categoryn.

Brit.

/ˈkatᵻɡ(ə)ri/, U.S.

/ˈkædəˌɡɔri/

Etymology: < Latin catēgoria, < Greek κατηγορία accusation, assertion, predication, abstract noun < κατήγορος accuser, etc.: see categorem n.

1. Logic and metaphorical. A term (meaning literally ‘predication’ or ‘assertion’) given to certain general classes of terms, things, or notions; the use being very different with different authors.

a. Originally used by Aristotle, the nature and meaning of whose ten categories, or predicaments (as, after the Latin translation, they are also called) has been disputed almost from his own day till the present; some holding that they were ‘a classification of all the manners in which assertions may be made of the subject’, others that they were ‘an enumeration of all things capable of being named, the most extensive classes into which things could be distributed’, or again, that they were ‘the different kinds of notions corresponding to the definite forms of existence’. Hence many criticisms of Aristotle's classification, with modifications of it, or the substitution of new ‘categories,’ proposed by the Stoics, and later philosophers, according as they viewed them logically or metaphysically.The ten ‘categories’ or ‘predicaments’ of Aristotle were: 1 Substance or being (οὐσία), 2 Quantity, 3 Quality, 4 Relation (πρός τι), 5 Place, 6 Time, 7 Posture (κεῖσθαι), 8 Having or possession (ἔχειν), 9 Action, 10 Passion.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical classification > [noun] > a division, group, or class

general?a1425

genus1551

species1551

category1588

class1823

subcategory1842

tetrachotomya1856

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > ancient Greek philosophy > post-Socratic philosophy > [noun] > Aristotelianism > elements of

material cause1393

matterc1395

matter subjecta1398

predicamenta1425

quality?1537

first substance1551

predicable1551

property1551

proprium1551

transcendent1581

final cause1587

category1588

habit1588

ante-predicament?1596

postpredicament1599

entelechy1603

transumption1628

secondary1656

objective cause1668

transcendental1668

general substance1697

third man1801

thought-form1834

posterioristic universal1902

ousia1917

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > ancient Greek philosophy > post-Socratic philosophy > [noun] > Stoicism > elements of

category1588

eupathy1603

catalepsy1656

1588 A. Fraunce Lawiers Logike i. ii. f. 10^v These generall heades of argumentes..sometimes..are called Categoremes, and the handling or discoursing of the same Categories.

1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. Proem 4 Objective Ideas or real Beings, considered in Logic, are reduced by the Aristoteleans..to Ten Categories or Predicaments.

1725 I. Watts Logick i. ii. 37 The famous ten Predicaments or Categories of Aristotle, on which there are endless Volumes of Discourses formed by several of his Followers.

1849 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 2) §97 Logicians in almost every age have endeavoured to frame schemes of classification in which things should be arranged according to their real nature. To these the name of Categories..has been given.

1858 H. L. Mansel Bampton Lect. (ed. 4) iii. 49 Existence itself, that so-called highest category of thought.

c1866 G. Grote Aristotle I. 144 We may illustrate the ten Categories of Aristotle by comparing them with the four Categories of the Stoics.

c1866 G. Grote Aristotle I. 149 Galen also recognizes five Categories; but not the same five as Plotinus.

1882 E. Wallace tr. Aristotle's Psychol. 5 The first point..is to determine in which of the higher classes soul is included, and what is its generic character—whether, in other words, it is an individual thing and real substance, or a quality, or a quantity, or any other of the categories, as they have been distinguished.

1883 H. G. Liddell & R. Scott Greek Lex. (ed. 7) (at cited word) The categories are a classification of all the manners in which assertions may be made of the subject.

b. Kant applied the term to: The pure a priori conceptions of the understanding, which the mind applies (as forms or frames) to the matter of knowledge received from sense, in order to raise it into an intelligible notion or object of knowledge.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > idealism > [noun] > Kantianism > elements of

conception1701

schematism1794

categorical imperative1796

intuition1796

matter1796

receptivity1796

schema1796

dialectic1797

multifarious1798

reciprocity1799

form1803

synthesis1817

Anschauung1820

manifold?1822

category1829

modality1836

multiplex1836

predicable1838

multiple1839

multiplicity1839

presentmenta1842

elanguescence1855

1829 W. Hamilton in Edinb. Rev. Oct. 211 The predicaments of Aristotle are..objective, of things as understood; those of Kant subjective, of the mind as understanding... In reality, the whole Kantian categories must be excluded from the Aristotelic list..as determinations of thought, and not genera of real things.

