effect1 nouneffect2 verb
effectef‧fect1 /ɪˈfekt/ ●●● S1 W1 noun 
WORD ORIGINeffect1
Origin:
1300-1400 Old French, Latin effectus, past participle of efficere ‘to cause to happen’EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES
- All my efforts to persuade them were beginning to have an effect.
- Any increase in fuel costs could have a bad effect on business.
- Gail was still recovering from the effects of her operation.
- I've been taking these pills for three days, but so far they've had no effect.
- I tried using bleach to remove the stain, but without much effect.
- I was starting to feel the effects of two nights without much sleep.
- Storni's use of rhythm creates an effect of tension in her poems.
- The effects of the oil spill were devastating for wildlife.
- The death of a parent can have very serious and long-lasting effects on a child.
- the harmful effects of radiation
- The study measured the effect of fertilizers on the size of crops.
- At the same time, materials scientists launch an extensive search for other materials that might have similar effects.
- But they are concerned about the psychological effect the experience may have on the girls.
- However, the establishment of cause and effect in education is notoriously difficult.
- I saw her later in my office because the Hyper. 30 had no effect.
- In effect, a personalized automated trading system can be created without having to go to any financial institution.
- Patients with renal failure are, in effect, undergoing an osmotic diuresis since solute load per remaining functioning nephron is increased.
- Sleeping on a contoured pillow will achieve the same effect if you prefer sleeping on foam rather than feathers.
- The exploration of the effect of unconscious associations between words and ideas certainly takes eighteenth-century criticism into a new field.
THESAURUS
a change that is caused by an event, action etc: · The people in this area are still suffering from the effects of the famine.· The treatment had little or no effect.
an effect that happens as a result of something important, especially a big and permanent effect: · Changes in technology have had a massive impact on the way we work.· the environmental impact of industrial activity
the effect that something has on people’s opinions or behaviour, or on how something develops: · American television has had a big influence on popular culture in the west.· His ideas had a lot of influence at the time.
an unwanted and unplanned effect that something has – used especially about drugs and medical treatment: · Common side effects of the drug may include headaches and muscle pains.
British English, aftereffects American English bad effects that continue for a long time after the thing that caused them: · A traumatic experience can have severe psychological after-effects.· the after-effects of the war
the effects that happen later as a result of an event or decision, especially a range of effects that continue for a long time: · The scandal could have serious repercussions for her career.· The judge’s decision is likely to have important repercussions for future cases of this kind.
British English used when something has an effect on something, which then has an effect on something else: · Higher oil prices have a knock-on effect on other fuels.
the effect that human activities have on the environment, caused by using up its natural resources, pollution, waste etc: · Businesses all over the world must attempt to reduce their environmental footprint.· The house has a low carbon footprint (=it uses very little energy from carbon and therefore is good for the environment).
Longman Language Activatorto have an effect on someone or something to make someone or something change in some way, for example by making them better or worse: · For some patients, the treatment has an immediate effect.have an effect on: · What you eat when you are pregnant can have an effect on your baby.· No one knows yet what effects genetically modified foods will have on the environment.have little/no effect: · The government's policies have so far had little effect in reducing the level of inflation.
if an event, invention, or new idea has an impact on something, it affects it in important ways and causes big changes: · The new management team has clearly had an impact.have an impact on: · It is unlikely that the storms will have much impact on this year's harvest.· the impact of the Internet on all our liveshave a great/enormous/major etc impact: · Einstein's work on relativity had an enormous impact on the way physics developed.have little/no impact: · At first, the revolution had little impact on the lives of ordinary people.
to produce a change, for example in the way that something develops or in someone's situation: · The new tax law doesn't affect me because I'm a student.· Scientists are investigating the ways in which climate changes affect the ozone layer.
if something takes effect , especially a medicine or drug, or a new plan or system, it starts to have an effect: · It will be a while before the government's new economic policy takes effect.· The dentist gave me an injection that took effect almost immediately, and I didn't feel a thing.
to have a noticeable effect on a situation: · If everybody helps a little, it really makes a difference.· You can call and complain, but I don't think it will make any difference.make a big difference: · Just getting a new hairstyle and new outfit made a big difference to my confidence.
to affect something such as sales or profits - used especially in business and journalism: · How is the growth of e-commerce likely to impact the retail sector?impact on: · Child care is an issue that impacts on a broad cross-section of working women.
to have a bad effect · The drug can have a serious effect on the body's immune system.have a devastating/disastrous effect (=have an extremely bad effect) · The war is having a devastating effect on people's lives.
to have a bad effect on someone or something: · Late nights and lack of sleep can seriously affect your performance at work.· Rescue officials have gone to three villages badly affected by the earthquakes.
to have a bad effect on someone or something: · Changing schools too often can be bad for a child's social development.it's bad for somebody to do something: · I think it's bad for her to spend so much time worrying about him.
to have a serious and harmful effect on something or someone, especially after continuing for a long time: · Years of civil war and drought have taken their toll, and the population of the region is greatly reduced.take a toll/take its toll on: · Bad working conditions eventually take a toll on staff morale.
to have an important and permanent effect on something: · She was only here for a few months, but she certainly left her mark.leave a mark/leave its mark on: · The long dispute has left its mark on the mining industry.
to have a noticeable and often harmful effect on a person or on a situation: tell on: · The strain of living with her violent husband was telling on Judy.start/begin to tell: · The power of the mayor's cronies began to tell as the election drew closer.
to affect something in a way that harms it or makes it worse than it was before: · We need to be assured that the new development will not have a negative impact on the local environment.· Last year's attacks have continued to have a negative impact on the tourist industry this year.
to have an effect on the way people think or behave to affect the way someone behaves or thinks: · Don't let him influence you - make up your own mind.· How much does TV advertising really influence what people buy?· The jury's verdict was clearly influenced by their sympathy for the defendant.influence somebody to do something: · The prisoner claims he was influenced by his older friends to carry out the crime.
to have a continuing effect on the way that people think or behave: · His ideas are too complicated to have much real influence.have an influence on: · Clearly, the cost of fuel has an influence on what sort of car someone buys.have a great/important/profound etc influence: · Descartes' ideas have had a profound influence on modern science.
to influence someone when they have not yet definitely decided about something, so that they change their mind: · The court is unlikely to be swayed by those arguments.· Ed's parents never tried to sway him, but they are happy with the decision he's made.be easily swayed: · Insecure people are often easily swayed by flattery.
to be one of the things that has an effect on what someone decides or on what happens: play a part in: · Of course, the pay played some part in my decision to take the job.play a big/major part: · He was to go on to play a major part in the success of the new government.
if something comes into or enters into a decision, it is one of the things that influences you when you decide or choose something - use this especially in negative sentences: · Try not to let your personal feelings enter into the decision.· An applicant's age or sex doesn't come into it - we simply choose the best candidate for the job.
British /color American to influence someone's opinions or decisions, usually in a way that makes them less fair: · Foster's early experiences in Hollywood colored his views of the entire film industry.· How can he make fair and impartial decisions when political loyalties colour his judgement?
the effect that something has a change that is caused by something that happens or by something that someone does: effect of: · the harmful effects of smoking· Gail was still recovering from the effects of her operation.effect on: · The study measured the effect of fertilizers on the size of crops.without much effect: · I tried using bleach to remove the stain, but without much effect.feel the effects of something: · I was starting to feel the effects of two nights without much sleep.
a bad effect that something can have in addition to its good effects - use this especially about harmful effects that a drug can have: · At higher doses, the most common side effects are nausea and vomiting.side effect of: · One possible side effect of the drug is loss of memory.
a big and permanent change that happens as a result of something important: impact of: · the lasting impact of improved education on the country's economic successimpact on: · The Internet's impact on the way we do business has been remarkable.· The company is trying to lessen the impact of the oil spill on marine life.
the continuing effects that something has on the way that people think or behave, or on the way that things develop: influence of: · The authorities were worried about the influence of Western films and TV programmes.influence of something on something: · The book is about the influence of feminist ideas on American society.
especially spoken use this to talk about a bad effect that something has on someone or something: · Do you ever think about what those cigarettes must be doing to your lungs?· Look what the storm has done to the flowers.
