单词	class
释义	class1 nounclass2 verb classclass1 /klɑːs $ klæs/ ●●● S1 W1 noun Entry menu MENU FOR classclass1 social group2 students3 teaching period4 studying5 same type of something6 train/aircraft etc7 quality8 style/skill9 university degree Word Origin WORD ORIGINclass1 Origin: 1500-1600 French classe, from Latin classis ‘class of citizens, social class’ Examples EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES Doctors are reluctant to prescribe a new class of drugs, especially ones which need to be taken for long periods of time. French is one of a class of languages known as the Romance languages. Heidi fainted during French class today! I'm going out with some friends from my dance class. I graduated in 1999. What class were you in? I was talking to a girl in my class about the math homework. Let's go - I have my first class in 10 minutes! My dad's going to his 40th class reunion this year. People were excluded from education based on class and race. She gets along well with the other children in her class. Some people argue that class distinctions do not exist in the U.S., but this is untrue. Success in this country seems to be based on class rather than on ability. The old class system is slowly disappearing. the professional and managerial classes The Republicans are promising tax cuts for the middle class. The treaty called for the elimination of an entire class of nuclear weapons. There are twenty kids in the class. There is a clear link between social class and educational achievement. Today we only had a small class of ten people. When's your next class? EXAMPLES FROM THE CORPUS After they had used swear words once in class, he argued, they would never use them again. But all important ones must pass through that process, and ours certainly falls into that class. Marxism, my friend, has studied economics and the social classes. Moreover, there is no doubt that in large classes this practice can ease the burden on the class teacher. One day I changed from second class to high class. See, I spent two years of core classes and you get to meet all the professors. Special classes of applicant Like other institutions the Polytechnic has paid increased attention to the recruitment of overseas students in recent years. Ten years ago, fewer than 100 Harvard students took entrepreneur classes, he said. Thesaurus THESAURUS► class a group of students or schoolchildren who are taught together: · There are twenty kids in the class.· She gets along well with the other children in her class.· I’m going out with some friends from my dance class.· 'I graduated in 1999.' 'What class were you in?' ► background the type of home and family you come from, and its social class: · The school takes kids from all sorts of backgrounds.· We come from the same town and share a similar background.working-class/middle-class etc background: · The organization helps children from working-class backgrounds to go to university. ► middle-class belonging to the class of people who are usually well educated, fairly rich, and who work in jobs which they have trained to do. For example, doctors, lawyers, and managers are middle-class: · The newspaper’s readers are mostly middle class.· They live in a middle-class neighbourhood on the edge of town. ► white-collar someone who works in an office, not a factory, mine etc: white-collar worker/job/employee: · The economic recession has put many white-collar workers in danger of losing their jobs. ► working-class belonging to the class of people who do not have much money or power, and who have jobs where they do physical work. For example, factory workers, builders, and drivers are working-class: · Most of the people who live round here are working class.· I come from a working-class family – I’m the first one to graduate from college. ► blue-collar someone who does physical work, for example in a factory or a mine, and does not work in an office: blue-collar worker/job/employee: · His political support comes mainly from blue-collar workers. ► upper-class belonging to the class of people who originally had most of the money and power, especially families that own a lot of land: · Most senior politicians in the UK are from upper-class families.· He spoke with an upper-class accent. ► underclass the lowest social class, who are very poor and may not have jobs, homes etc: · The government has created an underclass who do not feel they have any rights in society. Longman Language Activatora group of students in a school, college etc► class a group of students or schoolchildren who are taught together: · There are twenty kids in the class.· She gets along well with the other children in her class.· I'm going out with some friends from my dance class.· I graduated in 1999. What class were you in? ► grade a class or group of classes for children of a particular age in an American school: third/seventh/twelfth etc grade: · She's in the fifth grade.· I really liked my eighth grade math teacher.· The second grade class is doing a play about the Pilgrims. ► form a class or a group of classes for all the children of the same age in a British school for children between 11 and 18: · She's by far the brightest pupil in the form.third/fourth/fifth etc form: · I'm in the third form.· Mrs Davies took the fifth form to the science museum. ► year all the classes for children of a particular age in a British school or for students in a particular year of study at a British university: · He works a lot harder than most of the students in his year.third/fourth/fifth etc year: · There are 130 children in the second year.· I hated teaching the fifth year. They were always causing trouble. ► set a class for children with a particular level of ability in a British school: · She's in set one for maths and English and set two for history.· I was useless at school -- always in the bottom set in every subject.· We think you've improved sufficiently to go up to a higher set. ► freshman American someone who is in the first year at a high school or university: · We were only freshmen, so the older kids liked to pick on us.freshman class/year/course etc: · Chris remembers his freshman year at UCLA as if it were yesterday. ► sophomore American someone who is in the second year at a high school or university: · This class is mainly for freshmen and sophomores.sophomore class/year etc: · George dropped out of college his sophomore year. ► junior American someone who is in the third year at a high school or university: · a junior at NYUjunior class/year etc: · Donna spent spring semester of her junior year in Paris. ► senior American someone who is in the fourth and final year at a high school or university: · I can't believe that Cari is a high school senior already.senior class/year etc: · The entire senior class took a trip to Disneyworld. the period of time during which a class is taught► class a period of time, usually about 30 minutes to one hour, in which a teacher teaches a group of students: · Heidi fainted during French class today!· Let's go - I have my first class in 10 minutes! ► lesson a period in which someone teaches one person or a group of people - use this especially about practical skills such as music, swimming, or driving, or in British English about a class in a school: · Dominic will be having his first driving lesson this Thursday.· She gives English lessons to business people in the evenings. ► period one of the periods of time that a school day is divided into: · At our school we have four periods in the morning and three in the afternoon.double period British (=one class which lasts for two periods): · On Monday mornings there was French, English, and then a double period of maths. ► session the period of time in which a particular subject or a particular area of a subject is taught, especially when this is one of a fixed number of classes: · We have 5 hours of English a week, including one session in the language laboratory. ► lecture a long talk on a subject, given by a teacher at a college or university, and listened to by a large number of students: lecture on: · a lecture on the causes of the Russian Revolutiongive a lecture: · Professor Blair is giving a series of lectures on Einstein's theories. ► seminar a class, usually at a college or university, where a teacher and small group of students discuss a subject: seminar on: · Every week we have a seminar on modern political theory. ► tutorial a regular class at a British college or university during which a teacher discusses a particular subject with one student or with a small group of students: · Small group tutorials are used to discuss problems which come up in lectures.· Oxford's one-to-one tutorials are an effective but also costly way of teaching. a series of lessons in one subject► course also class · Are you enjoying the course?course in/on · a course in music journalismlanguage/computer/history etc course/class · The college is offering three basic computer courses this year.take a course/classalso do a course British informal · She's taking a class in art history. someone's social class► class the social group that you belong to because of your job, the type of family you come from, or the amount of money you have: · Success in this country seems to be based on class rather than on ability.· the professional and managerial classesthe class system (=the system by which society is divided into classes): · The old class system is slowly disappearing.social class (=the class in society you come from): · There is a clear link between social class and educational achievement.class distinctions (=differences between social classes): · Some people argue that class distinctions do not exist in the U.S., but this is untrue. ► background the type of home and family you come from, and its social class: · The school takes kids from all sorts of backgrounds.· We come from the same town and share a similar background.working-class/middle-class etc background: · The organization helps children from working-class backgrounds to go to university. ► status someone's position in society, according to how much other people respect them, especially because of the kind of job they have: · Now that he was a bank manager, he wanted a car that would reflect his status.high/low status: · Many mothers feel that they have very low status in today's society.status symbol (=something that someone owns in order to show their high status): · The latest mobile phones have become status symbols among teenagers. ► caste a fixed division of people in society according to the family they are born into, especially within the Hindu religion: · In the south of India there are up to 20 different castes.caste system: · Buddha was a social reformer who condemned India's caste system. belonging to the highest class► upper-class belonging to the class of people who originally had most of the money and power, especially families that own a lot of land: · Most senior politicians in the UK are from upper-class families.