captiveadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈkaptɪv/, U.S.

/ˈkæptɪv/

Forms: Also Middle English captif(e, -yfe, 1500s– yue.

Etymology: < French captif, -ive, < Latin captīvus taken prisoner, a prisoner, < captus taken: see -ive suffix. Compare caitiff n. and adj.

A. adj. (In early use, and in many phrases, the adjective and noun are hardly separable.)

a. Taken prisoner in war, or by force; kept in confinement or bondage.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > [adjective] > capturing > made captive

captivec1374

caitiffa1382

caitivedc1440

captived1590

captured1796

snug1796

c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iii. 333 Stocked in prison..Captive to cruell king Agamemnon.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Ezra x. 6 Put out from the congregacion of the captiue.

1611 Bible (King James) 2 Macc. viii. 10 To make so much money of the captiue Iewes.

1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Palamon & Arcite i, in Fables 19 Nor hopes the Captive Lord his Liberty.

a1854 H. Reed Lect. Eng. Lit. (1878) iv. 128 Kings were captive in England's capital.

b. transferred. Said of animals caught and kept in confinement, e.g. a captive lark; also of things restrained from escaping, as a captive balloon. captive mirror, captive purse, etc.: fittings of a lady's hand-bag which are secured by means of chains.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > attachment > [adjective] > so as to be restrained

captive1855

1855 Househ. Words 11 150/2 Pilâtre de Rosier..had already the honour of being the first man who ascended..in a captive balloon.

1885 Sci. Amer. Nov. 328/3 The first captive balloon of Mr. Yon's make, provided with his hydrogen gas apparatus and windlass for ascents and descents.

1897 Aeronaut. Jrnl. Jan. 5/2 My own apparatus..is simply a system of large kites only for captive use.

1897 Aeronaut. Jrnl. Jan. 5/2 My present object is to get an apparatus to serve instead of a captive balloon.

1898 Army & Navy Co-op. Soc. Price List No. 67 971 Captive Golf Ball.

1905 Aëronautical Jrnl. 9 14 Captive Balloon Photography.

1923 Daily Mail 12 June 7 Silk handbag... Fitted captive mirror.

1923 Weekly Disp. 13 May 14 Crocodile Calf handbag... Fitted captive purse.

1939 G. Greene Lawless Roads x. 251 The twenty-four churches rose like captive balloons.

c. to lead captive, to take captive, to hold captive: perhaps this was originally the noun, as in to take prisoner, but it remains unchanged in the plural.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)] > take captive

takeOE

caitive1382

seizea1400

captivec1430

to take (a person) prisonera1475

to take captive1535

overthrallc1540

captivatea1575

stay1590

encaptive1592

capture1796

to hold captive1884

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 2 Chron. xxx. 9 Their lordis that hem laddyn caityf.]

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Jer. xxii. 11 In the place, where vnto he is led captyue.

?1578 W. Patten Let. Entertainm. Killingwoorth 37 Many led captiue for triumph.

1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xiv. 14 His brother was taken captiue.

1806 A. Knox Remains I. 33 Temptations by which..we were led captive.

1884 A. C. J. Gustafson Found. Death (ed. 3) i. 4 Setting free the waters they had held captive.

d. captive audience n. an audience of captives; esp. in extended use, an audience that cannot escape a particular form of entertainment or instruction. Originally U.S.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > [noun] > hearer or listener > assembly of

auditoryc1380

audiencea1387

auditurec1550

union1834

captive audience1902

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > one who sees > [noun] > beholder or spectator > at a show or spectacle > audience

spectatory1831

spectatorship1833

spectatordom1854

crowdc1863

captive audience1902

capacity1908

mass audience1927

1902 W. D. Howells Lit. & Life 57 It was on a Sunday that we crouched in an irregular semicircle..within the prison pale, and faced the captive audience in another semicircle.

1949 in Amer. Speech (1951) 26 208/1 It [tram radio] gives a radio station what is referred to in less polite circles as a ‘captive’ audience.

1956 A. Huxley Adonis & Alphabet 119 If they [sc. publishers]..possess a large enough captive audience for their text-books to be able to implement their good intentions.

1956 Kenyon Rev. 18 463 The captive audience of the class-room.

1959 J. Thurber Years with Ross v. 82 The captive audiences in Grand Central Station, where passengers had been forced to listen to broadcast commercials.

