Caribn.adj.

Brit.

/ˈkarɪb/, U.S.

/ˈkɛrəb/

Inflections: Plural Caribs, unchanged.

Forms:

α. 1500s Charibes (plural), 1500s–1600s Caribes (plural), 1600s Careebe, 1600s Caribbe, 1600s Carybe, 1600s Charibe, 1600s–1800s Charib, 1600s– Carib, 1700s Charibb, 1700s–1800s Caribb, 1700s– Caribe.

β. 1500s Cariues (plural), 1500s Carives (plural).

γ. 1600s Caraibes (plural), 1600s Caraïbes (plural), 1700s Charaibe, 1800s Caraibe, 1800s Charaib.

Origin: A borrowing from Spanish; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymon: Spanish caribe.

Etymology: < Spanish caribe, adjective and noun (late 15th cent.) < a Proto-Cariban base with the sense ‘man, human being, indigenous person’, probably originally transmitted via an Arawak language. Compare Middle French, French †caribe , noun (1568). In γ. forms after French caraïbe, adjective and noun (1658). Compare slightly earlier cannibal n. and the discussion at that entry. Compare also Garifuna n.The origin of the French form with -aï- is unexplained; compare Spanish †caraibe (c1550 in an apparently isolated attestation with reference to Chile). Some of the variants with final -e may reflect the trisyllabic pronunciation of the Spanish etymon; compare Caribbee n. The β. forms reflect the pronunciation of intervocalic -b- in Spanish. The Caribbean was apparently originally inhabited by peoples speaking Arawak languages, while Cariban languages were spoken in the north-east of South America. Speakers of Carib then expanded aggressively into the Antilles region (prior to contact with Europe), which led to the development of a new language known as Island Carib, which is structurally Arawak, but shows strong Carib influence in its vocabulary. This is the language described by R. Breton in French as caraïbe in the 17th cent. Similarly, English Carib and related words are also sometimes used to refer to the Island Carib language and people (compare e.g. quots. 1666 at Caribbean adj. and 1807 at Caribbee adj.). The Black Carib (Garifuna) language is a form of Island Carib. For a more detailed discussion compare N. L. Whitehead Arawak Linguistic & Cultural Identity through Time, in J. D. Hill & F. Santos-Granero Comparative Arawakan Histories (2002) 51–73.

A. n.

1. Originally: a member of an indigenous Central and South American people inhabiting the Lesser Antilles and neighbouring mainland coastal regions at the time of the arrival of Columbus; (subsequently) a descendant of these, now inhabiting mainly coastal regions of French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, and Venezuela, and on some Antillean islands, such as Dominica and Trinidad. Also in early use: †any member of an indigenous people; esp. a Central or South American; (more generally) a barbaric native, a savage (often formerly equated esp. by Europeans with warlike and savage behaviour, esp. cannibalism (cf. cannibal n. 1b)) (obsolete). Cf. Caribbean adj.Black, Island Carib: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of the West Indies > [noun] > Carib Indian

Carib1555

Caribbee1587

Caribbean1666

the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > eating specific substances or food > [noun] > eating flesh or meat > cannibalism > cannibal

cannibal1541

anthropophagusa1544

anthropophagite1555

Carib1555

men-eater1599

man-eater1600

anthropophaginian1602

Lestrigon1605

anthropophagist1650

anthropophagizer1854

Lestrigoniana1887

α.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. i. f. 3 The wylde and myscheuous people called Canibales, or Caribes [L. Canibales arbitrati, sic truculentos illos, sive Caribes], whiche were accustomed to eate mannes flesshe.

1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 4 Others..looking for death, and to be eaten of the Cariues.

1602 J. Beaumont Metamorph. Tabacco sig. B^v Which at the Caribes banquet gouern'st all, And gently rul'st the sturdiest Caniball.

1684 tr. A. O. Exquemelin Bucaniers Amer. iii. viii. 98 When the Woman lyeth in, neither she nor her Husband observe the time, as is customary among the Caribes.

