单词 | reform | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 | reform1 nounreform2 verb reformre‧form1 /rɪˈfɔːm $ -ɔːrm/ ●●○ W3 noun [countable, uncountable] ExamplesEXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES Thesaurus
THESAURUS► change Collocations noun [countable, uncountable] a situation in which someone or something becomes different, or the act of making something different: · There was a sudden change in the weather.· We are living in a period of great change.· He was told to make some slight changes to his essay. ► alteration noun [countable, uncountable] a change, especially a small one that happens naturally or gradually, or one that is made in order to improve something: · I noticed a slight alteration in her behaviour.· They had to make some alterations to their original theory. ► reform noun [countable, uncountable] a change made to a system or law in order to improve it: · He called for a reform of our outdated voting system.· Many people opposed the economic reforms. ► shift noun [countable] a change, especially in people’s attitudes or in the way they do things, or in the position of someone or something: · a shift in public opinion about the war· There has been a noticeable shift in government policy on education.· There needs to be a major shift away from road transport to rail transport.· After he died, there was a dramatic shift in the balance of power. ► swing a big change, especially in someone’s opinions or moods: · There has been a big swing toward the Democrats (=many more people are supporting them).· The drug can cause mood swings. ► fluctuation noun [countable, uncountable] a change in something – used when something changes often: · fluctuations in the value of the dollar· temperature fluctuations· fluctuations in his mood· There has been some fluctuation in productivity levels. Longman Language Activatora change made in order to improve something► change · We need some changes if we are going to make this company successful.· I can't get used to all these changes.change to · He hates all changes to his routine.· The computers will record any changes to the system.change in · We are working to bring about changes in the laws concerning the rights of children.make a change · The producer wants to make some changes to the script before we get the director on board.big/major change · Labor Secretary Lynn Martin recommended major changes in the management operations of the company. ► alteration a change made to something, especially a small change which makes it different but not completely different: · I've sent the suit to a tailor for alterations.alteration to: · We're having some alterations made to our house.minor alterations (=small changes): · Your essay looks fine -- I've suggested one or two minor alterations here and there in the margin. ► reform a change made to a system, especially a political system, in order to improve it or make it more fair: · Feminists sought legal reforms to ensure that women had genuinely equal opportunities.economic/educational/welfare etc reform: · The Socialists have promised a programme of radical political and economic reform.reform in: · Reforms in agriculture, although slow, are beginning to have an impact.reform of: · the reform of local governmentradical reform: · The revival in the island's economy has come about because of radical reforms introduced over the past three years. ► revision the process of changing something, especially a piece of writing, by correcting it or including new information: · I've written the article, but it needs a lot of revision.· The book went through several revisions before the publisher was finally satisfied with it.revision of/to: · These amendments constitute the most significant revision of U.S. asylum law since the Refugee Act of 1980. ► shake-up a situation in which a lot of changes are very quickly made in a system, company, or organization in order to make it more effective: · The department has not performed well and is badly in need of a shake-up.shake-up of: · The Administration is planning a thorough shake-up of the welfare system. ► reorganization a complete change in the way a system or a group of people is organized: · The company is bringing in a team of consultants to oversee the reorganization.reorganization of: · Next came the total reorganization of the Mexican Attorney General's Office. COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRYADJECTIVES/NOUN + reform► economic reform Word family· The prime minister has promised to push ahead with economic reform. ► political/democratic/constitutional reform· He stressed that democratic reform could not be achieved overnight. ► tax reform· The chancellor's proposals for tax reform met strong resistance in the Commons. ► education reform· Teachers say the government's education reforms are causing stress. ► a major reform· He called for a major reform of the drug laws. ► radical reform (=very big and important changes)· His government adopted a policy of radical reform. ► fundamental reform (=changes to the most basic and important parts of something)· He wants fundamental reform of the EU's agricultural policy. ► far-reaching/sweeping reforms (=reforms that affect many things or have a great effect)· The new government instituted a series of