| 释义 |
buttressn. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French boterasse, botrasse; French boterez. Etymology: In α. forms (i) < Anglo-Norman boterasse, botrasse, botrace buttress (1315 or earlier), apparently a remodelling (after -ace : see -acy suffix) of Old French (Picardy) buteret , adjective (a1235 in ars buteret , plural of arc buteret flying buttress, lit. ‘butress-arc’), apparently < buter to push, to thrust (see butt v.1) + -er -er suffix2 + -et -et suffix1. In β. forms (ii) < Anglo-Norman boterez, butres, butteresse (although this is first attested later: 1403 or earlier), apparently an alteration of buteret after -esse , -ece -ess suffix2 (see note).Developments in French. The remodelling of Old French buteret after -ace and -esse in Anglo-Norman was probably originally due to a reinterpretation of the plural buterez , buteres as a collective (and subsequently singular) form, as suggested by the frequent use of uninflected forms with plural agreement in both Anglo-Norman and Middle English (see Forms 2α. , and compare also Forms 1γ. for a singular without -s inferred from such uses). With Old French arc buteret compare Anglo-Norman archebottante , archbuttant and Middle French, French arc-boutant flying buttress (1362: see arc-boutant n.). Latin parallels. With Old French buteret compare post-classical Latin buterettus , noun (1275 in a British source). With the Anglo-Norman and Middle English forms compare post-classical Latin (i) boteracia , noun (1298 in a British source; also botracus , buteracius , boteracia , butteracia ; compare -acy suffix), and also (ii) butericeus , noun (1249 in a British source; also butericia ) and butericius , adjective (1249 in a British source; also botericius ); with the latter compare -ice suffix1 and -ess suffix2. Variant forms. In the δ. forms influenced by -age suffix. Specific senses. In sense 5c after French éperon, lit. ‘spur, (architectural) projection’ (1828 in this sense, G. Dupuytren in Mém. de l'Acad. de Méd. I. 266: see esperon n.). 1. society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > other elements > [noun] > buttress c1330 (Auch.) (1966) l. 362 Þe butras com out of þe diche Of rede gold y-arched riche. 1394 in J. Raine (1836) I. 185 My body to my graven in the mynster Garth be for the butres at the charnell. (Harl. 221) 45 Boteras of a walle, machinis, muripula. 1487–8 Churchwardens' Accts. Wigtoft, Lincs. in J. Nichols (1797) 82 Lyme for mendyng and stoppyng of the botrasses. 1530 J. Palsgrave 432/2 This pyller within the churche answereth to this butteras without forthe. 1552 R. Huloet Botreulx or butrese of a brycke wall. ?1553 (c1501) G. Douglas Palice of Honour (London) iii. l. 1437 in (1967) 92 Suttyl muldry wrocht mony day agone On Buttres [1579 Edinb. Buttereis], Ialmys, pilleris. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. vi. 7 No Iutty frieze, Buttrice, nor Coigne of Vantage. View more context for this quotation 1682 G. Wheler iv. 296 The Pilaster..is propped on both sides with Buttrices. 1747 Sept. 437/1 Strong wedges are placed between the extremities of the buttresses. 1789 P. Smyth tr. H. Aldrich i. ii. 7 He proposes to erect brick buttresses at the angles. 1849 E. A. Freeman 157 A long dead wall, unbroken by porch or buttress. 1884 27 Dec. 3/4 After running a couple of hundred yards on a siding it came into contact with a wooden buttress, which it smashed to splinters. 1921 33 173 We found ourselves at a corner where a buttress abuts a wall. 1958 17 11/1 At ground level, the buttresses are faced with twin blind arcades, each with a trefled arch and a gable. 2017 (Nexis) 22 Mar. (Community News section) 10 Three stone buttresses were added in the 1920s to strengthen the bedrooms' wall. society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > defensive walls > [noun] > buttress 1645 D. Papillon xxv. 79 The slope of the in-side wall is to be but a foot in six foot, because the foot-steps serve instead of buttresses to that inward side. 1741 sig. Eeb/2 This Wall ought to have a small Talus of a fifth or sixth part of its height, and for a Reinforcement it is generally supported in the inside by Counter-forts or a sort of Buttresses. 