1773 B. Franklin Let. 16 Mar. in Papers (1976) XX. 118 Britain was formerly the America of the Germans. They..found the Cream of the Land possessed by a Parcel of Welsh Caribbs.

1804 Naval Chron. 11 456 A Petiàugua, a two-mast Boat used by the Caribs.

1842 T. Young Narr. Resid. Mosquito Shore vii. 107 The Caribs produce plantains, cassada.., water-melons, bird, bell, and Scotch-bonnet peppers.

1874 G. Bancroft Hist. U.S. X. xiii. 295 The oppressed and enslaved Caribs.

1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) ii. xiii. 377 The Caribs used the testa of the seeds of the roucou plant [to paint their bodies].

1964 Amer. Speech 39 47 The Mosquitos are Caribs.

1991 Rethinking Schools (Special ed., ‘Rethinking Columbus’) 63/1 To strengthen their continuing struggle for justice today, Caribs held the first Conference of Indigenous Peoples of the English-speaking Caribbean in 1987.

2010 L. P. Flores Hist. Puerto Rico ii. 16 Though the Carib are famous for their skill as warriors, they were also productive farmers and skilled weavers and potters.

2. Any of various (Cariban and Arawak) languages spoken by these peoples. Cf. Black Carib n. 2, Island Carib n. (b) at island n. Compounds 2.Although the languages are structurally distinct, the distinction between them, especially in early use, is somewhat blurred as a result of European confusion. See discussion in etymology.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Amerindian > [noun] > Equatorial > Macro-Arawakan

Arawak1814

Taino1836

Wapishana1836

Carib1854

Terena1946

Machiguenga1950

Lokono1953

1854 Trans. Philol. Soc. 152 Nevertheless, as has been already stated, the language is other than Carib.

1891 D. G. Brinton Amer. Race 174 Alphonse Pinart, who has published the best material on Cuna, is inclined to regard it as affiliated to the Carib.

1922 34th Ann. Rep. Bureau Amer. Ethnol. 1912–13 11 Carib is no longer spoken in St Vincent.

1977 K. Katzner Langs. of World (1986) iii. 355 Other languages include Hindi.., Javanese.., Saramacca, the creole language of the 30,000 Bush Negroes of the interior, and Carib, spoken by a few thousand Indians.

2001 R. Allsopp in G. Griffith Caribbean Cultural Indentities 34 Carib itself is only one of the six Cariban languages..existing today in Guyana, the other five being Akawaio, Arekuna, Macusi, Patamuna, and Waiwai.

B. adj.

Of or relating to the Caribs or their language; designating a person who is a Carib. Cf. earlier Caribbee adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of the West Indies > [adjective] > Carib Indian

Caribbee1627

Carib1644

Black Carib1797

Macusi1841

Motilon1913

1644 W. Castell Short Discov. Coasts & Continent Amer. i. 41 To the East of Porto-Rico begin the Carib or Caniball Islands; so called, for that the Natives are men-eaters.

1707 H. Sloane Voy. Islands I. 41 In sight of Dominica, which is an Island belonging to the Caribe Indians.

1788 New Ann. Reg. 1787 Principal Occurr. 5/2 Several Carib chiefs were introduced to the prince.

1818 R. H. Bonnycastle Spanish Amer. II. ii. 14 The Guarivas, as well as many others, are Carib tribes.

1881 Encycl. Brit. XII. 828/2 In British Guiana the Carib tribes are the Ackawais and Caribisi of the coast and foreign regions, the Arecumas and Macusis of the savannah region.

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. iv. 73 In South America, we note..the Arawak and Carib families, which once prevailed in the West Indies.