far-reaching reforms. verbs► make/carry out reforms· They haven't made any real reforms. ► introduce reforms· They increased pressure on the government to introduce political reforms. ► push through reforms (=make them happen)· He has so far failed to push through much-needed economic reforms. ► implement reforms (=carry out planned reforms)· Much will depend on how local managers implement the reforms. phrases► a package/programme of reforms· A package of reforms was approved by the National Assembly on April 12. COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► call for reform· The Church has called for reform of the law. ► constitutional reform/change/amendment a proposal for constitutional reform ► economic reform (=a set of changes made to an economy in order to improve it)· The government agreed to a programme of economic reform. ► education reform (=changes that a government makes to the education system in a country)· the government’s programme of education reform ► electoral reform a campaign for electoral reform ► far-reaching reforms/proposals/changes The country carried out far-reaching reforms to modernize its economy. ► the pace of reform· Some senior party figures favor a slower pace of reform. ► a reform programme· After the elections, they embarked on an ambitious reform programme. ► radical reform (=big changes to a system or organization in order to improve it)· He said the institution was in need of radical reform. ► sweeping changes/cuts/reforms etc They want to make sweeping changes to education policies. ► modernize/reform a system· We need to reform the electoral system. COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADJECTIVE► agrarian· Other studies have showed that profiting from agrarian reform can be combined with a more radical political commitment.· Those changes were further propelled by agrarian reform laws in the 1960s and 1970s.· A rapid acceleration took place in the implementation of the agrarian reform.· The difficulty with many agrarian reform programmes has been achieving both social justice and economic growth.· The simple proposition behind all agrarian reform was that surplus land should be distributed to surplus labour.· The agrarian reform units were dismantled, either by returning land to previous owners or distributing it to others.· In order to achieve these goals, an agrarian reform programme should have three main elements. ► constitutional· An attempt to include such a ban sank the last effort at constitutional reform, made by Congress in 1989.· Berlusconi wants a new broadly supported government to look into constitutional reforms.· Sri Lanka's president, Chandrika Kumaratunga, has suspended parliament ahead of a referendum this month on constitutional reform.· Former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi had argued in parliament in favor of a constitutional reform government.· They might have to tackle constitutional and electoral reform.· It is his task to try to involve black leaders in negotiations on constitutional reform.· The widespread demands for constitutional reform and national unification were distorted and deflected rather than answered.· Interest is now focused on how this might manifest itself in the government's promised rethink on constitutional reform. ► democratic· Two aspects of the shift in emphasis accorded to democratic reform need to be distinguished.· The army, on the other hand, has remained largely neutral in the unprecedented fight to force democratic reform from Milosevic.· Mr Tung must maintain momentum towards democratic reforms, increasing the number of directly elected representatives in the territory's legislature.· Igor Rodionov, often described as a hardliner opposed to democratic reform.· They press for much needed democratic reforms to enable the citizens to participate.· The Maastricht summit gives us great opportunities for economic, social and democratic reform.· He stressed that democratic reform could not be achieved overnight but would take time.· But if there is a democratic vote for reform, the Secretary of State says that that is to be ignored. ► economic· To get that they have to adopt tough economic reforms devised by the Terrible Two.· Others have taken advantage of economic reforms to demolish their homes and replace them with small hotels that cater to foreign tourists.· The passage of measures of social and economic reform appeared to be meeting their needs.· Even the left-wing parties that may yet form the government have a record of economic reform at state level.· Its success depended upon a major economic reform and was not an alternative to one.· The urban economic reforms had led to price increases in basic foodstuffs and the introduction of private enterprise in the university canteens.· This was seen as part of an attempt by the government to widen economic reform to include democratization as well as liberalization. ► educational· The point of our educational reforms is to improve standards.· He has worked with the heavily Democratic Legislature to pass educational reform.· To regard them as a formal but irrelevant accoutrement of educational reform would be a severe managerial mistake.· Californians overwhelmingly favor the educational reforms that the state has embraced over the last few years, according to a new study.