英语词汇“linguistically”的英英意思、用法、释义、翻译、读音、例句、短语、词组-英语词典

EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES

linguistic skills
Hearing difficulties can slow down a child's linguistic development.
It is difficult to obtain accurate information on which to base an assessment of a child's linguistic abilities.

EXAMPLES FROM THE CORPUS

Especially in large urban areas, a particular linguistic feature of a regional dialect might well be influenced by social factors.
In such a system, visual and auditory linguistic signifiers are in changing, unstable correspondence with the concepts they stand for.
The linguistic phenomena we see in the texts reflect not classical fusion of law but post-classical confusion of language.
The linguistic sign as type we can call the symbol.
The data presented here suggest that social network structure is implicated in processes of linguistic change in at least two ways.
The second solution is to regard linguistic knowledge or competence as a characteristic of the individual child.
They underline the right of migrant workers to express freely their ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic characteristics.
Wright's system for cursive script recognition has efficient low-level processing but relies on a dictionary and higher level linguistic processing.

Longman Language Activatorthe use of words to communicate► language

the use of words, grammar etc to communicate with other people: · Every child develops the natural ability to use language.· There are ways of communicating without language.

► linguistic

connected with people's ability to use language: linguistic ability/skills/development etc: · Hearing difficulties can slow down a child's linguistic development.· It is difficult to obtain accurate information on which to base an assessment of a child's linguistic abilities.

WORD SETS► Linguistics

acronym, nounadage, nounaffricate, nounagglutination, nounalphanumeric, adjectiveanglophone, nounantecedent, nounantonym, nounaphorism, nounarchaism, nounargot, nounaspirate, verbaspirate, nounaspiration, nounassonance, nounbaby talk, nounback, adjectiveback formation, nounbilabial, nounbody language, nouncant, nouncliché, nouncognate, adjectivecognate, nouncollocate, verbcollocation, nouncolloquial, adjectivecombining form, nouncompound, nounconcordance, nounconnotation, nounconsonant, nouncontext, nouncontraction, nouncorpus, noundative, noundeclarative, adjectivedecline, verbdecode, verbdescriptive, adjectivediction, noundiminutive, noundiminutive suffix, noundiphthong, nounelide, verbellipsis, nounelocution, nounemphasis, nounencode, verbenunciate, verb-ese, suffixetymology, nouneuphemism, nouneuphemistic, adjectiveexpression, nounfigurative, adjectivefirst language, nounformal, adjectivefricative, noungender, nounglide, nounglottal stop, nounhard, adjectivehieroglyphics, nounhigh-level, adjectivehomograph, nounhomonym, nounhomophone, nounhyperbole, nounideogram, nounidiolect, nounidiom, nounidiomatic, adjectiveinflection, nounintonation, nounIPA, nounironic, adjectivejargon, nounlabial, nounlanguage, nounlegalese, nounlexical, adjectivelexicography, nounlexicon, nounlexis, nounlingua franca, nounlinguist, nounlinguistic, adjectivelinguistics, nounlip-read, verbloanword, nounlocution, nounlong, adjectivemaxim, nounmetalanguage, nounmispronounce, verbmnemonic, nounmonosyllabic, adjectivemonosyllable, nounmorpheme, nounmorphology, nounnasal, adjectivenasal, nounneologism, nounneutral, adjectivenonce, adjectivenon-standard, adjectivenonverbal, adjectiveofficialese, nounonomatopoeia, nounopen vowel, nounorientalist, nounoxymoron, nounpalindrome, nounparagraph, nounparaphrase, verbparaphrase, nounphilology, nounphoneme, nounphonemics, nounphonetic, adjectivephonetics, nounphonic, adjectivephonology, nounphrasal, adjectivephraseology, nounpidgin, nounplosive, nounpolyglot, adjectivepolysemous, adjectivepolysyllabic, adjectiveportmanteau word, nounpragmatics, nounpreliterate, adjectivepre-verbal, adjectiveprimary stress, nounpronounce, verbpronounceable, adjectivepronunciation, nounproverb, nounpsychobabble, nounReceived Pronunciation, nounrecitation, nounregister, nounretroflex, adjectiveRP, nounschwa, nounsecondary stress, nounsecond language, nounsemantic, adjectivesemantics, nounsemiotics, nounsemi-vowel, nounshort, adjectivesibilant, adjectivesibilant, nounsic, adverbsilent, adjectivesimile, nounslang, nounsound, verbspeech, nounspeech therapy, nounspell, verbspelling, nounspoonerism, nounstandard, adjectivestem, nounstop, nounstress, nounstress, verbstressed, adjectivestress mark, nounstructuralism, nounstylistics, nounsuperlative, nounsyllabic, adjectivesyllable, nounsynonym, nounsynonymous, adjectivetechnical, adjectiveterminology, nounthesaurus, nountone, nountone language, nountoneless, adjectivetongue, nountranscribe, verbtranscription, nountrope, noununpronounceable, adjectiveunstressed, adjectiveunvoiced, adjectiveusage, nounuse, verbuse, nounvelar, adjectivevocabulary, nounvoiceless, adjectivevowel, noun

COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► verbal/linguistic ability

(=language skills)· The test is intended to measure the children's linguistic ability.

► technical/linguistic/managerial etc competence

· There are many careers that require a high degree of linguistic competence.

► linguistic diversity

(=having many different languages)· The islands are well-known for their linguistic diversity.

COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADVERB► purely

· In some cases the significance of the documents goes far beyond their purely linguistic importance.· So that the fabula, such as it is in this tale, is the product of certain purely linguistic devices.· There is no purely linguistic way of generally marking the intended use.· Thus it may be that children are not accustomed to relying on purely linguistic cues to the deductive mode.· In purely linguistic terms, there are two reasons for this difference between Belfast and certain other studies.

NOUN► abilities

· In order to handle deductive mode explanations, children require various cognitive and linguistic abilities.· It argues that they are deployed to reflect the developing cognitive and linguistic abilities of the novel's characters.· But Donaldson's results extend these previous findings by showing that young children also have considerable linguistic abilities.· Let us now look in detail at the linguistic abilities required to handle intentional mode explanations.

► ability

· Alternatively, the discrepancies might be due to characteristics of the tasks used to assess the different types of linguistic ability.· Whether we get linguistic ability from our genes, or by imitating others or just from general intelligence is not known for sure.· Another source of variation comes from the interaction of the test items with the child's linguistic ability.· This test is concerned with a specific aspect of linguistic ability and does not provide either standardised or age equivalent scores.· Thus young children have both the cognitive and the linguistic ability to explain actions in terms of intentions.· For selective pressures for linguistic ability could easily reverse in ontogeny the order I maintain would be needed in phylogeny.· The need for a pragmatic component in an integrated theory of linguistic ability can be argued for in various ways.· Thus, it is assumed that a test of linguistic ability actually measures language as opposed to some other characteristic.

► analysis

· For the history of linguistic analysis in the West is overwhelmingly a prescriptive and overtly a political one.· Whatever the answers to the previous questions, are they equally applicable to every level of linguistic analysis?· Dispersed through the above discussion are also elements from a kind of linguistic analysis which transcends the traditional syntactic and semantic processing.· And this is where linguistic analysis can be of assistance.· There are other conceptual similarities between network analysis and linguistic analysis.· Moreover, the linguistic analysis undertaken during the comparison provided concrete support for these observations.· This part is also characterised by minimal linguistic analysis and a tendency for barren description rather than interpretation.· Graham Trengove is similarly concerned with the pedagogic applications of the linguistic analysis of literature.