· He spoke with an upper-class accent. ► aristocracy the people who belong to families that own a lot of land, and used to have a lot of power, and have special titles before their names, like 'Lord' or 'Lady' - used especially when you are talking about the past: the aristocracy: · Daughters of rich merchants would often marry into the aristocracy. ► privileged having a high position in society that has special, and usually unfair, advantages such as power, money and the best education: · In many countries today only a privileged minority get the chance of going to university. ► elite a small group of rich and powerful people who have special, unfair advantages that other people do not have: · The President has been accused of developing policies in favor of a small elite.· The sort of goods once reserved for the elite are now available to everyone. ► posh British spoken use this about someone who behaves and speaks in a way in which upper-class people usually behave or speak: · Will your posh university friends be coming tonight?posh school/hotel/restaurant etc (=one that is very expensive, that rich people go to): · She went to a posh girls' school in Switzerland. the middle class► middle-class belonging to the class of people who are usually well educated, fairly rich, and who work in jobs which they have trained to do. For example, doctors, lawyers, and managers are middle-class: · The newspaper's readers are mostly middle class.· They live in a middle-class neighbourhood on the edge of town. ► bourgeois typical of richer middle-class people and their attitudes or way of life, especially their concern with money, property, and correct social behaviour: · She rejected her parents' conventional bourgeois lifestyle.· They never married because they believed that marriage was a bourgeois institution. ► the bourgeoisie the class that owns most of the wealth, property, and industry - use this especially when you are talking about politics or history: · The poor viewed with envy the increasing wealth of the bourgeoisie.· A revolution would be a threat to the nation's bourgeoisie. ► white-collar : white-collar worker/job/employee someone who works in an office, not a factory, mine etc: · The economic recession has put many white-collar workers in danger of losing their jobs. the lowest class► working-class belonging to the class of people who do not have much money or power, and who have jobs where they do physical work. For example, factory workers, builders, and drivers are working-class: · Most of the people who live round here are working class.· I come from a working-class family - I'm the first one to graduate from college. ► lower-class an impolite word meaning belonging to the class that has less money, power, and education than anyone else: · It has been shown that children of lower-class parents are less likely to do well at school.· My mother's parents thought my father was terribly lower-class. ► the masses all the ordinary people in society who do not have power or influence, especially when they are thought of as not being very educated: · Television has brought cheap entertainment to the masses.· Lenin's position depended on the support of the masses. ► blue-collar : blue-collar worker/job/employee someone who does physical work, for example in a factory or a mine, and does not work in an office: · His political support comes mainly from blue-collar workers. ► humble : of (a) humble background/family/origins etc from a low social class and without much money, but often with a lot of determination to work hard and succeed: · The school had originally provided a good education for children of humble backgrounds.· Eisenhower, Nixon, and Ford were all men of humble origins and no inherited wealth. ► underclass the lowest social class, who are very poor and may not have jobs, homes etc: · The government has created an underclass who do not feel they have any rights in society. to move into a higher social class► move/go up in the world · Hillary was bright and ambitious and wanted to move up in the world.· Education, he believed, was the only way that anyone could move up in the world. ► upwardly mobile someone who is upwardly mobile is in the process of moving into a higher class, especially because they have a well-paid job: · a highly educated, upwardly mobile young woman· The dating agency specializes in finding partners for the young and upwardly mobile. ► social climber someone who wants very much to move into a higher social class, and tries to do this by becoming friendly with people who have more money and power than they do: · The new private schools cater for the children of social climbers rather than those of the old upper classes.· The hotel lobby was full of the usual hangers-on and social climbers. someone who thinks they are better than people from a lower social class► snobbish someone who is snobbish thinks that they are better than people from a lower social class: · Snobbish home-owners are protesting about a refugee family moving into their street.· Aunt Harriet was very rich and very snobbish. ► snob someone who thinks that they are better than people from a lower social class, and does not want to talk to them or be friends with them: · My mother was such a snob she wouldn't let me play with the local children.· They're just a bunch of snobs - you wouldn't want to be friends with them anyway. ► stuck-up informal proud and unfriendly because you think you are better and more important than other people: · Tanya is so stuck-up. She won't go out with anyone who went to a state college.· the spoiled, stuck-up daughter of a millionaire physical activities in which people compete against each other► sport British /sports American physical activities that need effort and skill and that are usually competitive: · She's interested in cinema, music and sport.· Sport has always been very important in this part of the country.do sport British: · We don't do much sport at my school.play sports especially American: · Today's kids need to spend less time watching television, and more time playing sports. ► games British a period of time in school when you do organized sports activities such as football, tennis etc, usually outdoors: · The boys have games on Monday, Wednesday and Friday afternoons.· Hurry up or you'll be late for your games lesson. ► gym (class) also P.E., also Phys. Ed. American a period of time in school when you do organized physical activities: · Sometimes in Phys. Ed. we're allowed to go on the trampolines.· How many times a week do you have P.E.? a type of person or thing► type/kind/sort a group of things or people that are similar to each other in some way, or a thing or person that belongs to such a group. Kind and sort are more common than type in spoken English. Use type when you are talking about technical subjects or when you are describing something in an exact way: · I'll get you some ice-cream. What kind would you like?type/kind/sort of: · The floor was made of three different types of wood.· What sort of fish is this?· "What type of music do you like?" "Mainly dance music and some indie."· She's the kind of person you can always rely on.· There are two sorts of politician - the ones who really want to help people, and the ones who just want power.of this/that type etc: · Accidents of this type are extremely common.· It's a club for writers and actors and people of that sort.of various/many/different types etc: · They export farming machinery and tools of various kinds. ► style a particular type of building, art, literature, music etc: · The new library is a blend of various architectural styles.style of: · a completely new style of painting ► category a group that people or things of the same type are divided into for a particular purpose - use this when there are several groups and there is a clear system for deciding which group something belongs to: · Emma Thompson won an Oscar in the Best Actress category.· The novels are divided up into three categories: historical, romantic, and crime.category of: · Insurance companies identify six main categories of driver. ► class a number of people or things that are considered as being of the same group because they have the same physical features, qualities etc: class of: · French is one of a class of languages known as the Romance languages.· Doctors are reluctant to prescribe a new class of drugs, especially ones which need to be taken for long periods of time. ► variety a type of thing that is different from another similar type: variety of: · The French make many varieties of cheese, from both cows' and goats' milk.· At that time, all newsreaders spoke a variety of English spoken in southern England, known as Received Pronunciation. ► genre formal a type of literature, film, or work of art: · Science fiction as a genre is relatively new.· Italian filmmakers made their own versions of the classic Hollywood genres - the western, the gangster film, the musical. ► form a form of something is one type of it of all the ones that are possible: form of: · Melanoma is a form of skin cancer.· Britain has a constitutional form of government.· Sugar in chocolate and other forms of confectionery is one of the major causes of tooth decay. ► nature a particular type of thing: of a political/historical/technical/scientific/sexual nature : · The support being given is primarily of a practical nature.· books of an erotic natureof a different/similar nature: · On the plains the farmers have to deal with frequent floods, but up in the hills their problems are of a different nature. of that nature: · Children at this age commonly refer to being eaten up by tigers and lions and things of that nature.be in the nature of something (=to be like something): · The cruise was to be in the nature of a "rest cure". ► of that/his/their etc ilk of that type, his type etc - use this especially about types that you do not like or respect: · Environmentalists, feminists, and others of that ilk regularly try to drive shows like this off the air.· Desserts ($5) were of the tiramisu, crème brûlée, chocolate torte ilk. ► like this/like that especially spoken of the type that you have just been talking about: · The children need new pens and pencils and things like that.