the possible effects that something is likely to have in the future: the implications for: · What do you think the implications of the new law will be for small businesses? have implications: · The new treatment will have implications for anyone suffering from an allergy.wider implications (=more important implications, especially ones that people have not yet considered): · The case is likely to have wider implications, for example those affecting press freedom.the implications of: · The implications of the committee's decision are many.
something or someone that has an effect on people's ideas or behaviour something that has an effect, especially on the way people think or behave: · The two main influences in a child's development are the family and the school.good/bad influence: · I think the boys that Todd is hanging around with are a bad influence.
having an important effect on people's ideas: · Marx was clearly the most influential of all the socialist writers.highly influential: · It is a highly influential art magazine that is widely read by dealers.influential in doing something: · Although she was not a professional politician, her views were influential in shaping government policy.
having a big effect: far-reaching effects/implications/changes/consequences etc effects, changes etc that are likely to have a big and continuing effect on something: · The court's decision will have far-reaching implications for the health care industry.
when the real situation is different from what people think especially spoken used to tell or ask someone what the real situation is, when they think it is something different: · "Here's the $10 I owe you." "Actually, you owe me 20."· Did he actually hit you or just threaten you?· It turns out that one of the children I thought was a girl was actually a boy.
used to tell someone what the real situation is, when they think it is something different. Actually is more informal and is used more in conversation than in fact . Actually is also used more in questions than in fact . Actually is often used at the beginning of a sentence that answers a question, but in fact is not.: · He said it would be cheap but in fact it cost over £200.· No, I'm not offended at all. In fact, I'm glad you asked the question.in actual fact/in point of fact: · They seem to think that building a new road will improve the traffic problem, whereas in point of fact it will make it worse.· There are almost 200,000 possible combinations of symbols. In actual fact, only a small number of these are used.
spoken used to say what the truth is, especially because something about the situation may make people believe something that is wrong: · He failed his tests, but he's quite a bright guy, really.· Are you sure she's really a lawyer? She doesn't act like one.· They're asking £600,000 for the house. That's more than it's really worth.
used to introduce the second part of a statement when you want to show that the first part is not true or exact: · It seems like just yesterday, but in reality it was five years ago.· Nowadays owning a car may appear to be a necessity, but in reality it isn't.· They say that the economy is already coming out of the recession, but the reality is that there has been no improvement at all.the reality of the situation is: · The reality of the situation is that by sending drug users to jail, the government may be discouraging people from seeking treatment.
used to show what the real truth or fact is in a situation, when this is surprising or different from what people believed was true: · The truth was that she did not enjoy getting together with the rest of her family.· The fact is he was murdered. He didn't commit suicide at all.· I may make it all look easy, but the truth is I work very hard.
used to show the difference between what is supposed to happen according to a rule or law, and what does happen: · Teenagers are not allowed to drink in bars, but in practice they often do.· Economic predictions are highly theoretical. It's what they mean in practice that is important.in theory ... in practice: · The law seemed like a good idea in theory, but in practice it has proved far too expensive.
used to show what really happens, even though this was not clear from what was said or done: · Foreign companies have been effectively running the country for decades.· Management seems to be saying, in effect, that if we don't like the offer, we can all quit.
method/plan/system a method, system etc that is effective succeeds in achieving the result that you want: · The advertisement was simple but remarkably effective.· Our training programme covers a range of effective management techniques.an effective way of doing something/to do something: · There are many effective ways of using videos in language teaching.highly effective: · The new system has proved to be a highly effective way of extending trading hours.
if a plan or method works , it produces the result that you want: · "I can't open the jar." "Try putting it in hot water. That sometimes works."work well: · The recipe works just as well if you cook the fish in the microwave.work with somebody (=make someone react in the way you want): · That type of sales talk doesn't work with me.work like magic/like a charm/like a dream (=have exactly the result that you want, especially when this is surprising): · I bought a bottle of stain remover, and it worked like magic.
to produce the result or effect that is intended: · You may have to take two pills in order to achieve the desired effect.have the desired effect of doing something: · The meetings had the desired effect of driving home the urgent need for change.
an action, or piece of work that is successful produces very good results: · Their new advertising campaign has been very successful.· Did you have a successful shopping trip?· It was one of the President's most successful speeches.highly successful: · Freire introduced highly successful literacy programs in Brazil.
spoken say this about a tool or method you think will be effective: · An electric saw will do the job at twice the speed.· Exercise and a low-calorie diet should do the trick.
to be extremely effective in dealing with a difficult problem or situation: · Many elderly people need to get out more, and often a new hobby works wonders.work wonders for: · The team's recent successes have worked wonders for their morale.
if the way you do something or the methods or people you use make a difference , they make something much more effective and successful: · If you're a young energetic college graduate who wants to make a difference in the world of media, this is the job for you!make all the difference: · The kind of technology you choose will make all the difference to the success of your business.
not effective also ineffective having very little effect, so that it does not achieve what it is meant to achieve: · Studies have shown that this is not effective as a teaching technique.· The German tactics were so ineffective that Brazil had complete control in midfield.ineffective in doing something: · The government's approach has been ineffective in reducing unemployment.
informal not having any useful effect and not helping you get the result you want: · This book is useless! I can't find any of the information I need.· I reminded myself that worrying is a useless activity.useless against: · Antibiotics are useless against viral infections such as influenza.it is useless to do something: · Jenny decided to say nothing. It was useless to argue.worse than useless (=used to emphasize that something has no useful effect and may make a situation worse): · Of course we need to test children's ability, but some of these exams are worse than useless.
spoken say this when you have been trying to do something, but you realize that what you are doing is never likely to be effective: · This whole project's a waste of time, if you ask me.be a big/complete waste of time: · I came to the conclusion that therapy was a complete waste of time.
if something does not work, it does not produce the result that you want: · My doctor recommended several different creams for dry skin, but none of them worked.· If stain remover doesn't work, you'd better send your dress to the dry cleaners.· I tried ignoring his unpleasant remarks, but it didn't work.
if something has no effect , it produces no results at all or is completely unsuccessful: · The drugs had no effect.· Paul realized that his words were having no effect; Karen was not going to change her mind.
if an attempt to do something fails , you do not achieve the result that you want: · My attempt to lose weight failed completely.· Our plan to go into business failed when the bank refused to lend us enough money.
never likely to be effective - used especially by newspapers about political activities, plans etc: · They're saying that the democratic campaign is dead in the water just two days after its launch.· I think you should admit that the government's plans for higher education are now dead in the water.
to harm a person, group, country etc to have a bad effect on something, in a way that makes it weaker, less effective, or less successful: · Walking out without giving any notice will only harm your career.· Any scandal will certainly harm the company's reputation.· These new export restrictions are sure to harm the economy.· The most important consideration is that the environment is not harmed.
to permanently harm something such as the success, health, or image of a person, organization etc so that they are not as effective as before: · Several recent events have damaged the government's public image.· This is likely to damage Scott's reputation even more.seriously/badly damage something: · Smoking can seriously damage your health.· The company's future prospects will be badly damaged if this deal falls through.
to change or effect something in a harmful way: · Drinking so much is bound to have a bad effect on your health.· An increase in interest rates at the present time would definitely be bad for business.
to have a sudden bad effect on someone or something, harming them badly: · A sudden rise in inflation always hits living standards.be badly hit: · Southern England has been badly hit by flooding, and many homes are now without power.hit something/somebody hard: · Elderly people were the hardest hit by the increase in tax on fuel.
to have a bad effect on an organization or activity, by making it less successful or effective: · Most companies have been hurt by the economic slowdown.· This is mainly going to hurt those who already have least.
to harm the plans, chances, confidence etc of a person or organization: · It would be stupid to pretend this was anything but a blow to the prime minister.be a big/serious/severe etc blow: · The incident was a severe blow to UN peace efforts.· Losing the match against Rumania, dealt a huge blow to the team.
to harm something such as an ability or the way a body or system works - use this especially in medical or technical contexts: · If a witness is allowed to withhold evidence, it impairs the legal process.· Alcohol significantly impairs your ability to drive a car or operate machinery.
formal to be likely to harm something: · Working in front of a computer all day may be detrimental to your eyesight.· Any further housing development will be detrimental to the character of this small town.
if you do something at the expense of someone or something else, you do it in order to gain an advantage, even if it harms them or has a bad effect on them: · Cigarette manufacturers continue to pursue profit at the expense of our children.· Many people are now working a fifty or sixty hour week, at the expense of their family life.