► behaviour

· As well as such differences in educational attainment, there are differences in the characteristic linguistic behaviour of various groups.· This is an example of folklinguistics regulating real linguistic behaviour.· The question which hung over this whole discussion, though, was how beliefs about linguistic behaviour relate to the observable facts.· These beliefs not only explain to the ordinary language-user things she might have observed for herself, they also regulate linguistic behaviour.· It will not just be a matter of noting what linguistic behaviour it provokes.

► category

· Philosophy, if it is anything, is a linguistic activity which teaches us to be critical about linguistic categories.· Genette goes on to suggest that this authorizes the use of linguistic categories in the analysis of narrative discourse.· Todorov's analysis of the Decameron tales is based on a very rigorous and literal use of linguistic categories.

► change

· The principles of learning theory provide a prima-facie explanation of the linguistic changes which occur during childhood.· The data presented here suggest that social network structure is implicated in processes of linguistic change in at least two ways.· This has implications, for example, for the study of linguistic change in progress.· One fact that contradicts it immediately is that women are often in the vanguard of linguistic change towards the standard variety.· Underlying all this there is a more general question that impinges very directly on the explanation for linguistic changes.· The larger the area of a language through time, the greater the linguistic change that might be expected.

► choice

· This chapter deals with the different linguistic choices that shapes women's magazine advertisements.

► communication

· In linguistic communication terms have to be arranged in sequences.· Taken together, the presumptions and strategies provide the basis for an account of successful linguistic communication.· Assignment, however, has a secondary characteristic which from the point of view of linguistic communication becomes equally important.· The basic idea is quite simple: linguistic communication is a kind of problem solving.· Gellner stresses that nationalism becomes important when linguistic communication becomes vital for the State.· It is not intended as an explanation of linguistic communication, a theory we might proceed to test.

► community

· Corpus-Based Systems For a long time the use of probabilistic information in linguistic systems has been frowned upon by the linguistic community.· Community change we may define as the transmission and ultimate sharing of changes among speakers in a linguistic community.· We think he is a member of our linguistic community.· The use of such techniques for language processing has traditionally been frowned upon by the linguistic community.· Each linguistic community has preferred ways of organizing its various types of discourse.· On the other hand, other linguistic communities may have more relaxed norms.

► competence

· In order to construct an integrated theory of linguistic competence, it is essential to discover the logical ordering of components or levels.· We are concerned, then, with more than simply linguistic competence.· Fewer assumptions are made in such dictionaries about the linguistic competence of the user.· Work should start from the pupils' own linguistic competence.· This represents a very great pool of linguistic competence.· Despite extensive research, how humans achieve their linguistic competence has still to be fully explained.· Only if this latter requirement is met can we begin to talk of linguistic competence.

► context

· Writing is practice in the use of linguistic contexts as independent of immediate reference.· The implications of this fact for manipulability are great; linguistic context can be turned upside down more easily than real ones.· She argues that writing provides' practice in using linguistic context as independent of immediate reference.· We shall therefore seek to derive information about a word's meaning from its relations with actual and potential linguistic contexts.

► data

· With such descriptions, actually occurring linguistic data, where they are adduced at all, serve to exemplify category types.· Students will therefore need courses that will equip them for observing, collecting and analysing linguistic data.

► description

· It is the job of stylistics to relate linguistic description to interpretation in a clear and helpful way.· Tests which are not based upon adequate linguistic descriptions must be regarded as lacking in construct validity.· Clearly, just what M-tense concepts are needed for linguistic description will differ from language to language.· The interpretation of an utterance involves the integration of information across different levels of linguistic description and across time.

► diversity

· Assemblies, dress requirements, school meals provision and links with parents may be insensitive to different cultural backgrounds and linguistic diversity.· I have the greatest respect for linguistic diversity.· Paradoxically, Diamond feels this loss of linguistic diversity may be our best hope.· Although linguistic diversity was considered a positive asset, bilingualism in maintained schools was not supported.· Literacy and education tend therefore to reduce linguistic diversity and to enhance major languages at the expense of minor ones.