· People like that really annoy me.· I'm not sure what to do. I've never been in a situation like this before. WORD SETS► Biology aerobic, adjectiveafterbirth, nounalgae, nounalimentary canal, nounamber, nounameba, nounamino acid, nounamoeba, nounanaconda, nounanaerobic, adjectiveandrogynous, adjectiveantibody, nounantigen, nounantitoxin, nounappendage, nounarm, nounarmour, nounasexual, adjectiveassimilation, nounatrophy, verbaviary, nounbacteria, nounbacteriology, nounbarnacle, nounbile, nounbinocular vision, nounbio-, prefixbiochemistry, nounbiodegradable, adjectivebiodiversity, nounbiohazard, nounbiological, adjectivebiological clock, nounbiology, nounbiomass, nounbiome, nounbiosphere, nounblind, nounbrain, nounbreathe, verbbreed, verbbreed, nounbreeding, nounbristle, nounbulb, nouncapsule, nouncarbohydrate, nouncarbon dioxide, nouncarnivore, nouncell, nouncellular, adjectivecellulose, nouncentral nervous system, nouncervical, adjectivecholesterol, nounchromosome, nouncirculation, nouncirculatory, adjectiveclass, nounclone, nouncold-blooded, adjectiveconceive, verbconch, nounconnective tissue, nouncopulate, verbcoral reef, nouncornea, nouncoronary, adjectivecorpuscle, nouncortex, nouncortisone, nouncowrie, nouncrab, nouncrawfish, nouncrayfish, nouncreature, nouncross, verbcrossbreed, nounculture, nouncytoplasm, noundecay, verbdecay, noundecompose, verbdefecate, verbdenizen, noundextrose, noundiaphragm, noundigest, verbdigestion, noundigestive, adjectiveDNA, noundorsal, adjectivedry rot, nounduct, noundwarf, noundwarf, adjectiveecological, adjectiveecology, nounecosystem, nounegg, nounejaculate, verbembryo, nounembryonic, adjectiveenzyme, nounepidermis, nounevolution, nounevolutionary, adjectiveexcrement, nounexcrescence, nounexcrete, verbexcretion, nounexhale, verbexoskeleton, nounextinction, nounfaeces, nounfamily, nounfang, nounfat, nounfatty acid, nounfauna, nounfeces, nounfeed, verbfemale, adjectivefemale, nounferment, verbferment, nounfertile, adjectivefertility, nounfertilize, verbfission, nounflank, nounflatulence, nounflesh, nounfleshy, adjectiveflightless, adjectiveflora, nounfoetal, adjectivefoetus, nounfoliage, nounfossil, nounfreak, nounfreshwater, adjectivefructose, noungamete, nounganglion, noungene, noungene pool, noungenera, genetic, adjectivegenetic code, noungenetic engineering, noungenetic fingerprinting, noungenetics, noungenome, noungenus, noungestation, noungland, nounglandular, adjectiveglucose, noungluten, noungonad, noungrass snake, noungrow, verbgrowth, nounhabitat, nounhaemoglobin, nounhearing, nounheart, nounhemisphere, nounherbivore, nounhereditary, adjectiveheredity, nounhermaphrodite, nounhibernate, verbhistamine, nounhoming, adjectivehormone, nounhost, nounimpregnate, verbimpulse, nounincubate, verbindigenous, adjectiveinfected, adjectiveinfertile, adjectiveinfest, verbingest, verbinhale, verbinseminate, verbinsensate, adjectiveinsulin, nounintegument, nounintercourse, nouninterferon, nounintestine, nouninvertebrate, nouninvoluntary, adjectiveiris, nounjaw, nounjelly, nounkidney, nounkrill, nounlactate, verblactation, nounlactic acid, nounleech, nounleg, nounlesser, adjectivelichen, nounlife, nounlife cycle, nounlife form, nounligament, nounlimb, nounlimpet, nounlipid, nounliver, nounliving fossil, nounlocomotion, nounlymph, nounlymph node, nounmale, adjectivemale, nounmammal, nounmandible, nounmate, nounmate, verbmembrane, nounmetabolism, nounmetabolize, verbmetamorphosis, nounmicrobe, nounmicrobiology, nounmicroorganism, nounmicroscopic, adjectivemigrate, verbmigratory, adjectivemiscarriage, nounmolar, nounmorphology, nounmotor, adjectivemould, nounmouth, nounmucous membrane, nounmucus, nounmulticellular, adjectivemuscle, nounmuscular, adjectivemutant, nounmutate, verbmutation, nounnatural history, nounnatural selection, nounnature, nounneck, nounnectar, nounnerve, nounnervous, adjectivenervous system, nounneural, adjectiveneuro-, prefixneurology, nounnode, nounnose, nounnostril, nounnucleic acid, nounnucleus, nounnutrient, nounnutriment, nounoesophagus, nounoestrogen, nounolfactory, adjectiveoptic, adjectiveorgan, nounorganic, adjectiveorganic chemistry, nounorganism, nounorifice, nounossify, verbosteo-, prefixoutgrowth, nounova, ovary, nounoverwinter, verboviduct, nounoviparous, adjectiveovulate, verbovum, nounparasite, nounpathogen, nounpedigree, nounpelvic, adjectivepelvis, nounpenile, adjectivepenis, nounpepsin, nounperiod, nounperspiration, nounperspire, verbphotosynthesis, nounphylum, nounpigment, nounpigmentation, nounplankton, nounplasma, nounpollinate, verbpostnatal, adjectivepregnancy, nounpregnant, adjectivepremature, adjectiveprenatal, adjectiveproduct, nounproliferation, nounpropagate, verbprotein, nounprotoplasm, nounprotozoan, nounpuberty, nounpulmonary, adjectivepulp, nounpulsation, nounputrefy, verbputrid, adjectivered blood cell, nounregurgitate, verbrenal, adjectivereproduce, verbreproduction, nounreproductive, adjectiverespiration, nounrespiratory, adjectiverespire, verbretina, nounroot, nounrot, verbrot, nounruff, nounsac, nounsaliva, nounsalivary gland, nounsalivate, verbsaltwater, adjectivescale, nounscallop, nounscaly, adjectivesebaceous, adjectivesecrete, verbsecretion, nounsemen, nounsense organ, nounsensory, adjectiveserum, nounsex, nounsex, verbsexless, adjectivesexual intercourse, nounsheath, nounshell, nounsibling, nounskeletal, adjectiveskeleton, nounskin, nounskull, nounspasm, nounspasmodic, adjectivespecies, nounspecimen, nounsperm, nounspiderweb, nounspinal cord, nounspine, nounspineless, adjectivestarch, nounstem cell, nounstimulate, verbstimulus, nounstrain, nounsubject, nounsubspecies, nounsucker, nounsucrose, nounsweat, verbsweat, nounsweat gland, nounsymbiosis, nounsystemic, adjectivetail, nountaxonomy, nounteeth, testosterone, nountest-tube baby, nountissue, nountrachea, nountube, noununicellular, adjectiveurethra, nounuric, adjectiveurinate, verburine, nounvariety, nounvector, nounvein, nounvenom, nounvenomous, adjectiveventricle, nounvertebra, nounvertebrate, nounvivisection, nounwarm-blooded, adjectivewean, verbwildlife, nounwindpipe, nounyolk, noun Collocations COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRY Meaning 1adjectives► social class · Is there a link between crime and social class? ► the working/lower class · At this time most of the working class was very poor. ► the middle class · A new middle class emerged after the war. ► the upper class · Members of the upper class didn’t have to work. ► the ruling class (=the people in power)· For a long time, French was the language of the ruling class. ► the professional class (=the people with professional jobs)· Doctors, lawyers, and teachers are all members of the professional class. ► the landowning/landed class (=the people who own land)· This imposition of taxes angered the landed classes. ► the educated class · The educated classes shared certain values and experiences. ► the privileged class (=people with advantages because of their wealth, social position etc)· Holidays abroad used to be only for the rich and privileged classes. verbs► belong to a class · Like you, I belong to the working class. ► be a member of a class · I suppose I’m a member of the middle class. class + NOUN► a class system/structure (=a social system that has classes)· He felt he was a victim of the class system. ► a class division · Nowadays, class divisions are related to economic status. ► class differences (=differences that exist because of your class)· There are noticeable class differences in family size. ► the class struggle/war (=disagreement or fighting between different classes)· the class struggle between workers and capitalists ► class conflict · This is the basis of class conflict in capitalist society. ► class consciousness (=being aware of what class people belong to)· There is a high level of class consciousness among the workers. Meanings 3 & 4ADJECTIVES/NOUN + class► a French/geography/history etc class · I have a history class at nine o'clock today. ► an evening class · Mum goes to an evening class on Tuesdays. ► a beginners’/elementary/intermediate/advanced class (=teaching different levels of a subject)· An advanced class might be available. verbs► go to/attend a class · I’ve got to go to a science class now. ► attend class (=go to classes regularly)· You can’t pass your exams if you don’t attend class. ► take a class (=go to classes as a student)· I’m taking some art classes at the moment. ► teach a class · One of the other teachers was ill so I taught her class. ► miss a class (=not go to one)· Students who miss classes get behind with their work. ► be late for class · David was late for class again. ► have a class especially American English (=as a student or teacher)· What classes do you have this morning? ► hold a class (=provide a class)· Evening classes are held in the local school. COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► an upper-class/middle-class/working-class accent · Sebastian spoke with an upper-class accent. ► add a touch of glamour/class (to something)  Champagne always adds a touch of glamour to the occasion. ► antenatal classes  Many young mothers do not attend antenatal classes. ► a middle-class/working-class etc area (=where a particular class of people live)· She was born in a working-class area of London. ► class background · Class background is an important factor in the level of schooling achieved. ► a working-class/middle-class background · I came from a very poor working-class background. ► cultural/racial/class barriers · Sport is a sure way to break down racial barriers. ► class clown (=someone in a school class who behaves in a funny or silly way) ► first-class compartment  a first-class compartment ► class conscious (=concerned about what class of society people come from)· In the past, people were much more class conscious. ► a cookery class/lesson · I had basic cookery lessons at school. ► a first-class/second-class/third-class degree (=the level at which you pass a degree at a British university)· She was awarded a first-class degree. ► class differences (=between different classes of society)· People’s answers to the questions showed clear class differences. ► racial/class/gender etc division  The old class divisions had begun to break down. ► an exercise class · I usually go to my exercise class on Wednesdays. ► first-class stamp/mail/post etc ► first-class passenger/seat/compartment etc ► first/second/third class honours degree ► class inequality (=inequality between social classes)· Class inequality is firmly embedded in our society. ► class/team/work etc mate  Dad’s office mates are throwing a party for him. ► has middle class · Brazil’s middle class has grown in number. ► have middle class · Brazil’s middle class have grown in number. ► a working-class/middle-class occupation · Teaching is regarded as a middle-class occupation.