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单词 constraint
释义
constraintcon‧straint /kənˈstreɪnt/ ●○○ AWL noun Word Origin
WORD ORIGINconstraint
Origin:
1300-1400 Old French constrainte, from constraindre; ➔ CONSTRAIN
Examples
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES
  • They have called on the military to show constraint.
EXAMPLES FROM THE CORPUS
  • In 1989, the Piscataway school district in New Jersey had to dismiss one high school business teacher because of budgetary constraints.
  • It is an unnecessary constraint, since without it the manager would do better.
  • So this is a linguistic constraint.
  • The finance director gives committees advice on the authority's overall budget constraints for the next year.
  • They may also be subject to similar constraints and failures.
  • This constraint may not apply to fundholding practices where, in addition to the obvious benefits to the patient, real financial incentives exist.
  • This may reflect lower evolutionary constraints on the structure of this region in the two proteins.
Thesaurus
Longman Language Activatorwhen there are limits on what you can do
the rules or facts that control someone's freedom or their ability to do what they want: limits to: · There are practical limits to the number of cases we can deal with each day.limits of: · He's well aware of the limits of his knowledge.within limits: · We want our employees to enjoy themselves, within certain limits.
limits on what someone or something is able to do: limitations of: · The limitations of the computer system make some operations very difficult.limitations on: · The president was unwilling to accept limitations on his power.physical limitations: · Hikers should know their physical limitations and not take unnecessary risks.
rules or laws that strictly control what you are allowed to do: · There are certain travel restrictions in effect in certain areas along the border.restrictions on: · Unions are pressing for restrictions on steel imports from Japan.· Because of restrictions on reporting, newspapers were not allowed to cover the story.impose restrictions (=officially order that something must be limited): · New restrictions have been imposed on immigration.
facts or conditions that limit what you can do, for example not having enough time, money etc: · Because of time constraints two acts had to be cut from the show.constraints of: · The constraints of prison life are sometimes too much for people to bear.
to not be able to do everything that you want because things are not available, there are rules or laws about it etc: · Our choice of shops is somewhat limited because we don't have a car.be limited to: · We're limited to two weeks of vacation a year, so a three-week safari isn't possible.be limited by: · Many Hong Kong performers are limited by their lack of English skills in making the transition to Hollywood.
if something is restricted to a particular amount, time, group etc, there are rules or other conditions limiting it to that amount, time, group etc: · Access to the President is restricted.be restricted to: · In those days, visiting in the hospital was restricted to specific weekend hours only.be restricted by: · Because Forbes was using his own money, he was not restricted by federal limits on campaign spending.
to be unable to do what you want to do because of facts or conditions, for example, because you do not have enough time or money: · Sharon's options were severely constrained because of the foolish choices she made as a teenager.be constrained by: · Research is often constrained by lack of sufficient data.
the range of things that a particular activity is allowed to include or have an effect on: scope of: · A clear statement of the goal and scope of a research project is a useful reference point.within the scope: · It was determined that the Commissioner had been acting within the scope of his official duties.beyond/outside the scope: · I'm afraid the matter falls outside the scope of this enquiry.in scope: · Regulations are important in markets that are increasingly international in scope.of enormous/historic/wide etc scope: · The ruling party has granted concessions of considerable scope.
the limits on a situation, organization, activity etc that control what people are allowed to do: confines of: · She felt trapped by the narrow confines of the convent.within the confines: · We must operate within the confines of the law.beyond/outside the confines: · Hypothetical thinking goes beyond the confines of everyday experience.
a set of limits within which an activity can be done - use this in business, education, or technical contexts: · In the private sector there are clear parameters which surround labour relations.within/outside the parameters of something: · It is only within the parameters of a clear set of goals that a national science program can be successful.
Collocations
COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRYADJECTIVES/NOUN + constraint
· During the war, there were many physical and social constraints on citizens.
(=the limited amount of time that is available)· Exams are always done under strict time constraints.
(=the limited amount of money that is available)· With any new project, you have to be aware of the budget constraints.
· In Egypt, the shortage of land and water is a major constraint on agriculture.
· The country's debts put serious constraints on its economic growth.
(=a strict limit)· They were operating within tight financial constraints.
· Their religious beliefs were an important constraint on their behaviour.
verbs
· You have to work within the constraints that the software imposes.
· Lack of funding is putting severe constraints on research.
· Summer vacation is a time when children are freed from the constraints of routine.
phrases
(=be limited by them)· Teachers are subject to the constraints of the examination system.
