economicec‧o‧nom‧ic /ˌekəˈnɒmɪk◂, ˌiː- $ -ˈnɑː-/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL adjective 
Economic growth is slow. the government’s economic policy Economic reform is needed. In the current economic climate (=conditions), we must keep costs down.► see thesaurus at financial2an economic process, activity etc produces enough profit for it to continue SYN profitable OPP uneconomic: It is no longer economic to run the service. ► Do not confuse with economical (=cheap or not wasteful).COLLOCATIONSnounseconomic activity (=the amount of buying, selling etc in a country or area)· This year we have seen an upturn in global economic activity.economic growth/development (=when businesses become more successful)· We have enjoyed a period of steady economic growth.an economic slowdown/downturn (=when businesses become less successful)· Experts are predicting an economic slowdown at the beginning of next year.economic recession (=a period during which a country or area has a lot of problems with its economy)· People are scared they will lose their homes if there is an economic recession.an economic crisis (=a situation in which there are a lot of problems with the economy, that must be dealt with quickly so the situation does not get worse)· The country’s economic crisis continues to deepen as workers demonstrated against rising food prices.economic recovery (=the process in which an economic situation improves after a period of failing)· There are now signs of economic recovery in the region.economic problems· The country’s continuing economic problems could lead to recession.the economic system (=the way in which the economy of a country or area is organized)· There are fears that the country’s whole economic system could collapse.an economic policy (=the way in which a government manages the economy of a country or area)· Controlling inflation is the main aim of the government’s economic policy.economic reform (=a set of changes made to an economy in order to improve it)· The government agreed to a programme of economic reform.the economic climate (=the general economic conditions in a country or area)· In the current economic climate, a lot of people are trying to save more and spend less.economic sanctions (=laws that stop trade with another country, as a way of forcing its leaders to make political changes)· The UN threatened economic sanctions against the regime.economic performance (=how well a company, country, or economy is doing)· How do you explain this poor economic performance over the last few years?economic factor (=a factor involving money or the economy that affects a situation)· Complex economic and social factors have contributed to the rise in violent crime.an economic indicator (=something that shows how well the economy of a country is doing, and what is likely to happen to it in the future)· The main economic indicators show that the economy is still in decline.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES
- a wide variety of economic development strategies
- Cuba is emerging from five years of economic crisis.
- Florida will benefit from a number of economic trends that play to its strengths.
- In this kind of economic climate, employees prefer a lower salary in a job that is secure.
- Investors are holding out from Mexican stocks until they see clear signs of an economic recovery.
- Investors took their money elsewhere, prompting a far-reaching economic crisis.
- Slow economic growth and low consumer spending affected sales last year.
- The spies' motives were not political but economic.
- The tax breaks will stimulate economic activity.
- The US has maintained tough economic sanctions on Cuba.
- World leaders gathered in the Miyako Hotel to map out the agenda for next month's economic summit.
- Economic theory Until comparatively recently, bargaining was a subject on which economic theory had very little to say.
- By these measures, the economic gap between the wealthier countries and the poorer countries is usually diminished.
- Each region has integrated needs-for public transit, for water and sewer systems, for solid waste treatment, for economic development.
- In his acceptance speech, he said that the Government's economic policy was damaging business in the north-east.
- The economic downturn that began in 1929 was enough on its own to cause an initial increase in failures.
- The key issue for corporate profits in the new year will be economic growth.
- The rule also sets a stiff economic hurdle for smaller competitors.
- When approached by the scientists, he persuaded them to include an economic angle to the project.
THESAURUS
relating to money or the management of money: · businesses that provide personal financial services· the financial problems of old age
relating to the money of a country, area, or society, and the way it is earned, spent, and controlled: · American voters were anxious for a change in economic policy.· an economic crisis
[only before noun] formal relating to the money, debts, tax etc that are owned and managed by the government: · fiscal control· The Indian government is trying to reduce the fiscal deficit.
[only before noun] formal relating to money, especially all the money in a country, and how it is managed: · The Bank of Thailand has retained a tight monetary policy.· the European Monetary System
[only before noun] formal relating to the official plan of how the money of a country or organization is spent: · City officials are facing tough budgetary decisions.· the process of budgetary control
Longman Language Activatorrelating to money and the way it is used connected with money - use this about the way that people and organizations use and control their money: · Wall Street is the financial center of the US.· There is a possibility of a full-scale financial crisis, like the great crash of 1929.· Many libraries have found that their financial resources are stretched to the limit.· The accounts show that the school's financial position is very healthy.financial support/backing/assistance etc: · He failed to get financial support from his employers.· The amount of financial aid offered has become more central to students' decisions about which school to attend.financial dealings/transactions: · Revelations about his financial dealings could change his election prospects dramatically.· He developed computer software to handle complicated financial transactions.financial difficulties/problems: · Joan has a lot of financial problems at the moment.· Mexico's financial difficulties increased rather than diminished.financial year British (=the 12-month period used by companies to calculate their accounts): · Norton have announced profits of £3.5 million for the financial year 2000-01.
all the activities that are related to how a company or country uses or organizes its money: · He was an expert in finance and advised people where to invest their money.· The use of IT in areas such as accounting and finance has grown at an astonishing rate.· She works as a director of finance for an oil company.finance minister/officer etc: · Kubo is slated to become Japan's next finance minister.high finance (=financial activities involving countries or big companies -- used especially to show that you do not know very much about those activities): · The other guys in the office were ten to fifteen years my senior, and old hands in high finance.