► evidence

· The argument must still confront the anthropological and linguistic evidence for intellectual development as well as capacity in different cultures.· This theory is supported by archeological as well as linguistic evidence.

► expression

· We use language to talk about the meanings of linguistic expressions as well as about things that are not meanings.· I should stress again that I am here concerned with meanings qua posited objective thought-contents of linguistic expressions.· This principle is concerned with the maintenance of distinctions between linguistic expressions.· All we have is a difference in the referential relations between linguistic expressions and the world outside language.

► feature

· As yet, however, no rigorous taxonomy of text types is available, let alone describable in terms of typical linguistic features.· Especially in large urban areas, a particular linguistic feature of a regional dialect might well be influenced by social factors.· How is it possible to list exhaustively all linguistic features that may be found in a text?· What I am arguing here is that the meaning of a linguistic feature can not be determined outside its context.· Thus, a regularity in discourse is a linguistic feature which occurs in a definable environment with a significant frequency.

► form

· A description which deals with abstract types will present linguistic forms and their meanings as constituents of the conventional code.· Girls are simply better at linguistic forms of learning, boys at mathematical and some spatial skills.· The main point is that prose varies a great deal in the amount of aesthetic interest which attaches to linguistic form.· He will attempt to describe the linguistic forms which occur in his data, relative to the environments in which they occur.

► group

· The other linguistic groups are reluctant to accept the position of Hindi as primusinterpares.· The Raj brought the different linguistic groups together under one administrative umbrella.

► information

· These second generation systems employ much more linguistic information, particularly semantic, than their predecessors.· If the trail through the trie has successfully found a word then the linguistic information for the word is found there.· Integration Recognition can be improved by using additional linguistic information.· The principal reason for this is the high degree of reliance a human places on linguistic information.· Incorporation of some of the linguistic information that humans employ is necessary to improve text recognition systems.· Machine-readable dictionaries can be used as a source of linguistic information.· Sources of linguistic information required by a recognition system will also be investigated.· That is significant because dyslexia is essentially an inability to deal with linguistic information in visual form.

► knowledge

· In the short term this brute force approach appears to be the best method of incorporating linguistic knowledge into computers.· In trying to summarise these findings, it may be said that linguistic knowledge does appear to be the important variable.· The second solution is to regard linguistic knowledge or competence as a characteristic of the individual child.· Both deaf and hearing people do interpret stimuli presented for memory in terms of linguistic knowledge of both the task and the stimuli themselves.· There needed to be an interaction between cultural adjustment and linguistic knowledge.· Any linguistic knowledge the teacher can bring is a welcome bonus.· Neither the three CILT-provided course outlines nor Nott's article refer explicitly to linguistic or applied linguistic knowledge.· It meant a new way of looking at reading errors, seeing them as evidence of children's use of linguistic knowledge.

► model

· Yet the design of the experiment is such that the use of alternative linguistic models is still possible.· The real question in structuralist theory is how literally the linguistic model should be applied.· What is needed is a different linguistic model.

► phenomena

· The linguistic phenomena we see in the texts reflect not classical fusion of law but post-classical confusion of language.· More often than not, to account for linguistic phenomena we require diverse kinds of information from different components of a grammar.· Those interested in functional explanations of linguistic phenomena ought then to have a considerable interest in the systematics of face-to-face interaction.· First, implicature stands as a paradigmatic example of the nature and power of pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena.· That is to say, it may be possible to give powerful functionalist explanations of linguistic phenomena by reference to pragmatic principles.

► sign

· The linguistic sign as type we can call the symbol.· This is a pragmatic matter of achieving meaning by using linguistic signs as evidence.· Whereas bees, of course, like frost, are not linguistic signs: they don't say what they're signs of.· And just as indirect observation in general doesn't need linguistic signs, nor does the special case of communication.· Eeyore's sigh is not a linguistic sign.

