-manshipsuffix

Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: man n.¹, -ship suffix.

Etymology: < man n.¹ + -ship suffix, originally after compounds in -man + -ship suffix.

a. Forming abstract nouns (often ad hoc formations) referring to human activity, in which the first element is an object used or handled skilfully or an action practised habitually or skilfully. The earliest forms with this sense appear to be the early 19th-cent. pen-and-inkmanship n. at pen and ink n. and adj. Derivatives, after penmanship n. and bullmanship n. at bull n.¹ Compounds 3a, perhaps after horsemanship n. (bull-man n. at bull n.¹ Compounds 3a is not related). Later forms also tend to be after compounds of nouns in -man + -ship suffix: see punmanship n. and chiselmanship n. (both after penmanship n.), assmanship n. at ass n.¹ Compounds 2a and bikemanship n. (probably after horsemanship n.), greenswardsmanship n. (probably after swordsmanship n.), and buymanship n. (after salesmanship n. at salesman n. Derivatives). The weakening of the force of the element -man- is particularly noticeable in wingmanship n.; do-it-yourself-manship n. at do-it-yourself adj. and n. Derivatives and nichemanship n. are probably after forms cited at sense 2.

b. Forming abstract nouns (sometimes ad hoc formations) referring to human activity, in which the first element is a medium traversed habitually or skilfully, probably all ultimately after seamanship n. The earliest form with this sense appears to be stagemanship n. at stage n. Compounds 2 (stageman n. at stage n. Compounds 2 is not related); other 19th-cent. forms are airmanship n., ropemanship n., snowmanship n. and icemanship n. at iceman n. Derivatives. The 20th-cent. forms cragmanship n. and roadmanship n. may be after forms cited at sense 2.

2. Forming abstract nouns (often ad hoc formations) referring to human activity, in which the first element is a means used to disconcert or take cunning advantage of a rival or opponent or an environment in which such means are used. This sense was adumbrated in greenswardsmanship n. (see sense 1a), but the earliest form in which it was fully developed is gamesmanship n. This term, coined by the New Zealand-born English journalist Ian Coster after (and arguably in ironical antithesis to) sportsmanship n., is particularly associated with the English writer and radio producer Stephen Potter (1900–69) who used it in his Theory & Practice of Gamesmanship (1947). This, and the same author's Some Notes on Lifemanship (1950: see lifemanship n.), One-Upmanship (1952: see one-upmanship n. and see upmanship n.), and Supermanship (1958), introduced a great number of forms in this suffix, which were widely imitated, esp. in the period 1955–65: e.g. brinkmanship n. at brink n. Derivatives, conferencemanship n., grantsmanship n., namesmanship n., queuemanship n., and winemanship n. at wine n.¹ Compounds 2.For further examples of forms with this and earlier senses, see Lebende Sprachen 15 (1970) 164–7, Eng. Stud. 59 (1981) 379, and Barnhart Dict. Compan. 5 (1989) 140/1.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2000; most recently modified version published online September 2020).

单词	-manship
释义	-manshipsuffix Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: man n.¹, -ship suffix. Etymology: < man n.¹ + -ship suffix, originally after compounds in -man + -ship suffix. 1. a. Forming abstract nouns (often ad hoc formations) referring to human activity, in which the first element is an object used or handled skilfully or an action practised habitually or skilfully. The earliest forms with this sense appear to be the early 19th-cent. pen-and-inkmanship n. at pen and ink n. and adj. Derivatives, after penmanship n. and bullmanship n. at bull n.¹ Compounds 3a, perhaps after horsemanship n. (bull-man n. at bull n.¹ Compounds 3a is not related). Later forms also tend to be after compounds of nouns in -man + -ship suffix: see punmanship n. and chiselmanship n. (both after penmanship n.), assmanship n. at ass n.¹ Compounds 2a and bikemanship n. (probably after horsemanship n.), greenswardsmanship n. (probably after swordsmanship n.), and buymanship n. (after salesmanship n. at salesman n. Derivatives). The weakening of the force of the element -man- is particularly noticeable in wingmanship n.; do-it-yourself-manship n. at do-it-yourself adj. and n. Derivatives and nichemanship n. are probably after forms cited at sense 2. b. Forming abstract nouns (sometimes ad hoc formations) referring to human activity, in which the first element is a medium traversed habitually or skilfully, probably all ultimately after seamanship n. The earliest form with this sense appears to be stagemanship n. at stage n. Compounds 2 (stageman n. at stage n. Compounds 2 is not related); other 19th-cent. forms are airmanship n., ropemanship n., snowmanship n. and icemanship n. at iceman n. Derivatives. The 20th-cent. forms cragmanship n. and roadmanship n. may be after forms cited at sense 2. 2. Forming abstract nouns (often ad hoc formations) referring to human activity, in which the first element is a means used to disconcert or take cunning advantage of a rival or opponent or an environment in which such means are used. This sense was adumbrated in greenswardsmanship n. (see sense 1a), but the earliest form in which it was fully developed is gamesmanship n. This term, coined by the New Zealand-born English journalist Ian Coster after (and arguably in ironical antithesis to) sportsmanship n., is particularly associated with the English writer and radio producer Stephen Potter (1900–69) who used it in his Theory & Practice of Gamesmanship (1947). This, and the same author's Some Notes on Lifemanship (1950: see lifemanship n.), One-Upmanship (1952: see one-upmanship n. and see upmanship n.), and Supermanship (1958), introduced a great number of forms in this suffix, which were widely imitated, esp. in the period 1955–65: e.g. brinkmanship n. at brink n. Derivatives, conferencemanship n., grantsmanship n., namesmanship n., queuemanship n., and winemanship n. at wine n.¹ Compounds 2.For further examples of forms with this and earlier senses, see Lebende Sprachen 15 (1970) 164–7, Eng. Stud. 59 (1981) 379, and Barnhart Dict. Compan. 5 (1989) 140/1. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2000; most recently modified version published online September 2020). < suffix
随便看	my noble friend my oath my oh my! my patience my pleasure my poor man my pretties my pretty my right my right honourable friend my sainted aunt ! my sainted aunt! my sainted mother! my sang my scrimmy my seeming my service to you my song is wellaway my sow's pigged my stars and garters! my stars! my supposing my suz! my thinking my timbers!