relating to or involving money, especially the money that is available to the government of a country, and how it decides to spend it: · There's only one conclusion to make about this data on monetary growth.monetary policy/control etc: · The IMF should not dictate how Mexico should run its monetary policies.· a plan to introduce monetary reform· Some economists question the effectiveness of monetary control as a means of regulating the economy.· European monetary union
formal connected with money, taxes, debts, etc that are owned and managed by the government: · Perez stated that the current fiscal crisis was the result of the collapse of the oil industry.· It was thought that skillful monetary and fiscal intervention could rescue the economy.fiscal policy: · The Council of Finances determined fiscal policy within the region.fiscal deficit: · Columbia's fiscal deficit could soar to 1.6 percent of GDP.fiscal year especially American (=the 12-month period used by companies to calculate their accounts): · Over the past fiscal year, the school has received $250 million in federal dollars for 1,600 projects.
connected with the way money is earned, spent, and controlled within a country or society: · The tax breaks will stimulate economic activity.· Florida will benefit from a number of economic trends that play to its strengths.economic climate (=general state of the economy): · In this kind of economic climate, employees prefer a lower salary in a job that is secure.economic crisis: · Cuba is emerging from five years of economic crisis.· Investors took their money elsewhere, prompting a far-reaching economic crisis.economic growth/development etc: · Slow economic growth and low consumer spending affected sales last year.· a wide variety of economic development strategieseconomic recovery: · Investors are holding out from Mexican stocks until they see clear signs of an economic recovery.economic sanctions (=official laws that stop trade with another country, for political reasons): · The US has maintained tough economic sanctions on Cuba.economic summit (=an important meeting for the leaders of countries to discuss the world's economy): · World leaders gathered in the Miyako Hotel to map out the agenda for next month's economic summit.
the study of how money is earned, spent, and controlled within a country or society: · He studied economics at Harvard University.· He knows very little about economics or international finance.· Keynes's theories have had an important influence on modern economics.
WORD SETSabsolute advantage, active population, additionality, nounadjustable peg, nounannual earnings, anti-dumping, adjectiveanti-inflation, adjectiveausterity, nounbad debt, nounbalance of payments, nounbalance of trade, nounbalance sheet, nounbank money, bank rate, nounbankrupt, adjectivebankrupt, verbbankrupt, nounbarrier to trade, nounbilateralism, nounblack market, nounboom, nounbroad money, brown goods, nounbudget, nounCACM, capital accumulation, nouncapital formation, nouncapitalism, nouncapitalist, adjectivecapital surplus, cartel, nouncentral government borrowing requirement, CGBR, Chicago School, nounclosed economy, nouncommerce clause, commodity, nouncommodity product, comparative advantage, consumer, nounconsumer confidence, nounconsumer durables, nounconsumer goods, nounconsumer price index, nounconsumer surplus, consumption, nounconsumption function, nounCost of Production Theory of Value, nouncreditor turnover rate, nouncredit rationing, noundebt ratio, deflate, verbdemand, noundemand and supply, noundemand price, demonstration effect, deregulate, verbdeveloped, adjectivedirigisme, noundiscretionary spending, dishoarding, noundisinflation, noundisposable income, noundis-saving, noundisutility, noundiversify, verbdivision of labour, noundole queue, dollars-and-cents, adjectivedowntick, noundownturn, noundrawdown, nouneconomic, adjectiveeconomic goods, economic paradigm, economist, nouneconomy, nounefficient market, elasticity of demand, nounelasticity of substitution, nounembargo, verbemployment theory, euro-zone, exchange, nounExchange equalization account, exchange rate mechanism, nounexpectations, nounexpenditure, nounexternal account, external competitiveness, externality, nounfactor cost, factor of production, nounFederal funds, fiscal, adjectivefloor, nounflow of funds, nounforced saving, for-profit, adjectivefree enterprise, nounfree marketeer, nounfree movement, nounfree trade, nounGDP, nounGNP, nounGoldilocks economy, goods, noungoods and services, noungross domestic product, noungross national product, noungross product, nounguaranteed price, hyperinflation, nounIMF, the, IMF quota, imperfect competition, imperfect market, import, nounimport, verbimportation, nounimporter, nounincome effect, industrial output index, Industrial Sentiment index, inelastic, adjectiveinflate, verbinflation, nouninflationary, adjectiveintermediate goods, International Monetary Fund, nouninvestment goods, J-curve, nounknowledge economy, labour-intensive, adjectivelabour market, nounLaffer curve, nounlaissez-faire, nounliving standard, nounMaastricht Treaty, nounmacroeconomics, nounmarginal revenue, market-driven, adjectivemarket economy, nounmarket failure, market forces, nounmarket-led, adjectivemarket-oriented, adjectivemarket value, nounmixed economy, nounmonetarism, nounmonetary, adjectivemoney income, monopsony, nounmultilateralism, nounNAIRU, nounnational debt, nounnational income, nationalize, verbnational wealth, neocolonialism, nounnet output, NIC, nounnominal price, non-durable goods, open-market, adjectiveoutflow, nounoverheated, adjectivepass-along, nounpass-through, nounpeg, verbper-capita income, perfect competition, perfect market, personal saving, political economy, nounpost-industrial, adjectivePPI, price control, nounprice effect, price fixing, nounprice-fixing, nounprice index, nounprice-insensitive, adjectiveprice-sensitive, adjectiveprice support, nounprice theory, primary production, private enterprise, nounprivately-owned, adjectiveprivatization, nounprivatize, verbproducer price index, production control, protect, verbprotectionism, nounprotective, adjectivepublic enterprise, public ownership, nounpublic sector borrowing requirement, public service, nounPurchasing Managers' index, real, adjectivereal income, recession, nounreflation, nounrefund, nounRetail Price Index, scarcity value, nounshakeout, nounSingle European Market, slump, nounsocial accounting, socioeconomic, adjectivesqueeze, verbsqueeze, nounstagflation, nounstandard of living, nounstandard spending assessment, staple, nounstringent, adjectivesubsidy, nounsubstitution effect, surplus, nounsystematic risk, trade deficit, nountrade dispute, trade gap, nountrade surplus, nountrade-weighted index, trickle-down effect, nountrough, nountrust, noununder-investment, noununit of account, noununsystematic risk, uptick, nounvoodoo economics, noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRYnouns The Black Sea is facing ecological catastrophe as a result of pollution. people with financial clout the threat of economic collapse the devastating effects of economic depression Low birth weight is related to economic deprivation. the economic and political dominance of Western countries America’s current economic downturn the domination of power by a small political elite On the technical front, there have been a number of important developments. They are seeking to realize the maximum financial gain. During this period the family unit becomes the natural social grouping. Small nations resent Western cultural imperialism. I’m afraid it’s become a matter of economic necessity. the country’s economic plight She’s been named the professor of English. a time of economic prosperity the environmental ramifications of the road-building program Let’s look at the questions from an economic standpoint. a leading member of a Tory think tank the prospect of another week of political turmoil an economic upturn We are now concerned for the economic well-being of the country.
