knowledgeknowl‧edge /ˈnɒlɪdʒ $ ˈnɑː-/ ●●● S2 W1 noun [uncountable] 
He did not have much knowledge of American history.knowledge about the need to increase knowledge about birth controlRegisterIn everyday English, people usually say that someone knows about something rather than has knowledge of/about something:· He didn’t know much about American history.2when you know about a particular situation or event, or the information you have about it: Evans denied all knowledge of the robbery. I had no knowledge of this whatsoever until ‘The Times’ contacted me.(secure/safe) in the knowledge that Kay smiled, secure in the knowledge that she was right.be common/public knowledge (=be known about by everyone) Their affair is public knowledge.to (the best of) somebody’s knowledge (=used to say that someone may not know the true facts) To the best of my knowledge, the new project will be starting in June. To our knowledge, this is the first time it’s happened. ‘Is it true that she’s leaving the company?’ ‘Not to my knowledge (=I do not think so).’without somebody’s knowledge He was annoyed to find the contract had been signed without his knowledge. She acted with the full knowledge of her boss (=her boss knew about her action). Ministers publicly denied that they had prior knowledge of the attack (=they denied that they knew that it was going to happen). → general knowledge, → working knowledge at working1(9)GRAMMAR: Countable or uncountable?• Knowledge is an uncountable noun and is not used in the plural. You say: · He has a lot of technical knowledge. ✗Don’t say: He has a lot of technical knowledges.• Knowledge is always followed by a singular verb: · Expert knowledge is necessary.• When talking about something that you know or learn, you say a piece of knowledge: · This is a useful piece of knowledge.COLLOCATIONSverbshave some knowledge of something· The book assumes that you already have some knowledge of physics.get knowledge (also gain/acquire knowledge formal)· He gets all his knowledge about politics from watching the television.increase/improve your knowledge· If you want to improve your knowledge of the language, you should go and live in France.· In the past twenty years, we have greatly increased our knowledge of how the brain works.broaden/expand your knowledge (=increase your knowledge)· The course is designed to help students broaden their knowledge of modern American literature.show/demonstrate your knowledge· The test should be an opportunity for students to demonstrate their knowledge.ADJECTIVES/NOUN + knowledgegeneral knowledge (=knowledge about a lot of different subjects)· The questions are intended to test your general knowledge.scientific/technical knowledge· the practical application of scientific knowledgespecialist/expert knowledge· Making profitable investments requires specialist knowledge.detailed knowledge· You need to have a detailed knowledge of criminal law.first-hand/personal knowledge (=knowledge from experiencing something yourself)· writers who had no first-hand knowledge of warbasic knowledge (=knowledge of the basic aspects of something)· These things are obvious to anyone with even a basic knowledge of computers.in-depth/thorough knowledge (=detailed knowledge about all of a particular subject)· He demonstrated an in-depth knowledge of the subject matter.considerable/extensive/vast knowledge· She had considerable knowledge of antiques.intimate knowledge (=knowledge about something because you are involved in it)· He seemed to have an intimate knowledge of prison life.inside knowledge (=knowledge that you have because you are part of a group)· his inside knowledge gained from 20 years in the industrybackground knowledge (=knowledge that you need before you can understand or do something)· The test will show what background knowledge a student brings to the course.phrasesa thirst for knowledge (=a desire to learn more)· She arrived at college with a thirst for knowledge.somebody's breadth of knowledge (=when you know a lot about all the different parts of something)· They lack his breadth of knowledge about the industry.COMMON ERRORS ► Don’t say 'learn knowledge'. Say gain knowledge or acquire knowledge.THESAURUSknowledge the facts and information that you have learned, and the understanding you have gained: · Our knowledge of other cultures and societies has improved.· scientific knowledgeexpertise special knowledge about how to do something, that you get through experience, training, or study: · The technical expertise was provided by a Japanese company.· They need people with medical expertise.know-how practical knowledge about how to do something: · Business leaders often lack the local know-how to tackle problems in specific countries.· financial know-howwisdom good sense and judgment, based on knowledge and experience: · the wisdom of the older family members· It’s a matter of common wisdom that newspapers cannot be trusted.grasp how much you know about a situation or subject, and how well you understand it: · He’s been praised for his grasp of the country’s economic problems.· She has a good grasp of the language.
WORD ORIGINknowledge
Origin:
1300-1400 knowledge ‘to acknowledge’ (13-18 centuries), from knowEXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES
- He doesn't have the skills or knowledge needed to do the job.
- My knowledge of Japanese is limited to a few phrases.
- scientific knowledge
THESAURUS
the facts and information that you have learned, and the understanding you have gained: · Our knowledge of other cultures and societies has improved.· scientific knowledge
special knowledge about how to do something, that you get through experience, training, or study: · The technical expertise was provided by a Japanese company.· They need people with medical expertise.
practical knowledge about how to do something: · Business leaders often lack the local know-how to tackle problems in specific countries.· financial know-how
good sense and judgment, based on knowledge and experience: · the wisdom of the older family members· It’s a matter of common wisdom that newspapers cannot be trusted.
how much you know about a situation or subject, and how well you understand it: · He’s been praised for his grasp of the country’s economic problems.· She has a good grasp of the language.