to seriously harm something by causing a lot of harm and confusion: · A major computer failure wrought havoc on the New York Subway last night.wreak havoc/play havoc with: · Working so late is starting to play havoc with her social life.
to be the most basic meaning of a statement you say basically or essentially as a way of introducing the general meaning of a longer or more complicated statement: · I won't read it all to you, but basically they want us to leave the house.· Basically, the author is in favour of disarmament but with a few reservations.· This is essentially the same argument that Arnold used in "Culture and Anarchy".
if a long statement, argument, discussion etc boils down to or comes down to a simple fact, that is its simplest and most important meaning: · The argument boiled down to him saying I did and me saying I didn't.· That's what it boils down to then: he's not prepared to help us.· They make a variety of points, but what their complaints come down to is, no one seems to care.
if a statement amounts to something, that is what it means or that is the effect it has, especially if this is something that the person making the statement was deliberately trying to avoid: · The fact that he said he was sorry after the accident amounts to a confession of guilt.· Their request for better working conditions amounted to a criticism of the management.
you say in other words when you are going to make clear the meaning of something you have just said, using simpler words: · He prides himself on his powers of persuasion -- or, in other words, his salesmanship.· The books and materials are kept on closed access, in other words available only to the library staff.
you say that someone said something to that effect , when you are giving the general meaning of what they said, even if you do not use the same words: · I thought he was wrong and I said something to that effect at dinner.words to that effect: · James said he was unhappy in his work or words to that effect.
something that happens or exists because of something else something that happens because of someone's actions or because of something else that happened before: result of: · Her constant cough is the result of many years of smoking.· The results of the attack included two helicopters burnt out, and three groundcrew wounded.with the result that: · More and more people are using cars, with the result that towns are much more polluted.as a result: · Jobs are hard to get and, as a result, more young people are continuing their education.a direct result of something (=caused by only one thing even if people think there may be other causes): · Her parents believe that her death was a direct result of medical error.
when a person or situation is changed by something that happens or something that someone does: effect of: · The effects of the oil spill were devastating for wildlife.· the harmful effects of radiationhave an effect/have no effect: · All my efforts to persuade them were beginning to have an effect.· I've been taking these pills for three days, but so far they've had no effect.effect on: · The death of a parent can have very serious and long-lasting effects on a child.have a bad/good effect (on something/somebody): · Any increase in fuel costs could have a bad effect on business.
the consequences of an action, decision etc are the things that happen as a result of it, which are usually bad: consequence of: · Pain and illness are sometimes thought to be the unavoidable consequences of growing old.consequence for: · If river levels continue to rise, it will have very serious consequences for many people's homes.take/face the consequences (=accept the bad results of something you do): · People who run up big debts eventually have to face the consequences.damaging/dire/disastrous etc consequences: · Safety procedures had been ignored, with disastrous consequences.
formal all the possible results that a plan, action, or discovery could have, especially when they affect what you think or do or what happens in the future: implications of: · The legal implications of the case are extremely significant.implications for: · Any change in interest rates has important implications for most people's financial situation.important/significant/profound etc implications: · The discovery of planets orbiting other suns has profound implications.
the situation that exists at the end of a meeting, activity, or series of events, especially when no one knows what this will be until it actually happens: · Whatever the outcome, I hope we remain friends.· The talks had a better outcome than we had originally hoped.outcome of: · It's impossible to say for sure what the outcome of the election will be.affect/influence the outcome: · The patient's general health and fitness can also affect the outcome of the disease.predict the outcome: · At this point, I wouldn't even try to predict the outcome, but we're hoping for the best.
the result of something, especially when it is a little unusual or unexpected: upshot of: · What was the upshot of the trial?the upshot is that: · The upshot of that experience was that I decided I didn't want to study medicine after all.
the final situation that exists after a long time, process, or series of events: · It was impossible for many small businesses to survive, and the end result was the loss of many jobs.the end result is that: · If students constantly fail, the end result is that they switch off any interest in learning.
the final situation that exists when you consider all the details and facts - use this when this situation is not good: · The net result of global warming will be a rise in sea levels.the net result/effect is that: · The new system is designed to spread payments over several months but the net effect is that people pay more in total.
a bad effect that exists for a long time after the activity or event that caused it: · The earthquake struck a week ago but the city is still feeling the aftereffects.aftereffect of: · A large number of working days are lost through the aftereffects of alcohol abuse.psychological aftereffects: · The psychological aftereffects of a tragedy like the Zeebrugge disaster can stay with the survivors for years.
a series of events and results a series of events, each of which is the result of the one before, and which cannot be stopped: · When oil prices rise, prices of other goods all over the world rise in a chain reaction.chain reaction of: · A chain reaction of events eventually led to the Prime Minister's resignation.start/set off a chain reaction: · The revolution set off a chain reaction of revolts in neighbouring states.
British something that happens as a result of something that has happened before, and that you do not want to happen: knock-on effect of: · The knock-on effect of the rise in electricity prices is likely to be higher prices generally.knock-on effect on: · Any reduction in community care for the elderly will have a knock-on effect on hospitals.
a series of events or actions, each one of which is caused by the effects of the previous one - use this especially about a series of bad things that happen: · If schools were allowed to become more selective, there would be a domino effect.have a domino effect (on something): · Opponents of the scheme claimed that if the museum moved from Golden Gate Park it would have a domino effect on the other facilities.
to officially start a new system, method, rule etc to officially start a new system, method, or rule for the first time: · The company is thinking of introducing medical tests for all employees.· New safety measures will be introduced next month.· The city authorities are bringing in new parking regulations next month.
to introduce a new law or rule gradually, over a fairly long period of time: · The new technology will be phased in over a five year period.· In an attempt to reduce opposition to its tax reforms, the government plans to phase them in gradually.
if a new law or system comes into effect or comes into operation , it starts to be used officially: · The new law came into effect in 1991.· Eventually a ban on the sale of fireworks to children came into operation.
COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRYverbs
They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets. a drug that has a beneficial effect on the immune system Depression is often caused by the cumulative effects of stress and overwork. Women can play a decisive role in the debate over cloning. the deleterious effects of smoking His remarks had the desired effect. the deterrent effect of prison sentences the detrimental effect of pollution on the environment Climate change could have disastrous effects on Earth. Tourism has had far-reaching effects on the island’s culture. International politics were a formative influence on the party. His voice had a smooth hypnotic effect. The most immediate effect of retirement is a dramatic reduction in living standards. The indirect effects of climate change may be profound. The new project will lessen the effects of car pollution. the long-term effects of alcohol on the body I thought the medicine would make him sleep, but it had the opposite effect. As a policy, it did not produce the desired effect. Tolstoy’s experiences of war had a profound effect on his work. The mother’s behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child. Teachers settled for a 4.2% pay rise with retrospective effect from 1 April. The increase had a ripple effect through the whole financial market. a natural remedy with no harmful side effects These policy changes could have beneficial side effects for the whole economy. The weak European economy will have a spillover effect on the US dollar. the stimulating effects of coffee and tea Never underestimate the power of the press. The drug may have other undesirable effects.COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADJECTIVE
· Eating junk food will eventually have an effect on your health.
· The news had the effect of making everyone feel better.
formal· If we combine these sounds, they produce an effect that is almost jazzy.
(=notice it)· Small companies will feel the effect of the recession first.
(=make an effect smaller or less severe)· The government must take action to reduce the effects of pollution.
(=make it less bad)· Lower mortgage rates will cushion the effect of rising house prices.
(=continues)· The effect of the drug lasts about six hours.
(=gradually stops)· The effect of the anaesthetic was beginning to wear off.
adjectives· The teachers’ strike had a big effect on many schools.
(=quite big)· Global warming could have a significant effect on agriculture in many parts of the world.
(=very big, in a way that changes someone or something significantly)· My father’s death had a profound effect on me.
(=very big and sudden)· Taking the new drug had a dramatic effect on his health.
· The drugs have a relatively small effect on a lot of patients.
formal (=very small)· The advertising campaign had a negligible effect on demand.
(=quick and sudden)· The announcement had an immediate effect on stock prices.
· Inflation can sometimes have some good effects on the economy.
(=good, or helping someone or something in some way)· The incident had a very positive effect on his career.