1984 Lang. & Communication 4 ii. 93 A desire to learn about Carib culture.

2001 B. Geddes World Food: Caribbean Gloss. 236/1 The last remaining Carib reserve is located in Dominica.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	carib
释义	Caribn.adj. Brit. /ˈkarɪb/, U.S. /ˈkɛrəb/ Inflections: Plural Caribs, unchanged. Forms: α. 1500s Charibes (plural), 1500s–1600s Caribes (plural), 1600s Careebe, 1600s Caribbe, 1600s Carybe, 1600s Charibe, 1600s–1800s Charib, 1600s– Carib, 1700s Charibb, 1700s–1800s Caribb, 1700s– Caribe. β. 1500s Cariues (plural), 1500s Carives (plural). γ. 1600s Caraibes (plural), 1600s Caraïbes (plural), 1700s Charaibe, 1800s Caraibe, 1800s Charaib. Origin: A borrowing from Spanish; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymon: Spanish caribe. Etymology: < Spanish caribe, adjective and noun (late 15th cent.) < a Proto-Cariban base with the sense ‘man, human being, indigenous person’, probably originally transmitted via an Arawak language. Compare Middle French, French †caribe , noun (1568). In γ. forms after French caraïbe, adjective and noun (1658). Compare slightly earlier cannibal n. and the discussion at that entry. Compare also Garifuna n.The origin of the French form with -aï- is unexplained; compare Spanish †caraibe (c1550 in an apparently isolated attestation with reference to Chile). Some of the variants with final -e may reflect the trisyllabic pronunciation of the Spanish etymon; compare Caribbee n. The β. forms reflect the pronunciation of intervocalic -b- in Spanish. The Caribbean was apparently originally inhabited by peoples speaking Arawak languages, while Cariban languages were spoken in the north-east of South America. Speakers of Carib then expanded aggressively into the Antilles region (prior to contact with Europe), which led to the development of a new language known as Island Carib, which is structurally Arawak, but shows strong Carib influence in its vocabulary. This is the language described by R. Breton in French as caraïbe in the 17th cent. Similarly, English Carib and related words are also sometimes used to refer to the Island Carib language and people (compare e.g. quots. 1666 at Caribbean adj. and 1807 at Caribbee adj.). The Black Carib (Garifuna) language is a form of Island Carib. For a more detailed discussion compare N. L. Whitehead Arawak Linguistic & Cultural Identity through Time, in J. D. Hill & F. Santos-Granero Comparative Arawakan Histories (2002) 51–73. A. n. 1. Originally: a member of an indigenous Central and South American people inhabiting the Lesser Antilles and neighbouring mainland coastal regions at the time of the arrival of Columbus; (subsequently) a descendant of these, now inhabiting mainly coastal regions of French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, and Venezuela, and on some Antillean islands, such as Dominica and Trinidad. Also in early use: †any member of an indigenous people; esp. a Central or South American; (more generally) a barbaric native, a savage (often formerly equated esp. by Europeans with warlike and savage behaviour, esp. cannibalism (cf. cannibal n. 1b)) (obsolete). Cf. Caribbean adj.Black, Island Carib: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of the West Indies > [noun] > Carib Indian Carib1555 Caribbee1587 Caribbean1666 the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > eating specific substances or food > [noun] > eating flesh or meat > cannibalism > cannibal cannibal1541 anthropophagusa1544 anthropophagite1555 Carib1555 men-eater1599 man-eater1600 anthropophaginian1602 Lestrigon1605 anthropophagist1650 anthropophagizer1854 Lestrigoniana1887 α. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. i. f. 3 The wylde and myscheuous people called Canibales, or Caribes [L. Canibales arbitrati, sic truculentos illos, sive Caribes], whiche were accustomed to eate mannes flesshe. 1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 4 Others..looking for death, and to be eaten of the Cariues. 