Longman Language Activatorfacts and information that you know facts and information that you know: · He doesn't have the skills or knowledge needed to do the job.knowledge of: · My knowledge of Japanese is limited to a few phrases.scientific/medical/technical etc knowledge: · Our assumptions are based on current scientific knowledge.
special knowledge about how to do something, gained through study or practical experience: · The technical expertise was provided by a Japanese company.· His expertise will be invaluable to understanding technological challenges the BBC is facing. expertise in: · The organisation has employees with expertise in both medical and counselling services.
practical knowledge about how to do something: · There was a lack of managerial and technical know-how in the steel industry.· The US supplied the machinery, the know-how, and most of the capital.
when most people know something especially spoken say this when you think most people know something and you would be surprised if someone did not know it: · Haven't you heard Anja's pregnant? I thought everyone knew.everyone knows (that): · Everyone knows that for a democracy to truly work, everyone has to get involved in some way.everyone knows how/what/why etc: · Surely everyone knows how to change a light bulb!
use this about facts and ideas that most people know about, or that all the people in a particular group know about: · Her views on the single European currency were well known.it is well known that: · It is well known that people who smoke are more likely to get lung diseases.· It was well known that Mr. Walters was interested in our mother.
if information about someone is common knowledge , a lot of people know about it, even when that person would prefer to keep it a secret: · It's common knowledge here in Miami that this whole operation was paid for with cocaine money.be common knowledge that: · It's already common knowledge that their marriage is breaking up.
if an unpleasant fact is no secret , everyone knows about it: · Everyone knows they hate each other, it's no secret.be no secret that: · It was no secret that Morrison was with the CIA, but nobody knew exactly what he did.
if something is an open secret , it is supposed to be secret but most people know about it: · Her relationship with a French millionaire is pretty much an open secret around here.be an open secret that: · It's an open secret that organized crime has been financing films here for years.
when a government allows people to know what is in official government records, documents etc: · Freedom of information should be a basic right in a democracy.
to know a little about something also know a bit about especially British · This excellent book can be understood by anyone who knows a little about social anthropology.· I know a bit about how psychiatry works, having been in therapy for years.
to have only a small amount of knowledge about a subject, especially of a foreign language: · He only has a smattering of English, so it can be quite difficult trying to communicate with him.· I left school with no more than a smattering of scientific knowledge.
to have enough knowledge of something such as a system or a foreign language to be able to use it, although your knowledge is limited: · You don't need to be an expert, but we do expect you to have a good working knowledge of computers.· For the system to work, mediators must have a working knowledge of the law.
spoken to know just enough about something, for example a foreign language, to be able to make yourself understood or do something successfully: · My Spanish isn't great, but I can get by as a tourist.can get by/be able to get by on/with: · "Can I still pass the course?" "You may be able to get by on what you've already read."
to not realize what is happening · "It's my birthday today." "Oh, I didn't realize. I should have bought you a card."not know/not realize/have no idea (that) · I wish I'd brought my coat. I didn't know it would be so cold.· We didn't realize that he had quit, until he didn't show up at work that day.not know/not realize/have no idea what/how/where etc · My wife and I had no idea how much we would depend upon Social Security in the future.
formal to not know about a situation or about something that is happening, especially when you should know about it: be unaware/not be aware of: · The child was clearly unaware of the danger.· If any bad feelings existed between the two of them, I was not aware of it.be unaware/not be aware that: · His parents weren't even aware that he smoked.
formal to know nothing about a subject or situation because you have not experienced it, read about it, or heard about it: · The general public has little or no knowledge of what is happening inside prisons.· The State Department said it had no knowledge of any threats to U.S. security.
also unbeknownst to somebody use this about something that was happening without you knowing about it at the time: · Unbeknown to me, Denise had her own plan.· Unbeknownst to the public, he was involved in covering up the scandal that was to rock the nation.
use this when you did not know or imagine that something was true or would happen: little did I/she/he etc know that: · Little did she know that this picture would one day be worth more than a million dollars.· Little did I know then that I would be working in Los Angeles 35 years later.
spoken say this when you know almost nothing about a situation and to suggest something that might have happened or be true, especially something unlikely: · They may have gone to South America, for all we know.· You shouldn't have accepted a ride from him. For all you knew he might have been a mass murderer.
if you are unconscious of the effect of something that you have said or done, you do not realize how it affects other people: · She appeared to be unconscious of the amusement she had caused by her remarks.· Like many tourists they were unconscious of the fact that they had deeply offended their hosts.
someone who is oblivious to what is happening around them does not notice it and continues to do other things without being affected by it: oblivious of: · They soon fell asleep, oblivious of the danger.oblivious to: · The walkers in front crossed the ledge easily, seemingly oblivious to the fact that there was a 3000 foot drop on either side.· In the sitcom she plays a New York executive who's totally oblivious to the feelings of others.