1802 C. James at Fortification Counter-forts..are by some called buttresses; they are solids of masonry, built behind walls, and joined to them at 18 feet distance from center to center, in order to strengthen them. 1900 26 May 10/5 The discovery of a semi-circular buttress or counterfort, made apparently to strengthen the wall at the time of its erection. 1976 No. 223. 39/2 The stones of this wall were smaller than the larger masonry blocks of the Fortress II tower and buttress. 2009 K. S. Nossov 50/2 The curtain is backed at intervals of 4.2m by buttresses as thick as the walls. the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > [noun] > that which or one who supports a1450 ( Libel Eng. Policy (Laud) in T. Wright (1861) II. 187 Wyth alle youre myghte take hede To kepe Yrelond..Ffor it is a boterasse and a poste Undre England. ?1548 J. Bale (new ed.) i. sig. Fviii Will I set vp for a stronge pyllar and sure butteras in the temple of my God. 1639 T. Fuller v. xxv. 272 Though his title was builded on a bad foundation, yet it had strong buttresses. 1673 E. Coles 231 Nothing less could be a Buttress sufficient to stay our Faith upon. 1702 300 To transform those into butteresses of reputation, who threaten'd to ruin the same. 1773 Suppl. 681/1 He they idolized one hour as..the buttress of the rights of the people, may the next be contemned and spurned, as a champion for a venal and corrupt ministry. 1832 J. F. Cooper II. viii. 92 There is a majesty, and a quiet energy, in truth and sound principles, that happily form their constant buttresses. 1899 F. W. O. Orde 189 What are the walls of England whereon we greatly rest, The buttresses and bastions that mould our Mother's breast? 1947 1 May f2/2 With..first-quarter earnings as a buttress, the domestic steel industry should now be riding the crest of a wave of optimism. 1978 13 813 The problem of why it is that socially non-privileged strata can be the political buttresses of the conservatism of ruling social groups. 2014 M. I. Sovern viii. 74 Some would add that tenure is also an important buttress of academic freedom. the world > space > relative position > support > [noun] > that which supports 1535 in W. H. St. J. Hope (1913) I. 262 The buttresses made on the bakesyde of the new Wharffe. 1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus xxiii. iv. 222 Under which piece of wood there lyeth a huge great boutrisse or supporter [L. fulmentum], even hayre-cloth stuffed full of, etc. 1745 tr. L. J. M. Columella i. v. 30 The foundations..will..serve as a butteridge and underpropping. 1797 R. Whitworth 18 This bank of earth must act as a buttress. 1850 W. H. Prescott I. 155 An aqueduct that was carried over hill and valley..on huge buttresses of masonry. 1876 29 Jan. 254/2 The granite bones of Mother Nature peer out and form buttresses to the banks. 1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland (ed. 2) ii. xvii. 501 Erosion..has brought into practice on some estates a system of soil terraces or buttresses, arranged in a series of contour lines, about 20 feet apart. 1962 R. Fumento xlvii. 498 I..heard only the nervous lapping of the water against the buttresses of the bridge. 2017 (Nexis) 22 Feb. These ice shelves are important because they act as buttresses, holding back the ice that flows towards the sea. the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > hill or mountain > [noun] > projecting 1682 G. Wheler vi. 453 It is..situated as it were between the two Buttrices of the Mountain. 1814 H. F. Cary tr. Dante II. xiii. 55 We..stood Upon the second buttress of that mount. 1880 F. A. Malleson in J. Ruskin 51 The mountain and its opposing buttress, the Dow Crags. 1921 S. Colvin xvii. 295 The whole weight of the Atlantic comes crashing against the granite juts and buttresses; then the caves re-bellow, and the seas storm the cliffs. 1976 S. Roper 315 Above the east end of the switchback are two inconspicuous buttresses covered with bushes. 