(=the amount of buying, selling etc in a country or area)· This year we have seen an upturn in global economic activity.
(=when businesses become more successful)· We have enjoyed a period of steady economic growth.
(=when businesses become less successful)· Experts are predicting an economic slowdown at the beginning of next year.
(=a period during which a country or area has a lot of problems with its economy)· People are scared they will lose their homes if there is an economic recession.
(=a situation in which there are a lot of problems with the economy, that must be dealt with quickly so the situation does not get worse)· The country’s economic crisis continues to deepen as workers demonstrated against rising food prices.
(=the process in which an economic situation improves after a period of failing)· There are now signs of economic recovery in the region.
· The country’s continuing economic problems could lead to recession.
(=the way in which the economy of a country or area is organized)· There are fears that the country’s whole economic system could collapse.
(=the way in which a government manages the economy of a country or area)· Controlling inflation is the main aim of the government’s economic policy.
(=a set of changes made to an economy in order to improve it)· The government agreed to a programme of economic reform.
(=the general economic conditions in a country or area)· In the current economic climate, a lot of people are trying to save more and spend less.
(=laws that stop trade with another country, as a way of forcing its leaders to make political changes)· The UN threatened economic sanctions against the regime.
(=how well a company, country, or economy is doing)· How do you explain this poor economic performance over the last few years?
(=a factor involving money or the economy that affects a situation)· Complex economic and social factors have contributed to the rise in violent crime.
(=something that shows how well the economy of a country is doing, and what is likely to happen to it in the future)· The main economic indicators show that the economy is still in decline.
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES· The current level of economic activity will influence business confidence.
· He was appointed Minister of State with responsibility for economic affairs.
· The commission said it was ready to provide financial aid to help farmers.
· His book provided a scientific analysis of human behaviour.
· humanitarian aid and other forms of economic assistance
· Smokers often come from poorer socio-economic backgrounds.
· Tourism has brought considerable economic benefits to the island.
· the post-war economic boom
The Black Sea is facing ecological catastrophe as a result of pollution.· Demands for political and social change are growing.
· Afterwards there was widespread famine and economic chaos.
· At the time the political climate was moving steadily to the right.
people with financial clout the threat of economic collapse· The rise in food prices has had enormous economic and political consequences.
· During the war, there were many physical and social constraints on citizens.
· The country was headed into an economic crisis.
(=related events in business, the economy etc that repeat themselves over a certain period)· the presidential election cycle
· This area has been severely affected by long-term industrial decline.
the devastating effects of economic depression Low birth weight is related to economic deprivation.· The US has been keen to encourage economic development in Egypt.
· The company is facing serious financial difficulties.
· Unemployment often leads to social disadvantage.
· The project was a financial disaster.
the economic and political dominance of Western countries America’s current economic downturn the domination of power by a small political elite (=one that does not allow any trade or financial business with a country)· He asked for an immediate end to the economic embargo imposed last year.
(=one that is intended to make money)· It's an economic enterprise, not a charity.
· The economic environment has changed, and many countries are sliding into recession.
· Black people had to fight for social and economic equality with whites.
· Economic expansion in India and China is set to continue.
· Economic factors limit our options.
· Economic failure drove the government out of office.
· The Bank of England revised its economic forecast in the wake of the figures.
On the technical front, there have been a number of important developments. They are seeking to realize the maximum financial gain.· It was a year of economic gloom for the car industry.
During this period the family unit becomes the natural social grouping.· American aid was meant to kick-start the country’s economic growth.
· The closure of the steelworks caused economic hardship for the town.
· Home economics is my favourite subject.
· It is difficult to measure the economic impact of the war.
Small nations resent Western cultural imperialism.· The role of the police has great political importance.
(=money that is offered to someone as an incentive)· Doctors are encouraged through financial incentives to work in poor areas.
· Zambia achieved political independence without a prolonged conflict.
· There has been an increase in economic inequality between nations.
· French political influence began to dominate the country.
· The financial information contained in the report is based on the company's audited accounts.