what you say when you think something is true, but you are not sure spoken · She'll be here about 9, I think.I think (that) · I think the dog must have eaten it.I think so · "Is Matthew still here?" "I think so -- I've just seen him."I would think so · "Will Jenny be at the meeting?" "I would think so."
spoken say this when you think that something is probably true but you are not really sure: · Having a burglar alarm makes you feel safer, I suppose.I suppose (that): · I suppose we can pay by credit card but we'd better check first.I suppose so (=say this to answer a question): · "Will the children be disappointed?" "Yes, I suppose so."
especially American, spoken say this when you think that something is probably true but you are not really sure: · Rob just got tired of living with her, I guess.I guess (that): · I guess this is the best way to do it.I guess so: · "Is the truck safe to drive now?" "I guess so."
to start to think something is a fact because of various things that happen, because of the way someone is behaving etc: get the impression/feeling/idea (that): · I got the impression she was actually quite nervous about it.· Walking down the main street, you get the feeling that nothing ever happens in this town.· I don't want you to get the idea that I don't like him.get this/that idea: · "He thinks you're angry with them." "Where on earth did he get that idea?"
spoken say this when you think that something is true, although you realize that you may not know all the facts: · As far as I know, Caroline's never been married.· Alaska doesn't have any drilling sites off the coast, as far as I know.
spoken say this when you think that something is likely to be true, although what you say is only based on your opinion: I imagine (that): · I imagine she's stuck in a traffic jam or something.I would imagine (that): · I would imagine that Libby could help you - she knows a lot about legal things.
spoken say this when you want to make it clear that there may be things you do not know about a situation: · As far as I am aware, Mr Cusner and his family are still living in Cleveland, Ohio.
formal spoken say this when you want to make it clear that you are not completely sure about the statement you are making: · To the best of my knowledge, this is the first time that anyone has translated these poems into English.
spoken say this when you think that something is true and you are asking someone else to tell you that you are right: I take it (that): · I take it that you're Rob's sister?· So can we take it that you'll be at the meeting?· You've made plans for the future, I take it?
COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRYverbs His breadth of knowledge was amazing. It is common knowledge that travel broadens the mind. I was impressed by the depth of her knowledge. The children are beginning to develop a sense of responsibility. Martin disclaimed any responsibility for his son’s actions. an encyclopedic knowledge of medieval literature A good way to enlarge your vocabulary is to read a daily newspaper. explicit knowledge of grammar Libraries are stores of factual information. a general knowledge quiz We huddled together, secure in the knowledge that the rescue helicopter was on its way. I have no technical knowledge at all. A good working knowledge of the building regulations is necessary for the job.COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADJECTIVE
· The book assumes that you already have some knowledge of physics.
(also gain/acquire knowledge formal)· He gets all his knowledge about politics from watching the television.
· If you want to improve your knowledge of the language, you should go and live in France.· In the past twenty years, we have greatly increased our knowledge of how the brain works.
(=increase your knowledge)· The course is designed to help students broaden their knowledge of modern American literature.
· The test should be an opportunity for students to demonstrate their knowledge.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + knowledge (=knowledge about a lot of different subjects)· The questions are intended to test your general knowledge.
· the practical application of scientific knowledge
· Making profitable investments requires specialist knowledge.
· You need to have a detailed knowledge of criminal law.
(=knowledge from experiencing something yourself)· writers who had no first-hand knowledge of war
(=knowledge of the basic aspects of something)· These things are obvious to anyone with even a basic knowledge of computers.
(=detailed knowledge about all of a particular subject)· He demonstrated an in-depth knowledge of the subject matter.
· She had considerable knowledge of antiques.
(=knowledge about something because you are involved in it)· He seemed to have an intimate knowledge of prison life.
(=knowledge that you have because you are part of a group)· his inside knowledge gained from 20 years in the industry
(=knowledge that you need before you can understand or do something)· The test will show what background knowledge a student brings to the course.
phrases (=a desire to learn more)· She arrived at college with a thirst for knowledge.
(=when you know a lot about all the different parts of something)· They lack his breadth of knowledge about the industry.
COMMON ERRORS ► Don’t say 'learn knowledge'. Say gain knowledge or acquire knowledge.COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES· You’re building up a knowledge base that you’ll be able to use later.
His breadth of knowledge was amazing. It is common knowledge that travel broadens the mind.· CIA officers denied all knowledge of the operation.
I was impressed by the depth of her knowledge. The children are beginning to develop a sense of responsibility. Martin disclaimed any responsibility for his son’s actions.· Fortunately I was able to draw on my own knowledge of the law.
an encyclopedic knowledge of medieval literature A good way to enlarge your vocabulary is to read a daily newspaper.· He has expert knowledge of the plants and animals in this area.
explicit knowledge of grammar Libraries are stores of factual information.· Knowledge gained from the research will be used directly to help patients.