· Mr MacGregor said that he would delay introducing the scheme because of the demands made on teachers by other educational reforms.· Can class barriers be broken down by educational reform?· Annan's activity in promoting widespread educational reform was considerable.· In the sphere of educational reform the Republican-Socialist alliance moved swiftly. ► electoral· I am disappointed the policy review has adopted such a negative attitude both to a Bill of Rights and electoral reform.· Mr Hashimoto has played it safe by taking a fuzzy stand on issues such as electoral reforms.· Under a Labour government, this committee would become an official inquiry into electoral reform.· Dini also laid out the accomplishments of his term in the areas of electoral reform and cuts in government spending.· But his proposals for electoral reform, now moving ahead in fits and starts, contain no such provision.· Yesterday's debate about electoral reform could provide the model.· Mandelson is probably right when he argues that the sudden salience of electoral reform hurt. ► legal· If heroin use proves relatively harmless to all concerned then we should advocate legal reform and controlled availability.· Consumer advocate Ralph Nader wrote to me recently to urge I abandon my advocacy of legal reforms.· Despite some legal reforms important features of women's position remained unchanged.· Businessbacked legal-reform initiatives have been hurt by the attention the budget has demanded from key committee chairmen.· Leader comment, page 18 Critics tone down attacks on legal reform plans.· They are the first tests of legal reforms introduced two months ago to allow judges' secrecy orders to be reviewed.· The League campaigns for legal reform and provides funds for legal action against trespassing hunts and the purchase of sanctuaries. ► major· If we are to do better than just preserving a few isolated museum forests, then major land reform is essential.· In the 1964 campaign he ran on a platform promising major social reforms at home and peace abroad.· In 1983, a major reform programme was launched: the National Education System.· The result has been that major reforms are completely avoided and every minor reform is weakened or sabotaged.· This is clearly implicit in the major reforms introduced by President Gorbachev.· In addition, there have been major reforms in state provisions for pensioners.· Its success depended upon a major economic reform and was not an alternative to one.· In a speech on March 30 Hammadi pledged that his government would introduce major democratic reforms. ► political· Maybe he might do the same on political reform.· He does so by means of projects, life plans, theoretical systems, and ideals of political or social reform.· Mr Hunt made a good effort to attract business to the state, but his political reforms floundered.· Top of the agenda is political reform.· It fed two contrary impulses, the demand for political and social reform, and the determination to avoid a blood-bath.· Since December 1989 peaceful demonstrations have taken place in the capital, Ulan Bator, in support of political and economic reforms.· Alongside demands for political reform were specific complaints about individual miscarriages of justice.· While major political reforms had been secured, discontent remained among young supporters of the democracy movement. ► radical· Response to this criticism was a spate of reports and committees culminating in radical reform and reorganization of the system.· It would take radical reform, a revolution, to change matters; but no one dreams of such a thing.· Examples of radical reform, proposals for it and attempts to obtain it may be drawn from all parts of the globe.· On the other hand, the argument for gender neutrality is less clear in the context of less radical reform.· Yet Lang intends to go ahead with radical council reforms which local government does not want.· The Communists and Socialists wanted a weak Presidency and a strong one-chamber parliament, able to push through radical reforms.· No radical reform was undertaken of what should be taught, or how what was taught should be valued.· Kossuth in turn endeavoured to create a much stronger popular nationalist alliance of classes on the basis of radical reforms. ► social· In an age of widespread agitation for social reform, the new concept only emphasised the social divisions.· Their only saving grace is that they probably were an impetus towards social reform.· Two of the social security reforms proved to be particularly controversial.· He does so by means of projects, life plans, theoretical systems, and ideals of political or social reform.· The Maastricht summit gives us great opportunities for economic, social and democratic reform.· Discuss this view of the origins of the Liberal social reforms 1906-14. 2.· In his years in Number 10, he showed limited interest in social or institutional reform.· Their biographies provide us with access to the professional and class alliances which fed into the politics of mid-Victorian social reform. NOUN► bill· On March 19 it passed a regulatory reform bill, which is intended to lighten the weight of government on small businesses.· He and the Democrats will get well, or try to, by clamoring for passage of the reform bill.