(=not be limited by them)· No film producers are free from the constraints of censorship.
(=because there are particular constraints on something)· Given the constraints on space in the city, most people live in tiny apartments.
COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADJECTIVE
· For schools, there is also the additional constraint of curriculum-led staffing.· Now let us return to P1 and ask what happens if the additional constraint is included in P1.· Both cases can be covered by imposing the additional constraint and then turning to the second objective.· Such changes are always difficult to work through and additional constraints would be very frustrating for the association and its members.· However, if the additional constraint is binding, the median voter would no longer be able to choose E 1.
· Needs for social care would be identified according to the social services department's policy and budgetary constraints.· Nonprofit organizations and government agencies must effectively implement programs that further their causes or policies within budgetary constraints and shifting public priorities.· In 1989, the Piscataway school district in New Jersey had to dismiss one high school business teacher because of budgetary constraints.
· Obviously you have to work within certain financial constraints.· To have such a group under one's roof making their own vociferous demands imposed certain constraints and posed problems of control.· Scientific and Theoretical Studies - from which, subject to certain constraints, students select subjects of their choice.· Also, certain constraints have the potential to make both problems worse.· Within certain environmental constraints, a mix of land uses can bring important environmental benefits including reducing the need to travel.
· The reason is that they have different functions, which impose different constraints on their nature.· Clearly, designing for fit young men in the armed forces has different constraints from designing for middle-aged female workers in manufacturing.· This places different constraints on pollution control officers.· Self-paced reading time, for instance, may show that different constraints have different time courses.· Women's claims to maintenance from the state have been subject to different constraints.
· Foremost among these economic constraints is the markedly low level of complementarity in the structure of production of the two regions.· Such figures say much about ways in which female employment was determined by economic and cultural constraints.· Furthermore, in times of economic constraints, the incorporation of aspects of an economics-based strategy may be beneficial.· We can now add economic constraints.· Will the new channel be able to provide it within its economic constraints?
· This low growth will result from such factors as inflation, energy costs, environmental constraint and low population growth.· Alternative transport systems, framed environmental constraints.· Within certain environmental constraints, a mix of land uses can bring important environmental benefits including reducing the need to travel.
· This is so because the former quite possibly face weaker external constraints and because management may not encounter such sophisticated incentive structures.· First, there is the external constraint structure.· Expert Systems Problem Solving/Minimisation Within a specific environment problems may be solved or they may only minimised depending upon external constraints imposed.· In short, choice is narrowed by internal as well as external constraints.· The results will provide deeper insight into the impact of external constraints and competing functional goals upon the firm's marketing effectiveness.· These areas of conduct have become more subject to self-constraint and less subject to external constraint.· No external quantity constraints impinge upon the behaviour of firms.
· Obviously you have to work within certain financial constraints.· These forces can be grouped into four major categories: political considerations, socio-demographic factors, economic change and financial constraint.· More recently, governments have imposed financial constraints limiting the call of state enterprises on public funds.· Both governments also attempted to control the financial demands of the railways by strengthening the framework of financial targets and constraints.· This places financial constraints on qualification as a barrister which do not exist for intending solicitors.· Their financial constraints are more severe and the credit facilities at their disposal are less diverse and less sophisticated.· New and more stringent financial constraints and other commercial pressures on management required appropriate organizational channels through which to take effect.· I must however caution that financial and other constraints compel us to plan more conservatively than I imagine you would wish.
· There are benefits to being free from the constraints of full-time employment.· He had never before met a woman so entirely free of the constraints which he had come to associate with being female.· They wanted to be free of constraints, just as the Bush people do today.
· We must further admit institutional constraints in the form of the time available to study Renaissance writing on a degree course.· Their stature presented large institutional constraints to the framework for community treatment.
· Thirdly, the removal of legal constraints and other self-imposed restrictive barriers separating banks from other financial institutions.· Finally, there are some legal constraints on dividend payments.· Also there are legal constraints on the use of price sensitive information.· Because the people who run our Overdrive offices are experienced, they know the legal constraints that abound in transport.· Availability of Corpora Corpus availability is currently limited due to legal constraints although some have been cleared for academic research.· He sees the range of legal and bureaucratic constraints upon them as being the main limitation on their developing into self-sustaining businesses.