· He denied that he had prior knowledge of the robbery.
a general knowledge quiz We huddled together, secure in the knowledge that the rescue helicopter was on its way.· That is the best advice we can offer, given our current state of knowledge about the disease.
· She was always showing off her superior knowledge.
I have no technical knowledge at all. A good working knowledge of the building regulations is necessary for the job.· The primary purpose of the proposed research will be to acquire detailed knowledge about how the new Act will operate.· No one can hope to retain in his head the mass of detailed knowledge needed throughout the farming year.· The builder could no longer rely on eye alone; the Renaissance was a time for an order based on detailed knowledge.· To be a success, personal computing needs to be done without detailed computer knowledge.· Effective measurement requires detailed knowledge of the properties of phenomena which are to be reflected or mapped on to some mathematical system.· They have a very detailed knowledge of medicines and how they work.· This detailed knowledge of land formations should help geologists find mineral resources and evaluate geologic hazards such as earthquake zones.· Using the detailed knowledge of employees at all levels, dramatic results were obtained.
· With Nicky's full knowledge and consent.· And a considerable number of economists, though not always in full knowledge of the implications, have conceded the point.· Early astronomers did not have telescopes to assist their observations, but nevertheless they had a full knowledge of the skies.· From this it would appear that a party can be considered to have waived his rights without full knowledge of the facts.· Lord Humphry Davy was full of remarkable knowledge.· It is said that prior to birth the angels instruct the child in full knowledge of life and the universe.· Topic-neutral knowledge is weaker than, and hence is entailed by, full knowledge, though it does not entail it.· In the full knowledge that is the case, we can either choose to ride or we can jump off.
· Two separate tests which looked at such general knowledge were constructed.· He indicated that he simply relied on his own general knowledge.· Good question for a general knowledge quiz.· He had an excellent vocabulary and a good fund of general knowledge.· Success with such questions requires not only knowledge of the measures concerned but also general knowledge.· Even while general knowledge of the virus advances, he said, many clergy are still in the dark.· The integration of individualized information with more general knowledge and theory is a complex cognitive task, which experienced professionals perform frequently.· This lack of discrimination suggests that the general knowledge required is not highly related to attainment in mathematics.
· Foreign visitors will expect the receptionist to have a very good knowledge of the country in general.· During class he was attentive, at times contributed to the discussion, and frequently demonstrated good knowledge and problem-solving skills.· To the best of her knowledge she had done nothing particularly cretinous.· The computer is programmed with the best available knowledge of how atmospheric conditions cause weather systems.· I had a very good knowledge of Edinburgh by the time I was five.· All these trials will give you a better knowledge of your prospective partner.· Well-developed knowledge of all publishing and production procedures and processes. Good knowledge and understanding of distribution management.· In spite of a history of work inhibition, these students frequently have good academic knowledge and skills.
· When it comes to riding waves, surfers are the people with the greatest knowledge.· He has acquired a great knowledge of public affairs, which he uses to arouse esteem among his fellow-citizens.· Subordinates with the greatest knowledge of a problem will have greater influence over the decision.· The result has been later pregnancies and greater knowledge of how to use contraceptive methods.· That there would be no escape from the great wall of knowledge Henry was propelling in their direction.· He is... in possession of a very great variety of knowledge.· My hon. Friend the Member for Uxbridge, who speaks from great knowledge of such matters, urges more public awareness.· With the epidemics came greater knowledge and a different attitude toward the disease, reflected in the change in its name.
· It has, by pushing back the boundaries of human knowledge, given us much that has enriched our lives.· That is very old human knowledge.· Critical doubt depends on a myth, the idea that human knowledge is totally objective and neutral.· As the deconstructionists remind us, all human knowledge is situated in particular social constructions.· The situation with human knowledge is not what is often suggested - that faith begins when reason ends.· Citation totals - the large numbers of incremental additions to the sum of human knowledge.· Such questions are not only perennially interesting; answers to them are presupposed by much of what counts as human knowledge.· It is possible to teach every branch of human knowledge with the motion picture.
· I've often thought it might be better if I had more intimate knowledge.· Naturally, they had an intimate knowledge of the terrain.· While not insurmountable they can be overcome only by those with experience and intimate knowledge of police work.· Without an intimate knowledge of haemoglobin it would be easy to dismiss them as random noise.· This octavo volume of 310 pages, with plants arranged under 696 genera, proves his intimate knowledge of the estate.· Not just for one night, but for several, and to develop an intimate knowledge of the local badger community.· This allows suppliers to specialise and to develop an intimate knowledge of customer needs and wants.· But it has the compelling authority that only intimate knowledge and great indignation can bring.
· Providing a service often requires a thorough local knowledge of the culture and mores of small areas of the community.· The work of managing a natural environment is inescapably a work of local knowledge.· Where there was success it was claimed to be due to local outlets and relevant local knowledge.· I longed to ask questions but was wary of revealing my complete lack of local knowledge.· Thus much time, attention, and effort are devoted to encouraging local knowledge.· The enterprise funds will meet this need, relying on local knowledge and backing.· But local knowledge is not the only influence.· I believe that an element of local knowledge is essential if you are to acquire maximum enjoyment from this volume.