2016 (Nexis) 16 Feb. (News section) 14 You have to earn your sense of altitudinous achievement by walking at least a couple of miles to the great buttress before you can think of climbing it. 5. the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > root > buttress-root 1759 tr. M. Adanson 171 It [sc. the fig-tree] seemed to be composed of several trees, whose trunks joined to each other, most of them spreading chiefly more towards the roots, where they formed a kind of buttress [Fr. arcboutans]. 1791 W. Bartram iii. 91 Prodigious buttresses, or pilasters,..in full grown trees, project out on every side, to such a distance, that several men might easily hide themselves in the hollows between. 1829 Jan. 87 The apex of its [sc. the cypress] buttress is just on a level with the surface of the water. 1874 15 Buttresses are..an effort of nature to complement the stability lost in the distribution of the roots near the surface of the soil. 1931 No. 1 24 Buttresses are a feature of many species of rain-forest trees as well as of several kinds of trees which inhabit mangrove and littoral forests. 1957 E. A. de la Rüe ii. 45 These buttresses are sometimes so developed that the natives have no trouble in cutting planks out of them. 2005 14 Feb. 212/2 The bases of the extra trunks bloat out, and become gnarled masses of living wood called buttresses. the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > parts of bones > [noun] > natural outgrowth or projecting part 1824 1 395 The inner rim [of the jaw] throws up a series of triangular plates of bone forming a zigzag buttress along the interior of the alveoli. 1859 V. 139/1 The pelvis presents two lateral curved thickened buttresses or columns. 1904 A. H. Buck (rev. ed.) VII. 226/2 The skull presents certain buttresses where the bones are thicker and stronger. 1908 O. P. Hay 3 Just behind the axillary notch the hypoplastron sends upward a stout process, the axillary buttress, to fit into an excavation in the third peripheral and the inside of the lower end of the first costal. 1999 19 641/2 The two spinal laminae are equivalent to the original ‘vertical median’ laminae of Osborn..and refer to the median buttresses on the anterior and posterior aspects of the neural spine. 2007 47 402/2 Posterior to these, the paired hyoplastra form the axillary buttresses and the anterior portion of the bridge. 2015 Y.-K. Park in E. Santini-Araujo et al. xviii. 260/1 Cortical scalloping with variable degree of sclerosis is seen related to buttresses of periosteal new bone. the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > intestines > [noun] > portion of 1828 9 314 The whole circumference of the intestine has been destroyed..and forms a projecting angle or buttress between the ends of the intestine. 1836–9 II. 749/2 And between them [i.e. two portions of the bowel] is that double partition termed ‘eperon’ or buttress by Dupuytren. 1912 (rev. ed.) I. at Anus, Preternatural The difficulty is from the spurs or buttresses of the opening, which refuse to heal. Compounds the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > root > buttress-root 1851 P. H. Gosse 389 He [sc. the boar] has reached some vantage spot,—an angular rock, or the buttress roots of some large tree. 1950 20 328/2 A tendency on the part of all plants to develop some type of buttress root system. 2014 (Nexis) 24 June 3 These buttress roots support and anchor the tall tree and prevent it from falling down. society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > screw > thread > types of thread 1882 W. C. Unwin (ed. 4) v. 117 The modified triangular screw thread..may be used. This is termed the buttress thread. 1930 6 June 721/2 In asymmetrical threads, such as..certain buttress threads. 2010 J. A. Collins et al. (ed. 2) xii. 463 The buttress thread provides greater strength for unidirectional loads. Derivatives society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > other elements > [adjective] > buttressed > not 1873 Mar. 216/1 The stately Cornish churches, with their well-proportioned, minareted towers rising buttressless sheer up to heaven. 1882 1 Apr. 408/2 The buttressless tower of St. Stephen's. 1997 10 Oct. The still unfinished, spireless and buttressless Saint Patrick's Cathedral. society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > other elements > [adjective] > buttressed > buttress like 1821 19 May 306/3 Some islands, to which the name of Prince Leopold was given, were also stratified horizontally, but without the buttress-like projections. 