· They discussed a number of political issues.
· The country is slowly moving towards democracy and economic liberty.
· Reducing your carbon footprint is also backed by good economic logic.
(=someone who goes to another country to find a better job)· They are economic migrants, escaping terrible poverty in their home country.
· Brazil seemed to be experiencing an economic miracle.
· Many people believed that there were economic motives to the decision to go to war.
I’m afraid it’s become a matter of economic necessity.· We have made good progress towards meeting our business objectives.
· Its economic performance has not matched that of other countries.
· Owing to poor financial planning, I was almost out of money.
the country’s economic plight· From a financial point of view, the concert was a disaster.
· The middle classes have suffered most as a result of government economic policies.
(=the potential to earn money)· They were quick to recognize the band’s commercial potential.
· countries with little economic power
· He argued that the government was to blame for the country’s economic problems.
She’s been named the professor of English.· The party did not have a clear economic programme.
a time of economic prosperity the environmental ramifications of the road-building program· He's ignoring political realities.
· The economic recession of the '70s led to a fall in recruitment.
· The U.S. is showing solid signs of an economic recovery.
· The prime minister has promised to push ahead with economic reform.
· Lack of financial resources can result in homelessness.
(also monetary reward formal)· It’s a difficult job, but the financial rewards are considerable.· I’m not doing it for monetary reward.
(=when someone loses all their money or when a country loses a lot of its trade, industry, and wealth)· Their policies have been driving this country to economic ruin for the past 13 years.
· The United Nations is considering new economic sanctions.
(=one part of the economy)· The country is making efforts to expand such economic sectors as tourism and information technology.
· The defeat represented a major political setback for the conservatives.
· The country’s economic situation continued to deteriorate.
· Will the reform programme be extended beyond the economic sphere?
Let’s look at the questions from an economic standpoint.· The economic statistics tell a grim story.
· The government has changed its economic strategy.
· Many changes had taken place in the social and political structure of the island.
· None of his ideas had any commercial success.
· Both countries depend on wildlife-based tourism for their economic survival.
· There are fears that the whole banking system could collapse.
· His economic theory assumes that both labour and capital are perfectly mobile.
a leading member of a Tory think tank· Japan and South Korea have close economic ties.
· This forecast is based on current economic trends.
the prospect of another week of political turmoil an economic upturn We are now concerned for the economic well-being of the country. (=an area with special trade or tax conditions)· The area has been made a special economic zone.
COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSNOUN· The image presented was of potentially active individuals bereft both of health and satisfaction through enforced retirement from economic activity.· Whether in boom or slump, economic activity almost always produces a surplus.· Answer guide: Because the accounts are to do with measuring economic activity rather than the timing of receipts and payments. 7.· Never mind the fact that, in market economies, almost any economic activity can sometimes be said to meet this test.· Trend data on employment and economic activity rates for women are less reliable, particularly given their low unemployment registration rates.· The Victorian age was not simply one of progress, measured in terms of population growth and economic activity.· We need far more effective policies on small businesses to encourage employment and greater economic activity.· Tourism, the islands' principal economic activity, continued to grow.
· The United States suspended military and economic aid, but such support had been worth only US$16,400,000 in 1990.· Buchanan has said he would gradually eliminate all foreign economic aid and give only limited assistance in instances of humanitarian disasters.· Whereas the United States was in favour of taking a tough line, Britain argued that economic aid should not be stopped.· When it asked for economic aid from the United States, Bush responded that the $ 119 million already promised was sufficient.· So did Dulles, who promised economic aid to those who broke with the Kremlin.
· The Barringtons vividly demonstrate that the village as an occupational community declined because the underlying economic base could no longer support it.· The unemployment picture reflects these changes in the economic base.· These communities have an average population of between 200 and 700 and an economic base of agriculture plus some light industry.· The new policy would seek to reverse the pattern of out-migration while strengthening the economic base of inner-city areas.· There is a lot of inertia in the landscape with places persisting even after their former economic base has disappeared.· Such a thin economic base could support only a limited population, in fact even less than the county actually held.· Racial struggle is linked to class struggle, and racism fractures both the political superstructure and economic base.· To the extent environmental controls undermine our economic base, they threaten our ability to pursue the environmental goals we all share.
· These environmental objections were considered to be serious enough to outweigh the economic benefits of allowing the proposal.· They need to obtain positive economic benefits or cash flow early in the project life.· It suffices that customers are expected to act in a way that will provide economic benefits to the entity.· This exercise of economic power could be coercive, in the sense that A might prevent B from enjoying certain economic benefits.· How does one decide whether the overall economic costs of regulation outweigh the overall economic benefits of regulation?· The farmer in Upper and Central Bucks, where land values are lower, might see an economic benefit from the program.· For example, a warrant will usually not be a liability as it does not contain an obligation to transfer economic benefits.
· The potential economic boom has been welcomed by business leaders in Swindon.· Indeed, in almost every speech, he celebrates the economic boom of what he calls the Clinton-Gore administration.· Its appearance coincided with an economic boom and an ideological crisis.· Treatment of blacks altered slightly with the great depression of the thirties and the economic boom of the wartime forties.· He says they haven't had the economic boom.· Is an economic boom an unsustainable trend?· But it soon faded in the economic boom of the 1950s and 1960s.· By the eighteenth century, an economic boom had resulted in an active type of pre-capitalism, ready to take off.