· The conference also included sessions led by local people with personal knowledge of poverty in Preston who will share their experiences.· No preference was stated; recent personal knowledge was given as the criterion.· There is no substitute for good, sound interpretation based on personal knowledge of the facts.· So much will depend upon personal interest and knowledge.· Uri had no personal knowledge of the event.· The referees must have personal knowledge of the applicant and consider that he or she supports the aims of the Society.
· In many academic disciplines no prior knowledge is required or assumed.· People are free to choose what they believe, but freedom to choose depends on prior knowledge of the choices.· Although some prior knowledge of programming and/or statistics is an advantage, it is not a prerequisite for the course.· Explanatory sketches, diagrams, and photographs substitute for equations and help make up for lack of prior knowledge of other sciences.· The police had been excluded from prior knowledge of the arrests, but quickly built up an accurate picture.· Attorneys for the two men said they left voluntarily and had no prior knowledge of the accounting fraud.· Ab initio is a subject taken from scratch with no prior knowledge, and this often appeals to mature students.· Which is to say, we had prior knowledge of those matters.
· How she had learned that he had the painting, which was not a matter of public knowledge, is unknown.· How all of this came about is not yet public knowledge.· The full picture will not become public knowledge.· For one, Blinder said he favors increased public knowledge about the intentions of policymakers at the secretive Fed.· His argument seemed to be based fearlessly on the refusal to recognise what is already public knowledge about our plans.· From 1873 until 1889 his whereabouts were public knowledge, first locally, later worldwide.· The telephone was just as it should be, with no bugging device to turn his private conversations into public knowledge.· I had been on the committee but had resigned, and that was certainly by then a matter of public knowledge.
· Take these to your stylist, safe in the knowledge that your new look is going to suit you!· Some companies deliberately parodied the new trade-names, safe in the knowledge they would never be taken seriously.· You simply roam around, safe in the knowledge that round each corner there will be something to please.· Hendrique was on the brink of defeat. Safe in that knowledge Graham braced himself then pulled away from the pad.
· Here we need to rely on our social scientific knowledge about our own legal and social institutions.· Who were those glittering people intent on raiding the continent for money or for scientific knowledge?· Or would the wisdom-giving years pass on a new perception that far surpassed the achievements of scientific knowledge?· The West can surely produce a universal culture if it renounces its monopoly on scientific knowledge and the electronic agenda.· Science is objective. Scientific knowledge is reliable knowledge because it is objectively proven knowledge.· Establishing ambulatory nutrition care standards based on current scientific knowledge and practice 2.· Most Science statements of attainment are more precise, since they relate to specific areas of scientific knowledge.· Not even the quest for scientific knowledge is immune from the ravages of extremists in the environmental movement.
· What is its place in the social hierarchy of knowledge? 2.· Piaget identified three kinds of knowledge: physical knowledge, logical-mathematical knowledge, and social knowledge.· Here we need to rely on our social scientific knowledge about our own legal and social institutions.· It almost goes without saying that social knowledge can not be constructed without interacting with others.· They tended, however to be much less articulate than others in the Rowdies group and to possess far less social knowledge.· Logical-mathematical knowledge is knowledge constructed from actions on objects. Social knowledge is knowledge about things created by cultures.· The social dimensions of knowledge can come through in various ways.· People are the only possible source of material for construction of social knowledge.
· Gary believes that I should be the recipient of his special knowledge and in my present state of mind I am willing.· You have your own areas of special knowledge.· Candidates must be capable of applying this special knowledge to student design work.· After six months of searching he discovered that he could use his special knowledge of physics and mathematics in teaching.· What special knowledge do I have?· One where you can use your areas of special knowledge and the transferable skills that you most enjoy using.· It takes into account their experience, any special knowledge and also whether they are acting in a business or professional capacity.· Your next position must match the areas of special knowledge and transferable skills you love using.
· This might require specialist knowledge in some industry or region of the world.· All my specialist knowledge, all that accumulated wisdom of the ages, would surely come in useful to some one.· They'd lose our contacts, our specialist knowledge, our expertise in battle.· Proficiency is increasing in contract work and staff have specialist knowledge of such one off tasks.· Dating a rug from its weave and design requires extensive specialist knowledge and can only be undertaken by an expert.· In essence we aim to provide a personal service of the highest standard by combining advanced techniques and specialist knowledge.
· He argues that status, technical knowledge and experience are not necessarily the most significant determinants of an individual's contribution.· They emphasized the technical knowledge and skills they had to impart to these people.· Fieldwork, nevertheless, involves the routine application of a wide range of technical and scientific knowledge.· But in the modern workplace, we need people with high-level academic and technical knowledge.· Vanessa Britton suggests some courses to improve your technical knowledge.· The best integrate high-level academic and technical knowledge and teach at least some content in context.· Job screeners later said Roscoe, 55, seemed to flaunt his lack of technical knowledge.· As they learned to delegate, their technical knowledge and ability grew obsolescent.