· Working too hard was beginning to have a bad effect on my health.
(=bad or harmful)· the negative effects of low rainfall
(=causing harm or damage to something or someone)· the harmful effects of drinking too much alcohol· Some of the effects can be quite damaging.
(=an effect that you can clearly see)· He drank five beers, but they did not seem to have any visible effect on him.
formal (=the bad effects)· No one told them about the adverse effects of smoking marijuana.
(=having an effect for a long or short time)· Many boxers suffer with the long-term effects of punches to the head.
(=an effect that is caused by something that has happened before)· The strike could have a knock-on effect at other airports.
(=the effect of many things happening one after the other)· The cumulative effect of these policies will be to push up inflation.
(=the effect you want)· His team talk had the desired effect because the team went on to win the game.
(=the whole effect)· We won’t know the full effect of the tax changes until the end of the financial year.
(=one that makes you feel less angry, excited, or nervous)· His words seemed to have a calming effect on the crowd.
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets. a drug that has a beneficial effect on the immune system (=the idea that one thing directly causes another)· What happened was simply a question of cause and effect.
(=the result of two or more different things used or mixed together) The combined effects of the war and the drought resulted in famine.
The combined effects of the war and the drought resulted in famine. Depression is often caused by the cumulative effects of stress and overwork. Women can play a decisive role in the debate over cloning. the deleterious effects of smoking His remarks had the desired effect. the deterrent effect of prison sentences the detrimental effect of pollution on the environment· The recession has had a devastating impact on employment in this area.
· Our organization’s work has a direct impact upon children’s lives in this country.
Climate change could have disastrous effects on Earth.· An accident can have a dramatic effect on your family’s finances.
· The building’s design will minimize its impact on the environment.
· The environmental effects of building the dam will be felt by generations to come.
· He yawned widely, exaggerating the effect by stretching his arms wide.
Tourism has had far-reaching effects on the island’s culture. International politics were a formative influence on the party.· The study looked at the long-term health effects of drinking alcohol.
His voice had a smooth hypnotic effect. The most immediate effect of retirement is a dramatic reduction in living standards. The indirect effects of climate change may be profound. The new project will lessen the effects of car pollution.· Consider the options open to you, and their likely consequences.
the long-term effects of alcohol on the body I thought the medicine would make him sleep, but it had the opposite effect. (=in order to make people eager to hear what you are going to say)· 'Now I know what to do,' Brown said, pausing for effect.
(=small possessions, clothing etc)· After his suicide, his mother received his personal effects.
· Exercise has a positive effect on health.
As a policy, it did not produce the desired effect. Tolstoy’s experiences of war had a profound effect on his work. The mother’s behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child. Teachers settled for a 4.2% pay rise with retrospective effect from 1 April.· Hair conditioner can’t reverse the damaging effects of colouring and perming.
The increase had a ripple effect through the whole financial market. a natural remedy with no harmful side effects These policy changes could have beneficial side effects for the whole economy. The weak European economy will have a spillover effect on the US dollar. the stimulating effects of coffee and tea· Headaches, migraines, and irritability are all signs of stress.· The effects of stress are subtle and sometimes difficult to see.
Never underestimate the power of the press. The drug may have other undesirable effects.· If we believed it would have an adverse effect on claims, we would discourage people from buying timber-frame.· In one, no adverse effects on neonatal outcome were found.· You wouldn't expect much speed out of it, but then you could confidentially run it over any terrain without adverse effect.· Despite the adverse effect of lower output, energy efficiency has been maintained at the 1990 level.· Such treatments are generally thought to have few adverse effects and are often self administered.· Anti-abortion groups have seized upon the few that have shown an adverse effect, not the many that have not.· Is this likely to have any adverse effect on the engine?· Rapid market growth and sector under-capacity encouraged Pilkingtons to expand and attracted new entrants to the marketplace without adverse effects on profits.
· Indeed, it may well have had the indirect, beneficial effect of encouraging the search for better methods.· Excessive amounts of beta-carotene may somehow block the beneficial effects of one or more of the other nutrients.· Organised self-help groups also rely on the beneficial effects of talking and discussion.· One beneficial effect of the new policy was fewer lawsuits.· Giving the puppies a companion, or playthings, failed to have such a beneficial effect.· As mentioned in the discussion of pathophysiology, their beneficial effect is mainly due to the blocking of striatal acetylcholine receptors.· However, an agreement did not qualify for exemption if its beneficial effects were only indispensable within a national market.· We hope that further studies support these very beneficial effects of support during labor.
· Though single pieces were restrained, the cumulative effect of a group exhibition was to reorganize spatial perception radically.· The cumulative effect provides an even more impressive testimonial.· During the reign of Charles the Bald, however, such developments not only continued but showed cumulative effects.· But the cumulative effect is gridlock.· The cumulative effect has been dramatic.· Consideration could be given to the interaction and cumulative effects of various pollutants.· The cumulative effect of all these changes do not auger well for the supply of teachers.· Some missiles would be likely to leak through each layer but the cumulative effect would be to limit the damage greatly.
· The application with the particularly detrimental effect on operators' jobs was the biscuit dough mixing automation.· She had not learned that her dedicated efforts to achieve personal goals could have a detrimental effect on the work of others.· This is obviously having a detrimental effect on textile exports from the region.· Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children.· They must have some detrimental effect, either physical or economic, on employees, consumers or the general public.· Subsequently, a serious accident at the company's water-theme park in Surrey had a detrimental effect on its public profile.· At the same time, medical and social science research began to indicate that retirement itself had detrimental effects.· I can not understand this as I can not see any detrimental effect on the carp.
· The direct effect is the net change in the number of jobs before account is taken of output changes.· Two direct effects are particularly important for this story.· The departure of Mark, now a professor of engineering at the University of Texas, also had a more direct effect.· In most situations this seems to be a direct effect of insulin on the hepatic production of IGFBP-1.· These results suggest that caffeine indirectly affects many neurotransmitter systems through its direct effects on adenosine receptors.· A finding of contributory negligence on the other hand has a direct financial effect on the plaintiff.· Employee vacancies will not be filled except in cases where the position has a direct effect on public services.
· He exploited his age, like all his other attributes, to great dramatic effect.· This is sometimes done at discotheques, and it produces some dramatic effects.· The sell-offs had a dramatic effect because some of the businesses were loss-makers which dragged down profits last time.· Hannah's film had a dramatic effect wherever it was shown, and won a clutch of awards.· They are both interesting books because they tell interesting stories, and are arranged to dramatic effect in interesting ways.· If the specific impulse could be increased towards 1000 seconds this would have a dramatic effect on the mass ratio required.· The black and cream colour scheme in this bedroom from Smallbone creates a dramatic effect.
· He exploited his age, like all his other attributes, to great dramatic effect.· But nobody demonized the opposition to greater effect than did Clinton strategist James Carville during the 1992 presidential campaign.· This decline in population had great social effects.· If we keep advocating our positions honestly, consistently, persuasively, we ultimately have a great effect.· Firstly, how great are the effects of women's family responsibilities on their employment and pay.· The longer the wind blows, the greater the effect.· By far the greatest effect on the crude mortality rates was when mortality rates due to immaturity were adjusted for low birth rate.· Andersen and Towner have a perfect understanding, and the bass is employed both rhythmically and melodically to great effect.
· The rift between conventional and complementary medicine has had many harmful effects.· Studies consistently demonstrate that its harmful effects are far less than those of alcohol or tobacco.· This also made it easier to note any harmful side effects of medication and ensure compliance with treatment.· The self-interest behind such measures and the harmful effects in Third World countries are plain for all to see.· Additionally, rapid repetition of the experiment allows the production of abdominal movies without any harmful effects to the subjects.· Discussions about drugs' harmful effects were one thing, but McGrath was sick with heroin.· There is no sound evidence of Ginseng inducing harmful side effects.· In the absence of more tangible evidence, the argument regarding possible harmful effects on children can be ignored.
· For the ill effects of bruises and other mechanical trauma, after Arnica.· And this gridiron pendulum can truly stand the heat with no ill effects.· If you do happen to swallow any bits they should pass straight through without any ill effects.· Brownell did pioneering research on the ill effects of yo-yo dieting.· But cost controls have helped offset the worst effects of the downturn, says chairman Sir Roy Watts.· Moceanu, showing no ill effects from the injury that threatened to keep her out of the Olympics, was efficient throughout.· We are not totally recession proof but are certainly better insulated than most companies against its worst effects.· It also neutralizes the ill effects of sitting at a desk all day and eating large lunches.