· A second impulse which prompted economic change came from outside the empire.· First, one has to have self-pride, then you have to have political change, then follows economic change.· A key concept in understanding such major shifts, and relating them to wider economic change, is uneven development.· The state has become a microcosm of the economic change that has gripped the nation.· These forces can be grouped into four major categories: political considerations, socio-demographic factors, economic change and financial constraint.· They concluded that people as a whole react to events and to social and economic changes in reasonable and predictable ways.· But Hashimoto has also led resistance to economic changes and concessions urged by the Clinton administration.
· Net margins were 14% of turnover, a very good performance considering the very unfavourable worldwide economic climate.· Creditor business continues to be affected by the poor economic climate but rating action has resulted in some improvement in Q2.· Creditor business continues to be affected by the poor economic climate.· The economic climate of the 1980's may give new significance to the DRAs.· Despite the strictures imposed and the tough economic climate, William Grant & Sons is constantly investing in the future.· The most attractive reason in the current economic climate can be summed up in just one word, margin.· But Nalgo leaders say residents need the service more than ever in the current economic climate.
· The forest is new: the ultimate victor in the conflicts, economic collapse and depopulation of the late nineteenth century.· In the United States in the 1930s, a financial collapse led to an economic collapse.· Mr Karimov knows that he will stand or fall on his ability to stave off economic collapse.· We moved ahead rapidly when the economic collapse of the Depression strained the capacities of families and communities to the breaking point.· Unemployment and economic collapse have changed our views.· Futures commissions are often created by communities that have experienced some form of trauma, such as economic collapse.· Diehard optimists, like Mr Pynzenyk, say that hyperinflation and economic collapse will eventually force the country to its senses.· The most extreme pessimists foretell a future of demographically driven privation, environmental overshoot, and economic collapse.
· The following day the government introduced emergency measures to tackle the economic crisis.· The world faced an economic crisis that was potentially worse than the Great Depression of the 19305.· However, many commentators placed responsibility for the current economic crisis firmly on the Karami government's own policies.· Others fret that the system might not provide enough help in times of rural economic crisis.· Mr Major has now flown home to deal with the economic crisis.· Sharp inequalities between different classes and ethnic groups and between men and women are often exacerbated by debt and economic crisis.· Key economic indicators which Gaidar cited in his speech illustrated the depth of the economic crisis.· The economic crisis of 1976 and the advent of Mrs Thatcher's Conservative government in 1979 was to change all that.
· In the context of the debate about the curriculum, economic decline and supposedly falling educational standards were important elements.· Though not out of the range of historic experience, absolute economic decline is, of course, an extreme scenario.· Trade An important policy issue concerns the effectiveness of import controls as an instrument for alleviating Britain's economic decline.· The problems of cities-and particularly inner-city areas-were increasingly viewed as resulting from economic decline.· It has presided over our economic decline for decades and even now is failing to reverse it.· The same regions that once benefited from growth in these industries have, subsequently, suffered economic decline and depression.
· And now it had been in a deep economic depression for years.· Did unemployment, economic depression and the General Strike reduce trade unionism to a pitiful weakness?· We feel there will be an economic depression.· The country was in the grip of economic depression, and in June 1921 there were more than two million out of work.· The disorder was aggravated by the economic depression of the 1930s.· Churchill's move to the Board of Trade in 1908 coincided with the return of acute economic depression.· Ironically a period of severe economic depression may be advantageous, in one sense at least.
· The government's commitment to the economic development of West Belfast was questioned.· The government today is trying to combine preservation of indigenous cultures with economic development.· The investigators on this project have worked together on a range of industrial and economic development projects in recent years.· The city has also recently redirected its own economic development efforts to target impoverished groups and neighborhoods.· This involved using existing data and also meetings with representatives from organisations involved in economic development in the valley.· There is substantial room for growth within city limits and good reason to expect continued economic development.· The pit's dilemma will be raised as an emergency item at this morning's meeting of Lothian's economic development committee.· In essence, the rationale for local economic development links economic development to community well-being.
· Yesterday's trade figures showed clearly that export volumes were at record levels even in a worldwide economic downturn.· And it is fertile soil for a severe economic downturn in the post-cold war world economy.· The world's economic downturn has triggered a rash of defaults in commercial paper and long-term debt, particularly by unrated issuers.· A few years hence, the nation experiences a severe economic downturn.· Inpart, the fading lustre of famous names can be blamed on the economic downturn of the 1990s.· When the Exposition closed Chicago was already in the grip of a serious economic downturn.· He said first he had to deal with the provincial government's financial woes and an economic downturn.· There is no loophole to grant budget flexibility in case of an economic downturn.
· It looks at the economic environment, end-use market and industries, and competition.· And strategic thinking about our future is imperative, because we are in an ultra-competitive economic environment.· Employers were prepared to tolerate these rights and provisions in return for a profitable economic environment.· All signs seem to point to a weak economic environment for a while.· Forecasts of the economic environment have already been analysed in the previous chapter.· Business risk is the risk imposed by the business and economic environment in which the firm operates.· The international economic environment Most economists are agreed that the period 1948 to 1973 was one of increasing world prosperity.· The greatest hindrance to recovery of this resource is the marginally favorable economic environment.
· The lifetime of coins was indeed sometimes very short as a result of various political or economic factors.· But if economic factors are included, our choices of future missions will be dramatically changed.· The law should not be concerned with solely economic factors.· For many reasons, but the focus here is on the economic factors involved in commitment to family.· This will be affected not just by economic factors, but by demographic and social factors as well.· But fundamental economic factors turned more favorable to productivity growth in the 1980s and especially in the 1990s.· As well as demographic trends these include such social and economic factors as alternative opportunities for employment and the supply of places.· Analysts generally agree that the fundamental economic factors that produce corporate profits remain strong.