NOUN· Unfortunately many of the science schemes on the market assume a depth of background knowledge which not all teachers have.· Their background knowledge of an institution is typically and corporately small, and sojourn within its walls brief.· In addition, the introduction to each Resource Book gives you vital background knowledge about the concepts and methodology underlying each technique.· Basic assumptions and background knowledge are not referenced.· There is unlikely to be a consensus definition of the boundaries between background knowledge and the specific issues addressed in individual papers.· A little background knowledge will make you more confident and help you to draw up a list of really relevant questions.· The books demystify language teaching theory, and provide invaluable background knowledge which will extend professional skills.· Does the background knowledge assumed seem appropriate for your child?
· This project will attempt to show that when firms are experiencing this dynamic competition they will respond by augmenting their knowledge base.· The knowledge base, on the other hand, contains all of the information that is specific to a particular application.· An appropriate selection of firms will be made whose knowledge base is currently threatened by new technology or a novel design configuration.· Typically an expert system consists of a piece of software called an inference engine and another piece called a knowledge base.· A training shell is a generalised tutorial system which can operate with a variety of knowledge bases.· As the flow of information was fixed, data structures could be tailored to the specific knowledge bases using them.· We may be undergoing a rapid rate of change in our knowledge base now, and that may be hard to assimilate.· Hence, there is a need to use some automated technique for rigorously incorporating new knowledge into the existing knowledge base.
VERB· Vivisection in education Dissection has traditionally been a means of acquiring a knowledge of anatomy.· He has acquired a great knowledge of public affairs, which he uses to arouse esteem among his fellow-citizens.· The distinction between rationalism and empiricism relates to a distinction between knowledge acquired by reason and knowledge acquired by the senses.· Schools must ensure that most young people acquire the skills and knowledge once reserved for a few.· It is misleading if it means simply that students learn how to acquire conventional encyclopaedia-like knowledge for themselves.· She returned to the restaurant and put her newly acquired knowledge to work.· Thus do we acquire our knowledge of history in general, as well as of specific epochs and events.· In fact, most began to acquire not only managerial knowledge and skills, but also managerial interests and a managerial temperament.
· This prediction, according to the same source, was based on her privileged knowledge.· Reflective abstraction is internal thought or reflection based on available knowledge.· The builder could no longer rely on eye alone; the Renaissance was a time for an order based on detailed knowledge.· Establishing ambulatory nutrition care standards based on current scientific knowledge and practice 2.· It is very different, and as you can see has to be based on some knowledge or understanding.· The more technocratic radical elite theorists see the legal system as part of the growth of elites based upon monopolies of knowledge.· The book is based on his knowledge of Wychwood gained then, but for his story he went back even further in time.· They are what people usually mean when they talk of innovation, though not all innovations based on knowledge are important.
· But he added Mr Murphy had always denied any knowledge of an attack on Riley.· Oracle has denied knowledge of the detective agency's methods, which included sifting through rubbish bins.· In his videotaped testimony, Clinton denied any knowledge of the loan diversion.· President Clinton apologized, denied knowledge of any wrongdoing and conceded a mistake had been made.· Mr Mugabe has denied prior knowledge of the land seizures, although he said the government welcomed and supported the occupations.· The case ended in a deadlocked jury and a mistrial after King denied any personal knowledge of the scheme and blamed co-workers.· Another soldier, H, has denied knowledge of any such event, or of robbing the man inside the vehicle.· I hold the police responsible for my son's death Voice over Police denied any knowledge of who was on the bike.
· The course aims to develop the technical knowledge and ability to make decisions about appropriate methods and strategies for livestock development.· The managers had to develop both their knowledge and skill in both analysis and implementation.· For cancer specialists, developing this knowledge is still a long way off, but would be vital.· Not just for one night, but for several, and to develop an intimate knowledge of the local badger community.· Solicitors develop a detailed knowledge of the working of the business which enables them to represent the firm's interests more effectively.· This allows suppliers to specialise and to develop an intimate knowledge of customer needs and wants.· What did you learn and how could your developed knowledge be applied more effectively in the future?
· It is hoped to gain some knowledge of how families view the role of secrecy as the child grows up.· Not only did the managers gain skills and knowledge from formal training, but they also augmented their networks of relationships.· If not from theology, then, they asked themselves, where did we gain our knowledge of the world?· But they can not gain the depth of knowledge and analysis required for sound and reasoned decision making.· And what if the hacking community gains knowledge about the internal workings of Whistler, or some other future Microsoft product?· There was no evidence that his peer relations improved or that he gained in academic knowledge.· We are gaining greater knowledge, understanding, sensitivity, and appreciation.· The second is to gain the knowledge and experience to maintain humans within equilibrium in a closed ecological system.