· The most immediate effect of all this has been the announcement of increased mortgage rates.· It had the immediate effect, he said, of cutting the volume of usable corneas in half.· Cannabis may have few immediate withdrawal effects and this again may give rise to the mistaken belief that it is not addictive.· It advanced the use of shock to cure anything by scaring it out of your body, with immediate effect.· Moving production to Lostock had an immediate effect.· The most immediate effect of his proposal would be to block gaming by the Salt River tribe.· His three-match ban has been lifted with immediate effect, freeing him for the First Division match at Huddersfield tomorrow.
· Direct and indirect effects Multiple causality means that two or more causes tend to work together to produce an effect.· Its actions on various organs are the result of a combination of both direct and indirect effects.· Indeed, it may well have had the indirect, beneficial effect of encouraging the search for better methods.· Just as Bill Kestell noted earlier concerning tracks, the indirect effect of booby traps on infantry movement was serious.· But the indirect effects may be more profound.· It may carry out its views of public policy whatever indirect effect they may have upon the activities of the states.· Though we found no direct effects on pay, holding other things equal, we found indirect effects of motherhood on pay.· Later we will argue that some indirect effects occur due to cross-level interactions with chaotic population dynamics.
· Look at the likely positive effects of it.· In addition, such strategies presume that decision makers understand the likely effects of technology development on a local economy.· In general Republicans supported the measure because its likely effect would be to undermine the long-lasting Democratic domination of the state legislature.· The most likely effects being gastro intestinal with some nausea.· These are particularly important when considering the likely effects within the real world.· Survival International has launched a campaign against the programme and its likely effects on the indigenous inhabitants of the forest.· Consent means that the patient must be capable of understanding the nature, purpose and likely effects of the proposed treatments.· Remember to wear something approaching the colour of your wedding dress so that you can judge the likely effect on the big day.
· But its major effect was to make life slightly more tolerable for those at the sharp end of the beat system.· The major effect of the anticonvulsant drugs is to prevent that kind of spread.· Who you are and how you behave will have a major effect on the men and women who live there.· The location of your business can have a major effect upon your success.· At least 20 sessions, spread over several days, are required to remove the major effects of practice.· It is growing very rapidly and having an increasingly major effect on medical concepts and techniques.· There were no major side effects that interrupted treatment in either group.· The major effect we found with melatonin was in sleep maintenance.
· It was almost inevitable that this would have a negative effect on any innovative work.· None is big enough or bold enough to offset the negative effects of the financial collapse.· With Ian, his inner sensitivity has a negative effect mainly in his working environment.· As a practical matter, hydrogen use has some negative effects.· These negative effects of direct taxation can not any longer be ignored.· In work settings, people are able to limit the negative cardiovascular effects of stress through a variety of techniques.· Finally, further analysis demonstrates that the level of political democracy has a negative effect on the strike volume.
· The result is that this type of wave combs material down from the top of the beach giving a net erosive effect.· While the net negative effect on employment is small, this apparently minor response masks some disturbing compositional changes.· The net effect of the application of the liberal model for developing work with the unemployed is thus somewhat muted and minimal.· In both these cases, the net effect upon equilibrium price will be zero; price will not change.· Therefore the net effect of cattle on a meadow is that the grasses benefit.· The net effect of comet impacts is to erode the Moon, not add mass.· But the net effect has been to leave exactly the same number dependent upon means-tested assistance.· Ultimately, the net effect of the Bettelheim uproar was-not much.
· Crash dieting and yo-yo dieting, on the other hand, will have the opposite effect.· Where we followed his lead-particularly in low-income housing-we often had the opposite effect, crippling community-based organizations.· Do administrations of the right pursue policies which have the opposite effects?· The two hormones exert opposite effects.· This was precisely the opposite effect to that of green.· It seems Cheltenham's artistic attempt to engender friendship is having exactly the opposite effect, for the time being at least.· But his single-minded determination to push through the single currency against rising opposition is producing precisely the opposite effect.
· These results show a significant positive effect of maturity on volatility, and this contradicts the Samuelson hypothesis of a negative effect.· However, including blacks in real estate ads does produce positive effects for black readers.· In other words, general levels of income inequality have a positive effect on the incidence of political violence.· When you stop using the visualizations and the affirmations, eventually the positive effects disappear.· In this way the audit regime has the positive effect of improving professional standards.· Watching a 16-year-old going through something like that is more likely to have a positive effect.· This has a definite positive effect on our state of mind.· Competition and ruthless downsizing have had positive effects.
· Uncertain as to the cause the Doctor is even more worried about the possible effects.· Some analysts say the possible effect of the gender gap is being overblown.· They list possible side effects as mild to moderate and transient.· Spicer started reading up on the possible coarsening effects of media violence on young children.· This allowed an evaluation to be made of the possible effect pre-entry study on performance.· Make sure you understand what you are being offered and why, and also the possible effects they may have.· Twelve of these children received previous antibiotic therapy for various reasons, with possible inadvertent effects on the diagnosis of H pylori.· Thus a possible deleterious effect of hyperinsulinaemia may be the inhibition of prostacyclin production by arterial wall.
· To achieve this a set of regulations has been introduced which is having a profound effect on the electrical and electronics sectors.· His writings indeed had a profound effect on others whose names appeared on the list.· The speculation had an even more profound effect on the public sector.· Taken together, different combinations of presidential, electoral, and party systems can have profound effects on democratic performance.· The changes have had a profound effect.· Rapid production of such large amounts of material clearly has profound effects on the land round the volcano.
· All these points can be acknowledged without serious effect upon the method.· Phenytoin has the advantage of being cheaper and having a lower incidence of serious hematologic side effects than carbamazepine.· These cuts will also have a serious effect on the availability of legal help in criminal cases.· Orthostatic hypotension occasionally is a serious side effect.· The conflict was regularly reported in the mass media and had a serious effect on public confidence in the party.· But like the drugs that made it possible, the plan had serious side effects.· Nearly 80 percent of Party membership was unemployed, with serious effects on Party finance and organization.· Sarcoidosis also can produce serious ill effects in the heart, eyes and nervous system.
· Cocaine addiction does not invariably give rise to physiological addiction and there may be no significant physical effects of withdrawal.· There was no significant effect on other types of cancer.· This regime should have been more than adequate to demonstrate any significant short-term effects of reduced sleep.· Other significant side effects were uncommon.· Indomethacin given alone had no significant effect.· For squamous cell carcinomas of the oesophagus, histological differentiation grade has no significant effect on survival.· No one doubts that the move will have significant lasting effects on the world of Unix and its relations.
NOUN· Ever tighter regulations are being introduced to protect the environment from emissions contributing to the greenhouse effect or acid rain.· This is the well-known greenhouse effect.· These are the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, and acid rain.· But scientists increasingly believe that it is one of the chief pollutants responsible for the greenhouse effect warming the planet.· Background A tax on carbon-producing fuels such as coal, gas and oil has been proposed to help counter the greenhouse effect.· The answer is that the greenhouse effect is very weak on Mars.· Nitrous oxide Six percent of the current greenhouse effect.· This enhancement of the greenhouse effect leads to increasing Earth-surface temperatures and global climate change.
VERB· Basking in this praise, he went into considerable technical detail about how he had achieved the effect.· We could achieve the same effect just by having everyone add a bunch of zeroes to their salaries and to prices.· I found that by adding white I could achieve my desired effect.· Sleeping on a contoured pillow will achieve the same effect if you prefer sleeping on foam rather than feathers.· The playing with words to achieve effect in the description of the progress of the wave is fascinating.· However, they illustrate what can be achieved through the powerful effects of organizing small.· So an illustration may offer far wider possibilities for the art director to achieve special effects and a distinctive style.· It's improbable that a male college would have achieved a similar effect with men or women.
· Biased estimates of variation in reproductive success may also cause the effects of particular phenotypic traits on reproductive success to be overestimated.· There is no beginning, no middle, no end, no suspense, no moral, no causes, no effects.· And this can cause side effects which can be so severe that the drugs must be used very sparingly.· However, the treatment itself can cause damaging side effects.· At the discussions, time is given to cause and effect, but this is mainly at a conscious level.· In some cases, the increased blood levels of a drug can cause an overdose effect.· A small amount of Lentizol can kill and a wrong dose of Stelazine can cause serious side effects.· The drugs can cause side effects, however, when administered systemically in doses high enough to be effective in the eye.