1966 Listener 2 June 785/2 We must be especially careful with a captive audience. No airline would inflict a stream of dirty stories..on the helpless passengers on a long-distance journey.

1970 B. W. Aldiss Hand-reared Boy 42 I cannot remember a word she said, being merely a captive audience and bored with the whole visit.

e. Applied to a mine that supplies its products only to commercial concerns under the same ownership, i.e. not to the open market. U.S.

ΚΠ

1924 Min. Resources U.S. 1922 II. 546 It was not possible, however, to distinguish..between the output of commercial mines and the output of the ‘captive mines’ owned or controlled by consumers.

1948 Economist 10 July 59/2 The steel companies which operate ‘captive’ coal mines.

2. figurative. Captivated, enslaved in will and feeling.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > motivation > attraction, allurement, or enticement > [adjective] > fascinating or enchanting > fascinated or enchanted

bycapped1387

bewitched1551

captive1597

fascinated1608

captivated1621

captived1724

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III iv. i. 79 My womans hart, Grosselie grewe captiue to his honie wordes.

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) v. iii. 17 Whose words all eares tooke captiue .

3. Of or belonging to a captive.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > [adjective] > capturing > of or relating to a captive

captive1590

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. vii. sig. G5 That he my captiue languor should redeeme.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1603 I sorrow'd at his captive state.

4. Used for caitiff n. or caitiff adj.

ΚΠ

1634 Malory's Arthur (1816) II. 239 I am the most wretch and captive of the world.

B. n.

a. A person captured, held in confinement, or under restraint.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > [noun] > captivity > a captive

nomea1325

caitiff1330

captive?a1400

?a1400 Morte Arth. 1580 To comone with his captifis fore covatys of silver.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. lxvii. f. xxiiii To be a Captyue or a prysoner to y^e Romaynes.

1611 Bible (King James) Dan. ii. 25 A man of the captiues of Iudah.

1713 E. Young Force of Relig. i. (1757) 53 But whither is the captive borne away, The beauteous captive, from the chearful day?

figurative.1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets lxvi. sig. E2^v And captiue-good attending Captaine ill.

b. transferred. Said of an animal or thing.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > [noun] > captivity > a captive > thing or animal

captive1820

1820 Hoyle's Games Improved 313 He [a piece at draughts] becomes king and is crowned by placing one of the captives upon him.

1885 Pall Mall Gaz. 7 Feb. 3/2 The balloon committee at Chatham is only busy with ‘captives’.

2. figurative. One captivated or enslaved by beauty, personal influence, or the like.

ΚΠ

1732 Ld. Lansdowne Beauty & Law (R.) The fairest of the sex complain Of captives lost, and loves invok'd in vain.

Derivatives

captive-like adj. and adv.

ΚΠ

1583 T. Watson Poems (1870) lxxiii. 109 The winged boy..led him captiuelyke from all delight.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

captivev.

Brit.

/ˈkaptɪv/, U.S.

/ˈkæptɪv/

Etymology: < French captiver (15th cent.) < Latin captīvāre , < captīvus captive adj.In very common use in 16–18th cent.; rare in 19th. Originally pronounced capˈtīve, as still in Milton; but ˈcaptĭve, used by Shakespeare, and frequent in 17th cent., alone survives.

archaic.

To take captive, bring into captivity:

a. literal.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)] > take captive

takeOE

caitive1382

seizea1400

captivec1430

to take (a person) prisonera1475

to take captive1535

overthrallc1540

captivatea1575

stay1590

encaptive1592

capture1796

to hold captive1884

c1430 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1840) 38 Thei hym captived, whereby he was y-lore.

1596 H. Clapham Briefe of Bible i. 91 Tiglath Pileeser had before tyme captived them [the Israelites].

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) ii. iv. 55 When Cressy Battell fatally was strucke, And all our Princes captiu'd .

1702 C. Mather Magnalia Christi ii. App. 66/2 They..Butchered and Captived many of the Inhabitants.

1756 E. Burke Vindic. Nat. Society 20 And their Inhabitants slaughtered, and captived.

1828 W. Taylor Historic Surv. German Poetry I. 300 Thusnelda has been captived by the Romans.

b. figurative. To captivate, enthrall (the understanding, reason, affections, will, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > motivation > attraction, allurement, or enticement > attract, allure, or entice [verb (transitive)] > fascinate or enchant

enchantc1374

charmc1380

catchc1405

witch1499

bewitch1526

captive1528

allure?1532

captivate1535

disarm1553

enthral1562

sirenize1592

enamour1600

infascinate1687

fascinate1742

capture1796

besiren1861

1528 T. More Dialogue Heresyes i, in Wks. 169/1 To captiue and subdewe oure vnderstandyng.

1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 142 b Freewill being captived hath no power to worke anything but sinne.

a1626 W. Rowley Birth of Merlin (1662) sig. C4 That face..captived my senses.

