rockes and stones. 1679 J. Evelyn Sylva (ed. 3) 311 Refuse of the Tan-pit, Sea-woad, Linnen Clowts and old Rags. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online September 2021). woadv. Brit. /wəʊd/, U.S. /woʊd/ Forms: see woad n.¹ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: woad n.¹ Etymology: < woad n.¹ Compare post-classical Latin wadiare (14th cent. in a British source). 1. transitive. To dye, colour, or stain (cloth, wool, etc.) with woad, esp. prior to dyeing with other colours or dyes. Now historical and rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > colouring > dyeing > dye [verb (transitive)] > processes or techniques to dye in grainc1386 woad1463 madder1464 set1529 to dye in (the) wool, in grain1579 alum1598 rake1778 sumac1792 piece-dye1810 gall1822 dung1824 wince1839 winch1845 overdye1857 top1874 to wet out1882 vat1883 cross-dye1885 paddle1909 premetallize1948 spin-dye1948 the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > making blue > make blue [verb (transitive)] > with paint or dye woad1463 azure1490 1463–5 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Apr. 1463 §49. m. 39 Cork may be used in dying uppon wolle y wooded. 1549–50 Act 3 & 4 Edw. VI c. 2 in Statutes of Realm (1819) IV. 101 Nor that any person shall..dye any Wooll to be converted into Clothe called Russettes.., unlesse the same Wooll be perfectlie woaded boyled and maddered. 1613 J. May Declar. Estate of Clothing 30 The woade marke..is vpon the piece at a farre richer depth than the peice is woaded throughout. 1660 T. Fuller Mixt Contempl. i. xlix. 76 It was never wet wadded, which giveth the fixation to a colour, and setteth it in the cloth. 1705 tr. Whole Art of Dying ii. 203 Two [pieces] of Cloath which they ought to dye Black, one after the great dyer has woaded it, and the other after he has Woaded and Madder'd it. 1728 T. Skinner & M. Skinner Rep. Court King's Bench Table Princ. Matters sig. M^v/1 Indictment for woading Cloths but to the third Stall..; Dyers used to woad their Cloth to the fourth Stall. 1738 E. Chambers Cycl. (ed. 2) at Dying Bright green is first dyed blue, then back-boiled with braziletto, and verdeter, and lastly woaded. 1874 Daily News 8 Apr. 6/2 Whenever cloth is rejected on the ground that it is not properly woaded, it is impossible to remedy it. 1894 C. Vickerman Woollen Spinning 98 A piece is sent to the dyer with strict injunctions that it must be ‘woaded,’ that it must have a ground of indigo put upon it for making the colour of the cloth or wool more durable. 1907 W. St. Clair Baddeley Cotteswold Manor xvii. 218 Woading a cloth was done preparatory to dyeing it black. 1985 E. Kerridge Textile Manuf. in Early Mod. Eng. xii. 163 The calendrers were allowed to blacken worsted fabrics that had already been woaded by the setters. †2. a. transitive. figurative and in figurative contexts: to colour, imbue; to stain, tinge. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > sullying or staining of reputation > stain or sully [verb (transitive)] filea1325 foulc1330 tache1390 dark?c1400 distain1406 smita1413 blemish1414 black?c1425 defoul1470 maculate?a1475 macule1484 tan1530 staina1535 spota1542 smear1549 blot1566 besmear1579 defile1581 attaint1590 soila1596 slubber1599 tack1601 woad1603 besmirch1604 blur1604 to breathe upon ——1608 be-smut1610 clouda1616 sullya1616 taint1623 smutch1640 blackena1649 to cast, put, throw (etc.) a slur on or upon (a person or thing)1654 beslur1675 tarnish1695 blackwash1762 carbonify1792 smirch1820 tattoo1884 dirten1987 1603 S. Harsnett Declar. Popish Impostures 132 His wit beeing deepe woaded with that melancholick blacke dye. 1616 D. T. Elegy on Overbury's Death in T. Overbury et al. His Wife, with New Elegies (7th impr.) sig. ¶4 Some murdering hand, oaded in guiltlesse bloud. 1651 J. Cleveland Poems (Wing C4684) 9 Tom never oaded Squire, scarce Yeoman high, Is Tom twice dipt Knight of a double dy? 1674 S. Butler Geneva Ballad (single sheet) Foul Errors motly Vesture first Was Oaded in a Northern Blue. b. transitive. spec. In figurative uses with reference to the stain of sin, esp., in to woad impudence (also shamelessness, etc.) in a person's forehead. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > colouring > dyeing > dye [verb (transitive)] dyea1000 bedyea1522 intinct1547 imbue1594 double-dye1602 woad1642 dip1667 1642 N. Homes Peasants Price of Spirituall Liberty 50 The blushing once for sin, hath woaded an impudency in their faces. 1647 J. Trapp Comm. Evangelists & Acts (Matt. xxi. 37) 511 Sin had woaded shamelesnes in their fore-heads. 1647 C. Harvey Schola Cordis Ode xvii. 67 The staines of sinne I see Are oaded all, or di'd in graine. 1658 W. Gurnall Christian in Armour: 2nd Pt. 99 The hypocrite is not thus woaded with impudency, to sinne at noone day. 1667 O. Heywood Heart-treasure viii. 77 Many persons, who have woaded an impudence in their foreheads by constant sinning. 3. transitive. To plant (land) with woad. Also occasionally intransitive. Now historical and rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > cultivation of specific crops > [verb (transitive)] > crop with woad woad1649 1649 W. Blith Eng. Improver 78 There is a parcell of Land in Warwickshire, neere Stratford upon Avon, that is Oaded every fourteen yeares, and Corned divers yeares after that. 1757 Act 30 Geo. II c. 5 A Rent that may, for a little time, be made by Plowing, Woading, or any Way damaging the said Plot or Parcel of Land. 1799 A. Young Gen. View Agric. County Lincoln 154 He has now between two and three hundred acres of arable, on land he does not woad, in a course of crops. 1805 Communications to Board of Agric. IV. x. cxi. 189 The writer of this Essay heard a considerable grower of woad assure a gentleman, that his land, just then woaded for two years, would be in condition fit to receive the same treatment after such a term. 1810 Lett. & Papers Agric. (Bath & West of Eng. Soc.) XII. vii. 117 I believe he only woaded two years, and then let it. 1967 E. Kerridge Agric. Revol. iii. 210 The field was then laid to grass and after a dozen years could be woaded again. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.¹eOEn.²a1613v.1463
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woadn.1

Compounds

Derivatives

† woadn.2

woadv.

woadn.¹

† woadn.²