· The familiarity of features captured by the picture, creating the effect of instant recognition.· Groups of animals create special effects.· Spread on to the cake drum, blending the colours together with a palette knife to create a sea effect.· It created an odd effect, because, as he shook his head, he still fanned himself with his straw hat.· It is particularly popular with Interior Designers wanting to create original effects for their specialist clientele.· In Quaker circles, it is possible that his witness did create some ripple effects.· Guaranteed prices for agricultural products have created a knock-on effect resulting in high land prices and high food costs.· Hand-painted clouds on the walls and ceiling help to create that effect along with a warm and genuinely friendly staff.
· Direct and indirect effects Multiple causality means that two or more causes tend to work together to produce an effect.· The drug produces more psychiatric effects and probably more cardiac toxicity than does levodopa.· A cause has a power to produce its effect.· Embracing Mary Shelley, enjoying her love and her perfumes, had produced the greatest solvent effect so far.· Although these medications can produce side effects, they are uncommon.· The police often collaborate in producing an expectancy effect.· It produces effects that mimic those of many other drugs, such as opium, cocaine, Valium, and ether.
· Yet the cited studies have shown that the macroeconomic effects of such rigidities can be quite substantial.· In particular, we have shown that the effect of context on word identification is different.· I see him standing in that cold weather, never showing the effects of it.· These results show a significant positive effect of maturity on volatility, and this contradicts the Samuelson hypothesis of a negative effect.· Moceanu, showing no ill effects from the injury that threatened to keep her out of the Olympics, was efficient throughout.· The results have varied, showing no effect in some and decreased secretion in others.· The illustration shows the devastating effect on the marble produced by structural movement and the ingress of acid rain.
· The Basic Law took effect subject to the Occupation Statute, which came into force at the same time.· By the time the order took effect, however, the issue had already become moot.· This Treaty took effect, and the Occupation Statute was repealed, on 5 May 1955.· The contracts are to be awarded in October, and will take effect from April 1999.· Because of the constitutional dispute, Proposition 209 did not take effect until Thursday.· About 75 percent of all the proposed spending cuts would take effect after 2000
PHRASES FROM THE ENTRY► with immediate effect/with effect from► effects► take effect/come into effectPHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
- In effect we're earning less than last year because of inflation.
- And the book eschews alphabetical order in favour of thematic logic - to good effect.
- Any ball direct to deane was usually flicked on to no effect.
- But nobody demonized the opposition to greater effect than did Clinton strategist James Carville during the 1992 presidential campaign.
- Jones has turned the Trust's restrictions on the use of agrochemicals to good effect.
- The bi-colour l.e.d. can utilise a transparent lens-clip to good effect.
- The task of management is to use these to greatest effect.
- The threefold model of church growth of cell, congregation and celebration works at Ichthus to great effect.
- Video is a relatively new medium for in-house communications and is used by some companies to great effect.
- A proposal to this effect follows in Section 3.
- Does his eagerness amount to setting up a trust to that effect?
- I made a little speech to the effect that we are overjoyed to be in Sydney.
- It is a person's or animal's contribution to the effect.
- She made a note to that effect.
- The other factor which contributed to this effect was his decision to become a broadcaster.
- This is because thick lithosphere will tend to be more resistant to the effects of heat conduction and penetrative magmatism.
- We were ourselves considering whether we should introduce a Government Bill to this effect.
- Dangerfield rolled his eyes for effect as he told the joke.
- The council will need more money to put the regulations into effect.
- He was the first football manager to appreciate the importance of such harmony and to put it into effect.
- It had developed contingency plans before the incident and put them into effect when water in the mine began to overflow.
- One of them should be chosen and be put rapidly into effect.
- So far, 24 of the 35 nations needed to put the treaty into effect have ratified it.
- The Hague conference is the last chance to determine how to put the accord into effect.
- The possibility of judicial review is constantly in the mind of Ministers and officials when preparing legislation and putting it into effect.
- To put these contentions into effect the applicant made two applications in the district court to which the cases had been transferred.
- We need to raise at least £50,000 to put our plans into effect.
- It will be a few minutes before the drugs start to take effect.
- It will be a while before the government's new economic policy takes effect.
- The controversial bike-helmet law will take effect January 1.
- The dentist gave me an injection that took effect almost immediately, and I didn't feel a thing.
- The new rules take effect January 1.
- After that it will take effect and will remain on your file for six years.
- As he spoke, his language grew rougher and rougher, as if a Jekyll and Hyde transformation were taking effect.
- As you type, word wrap will take effect at character position 39, the right margin of the first column.
- By the time the order took effect, however, the issue had already become moot.
- She said she had been told by government officials the reform will take effect on April 1.
- Smith's appointment as deputy inspector general never took effect.
- The changes were expected to take effect following a referendum scheduled for Sept. 15.
- The Constitution would take effect from Feb. 12, 1992.
- The benefits listed are those in effect as of December 16.
- Old liability insurance policies that were in effect at the time of the relevant incidents can be valuable.
- School officials can also breach a contract if they attempt to change the terms of a contract after it is in effect.
- The 1787 Constitution is in effect a machine full of ingenious counterweight5.
- The community is not bound to provide what is in effect a subsidy for unconscionable employers.
- The League clubs found the idea of relegation to what was in effect the Southern League too terrible to contemplate.
- The resulting restraining order is in effect until May 10, when a hearing on a preliminary injunction is scheduled.
- These will be in effect, a statement of the treatment and care a patient should receive with associated standards attached.
- To Barth, this could only indicate that Bultmann was in effect taking the same path as their nineteenth-century forefathers.
- If schools were allowed to become more selective, there would be a domino effect.
- Opponents of the scheme claimed that if the museum moved from Golden Gate Park it would have a domino effect on the other facilities.
- As top-tier schools are forced to become less selective, there will be a domino effect.
- Each of the organizational parts was working on its specific concerns, and no one analyzed the domino effect.
- His farm lies next to Burnfoot and he fears approval for further planting there will start a domino effect throughout the valley.
- It started a domino effect which exists even today.
- It would create a domino effect across the board.
- The domino effect can work for us as well as against us if we play our cards right.
- What ensued was the by now familiar domino effect of emerging market crises.
- Both say they now feel the effects of alcohol far sooner than when they smoked.
- He feels the effects of the night before, of a beat struck many times last night and last year.
- His body was slack, and as he grew colder and more tired, he felt the force of his will diminish.
- Kodak felt the effects of the anemic retail environment in December, the worst holiday shopping season since the 1991 recession.
- Southern California residents will feel the benefits of the new fuel, rather than see them.
- The next hour passed amiably, by which time the two of them began to feel the effects of the day.
- This force is universal, that is, every particle feels the force of gravity, according to its mass or energy.
- When they speak, I feel the force of history bearing down on me.
- Aid can have a knock-on effect in neighbouring countries which are also in great need.
- First, proposed increases in energy and payroll taxes could have a knock-on effect on wage demands and prices.
- It will cost hundreds of thousands of pounds, and may have a knock-on effect.
- Persecuting Nonconformists could have a knock-on effect in a community, hitting those who were loyal to the established Church.
- There are inevitable disruptions to deliveries such as vehicle breakdowns which have knock-on effects to delivery schedules.
- This will have a knock-on effect throughout the economy, and will drive up interest rates generally.
- The net result of global warming will be a rise in sea levels.
- The new system is designed to spread payments over several months but the net effect is that people pay more in total.
- But the net effect has been to leave exactly the same number dependent upon means-tested assistance.
- The net effect is to paralyze the organization in the present.
- The net effect of superimposing habituation on imprinting would be to displace the preference away from the familiar.
- The net result is clear: the wire will be pulled toward Mars and will stay taut under this combination of forces.
- The net result of this mechanism is increased sodium in the extracellular fluid.
- The net result, say some officials, is that foreign money has frequently ended up fertilising or irrigating opium fields.
- We found that neither in theory nor in practice need the net effect be one of disincentive.
- Yet the net result of his pages of lists is to create a curious abundance-effect.