· The question is not whether a reform bill will pass but how strong it will be.· In 1832 the first parliamentary reform bill was passed and Dundee was one of the new constituencies created by the Act.· House Republicans are searching for a way to force Clinton to sign a welfare reform bill.· On Aug. 10 the Chamber of Deputies approved a state reform bill on privatization.· For example, the House leadership may put the Senate welfare reform bill up for a vote. ► education· I am sure also that, in the light of our education reforms, most children will eventually be able to do that calculation.· Workshops on desegregation, education reform, military discrimination and rap music were packed, and discussion was lively.· Governors are given a crucial role in the thrust of education reforms, but who has the time?· But late that year, Governor Perpich decided he needed an education reform agenda.· Examples include compulsory competitive tendering, the community charge, education reform, and community care.· Several dimensions of reality, however, are generally omitted from most discussions of education reform.· The exodus comes as governors acquire legal responsibilities for the running of schools as a result of the Government's education reforms.· The parents are the problem, some members said, echoing the education reform movement of the moment in this country. ► land· And the land reform bypassed this problem altogether.· The Communists have never published an official count of those killed in the land reform, but thousands died.· Some land reforms have embraced soil conservation as a sine qua non of long term productivity gains by land reform beneficiaries.· There was talk of land reform and demonstrations by peasants.· One of the main aims of land reforms is increased food security; this often occurs, and is crucial for all.· The agreement bound the country to a programme of land reform whose implementation would have cost billions of dollars.· Fforde also establishes an important point by underlining the importance of land reform to late Victorian and Edwardian debates.· In this part I find that land reform is at least not detrimental to production. ► law· A number of important social reforms have resulted from ballot bills such as abortion and divorce law reform.· Before that law reform had been handled sporadically.· His case has been taken up by Justice, the all- party law reform group.· Gardiner's abiding interest in law reform changed the picture dramatically.· The law reform parts of the Act were opportune and important.· It seems that every few decades in this country we have a major battle over divorce law reform.· Specifically a judge is chairman of the Law Commission which is the permanent body concerned with law reform. ► legislation· A number of members of Congress have begun talking about Social Security and introducing reform legislation.· Clinton already has vetoed Republican-drafted welfare reform legislation twice.· If the bill fails, it would be the fifth defeat in a decade for campaign finance reform legislation.· In 1992, Dole voted against campaign finance reform legislation that passed Congress but that was vetoed by President Bush. ► movement· This is not the end of the reform movement, because it depends on society.· My heart belongs to the reform movement.· Ste Barbe's episcopal acta confirm his sympathy for the ethos of the Yorkshire monastic reform movement.· Verne Johnson, another leader of the Minnesota reform movement, puts it well: I am not for laissez-faire.· All religions have a history of reform movements which operate from within and are not imposed from without.· The parents are the problem, some members said, echoing the education reform movement of the moment in this country.· These are not the buzzwords of the legislated-excellence school reform movement. ► proposal· Although reform proposals have received little political support, the case for disability discrimination legislation has become increasingly compelling.· John McCain, R-Ariz., co-sponsor of the most prominent reform proposal on the congressional docket.· In July 1653 she published a set of reform proposals addressed to Barebone's Parliament.· Lewis offered no reform proposals, saying that new regulations would lead to new ways to evade them.· Whatever the merits of such reform proposals it is a mistake to see quangos as wholly self-contained.· The president vetoed two reform proposals late last year.· What is missing from the various reform proposals is any recognition of the importance of investing in human capital as well.· The various reform proposals that Washington lawmakers will now consider seek to take advantage of those higher returns from stocks. ► tax· Others are much more interested in microeconomic questions, like tax reform, local-government finance and the role of subsidies and benefits.· Weber said tax reform could have been a good issue for the Republicans this year.· The subject of tax reform is a topic in its own right and can only be touched upon here.· I came down on the side of tax reform.· In the late 1980s the Conservative government increased the pace of its tax reform.· But such concessions would undermine the very principles on which the case for tax reform is based.