1856 J. M. D. Meiklejohn tr. I. Kant Crit. Pure Reason 64 In this manner there arise exactly so many pure conceptions of the understanding, applying a priori to objects of intuition in general, as there are logical functions in all possible judgments..These conceptions we shall, with Aristotle, call categories, our purpose being originally identical with his, notwithstanding the great difference in the execution. Table of the Categories. 1. Of Quantity: Unity, Plurality, Totality. 2. Of Quality: Reality, Negation, Limitation. 3. Of Relation: Of Inherence and Subsistence (substantia et accidens), of Causality and Dependence (cause and effect), of Community (reciprocity between the agent and patient). 4. Of Modality: Possibility—Impossibility, Existence—Non-existence, Necessity— Contingence.

1877 E. Caird Crit. Acct. Philos. Kant ii. viii. 342 Certain general conceptions which are principles of relation for all the manifold of sense..these are the categories.

c. Hence in more general use (see quot. 1901). Also attributive.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > idealism > [adjective] > of or relating to Kantianism and its adherents

dialectical1788

Kantian1796

synthetical1796

synthetic1819

multiplex1838

multiple1839

tri-logicala1856

pre-Kantian1866

dialectic1872

subreptive1877

criticist1878

category1901

1901 J. M. Baldwin Dict. Philos. & Psychol. I. 161/2 The term category, in post-Kantian philosophy, comes to mean any relatively fundamental philosophical conception.

1938 G. Ryle in Proc. Aristotelian Soc. 38 206 ‘Quality’, ‘state’, ‘substance’, [etc.]..we could call..‘category-words’.

1949 G. Ryle Concept of Mind i. 16 A category-mistake..represents the facts..as if they belonged to one logical type or category..when they actually belong to another.

1960 J. O. Urmson Conc. Encycl. Western Philos. 79/2 Today the word ‘category’ is used by philosophers, if at all, for any supposedly ultimate type, without any settled convention about what it is a type of.

a. A predicament; a class to which a certain predication or assertion applies.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class > to which a certain predication applies

predicament1548

category1678

1678 R. Barclay Apol. True Christian Divinity v. xxvi. 187 He that cannot hear a thing, as being necessarily absent, and he that cannot hear it, as being naturally deaf, are to be placed in the same Category.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 228 Any offender who was not in any of the categories of proscription.

1856 D. M. Mulock John Halifax III. viii. 199 Lord Ravenel's case would hardly come under this category.

1880 Nat. Responsib. Opium Trade 24 To place opium in the same category as alcohol and tobacco.

b. A class, or division, in any general scheme of classification. spec. in Linguistics (see quots.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class

kinc950

kindOE

distinction?c1225

rowc1300

spece1303

spice1303

fashionc1325

espicec1386

differencea1398

statec1450

sort?1523

notion1531

species1561

vein1568

brood1581

rank1585

order1588

race1590

breed1598

strain1612

batch1616

tap1623

siege1630

subdivision1646

notionality1651

category1660

denomination1664

footmark1666

genus1666

world1685

sortment1718

tribe1731

assortment1767

description1776

style1794

grouping1799

classification1803

subcategory1842

type1854

basket1916

the mind > language > linguistics > [noun] > linguistic category or set

form-class1905

category1933

superset1970

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > [noun] > grammatical category

category1933

1660 Bp. J. Taylor Ductor Dubitantium I. i. v Doubts..must be derived from their several heads and categories.

1818 W. Hazlitt Lect. Eng. Poets (1870) v. 129 With him there are but two moral categories, riches and poverty.

1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits iv. 59 We must use the popular category..for convenience, and not as exact and final.