· What are the main sales constraints?· Perhaps the main constraint is lack of money.· In practice, objectivity is the main constraint on achieving more relevant financial statements.· Money and skilled manpower are the main constraints.· The main constraints from measurement theory are summarized below.· As the fuel protests showed, the main constraint on government is public opinion, not globalisation or corporate power.
· Traditionally, there have been two major constraints.· There was another major constraint on action.· The major constraint on architecture was the decision to use production rules to represent knowledge.· Limitations of time and money acted as major constraints in the design of my research.· The ethnic borders remain a major constraint and not until they have been done away with can we be effective.· These structural problems will act as a major constraint on any potential recovery in the housing market.
· The only constraint on writer input was that some care was taken over legibility.
· Capacity and other resource constraints which may limit the target's ability to respond to increases in demand.· Economic problems were often identified as important, although other constraints were seen to affect many of the deprived households.· But newspapers, and their editors, can face other constraints.· The other constraint on the absolutist interpretation of the sovereignty concept arose from Dicey's normativist conception of law.· A range of phonological and other constraints are then examined quantitatively.· There are other constraints on the firm's capital, however, most importantly perhaps, the takeover constraint.· Hence it is unlikely that one or the other constraint is truly redundant.· I must however caution that financial and other constraints compel us to plan more conservatively than I imagine you would wish.
· Certain other physical problems and constraints will now be identified.
· First, there is the establishment of goals in the light of available data and with the recognition of economic, political and administrative constraints.· The ultimate obstacle is not one of technique but of political and ethical constraint.· Formal and political constraints limited the effect of any opposition from the House of Lords.· Are the political constraints that prevent purchasers from making their decisions on rationing explicit any different from those facing clinicians?· It ignores specific historical and political constraints to discuss a broader welfare-maximizing Paretian framework.· I have previously outlined the possibilities of political constraints on what we study.
· This example illustrates again the important difference between semantic constraints and these sorts of pragmatic constraints.· In normal spoken language there are often clear pragmatic constraints on the choice of particular syntactic forms.· Even more fundamental than these pragmatic constraints, however, is the educational philosophy underlying the two initiatives.· In fact an efficient parser must be guided by pragmatic as well as syntactic constraints.· Fourthly, it seems to be a fact that pragmatic constraints are generally defeasible, or not invariable.
· The semantic constraint may take precedence over acoustic information. 4.2.2.2.· This example illustrates again the important difference between semantic constraints and these sorts of pragmatic constraints.· By choosing to override semantic constraints, the speaker will be speaking nonliterally.
· That can become a serious constraint on the expansion of the consumer and service sectors and the employment they generate.· The Frangos team confronted serious organization design constraints.
· Overall it seems likely that the existence, speed and intensity-correlated behaviour of QPOs in AGNs will provide severe constraints on models.· From now on Mr Trimble can negotiate peace only under two, severe constraints.
· Lavandera has pointed out that much work on syntactic variation tends to focus on syntactic rather than social constraints.· However, not every social constraint has a law to back it up.· The choices governments face are conditioned by social constraints, as we discuss in chapter 6.
· And there were inevitable structural constraints built in.· However, the emphasis on structural constraints and formal controls provides only a partial view.
· That is, 4,000 x 4,000 words have to be checked against the acoustic, phonological and syntactic constraints.· Lavandera has pointed out that much work on syntactic variation tends to focus on syntactic rather than social constraints.· In fact an efficient parser must be guided by pragmatic as well as syntactic constraints.· Severe contention exists about whether a rule-based or statistical approach should be used to apply syntactic constraints.
NOUN
· The finance director gives committees advice on the authority's overall budget constraints for the next year.· In the second stage, choose the expenditure allocation so as to maximize overall welfare subject to the overall budget constraint.· While this reinforces the empirical nature of the question, there is a further empirically relevant problem raised by nonlinear budget constraints.· Decisions made in the absence of a direct budget constraint, such as those made for Medicare reimbursement in health planning.· The consequences of changes in the budget constraint for hours of work again become generally unpredictable apriori.· Given federal budget constraints, though, large-scale prescribed burns are pretty unlikely.· The government budget constraint is so that we must have or.· The introduction of the scheme guarantees irrespective of actual earnings, so becomes the origin of the budget constraint.
· Capacity and other resource constraints which may limit the target's ability to respond to increases in demand.· Realism was needed in providing new services because of resource constraints.· Another example of resource constraints in the service sector is the shortage of trained motor mechanics required by garages.