· Working-class occupations may be divided into skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled. ► first-class post · The package arrived by first-class post. ► second-class post · Items sent by second-class post can take up to five days to arrive. ► class prejudice · Those old class prejudices haven’t gone away. ► repeat a class/grade/year (=do the same class at school again the following year) ► ruling class  A ruling class clearly existed. ► second-class citizens  Why should old people be treated like second-class citizens? ► skip school/class especially American English He skipped chemistry class three times last month. ► class structure (=the way society is organized according to people’s education, jobs, income etc)· Britain had a very rigid class structure. ► a middle-class upbringing · She had a comfortable middle-class upbringing. ► doesn’t upper class · The upper class doesn’t want the system to change. ► don’t upper class · The upper class don’t want the system to change. ► has working class · The working class has suffered a lot. ► have working class · The working class have suffered a lot. COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADJECTIVE► high · Apogee have made an entry into the educational market with this first high class educational game.· One day I changed from second class to high class.· Eventually they were replaced, moved to higher classes, or learned Hausa.· Ellsworth had graduated seventh in a high school class of 400.· Are they both unskilled workers or is she in a higher class than her husband?· In my high school class, only 4 of us survived.· Food for higher classes is increasingly split between the two fractions of the dominant class.· This is high class, incredible tasting stuff. ► low · By the end of the nineteenth century the lower middle classes were actually seen as the bulwark of respectability.· In college he loved a young girl of a lower class and ruined her; she died a suicide.· Black immigrants to Britain in the 1960s were in the lowest housing class.· Ultimately, in an episode of the class war, a lower class succeeds in overthrowing the highest class.· Cost per pupil may be low because class sizes are high.· His wife died from being too lower class.· No way was found to rally or organize the urban lower middle classes.· Some historians now view it as an attempt by the state to exercise more effective though subtle control over the lower classes. ► middle · This is obviously not the case in Britain, where the ideology of the white middle classes dominates.· The middle class had formed no independent standards of honor.· The middle class found this hard to understand.· And in this regard there is no doubt that the middle classes of the emerging world have an edge.· First, it failed because it did not benefit the poor as much as it did the middle classes.· They were better than middle class.· The restitution was described by Klaus as accelerating the re-establishment of a property-owning entrepreneurial middle class.· According to this conventional wisdom, the middle class and the poor think the rich should pay a heavy share. ► professional · Of graduates, more than 80% have ended up in the professional and managerial classes.· Recruited from the artisan and professional classes, this group did not stay.· Consistently, those elderly from the professional and managerial classes experience better health than their contemporaries from the manual occupation groups.· His methods had an appeal among the wealthy, professional classes who made up the congregation.· He was served by a professional class of Ottoman civil servants and soldiers.· It also attracts many from the middle or professional classes who have a commitment to social and economic justice.· The older and more substantial houses were occupied by the professional and commercial classes.· Among women of the professional classes especially, individual men are still the focus of potent fantasies. ► ruling · Read the extract on p. 16 concerning the ruling class.· He argues that capitalist societies remain polarized between two main classes: the ruling class and the working class.· Marx maintained that in all class societies, the ruling class exploits and oppresses the subject class.· However, Marx believed that ruling class ideology could only slow down the disintegration of the system.· How the bureaucracy relates to the ruling class is more than a matter of origins.· This cast of mind is easily recognizable as the outlook of the traditional ruling class.· The subject class is made up of the majority of the population whereas the ruling or dominant class forms a minority.· Some members of the ruling class have transferred property to relatives and friends to avoid death duties. ► social · There are no social class differences.· People used to think that you could work only at those occupations your family or social class were supposed to do.· The motive behind much late nineteenth-century visiting was to put the social classes back in touch with one another.· There were no differences in the use of services by the social class of the older people.· There are, however, no reliable statistics relating to social class and illness over the years.· The passage which opens this chapter is an instance of a satirist attacking a higher social class.· When the authors looked at the proportion of the community experiencing vulnerability factors, important social class differences emerged.· Once thought of as a disorder of upper social classes, it now seems to be well represented across the socioeconomic spectrum. ► top · Being in the business the longest, we know the importance of providing a top class service.· How can we attract players to the sport if a top class player is advocating potentially dangerous play?· Stewart rates Gascoigne and Beardsley as the top class acts of the hundreds he appeared with at club level.· I think that a horse has to be a minimum of 7/8 bred now to become a top class event horse.· There's also a superb tennis centre where top class coaches can help you to club championship winning form.· You are still top of the class, aren't you?· Organised by the Eastern Sporting Sidecar Association, the first of 12 scheduled meetings this year has attracted a top class entry. ► upper · They could both accept that the upper class should be defined, first and foremost, by its possession of productive capital.· But the magazine also reflected the snobberies and prejudices of the upper classes.· Although development is taking place it is mainly benefitting the middle and upper class communities.· He does not though, claim that the upper classes are all-powerful.· Like Margarett, he was a child of the upper class who had declared himself an artist.· In the upper classes women often remained unmarried because their families could not provide sufficient dowries. ► working · For Marx and Engels the working class had nothing to lose but their chains of false consciousness.· The dominant class, the capitalists, own and control the means of production and thereby exploit the subordinate working class.· Most central city schools serve primarily poor, working class and minority students.· These later attenders tended to be women who were younger, single, working class.· He posed the question: how do working class kids get working class jobs?· Having established a good working relationship with classes the new teacher may well be able to adopt a freer design with confidence.· The party leadership presumably wants working class unity in the North.· Put it the other way round, what incentives have the police or the white working class got not to be racist? NOUN► action · The only ultimately effective way the worker can resist is through collective class action to overthrow the capitalist mode of production.· The lawsuit later became a class action, representing about 1, 400 current and former black Texaco employees.· Their long-term destiny lies in united working class action and the rejection of other forms of understanding.· A class action can drive you crazy.· A settlement is pending in a recent class action suit against Greyhound.· Sucharow, which represented some of the investors in the class action. ► business · The business class and the establishment are not totally closed to outsiders.· While at Stanford law school, she took a business class on entrepreneurship.· The planes have 174 seats - 14 for first class, 30 for business class and 130 economy.· Flying economy class can kill you, and business class isn't much better.· All the while relaxing in one of the biggest business class seats in the business.· The core of the business class makes the important decisions about planning for the future.· Managers below the chief executive level are distinct from the business class itself. ► consciousness · At this stage its members have class consciousness and class solidarity.· There is no trace of conceit, arrogance or class consciousness about her.· There has, therefore, been little chance in the past for a political growth of class consciousness among subordinate groups.· This separate class consciousness he endeavored to dispel.· They also encourage the development of false class consciousness.· This pattern is confirmed by analyses of the process underlying the development of class consciousness among workers.· Low levels of class consciousness are exacerbated by clientelism, which links the peasant through personal relationships to some one in another class.· Union commitment grew, in some cases, from pre-existing class consciousness. ► difference · There are no social class differences.· Highlighting class differences to emphasize his own down-to-earth roots is nothing new to Dole.· However, there were also marked class differences.· There were some clear social class differences in their answers.· On the other hand, what older people have in common is in some ways more striking than the class differences between them.· Social class differences in fertility are little evident in women who marry between ages 25 to 29.· Then it seemed that class differences were an insurmountable barrier, but this too was not the only answer. ► division · But its impact on class inequality ... is to sharpen class division.· Robert Reich and James Fallows are two of the best writers who worry over the new class division in the country.· Status groups can also cut across class divisions.