1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) II. xiv. 349 The body..falls into the category of machines.

1883 Ld. Granville Circular in Pall Mall Gaz. 9 July 7/2 The following specimens of bad English..have been taken from despatches recently received at the Foreign Office..‘category’ for class.

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xvi. 270 Large form-classes which completely subdivide either the whole lexicon or some important form-class into form-classes of approximately equal size, are called categories. Thus, the English parts of speech (substantive, verb, adjective, and so on) are categories of our language.

1964 M. A. K. Halliday et al. Ling. Sci. ii. 23 Grammar deals with closed system choices, which may be between items (‘this/that’..) or between categories (singular/plural, past/present/future).

1964 M. A. K. Halliday et al. Ling. Sci. ii. 24 The four theoretical categories that are required if we want to account fully for the kind of patterning in language that we recognize as the level of grammar..class and system..unit and structure.

1965 N. Chomsky Aspects Theory Syntax ii. 68 The notion ‘Subject’..designates a grammatical function rather than a grammatical category.

c. ‘An accusation.’ Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Category,..an accusation.

Draft additions 1997

3. Mathematics. A generalized mathematical entity consisting of a class of abstract objects sharing some property together with a class of morphisms, associative under composition and including an identity morphism, which preserve that property.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > category

category1945

1945 S. Eilenberg & S. MacLane in Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 58 237 We introduce a notion of ‘category’ which will embody the common formal properties of such aggregates. From the examples ‘groups plus homomorphisms’ or ‘spaces plus continuous mappings’ we are led to the following definition. A category  = {A,α} is an aggregate of abstract elements A (for example, groups), called the objects of the category, and abstract elements α (for example, homomorphisms), called mappings of the category.

1966 Math. Rev. 31 41/1 If A is a semi-simplicial set and  the category of its simplices, then H(^op; F) becomes ordinary homology with local coefficients F.