1640 W. Prynne Lord Bishops ii. sig. Bij^v Captiving them with manyfold ceremonies.

1718 M. Prior Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 72 How She the Vagrant might inthral, And Captive Him, who Captives All.

1763 C. Churchill Rosciad in Poems I. 37 If music..Captives the ear.

Derivatives

ˈcaptived adj.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > [adjective] > capturing > made captive

captivec1374

caitiffa1382

caitivedc1440

captived1590

captured1796

snug1796

the mind > will > motivation > attraction, allurement, or enticement > [adjective] > fascinating or enchanting > fascinated or enchanted

bycapped1387

bewitched1551

captive1597

fascinated1608

captivated1621

captived1724

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. i. sig. Bb5 But the captiu'd Acrasia he sent..A nigher way.

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage I. i. xvii. 79 The Philistins placed the Captived Arke in Dagon's Temple.

a1626 J. Horsey Relacion Trav. in E. A. Bond Russia at Close of 16th Cent. (1856) 182 To by and redeme divers..of those captived people.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 33 If I must dye Betray'd, Captiv'd, and both my Eyes put out.

1724 A. Ramsay Tea-table Misc. (1733) II. 125 My captiv'd fancy.

1798 Monthly Mag. 6 99 The captived king Zedekiah.

ˈcaptiving adj.