· What has then happened is a class division, of a stable and organized kind, within cultural production.· Amongst themselves the Zuwaya did not divide into classes, nor did any inter-tribal division mark a class division.· They might have to deal directly with the country's ethnic and class divisions.· They claim that the private ownership of capital provides the key to explaining class divisions.· Conflicts which do not appear directly related to class divisions are no minor anomalies. ► evening · A popular weekly evening class is the Access Course, which is designed for those considering higher education.· On the downside, college evening classes cost a bundle.· However, the same rule applies to evening classes as to joining clubs - it must be a subject that really interests you.· Its main function was teaching, through evening classes.· Timetable: Morning, afternoon and evening classes.· Many girls worked in minor clerical jobs and were encouraged to learn shorthand and typing skills at evening classes.· A fancy thought popped into his mind then, handed to him by the tutor of his evening class. ► member · Please do your best to encourage your class members to come along.· Please collect counterfoils and money from your class members and send to Joan Daniels as soon as possible.· It is possible for teachers and/or class members to attend individual sessions which are taken by different people each week.· It would be necessary to bring along some class members - a fee will be paid.· It is very helpful if the renewal cards can be used, so please take the opportunity to remind all class members.· Please publicise these days to your class members.· Please be on the look-out for talented class members ... especially young ones! 6.· Please encourage class members, their photographic friends and relatives or anyone else wishing to snap subject matter in class. ► structure · Weber strongly criticized Marx's attempt to explain all social cleavages as the product of economically based class structures and struggles.· In contrast, where class structures are less developed - both economically and culturally - the political institutions may be inherently weak.· This can be assessed by linking class structure to income distribution figures.· Meanwhile, other areas of the class structure are much less open.· However, the structure of employment is crucial for class structure.· In class structure grammar these form a class.· In giving most people middle-class aspirations it tried to rid the nation of its old-fashioned class structure.· The growth in their numbers this century has led to a longstanding debate about their position in the class structure. ► struggle · This was followed by intervention, by an ... intensification of the class struggle, which assumed the form of civil war.· The class approach centers on the examination of the tactics of class domination and the dynamics of the class struggle.· This does not, of course, mean that Marx avoided the problems of class and the class struggle.· Equality in poverty might mean civil population contentment whereas glaring inequalities sow the seeds of a class struggle or revolution.· Concessions which judges make to workers at one moment in the class struggle may be removed at another.· Class and social change Class struggle Marx believed that the class struggle was the driving force of social change.· The first part of his answer appeals to the class struggle.· This romance is duly mirrored in working-class politics - miners are the Clark Gables, the Reds of class struggle. ► system · It adds to our reputation as an island still constricted by an ossified class system.· Many criminal actions appear to offer little threat to the capitalist class system.· The class system is all but dead.· Outwardly Britain may have appeared stable; the class system and its accompanying distribution of wealth remained largely unchallenged.· So he picked the one profession that would work around the class system.· Marxist feminism is rather more complicated in that it sees the oppression of women as inextricably linked to the class system.· The teddy bear knows no class system ... and acknowledges no international borders. ► world · Now the approach is expanding to include world class quality service.· He became world class by converting opportunity into performance.· Unless we get a WORLD class player ... like a younger Gullit, or maybe Ndlove ... I m seriously disillusioned.· He made at least 5 WORLD class saves, the best to deny Noel Whelan.· Seaman should have saved the first goal, but did make a two world class saves against Berkamp and Rikaard.· This will provide a world class source of environmental consultancy and technical services.· This summer he should break through the 8,000 points mark into truly world class territory. VERB► attend · Sarah and Theodore are attending a literacy class, taught in a shut-down factory, in the nearby city of Le6n.· Many attend classes in, or actually teach, another type of movement; in Norfolk.· He never attended classes and never left his ten-hours-a-day, six-days-a-week job at Midvale.· Soon Horton was told that Alvin was attending classes at last and that the boy might even be gifted.· I used to attend his classes when I was in high school and that was very, very beneficial.· Those activities could include attending a literacy program, doing volunteer work, or attending parenting classes. ► teach · In the winter women went to Radcliffe, where Harvard professors taught them in special classes.· Katherine Mansfield is held to be a great writer in the States and taught in their college classes.· I taught a Sunday school class and sang in the church choir, whose members included soldiers stationed at nearby bases.· A continuing programme to investigate, evaluate, and disseminate best practice information on teaching large classes has also been developed.· He taught no high-level classes in black studies; the department, in fact, had no such classes.· I remember teaching a class of social workers who had once received some lectures on Freud.· Father Henry taught catechism to some classes and was, in effect, the priest in the convent chapel. Phrases PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES► the chattering classes Hamlet re-visited, or Art aspiring to the condition of group therapy for the chattering classes? No ordinary person wants them any more, though they will for years to come provide talking points for the chattering classes. The chattering classes of Blackheath may find his food digestible enough, but my cellmate Paul was flabbergasted. ► second-class citizen But they remained second-class citizens as the Service restocked itself with young men of the right background from Oxford and Cambridge. Here we are, second-class citizens in our own country. One danger of treating all crime as sickness is that it makes the criminal a second-class citizen. Private car-owners have become second-class citizens. Some speak resentfully of a takeover by the Wessis, with themselves marked out for the role of second-class citizens. They want to treat all Arabs as slaves and second-class citizens. We did not have a chance to mingle with Okinawansthey were considered second-class citizens. Women were very definitely second-class citizens. ► cut class/school She started cutting classes and fighting with her teachers and parents. But Democratic legislators say the tax cut would cut school funding by more than $ 3 billion. The conference also approved resolutions to cut class sizes and protect teachers from undue stress. ► infant school/teacher/class etc Ah, but here was a job: the infant teacher was called away for half an hour. An infant school built in 1840 served both Seaton and Sigglesthorne. At this time Syeduz was nearly six and in his second term in the infant school. Children attended infant school until they were seven. Read in studio An infant school has reopened after being severely damaged by arsonists. The limit for first-year infants classes will be 27 and for classes of children of mixed ages, 24. This infant school was sometimes part of a junior school which catered for seven to eleven year olds. ► labouring class/family etc Although in other poems Leapor shows that labouring class women can be desperately unhappy in marriage, she is not unequivocal. Day schooling was received by only a minority of children from the labouring classes, in some parishes a very tiny one. Even 2 out of every 3 farm labouring families stayed put and overall 3 out of every 4 households remained virtually the same. For the most part, however, the labouring classes did not move very far. His poetry often depicts labouring class life vividly. Relatively little attention has been paid to the origins of labouring class poetry. Stephen Duck, however, is not the first instance of a labouring class poet in the eighteenth century. The claims made for these poems, however, reveal some of the difficulties in a discussion of labouring class poetry. ► peculiarly British/female/middle-class etc Cellulite is a peculiarly female problem in which the hormone oestrogen plays a part. ► remedial course/class/teacher etc About one quarter of entering college students now take at least one remedial course. Middle-class children thus tend to fill the honors and advanced-placement classes while poor children take the general and remedial classes. Most of these students take remedial classes in all three fields. People were appointed to co-ordinate the work of remedial teachers in schools. Some run efficient remedial courses, which could surely be used for youngsters who had taken a broader sixth-form course. The Association has branches throughout the country that provide information and hold remedial classes. Their placement in a remedial course confirmed their suspicions. These students traverse course after remedial course, becoming increasingly turned off to writing, increasingly convinced that they are hopelessly inadequate. ► second-class ticket/fare/compartment/cabin etc I wanted two second-class tickets to Coimbra. ► second-class mail/post/stamp etc First-class and second-class mail should be put through the machine on separate runs. The quantity relative for second-class stamps is 140.0, indicating an increase in numbers bought of 40%. ► the black/Jewish/middle-class etc vote Another astute electoral move helped to win 70% of the black vote for Kennedy. Ashcroft also addressed concerns raised about allegations of voter intimidation and other problems in Florida that may have depressed the black vote. Christie Whitman got 25 percent of the black vote in New Jersey. George Allen received 22 percent of the black vote. One of the keys to the Republican victory was the black vote. Q: Can the Democratic Party afford to take the black vote for granted? The drop in the black vote was estimated to be more than one hundred thousand. 