1979 Proc. London Math. Soc. 38 237 Let  denote the category of sets and functions and  the category of topological spaces and continuous maps.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	category
释义	categoryn. Brit. /ˈkatᵻɡ(ə)ri/, U.S. /ˈkædəˌɡɔri/ Etymology: < Latin catēgoria, < Greek κατηγορία accusation, assertion, predication, abstract noun < κατήγορος accuser, etc.: see categorem n. 1. Logic and metaphorical. A term (meaning literally ‘predication’ or ‘assertion’) given to certain general classes of terms, things, or notions; the use being very different with different authors. a. Originally used by Aristotle, the nature and meaning of whose ten categories, or predicaments (as, after the Latin translation, they are also called) has been disputed almost from his own day till the present; some holding that they were ‘a classification of all the manners in which assertions may be made of the subject’, others that they were ‘an enumeration of all things capable of being named, the most extensive classes into which things could be distributed’, or again, that they were ‘the different kinds of notions corresponding to the definite forms of existence’. Hence many criticisms of Aristotle's classification, with modifications of it, or the substitution of new ‘categories,’ proposed by the Stoics, and later philosophers, according as they viewed them logically or metaphysically.The ten ‘categories’ or ‘predicaments’ of Aristotle were: 1 Substance or being (οὐσία), 2 Quantity, 3 Quality, 4 Relation (πρός τι), 5 Place, 6 Time, 7 Posture (κεῖσθαι), 8 Having or possession (ἔχειν), 9 Action, 10 Passion. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical classification > [noun] > a division, group, or class general?a1425 genus1551 species1551 category1588 class1823 subcategory1842 tetrachotomya1856 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > ancient Greek philosophy > post-Socratic philosophy > [noun] > Aristotelianism > elements of material cause1393 matterc1395 matter subjecta1398 predicamenta1425 quality?1537 first substance1551 predicable1551 property1551 proprium1551 transcendent1581 final cause1587 category1588 habit1588 ante-predicament?1596 postpredicament1599 entelechy1603 transumption1628 secondary1656 objective cause1668 transcendental1668 general substance1697 third man1801 thought-form1834 posterioristic universal1902 ousia1917 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > ancient Greek philosophy > post-Socratic philosophy > [noun] > Stoicism > elements of category1588 eupathy1603 catalepsy1656 1588 A. Fraunce Lawiers Logike i. ii. f. 10^v These generall heades of argumentes..sometimes..are called Categoremes, and the handling or discoursing of the same Categories. 1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. Proem 4 Objective Ideas or real Beings, considered in Logic, are reduced by the Aristoteleans..to Ten Categories or Predicaments. 1725 I. Watts Logick i. ii. 37 The famous ten Predicaments or Categories of Aristotle, on which there are endless Volumes of Discourses formed by several of his Followers. 1849 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 2) §97 Logicians in almost every age have endeavoured to frame schemes of classification in which things should be arranged according to their real nature. To these the name of Categories..has been given. 1858 H. L. Mansel Bampton Lect. (ed. 4) iii. 49 Existence itself, that so-called highest category of thought. c1866 G. Grote Aristotle I. 144 We may illustrate the ten Categories of Aristotle by comparing them with the four Categories of the Stoics. c1866 G. Grote Aristotle I. 149 Galen also recognizes five Categories; but not the same five as Plotinus. 1882 E. Wallace tr. Aristotle's Psychol. 5 The first point..is to determine in which of the higher classes soul is included, and what is its generic character—whether, in other words, it is an individual thing and real substance, or a quality, or a quantity, or any other of the categories, as they have been distinguished. 1883 H. G. Liddell & R. Scott Greek Lex. (ed. 7) (at cited word) The categories are a classification of all the manners in which assertions may be made of the subject. b. Kant applied the term to: The pure a priori conceptions of the understanding, which the mind applies (as forms or frames) to the matter of knowledge received from sense, in order to raise it into an intelligible notion or object of knowledge. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > idealism > [noun] > Kantianism > elements of conception1701 schematism1794 categorical imperative1796 intuition1796 matter1796 receptivity1796 schema1796 dialectic1797 multifarious1798 reciprocity1799 form1803 synthesis1817 Anschauung1820 manifold?1822 category1829 modality1836 multiplex1836 predicable1838 multiple1839 multiplicity1839 presentmenta1842 elanguescence1855 1829 W. Hamilton in Edinb. Rev. Oct. 211 The predicaments of Aristotle are..objective, of things as understood; those of Kant subjective, of the mind as understanding... In reality, the whole Kantian categories must be excluded from the Aristotelic list..as determinations of thought, and not genera of real things. 1856 J. M. D. Meiklejohn tr. I. Kant Crit. Pure Reason 64 In this manner there arise exactly so many pure conceptions of the understanding, applying a priori to objects of intuition in general, as there are logical functions in all possible judgments..These conceptions we shall, with Aristotle, call categories, our purpose being originally identical with his, notwithstanding the great difference in the execution. Table of the Categories. 1. Of Quantity: Unity, Plurality, Totality. 2. Of Quality: Reality, Negation, Limitation. 3. Of Relation: Of Inherence and Subsistence (substantia et accidens), of Causality and Dependence (cause and effect), of Community (reciprocity between the agent and patient). 