· It must secure resources and backing so that it is seen to be increasing access to knowledge via new technology.· Blinder said he favors increased public knowledge about the intentions of policymakers at the secretive Fed.· It is particularly the case with men that they slowly over time increase their knowledge and mastery over self.· Human minds, they say, have a long-term aim: to increase their knowledge of the world.· Much research is concerned only with increasing our knowledge of how societies work, and explaining patterns of social behaviour.· She may lack motivation to increase knowledge and improve skills, and appear uninterested.· To increase knowledge about alcohol so that future alcohol use can be more informed and therefore more prudent. 2.
· That is to say, your study will provide you with the knowledge that is generally accepted as making up the subject.· The policy sciences carry the burden of providing useful knowledge.· The nodes in the network provide both the knowledge representation and the process by which knowledge is applied.· They need to provide the factual knowledge and the reasoning skills that a rational mind requires.· Many of our other suggestions are aimed at improving visitor experiences, by providing knowledge and enjoyment.· It is the task of journalists to provide people with such knowledge.· The books demystify language teaching theory, and provide invaluable background knowledge which will extend professional skills.· This provides salutary knowledge of results of the interview itself if not of its degree of success in terms of a real objective.
· This might require specialist knowledge in some industry or region of the world.· Successful assembly, requiring persistence but little knowledge, is rewarded with a brief come-to-life scene and a printable certificate.· There are areas of particular importance which require extra knowledge and understanding from the start.· Balancing these tensions required finely honed knowledge and skill that the new managers had only begun to acquire.· This does not require any higher level knowledge.· Converting data into information thus requires knowledge.· Providing a service often requires a thorough local knowledge of the culture and mores of small areas of the community.· The surveyor will therefore require a knowledge of the contracts available in order to advise his client.
· And tonight the pensioners can celebrate, secure in the knowledge that thanks to their campaigning, their homes have been saved.· At about 1910 we arrived at Shrewsbury, secure in the knowledge that the 1850 Aberystwyth train had been held.· Unmanned, they float about like driftwood, secure in the knowledge that they've already lost.
· Lisa and Phoebe shared the painful knowledge that they had been conning themselves as well as their men.· She shared that knowledge with her human children, but in return asked reverence and care in preserving her bounty.· For once he felt no urge to share his knowledge with her.· Literacy, by definition, is shared knowledge.· I share this knowledge with others and we behave in appropriate ways in particular situations.· Delia looked hesitantly at Heather, wondering if she should have shared this knowledge.· It's about people, communication, and sharing knowledge.· Most contemporary political scientists attempt to use the scientific method to establish shared knowledge about the political world.
· Usually, he says, the children use their intuitive knowledge of the language to form sentences with the same structure.· Analogously, computerised text recognition needs to use higher level knowledge to achieve comparable levels of performance.· Veronica uses her knowledge of structures and project control to liaise with architects and other engineering consultants.· In addition, there has also been press criticism that ministers have been using advance knowledge to influence market and media opinion.· Language and linguistics People understand language by using their knowledge about everyday life to add to what is explicitly stated.· How nursery nurses and other students choose to use this knowledge is another matter entirely.· What controls should exist for using genetic knowledge in insurance and employment?
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES► to the best of your knowledge/belief/ability etc► energy-intensive/knowledge-intensive etc► a thirst for knowledge/education/information etc
- But carnal knowledge sours his relationship with his clients, and paradise is lost.
- It is the threesome of snake, Eve, and Adam which, according to the Bible, makes for carnal knowledge.
- The fruit was carnal knowledge, and everybody from Thomas Aquinas to Milton knew it.
- Laura's drinking problem was common knowledge throughout the department.
- And now I know from first-hand experience it's the wrong approach.
- At one time, physical presence was a prerequisite for first-hand experience.
- Besides, the people of Waterloo had first-hand knowledge of the advantages of public ownership.
- International research tends to involve analyzing international data, rather than acquiring first-hand knowledge about international operations in other countries.
- It reflects, often, a first-hand experience of the events it describes.
- Millions of people across the world have first-hand experience of what it can do.
- Their testimony on it represents crucial, first-hand experience of which those planning for the hospital-based sector must take significant account.
- This understanding needs to be informed, up-to-date and backed by first-hand experience, not based on hearsay or second-hand impressions.
- But these pronouncements should not be taken as the fount of all wisdom.
- Cassie Willmott, the fount of all knowledge.
- Use concepts across the frontiers of knowledge.
- Her dedication would now be complete, an offering made from a full heart and an intimate knowledge of mental pain.
- Hindley Foster had obviously perceived her dilemma and understood it, even though he had said he had no intimate knowledge of procreation.
- Naturally, they had an intimate knowledge of the terrain.
- Not just for one night, but for several, and to develop an intimate knowledge of the local badger community.
- This allows suppliers to specialise and to develop an intimate knowledge of customer needs and wants.
- This octavo volume of 310 pages, with plants arranged under 696 genera, proves his intimate knowledge of the estate.
- While not insurmountable they can be overcome only by those with experience and intimate knowledge of police work.
- Without an intimate knowledge of haemoglobin it would be easy to dismiss them as random noise.
- Take these to your stylist, safe in the knowledge that your new look is going to suit you!