1social group a)[countable] one of the groups in a society that different types of people are divided into according to their jobs, income, education etc:  a member of the landed class (=people who own land) → lower class, middle class, upper class, working class, → the chattering classes at chatter1(4) b)[uncountable] the system in which people are divided into these groups:  Defining the concept of class is not an easy task. The class system is slowly disappearing.2students [countable] a)a group of students who are taught together → classmatein a class We’re in the same class for chemistry. Gary came top of the class in English. My class are going to the science museum. b)American English a group of students who finished studying together in the same year → classmate:  a class reunionthe class of 1965/2001 etc (=the group of students who finished in 1965 etc) The class of '69 spent almost as much time protesting as learning.GRAMMAR: Singular or plural verb?• Class is usually followed by a singular verb: · The class was working on some maths problems.• In British English, you can also use a plural verb: · The class were working on some maths problems.Grammar guide ‒ NOUNS3teaching period [countable, uncountable] a period of time during which someone teaches a group of people, especially in a school SYN lesson British English:  I missed Bible class last week.in class (=during the class) No talking in class! He was injured in a science class.4studying [countable] a series of classes in a particular subject SYN course British Englishclass in a class in photography at night school a dance class Cindy’s taking a class on dealing with stress.5same type of something [countable] a group of people, animals, or things that are considered together because they are similar in some wayclass of Have you passed a test for this class of vehicle?6train/aircraft etc [countable usually singular] one of the different standards of seats, food etc available on a train, aircraft etcfirst/business/tourist etc class We always travel first class.7quality [countable] a group into which people or things are divided according to their quality or abilitiesnicer/better etc class of something The port now attracts a wealthier class of visitor.in a class of its own/in a different class (=better than everything else) Its sheer versatility puts this computer in a different class. He’s not in the same class (=not as good) as her at tennis.8style/skill [uncountable] informal a high level of style or skill in something → classyhave/show class The team showed real class in this afternoon’s match. A fountain will give your garden a touch of class.class player/actress etca class act informal (=someone who is skilful, attractive etc) Laughton is a class act who’s proved his worth in the game. → high-class, low-class9university degree [countable] British English one of the three levels of a university degree:  a second class degreeCOLLOCATIONS– Meaning 1adjectivessocial class· Is there a link between crime and social class?the working/lower class· At this time most of the working class was very poor.the middle class· A new middle class emerged after the war.the upper class· Members of the upper class didn’t have to work.the ruling class (=the people in power)· For a long time, French was the language of the ruling class.the professional class (=the people with professional jobs)· Doctors, lawyers, and teachers are all members of the professional class.the landowning/landed class (=the people who own land)· This imposition of taxes angered the landed classes.the educated class· The educated classes shared certain values and experiences.the privileged class (=people with advantages because of their wealth, social position etc)· Holidays abroad used to be only for the rich and privileged classes.verbsbelong to a class· Like you, I belong to the working class.be a member of a class· I suppose I’m a member of the middle class.class + NOUNa class system/structure (=a social system that has classes)· He felt he was a victim of the class system.a class division· Nowadays, class divisions are related to economic status.class differences (=differences that exist because of your class)· There are noticeable class differences in family size.the class struggle/war (=disagreement or fighting between different classes)· the class struggle between workers and capitalistsclass conflict· This is the basis of class conflict in capitalist society.class consciousness (=being aware of what class people belong to)· There is a high level of class consciousness among the workers.COLLOCATIONS– Meanings 3 & 4ADJECTIVES/NOUN + classa French/geography/history etc class· I have a history class at nine o'clock today.an evening class· Mum goes to an evening class on Tuesdays.a beginners’/elementary/intermediate/advanced class (=teaching different levels of a subject)· An advanced class might be available.verbsgo to/attend a class· I’ve got to go to a science class now.attend class (=go to classes regularly)· You can’t pass your exams if you don’t attend class.take a class (=go to classes as a student)· I’m taking some art classes at the moment.teach a class· One of the other teachers was ill so I taught her class.miss a class (=not go to one)· Students who miss classes get behind with their work.be late for class· David was late for class again.have a class especially American English (=as a student or teacher)· What classes do you have this morning?hold a class (=provide a class)· Evening classes are held in the local school.THESAURUSclass a group of students or schoolchildren who are taught together: · There are twenty kids in the class.· She gets along well with the other children in her class.· I’m going out with some friends from my dance class.· 'I graduated in 1999.' 'What class were you in?'background the type of home and family you come from, and its social class: · The school takes kids from all sorts of backgrounds.· We come from the same town and share a similar background.working-class/middle-class etc background: · The organization helps children from working-class backgrounds to go to university.middle-class belonging to the class of people who are usually well educated, fairly rich, and who work in jobs which they have trained to do. For example, doctors, lawyers, and managers are middle-class: · The newspaper’s readers are mostly middle class.· They live in a middle-class neighbourhood on the edge of town.white-collar someone who works in an office, not a factory, mine etc: white-collar worker/job/employee: · The economic recession has put many white-collar workers in danger of losing their jobs.working-class belonging to the class of people who do not have much money or power, and who have jobs where they do physical work. For example, factory workers, builders, and drivers are working-class: · Most of the people who live round here are working class.· I come from a working-class family – I’m the first one to graduate from college.blue-collar someone who does physical work, for example in a factory or a mine, and does not work in an office: blue-collar worker/job/employee: · His political support comes mainly from blue-collar workers.upper-class belonging to the class of people who originally had most of the money and power, especially families that own a lot of land: · Most senior politicians in the UK are from upper-class families.· He spoke with an upper-class accent.underclass the lowest social class, who are very poor and may not have jobs, homes etc: · The government has created an underclass who do not feel they have any rights in society. class1 nounclass2 verb classclass2 ●●○ verb [transitive] Verb Table VERB TABLE class Simple Form Present I, you, we, they class he, she, it classes Past I, you, he, she, it, we, they classed Present perfect I, you, we, they have classed he, she, it has classed Past perfect I, you, he, she, it, we, they had classed Future I, you, he, she, it, we, they will class Future perfect I, you, he, she, it, we, they will have classed Continuous Form Present I am classing he, she, it is classing you, we, they are classing Past I, he, she, it was classing you, we, they were classing Present perfect I, you, we, they have been classing he, she, it has been classing Past perfect I, you, he, she, it, we, they had been classing Future I, you, he, she, it, we, they will be classing Future perfect I, you, he, she, it, we, they will have been classing Examples EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES This prison houses the most dangerous criminals in Britain, those classed as "category A'. EXAMPLES FROM THE CORPUS Respondent: No I wouldn't, I wouldn't class them as being Northumbrians. Thesaurus Longman Language Activatora group of students in a school, college etc► class a group of students or schoolchildren who are taught together: · There are twenty kids in the class.· She gets along well with the other children in her class.· I'm going out with some friends from my dance class.· I graduated in 1999. What class were you in? ► grade a class or group of classes for children of a particular age in an American school: third/seventh/twelfth etc grade: · She's in the fifth grade.· I really liked my eighth grade math teacher.· The second grade class is doing a play about the Pilgrims. ► form a class or a group of classes for all the children of the same age in a British school for children between 11 and 18: · She's by far the brightest pupil in the form.third/fourth/fifth etc form: · I'm in the third form.· Mrs Davies took the fifth form to the science museum. ► year all the classes for children of a particular age in a British school or for students in a particular year of study at a British university: · He works a lot harder than most of the students in his year.third/fourth/fifth etc year: · There are 130 children in the second year.· I hated teaching the fifth year. They were always causing trouble. ► set a class for children with a particular level of ability in a British school: · She's in set one for maths and English and set two for history.· I was useless at school -- always in the bottom set in every subject.