1602 J. Beaumont Metamorph. Tabacco sig. B^v Which at the Caribes banquet gouern'st all, And gently rul'st the sturdiest Caniball. 1684 tr. A. O. Exquemelin Bucaniers Amer. iii. viii. 98 When the Woman lyeth in, neither she nor her Husband observe the time, as is customary among the Caribes. 1773 B. Franklin Let. 16 Mar. in Papers (1976) XX. 118 Britain was formerly the America of the Germans. They..found the Cream of the Land possessed by a Parcel of Welsh Caribbs. 1804 Naval Chron. 11 456 A Petiàugua, a two-mast Boat used by the Caribs. 1842 T. Young Narr. Resid. Mosquito Shore vii. 107 The Caribs produce plantains, cassada.., water-melons, bird, bell, and Scotch-bonnet peppers. 1874 G. Bancroft Hist. U.S. X. xiii. 295 The oppressed and enslaved Caribs. 1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) ii. xiii. 377 The Caribs used the testa of the seeds of the roucou plant [to paint their bodies]. 1964 Amer. Speech 39 47 The Mosquitos are Caribs. 1991 Rethinking Schools (Special ed., ‘Rethinking Columbus’) 63/1 To strengthen their continuing struggle for justice today, Caribs held the first Conference of Indigenous Peoples of the English-speaking Caribbean in 1987. 2010 L. P. Flores Hist. Puerto Rico ii. 16 Though the Carib are famous for their skill as warriors, they were also productive farmers and skilled weavers and potters. 2. Any of various (Cariban and Arawak) languages spoken by these peoples. Cf. Black Carib n. 2, Island Carib n. (b) at island n. Compounds 2.Although the languages are structurally distinct, the distinction between them, especially in early use, is somewhat blurred as a result of European confusion. See discussion in etymology. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Amerindian > [noun] > Equatorial > Macro-Arawakan Arawak1814 Taino1836 Wapishana1836 Carib1854 Terena1946 Machiguenga1950 Lokono1953 1854 Trans. Philol. Soc. 152 Nevertheless, as has been already stated, the language is other than Carib. 1891 D. G. Brinton Amer. Race 174 Alphonse Pinart, who has published the best material on Cuna, is inclined to regard it as affiliated to the Carib. 1922 34th Ann. Rep. Bureau Amer. Ethnol. 1912–13 11 Carib is no longer spoken in St Vincent. 1977 K. Katzner Langs. of World (1986) iii. 355 Other languages include Hindi.., Javanese.., Saramacca, the creole language of the 30,000 Bush Negroes of the interior, and Carib, spoken by a few thousand Indians. 2001 R. Allsopp in G. Griffith Caribbean Cultural Indentities 34 Carib itself is only one of the six Cariban languages..existing today in Guyana, the other five being Akawaio, Arekuna, Macusi, Patamuna, and Waiwai. B. adj. Of or relating to the Caribs or their language; designating a person who is a Carib. Cf. earlier Caribbee adj. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of the West Indies > [adjective] > Carib Indian Caribbee1627 Carib1644 Black Carib1797 Macusi1841 Motilon1913 1644 W. Castell Short Discov. Coasts & Continent Amer. i. 41 To the East of Porto-Rico begin the Carib or Caniball Islands; so called, for that the Natives are men-eaters. 1707 H. Sloane Voy. Islands I. 41 In sight of Dominica, which is an Island belonging to the Caribe Indians. 1788 New Ann. Reg. 1787 Principal Occurr. 5/2 Several Carib chiefs were introduced to the prince. 1818 R. H. Bonnycastle Spanish Amer. II. ii. 14 The Guarivas, as well as many others, are Carib tribes. 1881 Encycl. Brit. XII. 828/2 In British Guiana the Carib tribes are the Ackawais and Caribisi of the coast and foreign regions, the Arecumas and Macusis of the savannah region. 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. iv. 73 In South America, we note..the Arawak and Carib families, which once prevailed in the West Indies. 1984 Lang. & Communication 4 ii. 93 A desire to learn about Carib culture. 2001 B. Geddes World Food: Caribbean Gloss. 236/1 The last remaining Carib reserve is located in Dominica. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.adj.1555
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