· Significant economic growth and social change has been brought about as a result of the offshore oil and gas industry.· Creating new technologies to clean up the air could actually spur economic growth rather than burden it.· On the other hand, 32 percent felt that economic growth should be given priority even if the environment suffered to some extent.· But Clinton insists that new technologies will improve energy efficiency, enabling developing countries to continue economic growth without increasing emissions.· Employment, the second, and trickiest, component, must depend on a return to sustained economic growth.· The model is used to forecast economic growth and to estimate the potential effects of sudden shocks like a stock crash.· A study of nine cities over 1965-83 found no significant relationship between economic growth and the arrival of new teams or stadiums.· Figure 7-4 shows the combined real economic growth rate of these countries.
· He was reading a book on political and economic history.· So this is how economic history restarts.· There has never been a time in economic history when comparative advantage was less static.· There are, of course, many links and parallels between economic history and the development of the government and social institutions.· More social history is being taught but examination syllabuses still focus on political and economic history which conventionally excludes women.· To understand the sources of the new ways of life, we must turn to economic history.· The literature throws into sharp relief the essential dichotomy in the approach to this issue between economics and economic history.
· So, armed with consultants' reports on the favorable economic impact, they offer to provide buildings or infrastructure.· This week the 49ers released an economic impact report that was eight pages long.· The uncertain nature of the economic impact of the Second World War is easily demonstrated.· The pollution is already making a strong economic impact, both in the ponds and on the open water.· Previous economic impact studies in tourism have used the 1979 and 1984 tables.· That would have serious economic impact.· Both as employees and as entrepreneurs, their position is better than it was and their economic impact bigger.· Before critical habitat can be designated, an analysis of the resulting social and economic impacts must be made.
· The fact remains that any legal regime which lowers the economic incentive for drugs-crime will surely boost drug consumption.· But Reimers, 62, said that universities have an economic incentive to stick to fundamental research.· Perhaps this led to a greater emphasis on the other economic incentive.· The measure seeks to take the economic incentive away from employing illegal immigrants.· In terms of economic welfare, as in terms of economic incentives, the picture is again unclear.· The people most likely to be affected by economic incentives are those who are the most economically vulnerable.· The rational-economic individual is primarily motivated by economic incentives.· He believed strongly in economic incentive.
· Agreement was reached on a number of economic issues.· Weld was scheduled to speak Wednesday night when convention organizers intend to stress economic issues.· Observers say economic issues may get a more serious airing in Eastern states, which have been roiled by the shifting economy.· The first is an attempt to rectify Realism's inability to deal with economic issues.· A greater awareness of biological, social and economic issues in the context of formal education is required.· But many of those arising over factory conditions and economic issues often included a political dimension.
· Definite and energetic steps must be taken in other directions to restore the balance of our national economic life ....· We as a union knew that our primary job was to protect the worker and improve his economic life.· Seventh, accountability and judgment are an integral part of economic life.· Nothing is more completely accepted in the conventional wisdom than the cliche that economic life is endlessly and inherently uncertain.· Depreciation is to be based on the shorter of the lease term and useful economic life.· This would be possible were it merely a matter of invention or were the hazards of modern economic life increasing.· Papyri are less informative about economic life in Alexandria.· Poverty and insecurity thus became inherent in the economic life of even the most favored country.
· The truth is that, though a slimmer deficit is devoutly to be desired, it does not guarantee an economic miracle.· Equally important was the West Berlin economic miracle.· Suddenly, the economic miracle of the past decade began to be recognized for what it was.· It could disappear into the whirring computers and multicolored flow charts of the economic miracle.· The main Conservative claim to national support, therefore, namely that they had worked an economic miracle, seemed increasingly shallow.· So unless you believe in unproven economic miracles, the alternative is busting the budget.· She barely mentions the economic miracle.· What is happening in the land of the economic miracle?
· This section highlights some of the principal types of variation between places that impinge on their economic performance and social problems.· To do so takes successful decade after successful decade of good economic performance.· Britain's poor economic performance has been the dominant theme of political debate and economic discourse since the 1950s.· But weak economic performance, supporters said, is precisely why Kim has pushed so hard to revise the labor law.· According to the state's traffic planning department, traffic calming had improved the economic performance of cities like Dusseldorf.· Perceptions of Britain's economic performance and prospects were obviously influenced by objective economic factors and by government manipulation of economic statistics.· Drucker has also argued that there is a further basic function of management in business: economic performance.· Regulated, socialised economies trample on human dignity, despoil the natural environment and depress economic performance.
· He made no direct reference to the disturbances in April against the government's economic policies.· The domination of economic policy by the Federal Reserve and other central banks is new.· The most striking absence of progress was in economic policy.· Conservative economic policy ironically has created social conditions which have led to increased crime amongst the middle as well as working classes.· For the first time, Mr Major has put a bit of distance between himself and economic policy.· Co-ordination of economic policies is far away.· Democratic regimes are constrained by the authoritarian and elitist state that ultimately controls the instruments of economic policy and coercion.
· As women increasingly spend some of their married lives in careers, it follows also that they have more economic power.· To what extent this promotes economic power would be hard to estimate, but the two are certainly not unrelated.· They sought legitimacy and a political outlet to match their enormous economic power.· The standard has prestige simply because its speakers have political, social and economic power.· To decentralise and geographically disperse political and economic power.· Although he wielded enormous economic power, Park never became a rich man and was not personally corrupt.· They are: first, the growth of giant industrial enterprises and the concentration of economic power in fewer of them.· Table 28-I, on the other hand, indicates a number of very basic manufacturing industries wherein economic power is highly concentrated.