► skill

· There is little doubt that their handwriting skills develop at a slower pace than their linguistic skills.· Recently, however, scholars have become aware that there are considerable difficulties in assessing Gregory's linguistic skills.· In people who had achieved entirely normal linguistic skills, brain damage can reduce or even abolish such skills.· All this requires imagination, patience, considerable linguistic skill, but above all a rigorous respect for the facts.· According to Marx, the ability to understand humour in a foreign language is a mark of the highest linguistic skill.· This supposedly reflects the different contexts in which they learn the linguistic skills - public debates versus private relationships.

► structure

· Piaget does not believe that concepts take their origin from linguistic structures.· Rather they derive from associated events in experience that antedate linguistic structure both phylogenetically and, in man, in individual development.· Apart from this, its description of linguistic structures is not as exact and analytical as modern style studies tend to be.· Hence Derrida's poststructuralism challenged the modernist and autonomous science of autonomous linguistic structures of Saussure and Barthes.· But, as yet, few linguists have applied the insights from conversation analysis to functionalist studies of linguistic structure.

► study

· Born in Geneva in 1857, he was introduced to linguistic studies at an early age by a philologist, Adolphe Pictet.· The Jesuits have a tradition of linguistic study.

► system

· Corpus-Based Systems For a long time the use of probabilistic information in linguistic systems has been frowned upon by the linguistic community.· The symbolic meaning of a deictic term is its meaning as it functions within the linguistic system.· The other kinds of socially deictic information, however, can be encoded just about anywhere in the linguistic system.

► theory

· The assumed realism of linguistic theory is problematic in literary contexts.· There remain a great many questions to answer for psychological and linguistic theories.· There we shall be dealing not so much with direct applications of linguistic theory as with extensions or analogies of it.· However, let's grant that the linguistic theory is true.· This has, inpart, been a failure of linguistic theory at two levels: semantics and discourse.

► unit

· The importance of Kittay's formulation lies in her wide definition of the type of linguistic unit that can be labelled metaphoric.· They also, of course, govern linguistic units larger than words - idioms, phrases, and larger constructions.· So we can assume that analysis of prior linguistic units has two effects on subsequent processing.

► variable

· The variant realizations of a linguistic variable do not encode different referential meanings.

► variation

· The result of this is that linguistic variation and change can appear to be unidimensional.

PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES► applied science/physics/linguistics etc

If applied linguistics is left exclusively to an elite band of researchers, then the whole object of the exercise disappears.
Introduction to nonlinear problems with emphasis on practical modelling, illustrative examples from pure and applied science, and use of computers.
Since then, there has been a steady output of research within this branch of applied linguistics.
Supported by four applied science courses covering the biology, entomology and pathology of seeds, and plant breeding.
There is a very pervasive belief that it is research in theoretical and applied linguistics which provides the solutions.
These four key elements are well developed and widely shared within the research communities of every natural and applied science.
These will include basic skills as well as specialised competences in areas of applied physics.
Why are engineering, medicine and agriculture not all grouped together as applied sciences?

► generative grammar/linguistics/phonology

In generative phonology, the claim is that, at the abstract level, vowels are simply tense or lax.
Instead they believe that it is Sampson's generative grammar formulation that is at fault.
The rewrite rule is an effective method of representing the rules of a generative grammar.
There are applications for which a generative grammar would be better suited than a probabilistic one.