- You simply roam around, safe in the knowledge that round each corner there will be something to please.
- These stocks of knowledge can be altered by interactions, through negotiation.
- This ties in with the notion of the negotiable nature of people's stocks of knowledge.
- Andy has a good working knowledge of accounting practices.
- Ideally, you will have a degree in engineering or science with a working knowledge of heat transfer mechanisms.
- In this case, having a working knowledge of the types of microcomputer available will be important.
- Lambert was himself a skilled administrator, with a working knowledge of sanitary reform.
- Those who supervise clerical supervisors must have a working knowledge of word processing, communications, data processing, and recordkeeping.
WORD FAMILYadjectiveknowingknowledgeableknown ≠ unknownnounknowledgethe unknownadverbknowingly ≠ unknowinglyknowledgeablyverbknow
1the information, skills, and understanding that you have gained through learning or experienceknowledge of He did not have much knowledge of American history.knowledge about the need to increase knowledge about birth controlRegisterIn everyday English, people usually say that someone knows about something rather than has knowledge of/about something:· He didn’t know much about American history.2when you know about a particular situation or event, or the information you have about it: Evans denied all knowledge of the robbery. I had no knowledge of this whatsoever until ‘The Times’ contacted me.(secure/safe) in the knowledge that Kay smiled, secure in the knowledge that she was right.be common/public knowledge (=be known about by everyone) Their affair is public knowledge.to (the best of) somebody’s knowledge (=used to say that someone may not know the true facts) To the best of my knowledge, the new project will be starting in June. To our knowledge, this is the first time it’s happened. ‘Is it true that she’s leaving the company?’ ‘Not to my knowledge (=I do not think so).’without somebody’s knowledge He was annoyed to find the contract had been signed without his knowledge. She acted with the full knowledge of her boss (=her boss knew about her action). Ministers publicly denied that they had prior knowledge of the attack (=they denied that they knew that it was going to happen). → general knowledge, → working knowledge at working1(9)GRAMMAR: Countable or uncountable?• Knowledge is an uncountable noun and is not used in the plural. You say: · He has a lot of technical knowledge. ✗Don’t say: He has a lot of technical knowledges.• Knowledge is always followed by a singular verb: · Expert knowledge is necessary.• When talking about something that you know or learn, you say a piece of knowledge: · This is a useful piece of knowledge.COLLOCATIONSverbshave some knowledge of something· The book assumes that you already have some knowledge of physics.get knowledge (also gain/acquire knowledge formal)· He gets all his knowledge about politics from watching the television.increase/improve your knowledge· If you want to improve your knowledge of the language, you should go and live in France.· In the past twenty years, we have greatly increased our knowledge of how the brain works.broaden/expand your knowledge (=increase your knowledge)· The course is designed to help students broaden their knowledge of modern American literature.show/demonstrate your knowledge· The test should be an opportunity for students to demonstrate their knowledge.ADJECTIVES/NOUN + knowledgegeneral knowledge (=knowledge about a lot of different subjects)· The questions are intended to test your general knowledge.scientific/technical knowledge· the practical application of scientific knowledgespecialist/expert knowledge· Making profitable investments requires specialist knowledge.detailed knowledge· You need to have a detailed knowledge of criminal law.first-hand/personal knowledge (=knowledge from experiencing something yourself)· writers who had no first-hand knowledge of warbasic knowledge (=knowledge of the basic aspects of something)· These things are obvious to anyone with even a basic knowledge of computers.in-depth/thorough knowledge (=detailed knowledge about all of a particular subject)· He demonstrated an in-depth knowledge of the subject matter.considerable/extensive/vast knowledge· She had considerable knowledge of antiques.intimate knowledge (=knowledge about something because you are involved in it)· He seemed to have an intimate knowledge of prison life.inside knowledge (=knowledge that you have because you are part of a group)· his inside knowledge gained from 20 years in the industrybackground knowledge (=knowledge that you need before you can understand or do something)· The test will show what background knowledge a student brings to the course.phrasesa thirst for knowledge (=a desire to learn more)· She arrived at college with a thirst for knowledge.somebody's breadth of knowledge (=when you know a lot about all the different parts of something)· They lack his breadth of knowledge about the industry.COMMON ERRORS ► Don’t say 'learn knowledge'. Say gain knowledge or acquire knowledge.THESAURUSknowledge the facts and information that you have learned, and the understanding you have gained: · Our knowledge of other cultures and societies has improved.· scientific knowledgeexpertise special knowledge about how to do something, that you get through experience, training, or study: · The technical expertise was provided by a Japanese company.· They need people with medical expertise.know-how practical knowledge about how to do something: · Business leaders often lack the local know-how to tackle problems in specific countries.· financial know-howwisdom good sense and judgment, based on knowledge and experience: · the wisdom of the older family members· It’s a matter of common wisdom that newspapers cannot be trusted.grasp how much you know about a situation or subject, and how well you understand it: · He’s been praised for his grasp of the country’s economic problems.· She has a good grasp of the language.