· The Wilson government inherited serious economic problems in October 1964, but made matters worse by its own decisions.· They expressed concerns that decreased military spending can become an economic problem in regions that depend on the armed forces for jobs.· In face of these political and economic problems, the legislative record of the second administration was necessarily limited.· He has no credible ideas or answers to the economic problems he outlines at such length.· Although these reforms have been pursued, their implementation has been hampered by economic problems and the war.· His initial research will focus on how best to solve economic problems in inner-city areas.· The economic problems caused by unemployment led to the collapse of the second Labour government.· In itself this elusiveness is testimony to just how enormously difficult it is to find practical solutions to Britain's economic problems.
· The Association sought to show that the restrictions in the agreement were indeed indispensable to the promotion of technical or economic progress.· He offered an all but certain formula for economic progress.· This is our economic argument: a path to personal enrichment from the fruits of economic progress more widely shared.· The overwhelming reasons cited were the economic progress and develop-ment under his regime, and its relative stability.· The timing would depend on economic progress.· These fears were, strongest at a time when great advances in social security were coinciding with great economic progress.· Food is the basic necessity of life and without it economic progress is impossible.· Dole meant to suggest that if elected he would bring real governmental reform and new national economic progress.
· According to the economic libertarian's theory, there should have been an increase in economic prosperity.· She also quickly realized that economic prosperity would more than make up for her political defeat.· Conservatives understand the engine of economic prosperity.· The crime wave that spurred them has been falling steadily in times of greater economic prosperity.· Bush emphasized the linkage between economic prosperity and political freedom.· The outcome could have widened the already-growing gap between rich and poor and profoundly affected our economic prosperity for decades.· Many other economic factors might be viewed as contributing to the emergence of spatial disparities in economic prosperity.· Forbes, speaking by telephone, promoted his flat tax plan as a catalyst for economic prosperity.
· The economic recession of the late 1970s brought about a decline in the scheme similar to that in regional policy.· An economic recession could throw it right off course.· Confirmation of economic recession Figures issued at the end of November 1990 confirmed that the economy was in recession.· In the 1980s, the economic recession has produced a trend towards takeovers and mergers in the international record industry.· Amid economic recession, the purges continued through 1954.· Take the fear of economic recession - will you or your partner lose your job?· Such figures represent a huge leapfrogging of rates formerly charged and need justifying in an economic recession.· Under the present conditions of economic recession, regional policies are fighting a losing battle.
· The lower inflation and freer market, it is claimed, has generated an economic recovery.· As Malden Mills continues its economic recovery, the victims of the fire are also improving.· If the rise in long-term interest rates threatens economic recovery, then so does the sharp rally in the yen.· They came in the period of relative economic recovery between the two big crises of 1929 and 1938.· He will initially help local authorities and other agencies plan for the economic recovery of Cumbria, the worst hit area.· Mr McVeigh said the investment programme would enable the company to benefit from economic recovery in its most important markets.· What is needed is a period of steady law-making on the back of the economic recovery now unfolding.· Second, we have seen off the threat of a world trade war which would have destroyed any hope of economic recovery.
· Intended to support economic reforms over a 10-month period, the credit would be issued in four tranches.· The leadership woke up last year after scientists warned that potential economic losses from an epidemic would erase gains from economic reforms.· He retired from architectural practice in 1906 and concentrated once again on his utopian schemes for social and economic reform.· He has preached pragmatism towards Moscow and a cautious approach to economic reform.· The outcome of the voting on June 13 was portrayed by observers as a victory for supporters of radical economic reform.· But economic reform is passing power from central government to the provinces, and from repressive institutions to individual enterprises.· The loan would further the current economic reform programme, initiated in 1985.
· But what enables a state to resist the effects of economic sanctions?· Finally, the courts have ruled that school boards can impose economic sanctions on teachers who go on strike.· The United Nations is considering imposing new economic sanctions.· Almost 10 years of bombing and economic sanctions have taken an enormous toll.· Unfortunately, never in contemporary history have economic sanctions felled a regime, no matter how weak.· They were criticised for a cavalier approach to company expenses and for contravening the government's economic sanctions against Rhodesia.
· Alternative energy technologies will be successfully diffused only if realistic assumptions are made about the real economic situation in the Third World.· Although independent, therefore, the country remains in a typically colonial economic situation, dangerously dependent on fluctuations in world markets.· The first is the world economic situation, which hits him in two ways.· Surely we each agree that fallow or underused land is of no help to the economic situation.· Yet the economic situation will not by itself defeat the present regime.· Experience has shown that the latter can not sustain liberal democracy in the context of their weak economic situations.· In each country my talks centred on the serious economic situation and military issues including proliferation.· Therefore individual work measurement becomes inappropriate and each worker's salary is determined primarily by the overall economic situation of the enterprise.
· The government denied that the changes had been precipitated by disagreements on economic strategy.· Maynard Smith tried pitting different genetic strategies against each other in the same way that economists do with different economic strategies.· Secondly, it will evaluate the impact of government economic strategies within each area.· Dole aides have said the candidate may propose broader income tax cuts later this year as part of his long-range economic strategy.· Activities included developing economic strategies and initiatives; providing business support services; improving the environment and removing barriers to economic development.· An outline of the current national economic strategy is provided by the Minister of Industry and Commerce.· Thus neither the causes nor consequences of this type of economic strategy can be said to be specifically local.· Nevertheless, supply-side doctrine provided a theoretical underpinning for the main thrust of his economic strategy.