· But he is also exploring various tax reforms that would reduce rates and simplify the system. ► welfare· In human terms, however, welfare reform is definitely risky.· During the next three years, thousands of welfare families will be thrust into this low-income labor market because of welfare reform.· But the most powerful aspect of Englerization is welfare reform.· But it may be only the beginning as the political battle over welfare reform is about to be joined.· Results: The health care effort collapsed, and welfare reform was postponed.· Clinton already has vetoed Republican-drafted welfare reform legislation twice.· But many of the same provisions remain in the welfare reform bill signed by President Clinton last month.· Counties are also bracing for the brunt of federal welfare reform, expected to mark a significant loss of federal aid dollars. VERB► implement· Much will depend on how local managers and clinicians implement the reforms at local level.· The center devoted itself to implementing the liturgical reform begun at the Second Vatican Council.· The government had also faced criticism over its slowness in implementing economic reforms.· Under the highly unpopular Videnov, the Socialist government resisted implementing economic reforms.· Legislation to implement the reforms was to be presented to Legco in early 1993.· Outdated computer systems and the failure to help judges to implement the reforms were adding to the chaos.· In the interim, the Stock Exchange implemented piecemeal reform.· It is unlikely that Boris Yeltsin would be implementing those reforms if we had jumped the gun, as the Opposition wanted. ► introduce· This study examines these contrasts in detail, at a period when the Stock Exchange in London is introducing great reforms.· Though we have introduced reforms, disorder disturbs several areas.· We have also introduced a reform which will give people more choice as to who represents them legally in court.· A number of members of Congress have begun talking about Social Security and introducing reform legislation.· Theoretically the government had greater leeway to introduce reforms to improve their conditions and increase their productivity.· In a speech on March 30 Hammadi pledged that his government would introduce major democratic reforms.· Less positively on property, the Chancellor introduced further reforms to capital gains tax.· Therefore, I welcome the passages in the Gracious Speech that promise an asylum Bill to introduce these reforms. ► pass· On March 19 it passed a regulatory reform bill, which is intended to lighten the weight of government on small businesses.· Why is it fair to pass piecemeal reforms for powerful industries?· Illinois has passed tort reform, which has so far proved impossible to get through Congress in Washington.· He has worked with the heavily Democratic Legislature to pass educational reform.· Clinton reiterated Monday that the immediate solution is to pass the McCain-Feingold campaign reform bill. WORD FAMILYnounformformationtransformationreformerreformreformationreformisttransformerformlessnessadjectivereformedreformistformlessverbformreformtransformadverbformlessly a change or changes made to a system or organization in order to improve itreform of a reform of the legal systemeconomic/political/educational reform The government announced a much-needed programme of economic reform. Reforms were made to revive the economy.far-reaching/sweeping/radical reforms The prime minister is calling for sweeping reforms of the NHS.COLLOCATIONSADJECTIVES/NOUN + reformeconomic reform· The prime minister has promised to push ahead with economic reform.political/democratic/constitutional reform· He stressed that democratic reform could not be achieved overnight.tax reform· The chancellor's proposals for tax reform met strong resistance in the Commons.education reform· Teachers say the government's education reforms are causing stress.a major reform· He called for a major reform of the drug laws.radical reform (=very big and important changes)· His government adopted a policy of radical reform.fundamental reform (=changes to the most basic and important parts of something)· He wants fundamental reform of the EU's agricultural policy.far-reaching/sweeping reforms (=reforms that affect many things or have a great effect)· The new government instituted a series of far-reaching reforms.verbsmake/carry out reforms· They haven't made any real reforms.introduce reforms· They increased pressure on the government to introduce political reforms.push through reforms (=make them happen)· He has so far failed to push through much-needed economic reforms.implement reforms (=carry out planned reforms)· Much will depend on how local managers implement the reforms.phrasesa package/programme of reforms· A package of reforms was approved by the National Assembly on April 12.reform1 nounreform2 verb reformreform2 ●●○ verb Word OriginWORD ORIGINreform1 Verb TableOrigin: 1300-1400 Old French reformer, from Latin reformare, from formare ‘to form’VERB TABLE reform
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES Thesaurus
