| 释义 |
caravanserain. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Turkish. Partly a borrowing from Persian. Etymons: French carvansera, caravansérail; Ottoman Turkish kārvān-serāy; Persian kārvānsarāy. Etymology: < (i) Middle French carvansera, carvassera (a1457), French caravansérail (1612 as carauanserrail), †caravansara (1650: for further variants see notes), and (in some early uses with reference to the Ottoman Empire, especially the European part) its etymon (ii) Ottoman Turkish kārvān-serāy, kārbān-serāy, kervān-serāy (15th cent. in Old Anatolian Turkish as kārevān-serā , kārbān-serā , kārvān-serā ; Turkish kervansaray ), and its etymon (iii) Persian kārvānsarāy public building used as accommodation for travellers, especially those travelling as a caravan (caravan n. 1a) < kārvān caravan n. + sarāy , -sarā house, courtyard, lodging (see serai n.1).The word was apparently transmitted from Persian to French primarily or wholly via Turkish; however, in early modern English, the word also appears to have been partly borrowed directly from Persian (especially in uses with reference to Central Asia and India). In recent use probably sometimes reinterpreted as compound of caravan n. and serai n.1; however, some earlier sources use distinct spellings for caravan n. and the first syllables of caravanserai n. (in the same passages), suggesting that these were perceived as separate; compare (from a translation of a French text):1711 M. de la Roche tr. D. Bugnon in Mem. Lit. 19 Mar. 215/2 When a Caravane comes to a Carvan-Serray, it is secure from the Insults of the Enemy. Parallels in other languages. Compare Spanish caravasar (c1618; apparently with alteration after bazar bazaar n.), Portuguese caravançará , caravançarai (1529), Italian †carvasarà , †carvanserà , (plural) †caravanserai (all 16th cent.; now caravanserraglio ), and also Dutch karavanserai (a1652 as carewansera ), German Karawanserei (1647 as Caravansera , or earlier). Variant forms. The α. forms reflect Middle French carvassera , carvassera , French †carauassara , †carauasserail , with loss of nasalization. With the form cauarzara compare the rare Middle French forms cauersera , cauarsera (1519, translating Italian charvassara (1509) and cited as Turkish in origin). In the γ. forms ending in -ary and -ery perhaps by (initially graphic) analogy with -ary suffix1 and -ery suffix. The δ. forms reflect French caravansérail , with -ail representing a final diphthong, by analogy with e.g. travail travail n.1 and émail enamel (see email n.1 and compare email ombrant n., with a pronunciation reflecting the French); compare serail n. Probable errors. The form karavanserrak at β. forms originated in a French text, probably as a compositorial or typographical error (translated into English and subsequently referenced by another writer). The following early modern forms (all apparently unique) are also likely to show compositorial or typographical errors: caravasa at α. forms, and crauancera, karvansarab at β. forms. Related forms. Compare also the isolated early modern English carvatschara (1693), apparently reflecting German Caruatchara (1582 in the source translated, also isolated); perhaps compare Middle French carbachara (1553 in an apparently isolated attestation with explicit reference to Turkey). The precise origin of these forms and their relationship to English caravanserai (or its etymons) are unclear, although compare the similarity to some of the α. forms and their sources discussed above. Semantic development. The development shown by sense 2 is apparently unique to English. 1. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > accommodation or lodging > [noun] > lodging-place > temporary > for travellers, pilgrims, etc. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay iii. ix. f. 84v They take vp their lodging in a Caruasseras [Fr. un Caruasseras], which is like vnto a barne or greate stable insteed of an Inn. 1615 J. Loiseau de Tourval tr. H. de Feynes 8 The Sophie hath caused to bee erected certaine..huge lodgings..called Carauan-sara or Surroyes, for the benefit of Carauans. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot iii. i. v. 8 I went to lodge in a Quervanseray. 1712 J. Addison No. 289. ¶9 A house that changes its Inhabitants so often, and receives such a perpetual Succession of Guests, is not a Palace but a Caravansary. 1758 B. Plaisted (ed. 2) 222 There are several Caravanserais, one of which is strong, large and well built. 1801 R. Southey I. v. 269 Not in sumptuous Caravansery. 1855 R. F. Burton (1893) I. vii. 126 He ran back to the Caravanserai. 1936 M. R. Anand (1993) iii. 139 The riot of noises at the carriage stand opposite the old caravanserai..fell on his ears. 2008 June 145/2 The day I visited, the caravansary's big courtyard echoed with the..sound of a traditional stringed instrument known as the sarinda. 1760 L. Sterne I. ii. 26 What provision and accommodation, the Author of our being has prepared for us..how many caravansera's of rest. 1805 J. Foster i. vii. 88 The man whose mind has been a kind of caravansera of opinions. 1870 Dec. 738/2 Nevertheless, Liverpool, portal and caravanserai of the human race, is thronged with visitors and passers-through. 1924 A. Smellie ii. 24 His Bethlehem, too, where Christ the Lord was born within the caravanserai of his heart. 1985 K. Spink tr. D. Lapierre i. viii. 44 Victoria Station, a prodigious caravanserai bristling with neo-Gothic bell towers. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > accommodation or lodging > public lodging-places > [noun] > inn society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > accommodation or lodging > public lodging-places > [noun] > hotel 1848 H. W. Torrens I. 13 Merrick and Picotot pursue their way to the Sablonière, the favourite caravanserai in those days with foreigners of small fortune. 1959 P. Sturges in S. Sturges (1990) xxv. 132 They lived at the Algonquin Hotel, and introduced me to that quite wonderful caravansary by sometimes inviting me to tea there. 1968 L. Ayre 45 No longer was it to be possible to slip out for a couple of quick half-pints at their favourite caravanserai, The George. 2017 (Nexis) 1 Sept. This spontaneous sex-in-the-city performance art helped make the Standard Hotel on the High Line..all the talk when it opened in 2009. Are X-rated floor shows now de rigueur for ultracool caravanseries? society > travel > aspects of travel > traveller > [noun] > a company of travellers society > travel > aspects of travel > traveller > [noun] > a company of travellers > in Africa or the East 1836 II. 230/1 On the third day, the caravansary reached the promised land. 1895 30 Oct. 9 Always at the head of the caravansary rode the great chieftain with brow and bosom bare to the poisoned shafts of his enemies. 1938 V. Woolf 111 It is a solemn sight always—a procession, like a caravanserai crossing a desert. 1981 10 Oct. 4/5 The great media caravanserai moves on to Blackpool, where the Conservatives hold their conference next week. 2020 (Nexis) 6 Sept. 64 The caravanserai of world leaders departed for Tehran to continue celebrating. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1585 |
/ˌkarəˈvansəri/, U.S.