· We think you've improved sufficiently to go up to a higher set. ► freshman American someone who is in the first year at a high school or university: · We were only freshmen, so the older kids liked to pick on us.freshman class/year/course etc: · Chris remembers his freshman year at UCLA as if it were yesterday. ► sophomore American someone who is in the second year at a high school or university: · This class is mainly for freshmen and sophomores.sophomore class/year etc: · George dropped out of college his sophomore year. ► junior American someone who is in the third year at a high school or university: · a junior at NYUjunior class/year etc: · Donna spent spring semester of her junior year in Paris. ► senior American someone who is in the fourth and final year at a high school or university: · I can't believe that Cari is a high school senior already.senior class/year etc: · The entire senior class took a trip to Disneyworld. the period of time during which a class is taught► class a period of time, usually about 30 minutes to one hour, in which a teacher teaches a group of students: · Heidi fainted during French class today!· Let's go - I have my first class in 10 minutes! ► lesson a period in which someone teaches one person or a group of people - use this especially about practical skills such as music, swimming, or driving, or in British English about a class in a school: · Dominic will be having his first driving lesson this Thursday.· She gives English lessons to business people in the evenings. ► period one of the periods of time that a school day is divided into: · At our school we have four periods in the morning and three in the afternoon.double period British (=one class which lasts for two periods): · On Monday mornings there was French, English, and then a double period of maths. ► session the period of time in which a particular subject or a particular area of a subject is taught, especially when this is one of a fixed number of classes: · We have 5 hours of English a week, including one session in the language laboratory. ► lecture a long talk on a subject, given by a teacher at a college or university, and listened to by a large number of students: lecture on: · a lecture on the causes of the Russian Revolutiongive a lecture: · Professor Blair is giving a series of lectures on Einstein's theories. ► seminar a class, usually at a college or university, where a teacher and small group of students discuss a subject: seminar on: · Every week we have a seminar on modern political theory. ► tutorial a regular class at a British college or university during which a teacher discusses a particular subject with one student or with a small group of students: · Small group tutorials are used to discuss problems which come up in lectures.· Oxford's one-to-one tutorials are an effective but also costly way of teaching. a series of lessons in one subject► course also class · Are you enjoying the course?course in/on · a course in music journalismlanguage/computer/history etc course/class · The college is offering three basic computer courses this year.take a course/classalso do a course British informal · She's taking a class in art history. someone's social class► class the social group that you belong to because of your job, the type of family you come from, or the amount of money you have: · Success in this country seems to be based on class rather than on ability.· the professional and managerial classesthe class system (=the system by which society is divided into classes): · The old class system is slowly disappearing.social class (=the class in society you come from): · There is a clear link between social class and educational achievement.class distinctions (=differences between social classes): · Some people argue that class distinctions do not exist in the U.S., but this is untrue. ► background the type of home and family you come from, and its social class: · The school takes kids from all sorts of backgrounds.· We come from the same town and share a similar background.working-class/middle-class etc background: · The organization helps children from working-class backgrounds to go to university. ► status someone's position in society, according to how much other people respect them, especially because of the kind of job they have: · Now that he was a bank manager, he wanted a car that would reflect his status.high/low status: · Many mothers feel that they have very low status in today's society.status symbol (=something that someone owns in order to show their high status): · The latest mobile phones have become status symbols among teenagers. ► caste a fixed division of people in society according to the family they are born into, especially within the Hindu religion: · In the south of India there are up to 20 different castes.caste system: · Buddha was a social reformer who condemned India's caste system. belonging to the highest class► upper-class belonging to the class of people who originally had most of the money and power, especially families that own a lot of land: · Most senior politicians in the UK are from upper-class families.· He spoke with an upper-class accent. ► aristocracy the people who belong to families that own a lot of land, and used to have a lot of power, and have special titles before their names, like 'Lord' or 'Lady' - used especially when you are talking about the past: the aristocracy: · Daughters of rich merchants would often marry into the aristocracy. ► privileged having a high position in society that has special, and usually unfair, advantages such as power, money and the best education: · In many countries today only a privileged minority get the chance of going to university. ► elite a small group of rich and powerful people who have special, unfair advantages that other people do not have: · The President has been accused of developing policies in favor of a small elite.· The sort of goods once reserved for the elite are now available to everyone. ► posh British spoken use this about someone who behaves and speaks in a way in which upper-class people usually behave or speak: · Will your posh university friends be coming tonight?posh school/hotel/restaurant etc (=one that is very expensive, that rich people go to): · She went to a posh girls' school in Switzerland. the middle class► middle-class belonging to the class of people who are usually well educated, fairly rich, and who work in jobs which they have trained to do. For example, doctors, lawyers, and managers are middle-class: · The newspaper's readers are mostly middle class.· They live in a middle-class neighbourhood on the edge of town. ► bourgeois typical of richer middle-class people and their attitudes or way of life, especially their concern with money, property, and correct social behaviour: · She rejected her parents' conventional bourgeois lifestyle.· They never married because they believed that marriage was a bourgeois institution. ► the bourgeoisie the class that owns most of the wealth, property, and industry - use this especially when you are talking about politics or history: · The poor viewed with envy the increasing wealth of the bourgeoisie.· A revolution would be a threat to the nation's bourgeoisie. ► white-collar : white-collar worker/job/employee someone who works in an office, not a factory, mine etc: · The economic recession has put many white-collar workers in danger of losing their jobs. the lowest class► working-class belonging to the class of people who do not have much money or power, and who have jobs where they do physical work. For example, factory workers, builders, and drivers are working-class: · Most of the people who live round here are working class.· I come from a working-class family - I'm the first one to graduate from college. ► lower-class an impolite word meaning belonging to the class that has less money, power, and education than anyone else: · It has been shown that children of lower-class parents are less likely to do well at school.· My mother's parents thought my father was terribly lower-class. ► the masses all the ordinary people in society who do not have power or influence, especially when they are thought of as not being very educated: · Television has brought cheap entertainment to the masses.· Lenin's position depended on the support of the masses. ► blue-collar : blue-collar worker/job/employee someone who does physical work, for example in a factory or a mine, and does not work in an office: · His political support comes mainly from blue-collar workers. ► humble : of (a) humble background/family/origins etc from a low social class and without much money, but often with a lot of determination to work hard and succeed: · The school had originally provided a good education for children of humble backgrounds.· Eisenhower, Nixon, and Ford were all men of humble origins and no inherited wealth. ► underclass the lowest social class, who are very poor and may not have jobs, homes etc: · The government has created an underclass who do not feel they have any rights in society. to move into a higher social class► move/go up in the world · Hillary was bright and ambitious and wanted to move up in the world.· Education, he believed, was the only way that anyone could move up in the world. ► upwardly mobile someone who is upwardly mobile is in the process of moving into a higher class, especially because they have a well-paid job: · a highly educated, upwardly mobile young woman· The dating agency specializes in finding partners for the young and upwardly mobile. ► social climber someone who wants very much to move into a higher social class, and tries to do this by becoming friendly with people who have more money and power than they do: · The new private schools cater for the children of social climbers rather than those of the old upper classes.· The hotel lobby was full of the usual hangers-on and social climbers. someone who thinks they are better than people from a lower social class► snobbish someone who is snobbish thinks that they are better than people from a lower social class: · Snobbish home-owners are protesting about a refugee family moving into their street.· Aunt Harriet was very rich and very snobbish. ► snob someone who thinks that they are better than people from a lower social class, and does not want to talk to them or be friends with them: · My mother was such a snob she wouldn't let me play with the local children.· They're just a bunch of snobs - you wouldn't want to be friends with them anyway. ► stuck-up informal proud and unfriendly because you think you are better and more important than other people: · Tanya is so stuck-up. She won't go out with anyone who went to a state college.