· For 56 per cent this was down to time constraints, whilst 33 per cent cited cost as the reason.· The primary mission of industrial production managers is planning the production schedule within budgetary limitations and time constraints.· Be kind to yourself in judging your first attempts at answering exam questions under a time constraint.· Federal officials said those beneficiaries would not be affected unless their state has more liberal time constraints.
VERB
· Should we accept constitutional constraints on democratic power to prevent the majority from limiting freedom of speech or other important liberties?· But why did society voluntarily accept the constraints imposed by the gold standard?
· A slight modification of the procedure will enable us to add equality constraints.· In particular, it may be necessary to add or remove constraints.· To illustrate the addition or alteration of upper bounds we will start by adding the constraint to problem P2 of Section 7.1.· We can now add economic constraints.· This means we can add the constraint without affecting the optimal solution.
· This is so because the former quite possibly face weaker external constraints and because management may not encounter such sophisticated incentive structures.· Yet at the same time, managers face constraints on their actions.· But newspapers, and their editors, can face other constraints.· It is appropriate therefore to see the state and its actors as facing strategic choices within constraints.
· All refinement steps were done without imposing non-crystallographic symmetry constraints.· If a neural network system is good at recall functions only, then it is necessary to impose constraints and limitations.· The reason is that they have different functions, which impose different constraints on their nature.· This imposed an extra constraint on the larger vessels.· If we impose too stringent constraints on the match, then we will fail to access the correct word.· In that case also, the state in principle sets management an objective and imposes constraints soas to achieve the result.· This was entirely in accordance with the intentions of the Structure Plan which had imposed virtually no constraints on such development.· All this imposes a powerful constraint on language acquisition from the allegedly scanty data available to any child.
· The projects were tested under real life conditions by classroom teachers operating within the normal constraints of teaching.· Of course, these media do operate under constraints, based on regulatory guidelines for balanced and accurate content.· And even while operating under that constraint, Clinton proposed to expand Medicaid coverage to some 5 million uninsured children.
· The layout of documents can provide additional information which also places constraints on the recognition process.· They placed three critical constraints on the projects.· Its pattern-searching strategy resolves many theoretical issues by placing them within the constraint of empirical evidence.· He did not place any constraints on input.
· Overall it seems likely that the existence, speed and intensity-correlated behaviour of QPOs in AGNs will provide severe constraints on models.· There are constraints-the courts provide a lot of constraints, for example-but none the less, the e is considerable autonomy in this work.· What can be provided depends on many constraints, such as money, fuel and land.· These objects therefore provide only weak constraints on our model.· So, shareholders can not be relied upon necessarily to provide much of a constraint on managers.· Hence, although banks provide a constraint, they do not ensure efficiency.· However longer transitions provide stronger constraints on the tag combinations.· Evidently, the information so obtained may provide a further constraint of use in semantic analysis.
· In particular, it may be necessary to add or remove constraints.
Word family
WORD FAMILYnounconstraintverbconstrain
1[countable] something that limits your freedom to do what you want SYN  restrictionconstraint on Constraints on spending have forced the company to rethink its plans. the constraints of family lifefinancial/environmental/political etc constraints There have been financial and political constraints on development.impose/place constraints on somebody/something constraints imposed on teachers by large class sizes2[uncountable] control over the way people are allowed to behave, so that they cannot do what they want:  freedom from constraintCOLLOCATIONSADJECTIVES/NOUN + constraintfinancial/legal/economic etc constraints· During the war, there were many physical and social constraints on citizens.time constraints (=the limited amount of time that is available)· Exams are always done under strict time constraints.budget constraints (=the limited amount of money that is available)· With any new project, you have to be aware of the budget constraints.a major constraint· In Egypt, the shortage of land and water is a major constraint on agriculture.a serious/severe constraint· The country's debts put serious constraints on its economic growth.a tight constraint (=a strict limit)· They were operating within tight financial constraints.an important constraint· Their religious beliefs were an important constraint on their behaviour.verbsimpose constraints on somebody/something· You have to work within the constraints that the software imposes.place/put constraints on somebody/something· Lack of funding is putting severe constraints on research.free somebody/something from constraints· Summer vacation is a time when children are freed from the constraints of routine.phrasesbe subject to constraints (=be limited by them)· Teachers are subject to the constraints of the examination system.be free from constraints (=not be limited by them)· No film producers are free from the constraints of censorship.given the constraints on something (=because there are particular constraints on something)· Given the constraints on space in the city, most people live in tiny apartments.
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