- However, you then have another problem called the placebo effect.
- Medicine has generally regarded the placebo effect as a nuisance: it does make research on new medical drugs very difficult.
- With diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, it is less obvious how the placebo effect works.
- Forest managers have been slow to put the plan into practice.
- But he came gradually to see its viability and to contemplate ways of putting it into practice.
- But there is a long way to go before he establishes a stable government that can put these qualities into action.
- Charles, however, was determined to use the farm at Highgrove as a model to put his ideas into practice.
- Guide us to recognise how great are your resources, and inspire us to put your plans into action.
- If so, he was about to have an opportunity to put it into practice.
- It's time to put his theories into practice and find out the reality.
- The next stage is to implement it or put it into action.
- The next step is to put them into practice.
- And once you have so many farmers going broke, the ripple effect starts.
- Every woman who replaces traditional motherhood with self-nourishing motherhood creates ripple effects in our communities and our places of work.
- In Quaker circles, it is possible that his witness did create some ripple effects.
- Indeed, any new policy may be described as having a ripple effect.
- While the worst may be over, one airline consultant warned that ripple effects could last two more weeks.
- A snowball effect is the desired goal.
- All this has a snowball effect on the day's turnover and on the individual dealers' commissions.
- That affects the mock-up, or test, of the windows, and it has a snowball effect on other trades.
WORD FAMILYnouneffecteffectiveness ≠ ineffectivenessadjectiveeffective ≠ ineffectiveeffectual ≠ ineffectualverbeffectadverbeffectively ≠ ineffectively
1change/result [countable, uncountable] a change that is caused by an event, action etceffect on My parents’ divorce had a big effect on me.effect of the harmful effects of modern farming practices the long-term effects of the drug I could feel the effects of the thin mountain air. This ingredient also has the effect of making your skin look younger. A system failure has a knock-on effect throughout the whole hotel. the cumulative effect of human activities on the global environment A much lower dose of the painkiller can still produce the desired effect. In mental illness, there is a complex relationship between cause and effect. → greenhouse effect, side effect ► Do not confuse with the verb affect (=to have an effect on something).2put/bring something into effect to make a plan or idea happen: It won’t be easy to put the changes into effect.3take effect to start to produce results: The morphine was starting to take effect and the pain eased.4law/rule a)take effect/come into effect if a law, rule, or system takes effect or comes into effect, it officially starts b)be in effect if a law, rule, or system is in effect, it is being used now5with immediate effect/with effect from formal starting to happen immediately, or from a particular date: Hoskins is appointed manager, with immediate effect.6in effect used when you are describing what you see as the real facts of a situation SYN effectively: In effect, we’ll be earning less than we were last year.7to good/great/no etc effect used to show how successful an action is: We tried to wake him, but to no effect.8to this/that/the effect used when you are giving the general meaning of something, rather than the exact words: Jim told me to go away, or words to that effect. The letter said something to the effect that she was no longer needed.9idea/feeling [countable usually singular] an idea or feeling that an artist, speaker, book etc tries to make you think of or to feel SYN impressioneffect of Turner’s paintings give an effect of light.10for effect if someone does something for effect, they do it in order to make people notice: She paused for effect, then carried on speaking.11personal possessions effects [plural] formal the things that someone owns SYN belongings: Don’s few personal effects were in a suitcase under the bed.12film [countable usually plural] an unusual or impressive sound or image that is artificially produced for a film, play, or radio programme → sound effects, special effectCOLLOCATIONSverbshave an effect on something/somebody· Eating junk food will eventually have an effect on your health.have the effect of doing something· The news had the effect of making everyone feel better.produce an effect formal· If we combine these sounds, they produce an effect that is almost jazzy.feel an effect (=notice it)· Small companies will feel the effect of the recession first.lessen/reduce an effect (=make an effect smaller or less severe)· The government must take action to reduce the effects of pollution.cushion the effect of something (=make it less bad)· Lower mortgage rates will cushion the effect of rising house prices.an effect lasts (=continues)· The effect of the drug lasts about six hours.an effect wears off (=gradually stops)· The effect of the anaesthetic was beginning to wear off.adjectivesbig/major· The teachers’ strike had a big effect on many schools.significant/substantial/marked (=quite big)· Global warming could have a significant effect on agriculture in many parts of the world.profound/powerful (=very big, in a way that changes someone or something significantly)· My father’s death had a profound effect on me.dramatic (=very big and sudden)· Taking the new drug had a dramatic effect on his health.small· The drugs have a relatively small effect on a lot of patients.negligible/minimal formal (=very small)· The advertising campaign had a negligible effect on demand.immediate (=quick and sudden)· The announcement had an immediate effect on stock prices.good· Inflation can sometimes have some good effects on the economy.positive/beneficial (=good, or helping someone or something in some way)· The incident had a very positive effect on his career.bad· Working too hard was beginning to have a bad effect on my health.negative/detrimental (=bad or harmful)· the negative effects of low rainfallharmful/damaging (=causing harm or damage to something or someone)· the harmful effects of drinking too much alcohol· Some of the effects can be quite damaging.visible/noticeable (=an effect that you can clearly see)· He drank five beers, but they did not seem to have any visible effect on him.the adverse effects formal (=the bad effects)· No one told them about the adverse effects of smoking marijuana.the long-term/short-term effect (=having an effect for a long or short time)· Many boxers suffer with the long-term effects of punches to the head.a knock-on effect (=an effect that is caused by something that has happened before)· The strike could have a knock-on effect at other airports.a cumulative effect (=the effect of many things happening one after the other)· The cumulative effect of these policies will be to push up inflation.the desired effect (=the effect you want)· His team talk had the desired effect because the team went on to win the game.the full effect (=the whole effect)· We won’t know the full effect of the tax changes until the end of the financial year.a calming/soothing effect (=one that makes you feel less angry, excited, or nervous)· His words seemed to have a calming effect on the crowd.THESAURUSeffect a change that is caused by an event, action etc: · The people in this area are still suffering from the effects of the famine.· The treatment had little or no effect.impact an effect that happens as a result of something important, especially a big and permanent effect: · Changes in technology have had a massive impact on the way we work.· the environmental impact of industrial activityinfluence the effect that something has on people’s opinions or behaviour, or on how something develops: · American television has had a big influence on popular culture in the west.· His ideas had a lot of influence at the time.side effect an unwanted and unplanned effect that something has – used especially about drugs and medical treatment: · Common side effects of the drug may include headaches and muscle pains.after-effects British English, aftereffects American English bad effects that continue for a long time after the thing that caused them: · A traumatic experience can have severe psychological after-effects.· the after-effects of the warrepercussions /ˌriːpəˈkʌʃəns $ -pər-/ the effects that happen later as a result of an event or decision, especially a range of effects that continue for a long time: · The scandal could have serious repercussions for her career.· The judge’s decision is likely to have important repercussions for future cases of this kind.a knock-on effect British English used when something has an effect on something, which then has an effect on something else: · Higher oil prices have a knock-on effect on other fuels.footprint the effect that human activities have on the environment, caused by using up its natural resources, pollution, waste etc: · Businesses all over the world must attempt to reduce their environmental footprint.· The house has a low carbon footprint (=it uses very little energy from carbon and therefore is good for the environment).effect1 nouneffect2 verb
effecteffect2 verb [transitive] VERB TABLE
effect
| Simple Form | ||
| Present | I, you, we, they | effect |
| he, she, it | effects | |
| Past | I, you, he, she, it, we, they | effected |
| Present perfect | I, you, we, they | have effected |
| he, she, it | has effected | |
| Past perfect | I, you, he, she, it, we, they | had effected |
| Future | I, you, he, she, it, we, they | will effect |
| Future perfect | I, you, he, she, it, we, they | will have effected |
| Continuous Form | ||
| Present | I | am effecting |
| he, she, it | is effecting | |
| you, we, they | are effecting | |
| Past | I, he, she, it | was effecting |
| you, we, they | were effecting | |
| Present perfect | I, you, we, they | have been effecting |
| he, she, it | has been effecting | |
| Past perfect | I, you, he, she, it, we, they | had been effecting |
| Future | I, you, he, she, it, we, they | will be effecting |
| Future perfect | I, you, he, she, it, we, they | will have been effecting |
EXAMPLES FROM THE CORPUS
- But there is nothing to preclude a charge being brought under section 5 even though the arrest was not effected under the section.