· the spoiled, stuck-up daughter of a millionaire to put things or people into groups► sort to arrange a large number of things by putting them into groups, so that you can deal with each group separately: · It takes a couple of hours to sort the mail in the morning.sort something into something: · We sorted all the clothes into two piles - those to be kept, and those to be given away. · The rubbish has to be sorted into things that can be recycled and things that can'tsort something according to something: · The eggs are sorted according to size. ► categorize also categorise British to decide which group something should belong to, when there is a clear system of separate groups: · Communication involves a variety of behaviours which are difficult to categorise.categorize something according to something: · The hotels are categorized according to the standard of the rooms and services they offer.categorize into: · Words can be categorised into verbs, nouns, adjectives etc. · Animals are categorised into three types - carnivores, herbivores and omnivores.categorize something as something (=say which group it is in): · The store categorizes records from Asia and Africa as 'World Music'. ► classify to decide what group books, plants, animals etc belong to according to an official or scientific system: · Scientists have discovered a new type of butterfly which has not yet been classified.classify something as: · 43 countries are categorized as "low-income" by the World Bank.· Babies walking later than 18 months were classified as slow walkers. ► be grouped if people or things are grouped , they have been put into separate groups according to a system: be grouped according to: · The vehicles are grouped according to engine size.be grouped together: · Non-fiction books are grouped together under different subjects.be grouped into: · Most European languages can be grouped into two main families.group something into types/categories/classes etc: · The respondents were grouped into three categories - non-smokers, smokers, and ex-smokers. ► class to say that people or things belong to a particular group, especially according to an official system: class somebody/something as something: · This prison houses the most dangerous criminals in Britain, those classed as "category A'.· Heroin and cocaine are classed as hard drugs. ► grade to separate things such as food, drinks, or products into groups according to their quality: · All the fruit is taken to the warehouse where it is graded and packed.· One supermarket now grades its wines on a scale of 1 to 9, from driest to sweetest. Collocations COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► an upper-class/middle-class/working-class accent · Sebastian spoke with an upper-class accent. ► add a touch of glamour/class (to something)  Champagne always adds a touch of glamour to the occasion. ► antenatal classes  Many young mothers do not attend antenatal classes. ► a middle-class/working-class etc area (=where a particular class of people live)· She was born in a working-class area of London. ► class background · Class background is an important factor in the level of schooling achieved. ► a working-class/middle-class background · I came from a very poor working-class background. ► cultural/racial/class barriers · Sport is a sure way to break down racial barriers. ► class clown (=someone in a school class who behaves in a funny or silly way) ► first-class compartment  a first-class compartment ► class conscious (=concerned about what class of society people come from)· In the past, people were much more class conscious. ► a cookery class/lesson · I had basic cookery lessons at school. ► a first-class/second-class/third-class degree (=the level at which you pass a degree at a British university)· She was awarded a first-class degree. ► class differences (=between different classes of society)· People’s answers to the questions showed clear class differences. ► racial/class/gender etc division  The old class divisions had begun to break down. ► an exercise class · I usually go to my exercise class on Wednesdays. ► first-class stamp/mail/post etc ► first-class passenger/seat/compartment etc ► first/second/third class honours degree ► class inequality (=inequality between social classes)· Class inequality is firmly embedded in our society. ► class/team/work etc mate  Dad’s office mates are throwing a party for him. ► has middle class · Brazil’s middle class has grown in number. ► have middle class · Brazil’s middle class have grown in number. ► a working-class/middle-class occupation · Teaching is regarded as a middle-class occupation.· Working-class occupations may be divided into skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled. ► first-class post · The package arrived by first-class post. ► second-class post · Items sent by second-class post can take up to five days to arrive. ► class prejudice · Those old class prejudices haven’t gone away. ► repeat a class/grade/year (=do the same class at school again the following year) ► ruling class  A ruling class clearly existed. ► second-class citizens  Why should old people be treated like second-class citizens? ► skip school/class especially American English He skipped chemistry class three times last month. ► class structure (=the way society is organized according to people’s education, jobs, income etc)· Britain had a very rigid class structure. ► a middle-class upbringing · She had a comfortable middle-class upbringing. ► doesn’t upper class · The upper class doesn’t want the system to change. ► don’t upper class · The upper class don’t want the system to change. ► has working class · The working class has suffered a lot. ► have working class · The working class have suffered a lot. Phrases PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES► the chattering classes Hamlet re-visited, or Art aspiring to the condition of group therapy for the chattering classes? No ordinary person wants them any more, though they will for years to come provide talking points for the chattering classes. The chattering classes of Blackheath may find his food digestible enough, but my cellmate Paul was flabbergasted. ► second-class citizen But they remained second-class citizens as the Service restocked itself with young men of the right background from Oxford and Cambridge. Here we are, second-class citizens in our own country. One danger of treating all crime as sickness is that it makes the criminal a second-class citizen. Private car-owners have become second-class citizens. Some speak resentfully of a takeover by the Wessis, with themselves marked out for the role of second-class citizens. They want to treat all Arabs as slaves and second-class citizens. We did not have a chance to mingle with Okinawansthey were considered second-class citizens. Women were very definitely second-class citizens. ► cut class/school She started cutting classes and fighting with her teachers and parents. But Democratic legislators say the tax cut would cut school funding by more than $ 3 billion. The conference also approved resolutions to cut class sizes and protect teachers from undue stress. ► infant school/teacher/class etc Ah, but here was a job: the infant teacher was called away for half an hour. An infant school built in 1840 served both Seaton and Sigglesthorne. At this time Syeduz was nearly six and in his second term in the infant school. Children attended infant school until they were seven. Read in studio An infant school has reopened after being severely damaged by arsonists. The limit for first-year infants classes will be 27 and for classes of children of mixed ages, 24. This infant school was sometimes part of a junior school which catered for seven to eleven year olds. ► labouring class/family etc Although in other poems Leapor shows that labouring class women can be desperately unhappy in marriage, she is not unequivocal. Day schooling was received by only a minority of children from the labouring classes, in some parishes a very tiny one. Even 2 out of every 3 farm labouring families stayed put and overall 3 out of every 4 households remained virtually the same. For the most part, however, the labouring classes did not move very far. His poetry often depicts labouring class life vividly. Relatively little attention has been paid to the origins of labouring class poetry. Stephen Duck, however, is not the first instance of a labouring class poet in the eighteenth century. The claims made for these poems, however, reveal some of the difficulties in a discussion of labouring class poetry. ► peculiarly British/female/middle-class etc Cellulite is a peculiarly female problem in which the hormone oestrogen plays a part. ► remedial course/class/teacher etc About one quarter of entering college students now take at least one remedial course. Middle-class children thus tend to fill the honors and advanced-placement classes while poor children take the general and remedial classes. Most of these students take remedial classes in all three fields. People were appointed to co-ordinate the work of remedial teachers in schools. Some run efficient remedial courses, which could surely be used for youngsters who had taken a broader sixth-form course. The Association has branches throughout the country that provide information and hold remedial classes. Their placement in a remedial course confirmed their suspicions. These students traverse course after remedial course, becoming increasingly turned off to writing, increasingly convinced that they are hopelessly inadequate. ► second-class ticket/fare/compartment/cabin etc I wanted two second-class tickets to Coimbra. ► second-class mail/post/stamp etc First-class and second-class mail should be put through the machine on separate runs. The quantity relative for second-class stamps is 140.0, indicating an increase in numbers bought of 40%. ► the black/Jewish/middle-class etc vote Another astute electoral move helped to win 70% of the black vote for Kennedy. Ashcroft also addressed concerns raised about allegations of voter intimidation and other problems in Florida that may have depressed the black vote. Christie Whitman got 25 percent of the black vote in New Jersey. George Allen received 22 percent of the black vote. One of the keys to the Republican victory was the black vote. Q: Can the Democratic Party afford to take the black vote for granted? The drop in the black vote was estimated to be more than one hundred thousand. to consider people, things etc as belonging to a particular group, using an official system SYN  classifyclass somebody/something as something Heroin and cocaine are classed as hard drugs.GRAMMAR Class is often passive.
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英语词典包含52748条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。