· One powerful argument attributes this stagnation to the economic structure set in the early 1950s.· These totals inevitably vary considerably from zone to zone, depending on its economic structure, location, and so on.· As an economic structure, patronage had an effect on Leapor's poetry.· Although Sri Lanka was a small island, there were marked differences in local economic structures even within the Sinhala-speaking areas.· Even while the system remains capitalist it may at different phases be dominated by differently organized social and economic structures.· For each country will have specific problems related to its own social, political and economic structure.· This necessitated the abolition of the whole Bakufu- han system and the economic structure on which it rested.· A home is established by the social, cultural and economic structures of the occupants of a house.
· If the monetary system topples the economic system will also come crashing down.· Similarly, activities within the economic system can have a major impact on the political system.· But in traditional capitalist socio-economic systems, companies may employ automation without regard to the cost to the whole population.· Capitalism is an economic system based on the free accumulation of capital or wealth.· An economic system justifies itself by pointing to the wealth it produces, and an educational establishment to skills and knowledge.· It is they who in the future will be driving the economic system.· In an economic system coordinated solely by markets there is no guarantee that what is produced can be sold.· Chapter 9 analyzes the alternative frameworks through which the political system and the economic system are linked.
· Some relate to queries concerning economic theory, others to the nature of the actors involved in political processes.· It all sounds like economic theories, you know.· The theory of free movement Traditional economic theory suggests that there are benefits to be reaped from creating free movement.· Therefore, he devoted more of his time to philosophy and to educating Mexander the Great than he did to economic theory.· The ultimate determinants of real investment, whether by foreign or domestic firms, remain a contentious issue in economic theory.· The scientistic rationale was particularly influential in the creation of modern economic theory.· Secondly, the competition of economic theory is cast solely in terms of price competition and narrowly defined profit maximisation.· Standard economic theory would dismiss the effort as naive and counterproductive.
· This, together with closer economic ties with the West, added to the Empire's leverage in international affairs.
· What other relationships might exist between demographic and economic trends?· Major is struggling to get the voters to focus on positive economic trends.· In fact the Longbridge saga was more about global economic trends than currencies.· Michael Ghiselin developed this idea further in 1974 and made some telling analogies with economic trends.· Already a £4.1 billion industry, quick-service restaurants continue to expand as quickly as ever, despite the economic trend.· However, economic trends and social security changes appear to have undermined these strategies.· Despite some encouraging economic trends there is as yet no confirmed upturn in activity, and any recovery will be fragile.· Plynus's desire for advancement is seen against economic trends which entice people from their duties.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
- Hence Mr Yeltsin's dilemma: to persuade the deputies to commit political suicide without acting unconstitutionally.
- It built the Central Valley Project to rescue the growers from economic suicide by groundwater overdraft.
- Sensing his authority had ebbed, Fujimori grimly took the only exit left: political suicide, a move that stunned everyone.
- The government believes it would be political suicide to allow pension contributions to rise above 30 percent.
- To have taken on the world in that state would have been political suicide.
WORD FAMILYnouneconomicseconomisteconomyadjectiveeconomiceconomical ≠ uneconomic(al)economyverbeconomizeadverbeconomically ≠ uneconomically
1[only before noun] relating to trade, industry, and the management of money: Economic growth is slow. the government’s economic policy Economic reform is needed. In the current economic climate (=conditions), we must keep costs down.► see thesaurus at financial2an economic process, activity etc produces enough profit for it to continue SYN profitable OPP uneconomic: It is no longer economic to run the service. ► Do not confuse with economical (=cheap or not wasteful).COLLOCATIONSnounseconomic activity (=the amount of buying, selling etc in a country or area)· This year we have seen an upturn in global economic activity.economic growth/development (=when businesses become more successful)· We have enjoyed a period of steady economic growth.an economic slowdown/downturn (=when businesses become less successful)· Experts are predicting an economic slowdown at the beginning of next year.economic recession (=a period during which a country or area has a lot of problems with its economy)· People are scared they will lose their homes if there is an economic recession.an economic crisis (=a situation in which there are a lot of problems with the economy, that must be dealt with quickly so the situation does not get worse)· The country’s economic crisis continues to deepen as workers demonstrated against rising food prices.economic recovery (=the process in which an economic situation improves after a period of failing)· There are now signs of economic recovery in the region.economic problems· The country’s continuing economic problems could lead to recession.the economic system (=the way in which the economy of a country or area is organized)· There are fears that the country’s whole economic system could collapse.an economic policy (=the way in which a government manages the economy of a country or area)· Controlling inflation is the main aim of the government’s economic policy.economic reform (=a set of changes made to an economy in order to improve it)· The government agreed to a programme of economic reform.the economic climate (=the general economic conditions in a country or area)· In the current economic climate, a lot of people are trying to save more and spend less.economic sanctions (=laws that stop trade with another country, as a way of forcing its leaders to make political changes)· The UN threatened economic sanctions against the regime.economic performance (=how well a company, country, or economy is doing)· How do you explain this poor economic performance over the last few years?economic factor (=a factor involving money or the economy that affects a situation)· Complex economic and social factors have contributed to the rise in violent crime.an economic indicator (=something that shows how well the economy of a country is doing, and what is likely to happen to it in the future)· The main economic indicators show that the economy is still in decline.