- But you can never effect a total kill.
- Fatigue is another factor that can effect the pods causing the end plates to bend or crack and lose contact.
- He proposed to make the army-the dependable support of the Constitution rather than the pawn of politicians to effect its overthrow.
- The differentiation was effected, rather, by a different body of linguistic rules.
- There is no question that Clinton was the leader of the Great Group that effected his victory.
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets. a drug that has a beneficial effect on the immune system Depression is often caused by the cumulative effects of stress and overwork. Women can play a decisive role in the debate over cloning. the deleterious effects of smoking His remarks had the desired effect. the deterrent effect of prison sentences the detrimental effect of pollution on the environment Climate change could have disastrous effects on Earth. Tourism has had far-reaching effects on the island’s culture. International politics were a formative influence on the party. His voice had a smooth hypnotic effect. The most immediate effect of retirement is a dramatic reduction in living standards. The indirect effects of climate change may be profound. The new project will lessen the effects of car pollution. the long-term effects of alcohol on the body I thought the medicine would make him sleep, but it had the opposite effect. As a policy, it did not produce the desired effect. Tolstoy’s experiences of war had a profound effect on his work. The mother’s behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child. Teachers settled for a 4.2% pay rise with retrospective effect from 1 April. The increase had a ripple effect through the whole financial market. a natural remedy with no harmful side effects These policy changes could have beneficial side effects for the whole economy. The weak European economy will have a spillover effect on the US dollar. the stimulating effects of coffee and tea Never underestimate the power of the press. The drug may have other undesirable effects.COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSNOUN
They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets. a drug that has a beneficial effect on the immune system (=the idea that one thing directly causes another)· What happened was simply a question of cause and effect.
(=the result of two or more different things used or mixed together) The combined effects of the war and the drought resulted in famine.
The combined effects of the war and the drought resulted in famine. Depression is often caused by the cumulative effects of stress and overwork. Women can play a decisive role in the debate over cloning. the deleterious effects of smoking His remarks had the desired effect. the deterrent effect of prison sentences the detrimental effect of pollution on the environment· The recession has had a devastating impact on employment in this area.
· Our organization’s work has a direct impact upon children’s lives in this country.
Climate change could have disastrous effects on Earth.· An accident can have a dramatic effect on your family’s finances.
· The building’s design will minimize its impact on the environment.
· The environmental effects of building the dam will be felt by generations to come.
· He yawned widely, exaggerating the effect by stretching his arms wide.
Tourism has had far-reaching effects on the island’s culture. International politics were a formative influence on the party.· The study looked at the long-term health effects of drinking alcohol.
His voice had a smooth hypnotic effect. The most immediate effect of retirement is a dramatic reduction in living standards. The indirect effects of climate change may be profound. The new project will lessen the effects of car pollution.· Consider the options open to you, and their likely consequences.
the long-term effects of alcohol on the body I thought the medicine would make him sleep, but it had the opposite effect. (=in order to make people eager to hear what you are going to say)· 'Now I know what to do,' Brown said, pausing for effect.
(=small possessions, clothing etc)· After his suicide, his mother received his personal effects.
· Exercise has a positive effect on health.
As a policy, it did not produce the desired effect. Tolstoy’s experiences of war had a profound effect on his work. The mother’s behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child. Teachers settled for a 4.2% pay rise with retrospective effect from 1 April.· Hair conditioner can’t reverse the damaging effects of colouring and perming.
The increase had a ripple effect through the whole financial market. a natural remedy with no harmful side effects These policy changes could have beneficial side effects for the whole economy. The weak European economy will have a spillover effect on the US dollar. the stimulating effects of coffee and tea· Headaches, migraines, and irritability are all signs of stress.· The effects of stress are subtle and sometimes difficult to see.
Never underestimate the power of the press. The drug may have other undesirable effects.· In order to effect a lasting cure, it is necessary to correct the fundamental imbalance or disharmony.· He said all her friends had advised it; they had cited many cases where it had effected a cure.
· Indeed it was possible that the obstacles to change in Britain were too deeply ingrained for any government to effect significant improvements.· A quick partial water change will often effect an improvement in a matter of hours.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
- If schools were allowed to become more selective, there would be a domino effect.
- Opponents of the scheme claimed that if the museum moved from Golden Gate Park it would have a domino effect on the other facilities.
- As top-tier schools are forced to become less selective, there will be a domino effect.
- Each of the organizational parts was working on its specific concerns, and no one analyzed the domino effect.
- His farm lies next to Burnfoot and he fears approval for further planting there will start a domino effect throughout the valley.
- It started a domino effect which exists even today.
- It would create a domino effect across the board.
- The domino effect can work for us as well as against us if we play our cards right.
- What ensued was the by now familiar domino effect of emerging market crises.
- Both say they now feel the effects of alcohol far sooner than when they smoked.
- He feels the effects of the night before, of a beat struck many times last night and last year.
- His body was slack, and as he grew colder and more tired, he felt the force of his will diminish.
- Kodak felt the effects of the anemic retail environment in December, the worst holiday shopping season since the 1991 recession.
- Southern California residents will feel the benefits of the new fuel, rather than see them.
- The next hour passed amiably, by which time the two of them began to feel the effects of the day.
- This force is universal, that is, every particle feels the force of gravity, according to its mass or energy.
- When they speak, I feel the force of history bearing down on me.
- Aid can have a knock-on effect in neighbouring countries which are also in great need.
- First, proposed increases in energy and payroll taxes could have a knock-on effect on wage demands and prices.
- It will cost hundreds of thousands of pounds, and may have a knock-on effect.
- Persecuting Nonconformists could have a knock-on effect in a community, hitting those who were loyal to the established Church.
- There are inevitable disruptions to deliveries such as vehicle breakdowns which have knock-on effects to delivery schedules.
- This will have a knock-on effect throughout the economy, and will drive up interest rates generally.
- The net result of global warming will be a rise in sea levels.
- The new system is designed to spread payments over several months but the net effect is that people pay more in total.
- But the net effect has been to leave exactly the same number dependent upon means-tested assistance.
- The net effect is to paralyze the organization in the present.
- The net effect of superimposing habituation on imprinting would be to displace the preference away from the familiar.
- The net result is clear: the wire will be pulled toward Mars and will stay taut under this combination of forces.
- The net result of this mechanism is increased sodium in the extracellular fluid.
- The net result, say some officials, is that foreign money has frequently ended up fertilising or irrigating opium fields.
- We found that neither in theory nor in practice need the net effect be one of disincentive.
- Yet the net result of his pages of lists is to create a curious abundance-effect.
- However, you then have another problem called the placebo effect.
- Medicine has generally regarded the placebo effect as a nuisance: it does make research on new medical drugs very difficult.
- With diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, it is less obvious how the placebo effect works.
- Forest managers have been slow to put the plan into practice.
- But he came gradually to see its viability and to contemplate ways of putting it into practice.
- But there is a long way to go before he establishes a stable government that can put these qualities into action.
- Charles, however, was determined to use the farm at Highgrove as a model to put his ideas into practice.
- Guide us to recognise how great are your resources, and inspire us to put your plans into action.
- If so, he was about to have an opportunity to put it into practice.
- It's time to put his theories into practice and find out the reality.
- The next stage is to implement it or put it into action.
- The next step is to put them into practice.
- And once you have so many farmers going broke, the ripple effect starts.
- Every woman who replaces traditional motherhood with self-nourishing motherhood creates ripple effects in our communities and our places of work.
- In Quaker circles, it is possible that his witness did create some ripple effects.
- Indeed, any new policy may be described as having a ripple effect.
- While the worst may be over, one airline consultant warned that ripple effects could last two more weeks.
- A snowball effect is the desired goal.
- All this has a snowball effect on the day's turnover and on the individual dealers' commissions.
- That affects the mock-up, or test, of the windows, and it has a snowball effect on other trades.
WORD FAMILYnouneffecteffectiveness ≠ ineffectivenessadjectiveeffective ≠ ineffectiveeffectual ≠ ineffectualverbeffectadverbeffectively ≠ ineffectively
formal to make something happen SYN bring about: Many parents lack confidence in their ability to effect change in their children’s behaviour. ► Do not confuse with the verb affect (=to have an effect on something).