1853 E. K. Kane xxxi. 270 These escarped masses became more buttress-like and monumental. 1921 15 Sept. 7/4 The summit of the north-eastern curtain of this massif is easily accessible by a number of buttress-like ridges which run down to the foreshore of the Mediterranean. 2008 M. Osbaldeston 158 Buttress-like piers extending from the base up the tower. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022). buttressv.Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: buttress n. Etymology: < buttress n.In Middle English prefixed and unprefixed forms of the past participle are attested (see y- prefix). 1. the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > [verb (transitive)] c1400 (c1378) W. Langland (Laud 581) (1869) B. v. l. 598 Þe wallis ben..Boterased [A text c1390 Vernon brutaget] with bileue-so-or-þow-beest-nouȝte-ysaued. 1447–8 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark (1886) I. p. lxiii The Imparesse of alle sciences and facultees theologie to the ende these accustumed of plain lecture and exposicion botraced with docteurs sentences. 1557 R. Edgeworth f. cv If you wil vouchsafe to buttresse me, helpe me, and comfort me with your praiers. 1611 J. Speed ix. xx. 730/2 Arguments concurring to buttresse this affirmation. 1657 W. Morice x. sig. Q3 As if they would ribbe or buttress the former Argument, which hath been the sand whereon they have laid the Foundation of their discourses on this subject. 1731 R. Smalbroke II. ii. 367 Conscious of the Weakness of this Supposition, he endeavours to buttress it up with another most unreasonable Demand. 1769 E. Burke Let. 9 July in (1960) II. 43 The plan of the Court, would be..to Buttress it [sc. the ministry] up with the Grenvilles. 1831 20 May Having lost all character for even common sense, they [sc. the Cabinet] must seek auxiliaries in the realms of nonsense, if not to buttress their power, to grace their fall. 1882 C. Fox II. xv. 115 Some of the facts concerning America..buttressed their arguments. 1946 21 Jan. l2/1 These are some of the ways in which Reason buttresses up the appeals to Emotion. 1975 D. McLoughlin 548/2 Leadership of the Wild Bunch remained within the firm grasp of Butch Cassidy, a friendly-looking ex-cowhand whose authority was buttressed by the Sundance Kid. 2006 R. Boesche v. 109 A judicious quotation from Tocqueville, no matter how much out of context, is believed to buttress any argument. society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > other elements > [verb (transitive)] > furnish with buttress 1448 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark (1886) I. 369 The walls of the same chirche to be..boteraced. 1530 J. Palsgrave 473/1 This buylding is butterassed very wel. 1683 J. Phillips tr. G.-J. Grelot 86 One Isidorus the younger, together with some other Architects, laboured so successfully in Repairing the Domo, and strengthning it by taking it down lower, and buttressing it much more strongly than before. 1747 J. Muller iii. 233 Provided there is just room enough to place the Box, load the Mine, and buttress the upper part well, it is sufficient. 1774 W. Gostling x. 48 Our attention is more strongly attracted by a lofty tower..with four handsome pinnacles, very strongly built, and buttressed from the ground to the top. 1843 T. Carlyle ii. iii. 75 Stately masonries..buttress it. 1886 30 Oct. 574/1 The walls were buttressed with pillars. 1933 41 334 The Tapashan range..is continued southwestward in a lofty mountain complex buttressing the great Tibetan uplift. 1975 34 245/1 The awkward chapel on the north nave aisle was necessary to buttress the strong pier of the transept vault. 2015 46 18/2 The casemates, buttressed by the mass of rubble that formerly comprised the vertical wall, appear to have remained stable through the siege. the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > hiding, concealing from view > hide, conceal [verb (transitive)] 1820 J. Keats Eve of St. Agnes in 87 Beside the portal doors, Buttress'd from moonlight, stands he. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2021). <  n.c1330v.c1400 |