Longman Language Activatorto change the way something is done or organized► change Collocations · The government is considering changing the local voting system.· Agriculture must be changed to reduce damage to the environment. ► reorganize also reorganise British to change the way that a system or organization works: · During the 1980s, the government reorganized the civil service.· The proposals for reorganizing the company have made many people in the workforce feel very insecure. ► restructure to completely change the way something is organized, especially a large political or economic system or a big company, in order to make it more effective: · Mr Gorbachev's attempt to restructure the Soviet economy met with criticism from traditional communists.· In the coming years a lot of money will go into restructuring the education system. ► reform to change a law, system, or organization, so that it is fairer or more effective: · They reformed the voting system, and introduced a secret ballot.· We are working to reform the nation's prisons. someone who has changed completely► a changed man/woman use this to say that someone has changed a lot from what they were like before because of an important or powerful experience: · My father came back from the war a changed man.· She returned from her travel a changed woman. ► reformed someone who is reformed has completely changed their behaviour and stopped doing things that other people disapprove of, for example stealing or drinking too much: · Since the birth of his baby, Mark has totally reformed.· Al Pacino plays a reformed crook who gets pulled back into a life of crime. COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRY► reformed character Word family Greeley says he’s a genuinely reformed character. COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► call for reform· The Church has called for reform of the law. ► constitutional reform/change/amendment a proposal for constitutional reform ► economic reform (=a set of changes made to an economy in order to improve it)· The government agreed to a programme of economic reform. ► education reform (=changes that a government makes to the education system in a country)· the government’s programme of education reform ► electoral reform a campaign for electoral reform ► far-reaching reforms/proposals/changes The country carried out far-reaching reforms to modernize its economy. ► the pace of reform· Some senior party figures favor a slower pace of reform. ► a reform programme· After the elections, they embarked on an ambitious reform programme. ► radical reform (=big changes to a system or organization in order to improve it)· He said the institution was in need of radical reform. ► sweeping changes/cuts/reforms etc They want to make sweeping changes to education policies. ► modernize/reform a system· We need to reform the electoral system. COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSNOUN► economy· The failure of the ruling Socialist Party to reform the economy has plunged the country into disaster.· As for reforming and rebuilding the economy, Hashimoto divided the remaining five years this century into three stages. ► law· Bills promoted both by backbenchers and ministers to reform the law have been unsuccessful.· Kennedy is one of the combatants in the Congressional struggle to reform federal law covering both illegal and legal immigrants.· The Government brought forward proposals in 1986 to reform the shopping laws, but Parliament was not able to agree a conclusion.· Congress rarely reforms bad laws by eliminating them.· For some time we have been promised legislation to reform the laws on friendly societies.· For more than four years, President Clinton has talked about reforming campaign finance laws.· There is urgent need to reform the law relating to damages in libel actions.· We will reform company law to require greater disclosure of information such as expenditure on research and development. ► need· Action was also held back by the need to reform local finance which both Reports recommended.· He also sees the need to reform the electoral system to clean up the political system.· Most are agreed on the need to reform the welfare state, but that's unlikely to happen in the forseeable future. ► plan· But it was perhaps nothing compared with the hostility he faced over his plans to reform the legal profession. ► system· The government had made serious proposals during 1988 about reforming the graduate assignment system because of its glaring inefficiencies.· We will never reform the justice system until we are prepared to acknowledge its fundamental defects.· Clinton has responded by stressing his support for reforming the current system.· Mosley, the rebel with a cause, first tried to reform the system from within during the 1920s.· So far, Democrats seem satisfied to reform the current system rather than pioneer a new course. WORD FAMILYnounformformationtransformationreformerreformreformationreformisttransformerformlessnessadjectivereformedreformistformlessverbformreformtransformadverbformlessly 1[transitive] to improve a system, law, organization etc by making a lot of changes to it, so that it operates in a fairer or more effective way: plans to radically reform the tax system2[intransitive, transitive] to change your behaviour and become a better person, or to make someone do this: Greeley says he’s a genuinely reformed character. a reformed criminal |
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