ΚΠ

a1595 R. Southwell St. Peter's Complaint O women! woe to men; traps for their falls..Earth's necessary ills, captiving thralls.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	captive
释义	captiveadj.n. Brit. /ˈkaptɪv/, U.S. /ˈkæptɪv/ Forms: Also Middle English captif(e, -yfe, 1500s– yue. Etymology: < French captif, -ive, < Latin captīvus taken prisoner, a prisoner, < captus taken: see -ive suffix. Compare caitiff n. and adj. A. adj. (In early use, and in many phrases, the adjective and noun are hardly separable.) 1. a. Taken prisoner in war, or by force; kept in confinement or bondage. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > [adjective] > capturing > made captive captivec1374 caitiffa1382 caitivedc1440 captived1590 captured1796 snug1796 c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iii. 333 Stocked in prison..Captive to cruell king Agamemnon. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Ezra x. 6 Put out from the congregacion of the captiue. 1611 Bible (King James) 2 Macc. viii. 10 To make so much money of the captiue Iewes. View more context for this quotation 1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Palamon & Arcite i, in Fables 19 Nor hopes the Captive Lord his Liberty. a1854 H. Reed Lect. Eng. Lit. (1878) iv. 128 Kings were captive in England's capital. b. transferred. Said of animals caught and kept in confinement, e.g. a captive lark; also of things restrained from escaping, as a captive balloon. captive mirror, captive purse, etc.: fittings of a lady's hand-bag which are secured by means of chains. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > attachment > [adjective] > so as to be restrained captive1855 1855 Househ. Words 11 150/2 Pilâtre de Rosier..had already the honour of being the first man who ascended..in a captive balloon. 1885 Sci. Amer. Nov. 328/3 The first captive balloon of Mr. Yon's make, provided with his hydrogen gas apparatus and windlass for ascents and descents. 1897 Aeronaut. Jrnl. Jan. 5/2 My own apparatus..is simply a system of large kites only for captive use. 1897 Aeronaut. Jrnl. Jan. 5/2 My present object is to get an apparatus to serve instead of a captive balloon. 1898 Army & Navy Co-op. Soc. Price List No. 67 971 Captive Golf Ball. 1905 Aëronautical Jrnl. 9 14 Captive Balloon Photography. 1923 Daily Mail 12 June 7 Silk handbag... Fitted captive mirror. 1923 Weekly Disp. 13 May 14 Crocodile Calf handbag... Fitted captive purse. 1939 G. Greene Lawless Roads x. 251 The twenty-four churches rose like captive balloons. c. to lead captive, to take captive, to hold captive: perhaps this was originally the noun, as in to take prisoner, but it remains unchanged in the plural. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)] > take captive takeOE caitive1382 seizea1400 captivec1430 to take (a person) prisonera1475 to take captive1535 overthrallc1540 captivatea1575 stay1590 encaptive1592 capture1796 to hold captive1884 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 2 Chron. xxx. 9 Their lordis that hem laddyn caityf.] 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Jer. xxii. 11 In the place, where vnto he is led captyue. ?1578 W. Patten Let. Entertainm. Killingwoorth 37 Many led captiue for triumph. 1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xiv. 14 His brother was taken captiue. View more context for this quotation 1806 A. Knox Remains I. 33 Temptations by which..we were led captive. 1884 A. C. J. Gustafson Found. Death (ed. 3) i. 4 Setting free the waters they had held captive. d. captive audience n. an audience of captives; esp. in extended use, an audience that cannot escape a particular form of entertainment or instruction. Originally U.S. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > [noun] > hearer or listener > assembly of auditoryc1380 audiencea1387 auditurec1550 union1834 captive audience1902 the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > one who sees > [noun] > beholder or spectator > at a show or spectacle > audience spectatory1831 spectatorship1833 spectatordom1854 crowdc1863 captive audience1902 capacity1908 mass audience1927 1902 W. D. Howells Lit. & Life 57 It was on a Sunday that we crouched in an irregular semicircle..within the prison pale, and faced the captive audience in another semicircle. 1949 in Amer. Speech (1951) 26 208/1 It [tram radio] gives a radio station what is referred to in less polite circles as a ‘captive’ audience. 1956 A. Huxley Adonis & Alphabet 119 If they [sc. publishers]..possess a large enough captive audience for their text-books to be able to implement their good intentions. 1956 Kenyon Rev. 18 463 The captive audience of the class-room. 1959 J. Thurber Years with Ross v. 82 The captive audiences in Grand Central Station, where passengers had been forced to listen to broadcast commercials. 1966 Listener 2 June 785/2 We must be especially careful with a captive audience. No airline would inflict a stream of dirty stories..on the helpless passengers on a long-distance journey. 1970 B. W. Aldiss Hand-reared Boy 42 I cannot remember a word she said, being merely a captive audience and bored with the whole visit. e. Applied to a mine that supplies its products only to commercial concerns under the same ownership, i.e. not to the open market. U.S. ΚΠ 1924 Min. Resources U.S. 1922 II. 546 It was not possible, however, to distinguish..between the output of commercial mines and the output of the ‘captive mines’ owned or controlled by consumers. 1948 Economist 10 July 59/2 The steel companies which operate ‘captive’ coal mines. 2. figurative. Captivated, enslaved in will and feeling. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > motivation > attraction, allurement, or enticement > [adjective] > fascinating or enchanting > fascinated or enchanted bycapped1387 bewitched1551 captive1597 fascinated1608 captivated1621 captived1724 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III iv. i. 79 My womans hart, Grosselie grewe captiue to his honie wordes. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) v. iii. 17 Whose words all eares tooke captiue . View more context for this quotation 3. Of or belonging to a captive. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > [adjective] > capturing > of or relating to a captive captive1590 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. vii. sig. G5 That he my captiue languor should redeeme. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1603 I sorrow'd at his captive state. View more context for this quotation 4. Used for caitiff n. or caitiff adj. ΚΠ 1634 Malory's Arthur (1816) II. 239 I am the most wretch and captive of the world. B. n. 1. a. A person captured, held in confinement, or under restraint. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > [noun] > captivity > a captive nomea1325 caitiff1330 captive?a1400 ?a1400 Morte Arth. 1580 To comone with his captifis fore covatys of silver. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. lxvii. f. xxiiii To be a Captyue or a prysoner to y^e Romaynes. 1611 Bible (King James) Dan. ii. 25 A man of the captiues of Iudah. View more context for this quotation 1713 E. Young Force of Relig. i. (1757) 53 But whither is the captive borne away, The beauteous captive, from the chearful day? figurative.1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets lxvi. sig. E2^v And captiue-good attending Captaine ill. View more context for this quotation b. transferred. Said of an animal or thing. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > [noun] > captivity > a captive > thing or animal captive1820 1820 Hoyle's Games Improved 313 He [a piece at draughts] becomes king and is crowned by placing one of the captives upon him. 1885 Pall Mall Gaz. 7 Feb. 3/2 The balloon committee at Chatham is only busy with ‘captives’. 2. figurative. One captivated or enslaved by beauty, personal influence, or the like. ΚΠ 1732 Ld. Lansdowne Beauty & Law (R.) The fairest of the sex complain Of captives lost, and loves invok'd in vain. Derivatives captive-like adj. and adv. ΚΠ 1583 T. Watson Poems (1870) lxxiii. 109 The winged boy..led him captiuelyke from all delight. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021). captivev. Brit. /ˈkaptɪv/, U.S. /ˈkæptɪv/ Etymology: < French captiver (15th cent.) < Latin captīvāre , < captīvus captive adj.In very common use in 16–18th cent.; rare in 19th. Originally pronounced capˈtīve, as still in Milton; but ˈcaptĭve, used by Shakespeare, and frequent in 17th cent., alone survives. archaic. To take captive, bring into captivity: a. literal. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)] > take captive takeOE caitive1382 seizea1400 captivec1430 to take (a person) prisonera1475 to take captive1535 overthrallc1540 captivatea1575 stay1590 encaptive1592 capture1796 to hold captive1884 c1430 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1840) 38 Thei hym captived, whereby he was y-lore. 1596 H. Clapham Briefe of Bible i. 91 Tiglath Pileeser had before tyme captived them [the Israelites]. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) ii. iv. 55 When Cressy Battell fatally was strucke, And all our Princes captiu'd . View more context for this quotation 1702 C. Mather Magnalia Christi ii. App. 66/2 They..Butchered and Captived many of the Inhabitants. 1756 E. Burke Vindic. Nat. Society 20 And their Inhabitants slaughtered, and captived. 1828 W. Taylor Historic Surv. German Poetry I. 300 Thusnelda has been captived by the Romans. b. figurative. To captivate, enthrall (the understanding, reason, affections, will, etc.). ΘΚΠ the mind > will > motivation > attraction, allurement, or enticement > attract, allure, or entice [verb (transitive)] > fascinate or enchant enchantc1374 charmc1380 catchc1405 witch1499 bewitch1526 captive1528 allure?1532 captivate1535 disarm1553 enthral1562 sirenize1592 enamour1600 infascinate1687 fascinate1742 capture1796 besiren1861 1528 T. More Dialogue Heresyes i, in Wks. 169/1 To captiue and subdewe oure vnderstandyng. 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 142 b Freewill being captived hath no power to worke anything but sinne. a1626 W. Rowley Birth of Merlin (1662) sig. C4 That face..captived my senses. 1640 W. Prynne Lord Bishops ii. sig. Bij^v Captiving them with manyfold ceremonies. 1718 M. Prior Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 72 How She the Vagrant might inthral, And Captive Him, who Captives All. 1763 C. Churchill Rosciad in Poems I. 37 If music..Captives the ear. Derivatives ˈcaptived adj. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > [adjective] > capturing > made captive captivec1374 caitiffa1382 caitivedc1440 captived1590 captured1796 snug1796 the mind > will > motivation > attraction, allurement, or enticement > [adjective] > fascinating or enchanting > fascinated or enchanted bycapped1387 bewitched1551 captive1597 fascinated1608 captivated1621 captived1724 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. i. sig. Bb5 But the captiu'd Acrasia he sent..A nigher way. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage I. i. xvii. 79 The Philistins placed the Captived Arke in Dagon's Temple. a1626 J. Horsey Relacion Trav. in E. A. Bond Russia at Close of 16th Cent. (1856) 182 To by and redeme divers..of those captived people. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 33 If I must dye Betray'd, Captiv'd, and both my Eyes put out. View more context for this quotation 1724 A. Ramsay Tea-table Misc. (1733) II. 125 My captiv'd fancy. 1798 Monthly Mag. 6 99 The captived king Zedekiah. ˈcaptiving adj. ΚΠ a1595 R. Southwell St. Peter's Complaint O women! woe to men; traps for their falls..Earth's necessary ills, captiving thralls. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < adj.n.c1374v.c1430
随便看	limb and wind limb arch limb of the bar limb of the devil, of satan, of hell limb of the law limb-bone limb-broken limb-bud limb-dance limb-darkening limb-ease limb-fitter limb-fitting limb-girdle limb-guard limb-kinetic limb-length limb-lifter limb-meal limb-muscle limb-nerve limb-numbing limb-strewn limb-take limb-vessel