4. Of Modality: Possibility—Impossibility, Existence—Non-existence, Necessity— Contingence. 1877 E. Caird Crit. Acct. Philos. Kant ii. viii. 342 Certain general conceptions which are principles of relation for all the manifold of sense..these are the categories. c. Hence in more general use (see quot. 1901). Also attributive. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > idealism > [adjective] > of or relating to Kantianism and its adherents dialectical1788 Kantian1796 synthetical1796 synthetic1819 multiplex1838 multiple1839 tri-logicala1856 pre-Kantian1866 dialectic1872 subreptive1877 criticist1878 category1901 1901 J. M. Baldwin Dict. Philos. & Psychol. I. 161/2 The term category, in post-Kantian philosophy, comes to mean any relatively fundamental philosophical conception. 1938 G. Ryle in Proc. Aristotelian Soc. 38 206 ‘Quality’, ‘state’, ‘substance’, [etc.]..we could call..‘category-words’. 1949 G. Ryle Concept of Mind i. 16 A category-mistake..represents the facts..as if they belonged to one logical type or category..when they actually belong to another. 1960 J. O. Urmson Conc. Encycl. Western Philos. 79/2 Today the word ‘category’ is used by philosophers, if at all, for any supposedly ultimate type, without any settled convention about what it is a type of. 2. a. A predicament; a class to which a certain predication or assertion applies. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class > to which a certain predication applies predicament1548 category1678 1678 R. Barclay Apol. True Christian Divinity v. xxvi. 187 He that cannot hear a thing, as being necessarily absent, and he that cannot hear it, as being naturally deaf, are to be placed in the same Category. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 228 Any offender who was not in any of the categories of proscription. 1856 D. M. Mulock John Halifax III. viii. 199 Lord Ravenel's case would hardly come under this category. 1880 Nat. Responsib. Opium Trade 24 To place opium in the same category as alcohol and tobacco. b. A class, or division, in any general scheme of classification. spec. in Linguistics (see quots.). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class kinc950 kindOE distinction?c1225 rowc1300 spece1303 spice1303 fashionc1325 espicec1386 differencea1398 statec1450 sort?1523 notion1531 species1561 vein1568 brood1581 rank1585 order1588 race1590 breed1598 strain1612 batch1616 tap1623 siege1630 subdivision1646 notionality1651 category1660 denomination1664 footmark1666 genus1666 world1685 sortment1718 tribe1731 assortment1767 description1776 style1794 grouping1799 classification1803 subcategory1842 type1854 basket1916 the mind > language > linguistics > [noun] > linguistic category or set form-class1905 category1933 superset1970 the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > [noun] > grammatical category category1933 1660 Bp. J. Taylor Ductor Dubitantium I. i. v Doubts..must be derived from their several heads and categories. 1818 W. Hazlitt Lect. Eng. Poets (1870) v. 129 With him there are but two moral categories, riches and poverty. 1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits iv. 59 We must use the popular category..for convenience, and not as exact and final. 1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) II. xiv. 349 The body..falls into the category of machines. 1883 Ld. Granville Circular in Pall Mall Gaz. 9 July 7/2 The following specimens of bad English..have been taken from despatches recently received at the Foreign Office..‘category’ for class. 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xvi. 270 Large form-classes which completely subdivide either the whole lexicon or some important form-class into form-classes of approximately equal size, are called categories. Thus, the English parts of speech (substantive, verb, adjective, and so on) are categories of our language. 1964 M. A. K. Halliday et al. Ling. Sci. ii. 23 Grammar deals with closed system choices, which may be between items (‘this/that’..) or between categories (singular/plural, past/present/future). 1964 M. A. K. Halliday et al. Ling. Sci. ii. 24 The four theoretical categories that are required if we want to account fully for the kind of patterning in language that we recognize as the level of grammar..class and system..unit and structure. 1965 N. Chomsky Aspects Theory Syntax ii. 68 The notion ‘Subject’..designates a grammatical function rather than a grammatical category. c. ‘An accusation.’ Obsolete. ΚΠ 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Category,..an accusation. Draft additions 1997 3. Mathematics. A generalized mathematical entity consisting of a class of abstract objects sharing some property together with a class of morphisms, associative under composition and including an identity morphism, which preserve that property. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > category category1945 1945 S. Eilenberg & S. MacLane in Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 58 237 We introduce a notion of ‘category’ which will embody the common formal properties of such aggregates. From the examples ‘groups plus homomorphisms’ or ‘spaces plus continuous mappings’ we are led to the following definition. A category  = {A,α} is an aggregate of abstract elements A (for example, groups), called the objects of the category, and abstract elements α (for example, homomorphisms), called mappings of the category. 1966 Math. Rev. 31 41/1 If A is a semi-simplicial set and  the category of its simplices, then H(^op; F) becomes ordinary homology with local coefficients F. 1979 Proc. London Math. Soc. 38 237 Let  denote the category of sets and functions and  the category of topological spaces and continuous maps. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1588
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