► verbal/linguistic gymnastics

单词	linguistically
释义	linguisticlin‧guis‧tic /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk/ ●●○ adjective Examples EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES linguistic skills Hearing difficulties can slow down a child's linguistic development. It is difficult to obtain accurate information on which to base an assessment of a child's linguistic abilities. EXAMPLES FROM THE CORPUS Especially in large urban areas, a particular linguistic feature of a regional dialect might well be influenced by social factors. In such a system, visual and auditory linguistic signifiers are in changing, unstable correspondence with the concepts they stand for. The linguistic phenomena we see in the texts reflect not classical fusion of law but post-classical confusion of language. The linguistic sign as type we can call the symbol. The data presented here suggest that social network structure is implicated in processes of linguistic change in at least two ways. The second solution is to regard linguistic knowledge or competence as a characteristic of the individual child. They underline the right of migrant workers to express freely their ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic characteristics. Wright's system for cursive script recognition has efficient low-level processing but relies on a dictionary and higher level linguistic processing. Thesaurus Longman Language Activatorthe use of words to communicate► language the use of words, grammar etc to communicate with other people: · Every child develops the natural ability to use language.· There are ways of communicating without language. ► linguistic connected with people's ability to use language: linguistic ability/skills/development etc: · Hearing difficulties can slow down a child's linguistic development.· It is difficult to obtain accurate information on which to base an assessment of a child's linguistic abilities. WORD SETS► Linguistics acronym, nounadage, nounaffricate, nounagglutination, nounalphanumeric, adjectiveanglophone, nounantecedent, nounantonym, nounaphorism, nounarchaism, nounargot, nounaspirate, verbaspirate, nounaspiration, nounassonance, nounbaby talk, nounback, adjectiveback formation, nounbilabial, nounbody language, nouncant, nouncliché, nouncognate, adjectivecognate, nouncollocate, verbcollocation, nouncolloquial, adjectivecombining form, nouncompound, nounconcordance, nounconnotation, nounconsonant, nouncontext, nouncontraction, nouncorpus, noundative, noundeclarative, adjectivedecline, verbdecode, verbdescriptive, adjectivediction, noundiminutive, noundiminutive suffix, noundiphthong, nounelide, verbellipsis, nounelocution, nounemphasis, nounencode, verbenunciate, verb-ese, suffixetymology, nouneuphemism, nouneuphemistic, adjectiveexpression, nounfigurative, adjectivefirst language, nounformal, adjectivefricative, noungender, nounglide, nounglottal stop, nounhard, adjectivehieroglyphics, nounhigh-level, adjectivehomograph, nounhomonym, nounhomophone, nounhyperbole, nounideogram, nounidiolect, nounidiom, nounidiomatic, adjectiveinflection, nounintonation, nounIPA, nounironic, adjectivejargon, nounlabial, nounlanguage, nounlegalese, nounlexical, adjectivelexicography, nounlexicon, nounlexis, nounlingua franca, nounlinguist, nounlinguistic, adjectivelinguistics, nounlip-read, verbloanword, nounlocution, nounlong, adjectivemaxim, nounmetalanguage, nounmispronounce, verbmnemonic, nounmonosyllabic, adjectivemonosyllable, nounmorpheme, nounmorphology, nounnasal, adjectivenasal, nounneologism, nounneutral, adjectivenonce, adjectivenon-standard, adjectivenonverbal, adjectiveofficialese, nounonomatopoeia, nounopen vowel, nounorientalist, nounoxymoron, nounpalindrome, nounparagraph, nounparaphrase, verbparaphrase, nounphilology, nounphoneme, nounphonemics, nounphonetic, adjectivephonetics, nounphonic, adjectivephonology, nounphrasal, adjectivephraseology, nounpidgin, nounplosive, nounpolyglot, adjectivepolysemous, adjectivepolysyllabic, adjectiveportmanteau word, nounpragmatics, nounpreliterate, adjectivepre-verbal, adjectiveprimary stress, nounpronounce, verbpronounceable, adjectivepronunciation, nounproverb, nounpsychobabble, nounReceived Pronunciation, nounrecitation, nounregister, nounretroflex, adjectiveRP, nounschwa, nounsecondary stress, nounsecond language, nounsemantic, adjectivesemantics, nounsemiotics, nounsemi-vowel, nounshort, adjectivesibilant, adjectivesibilant, nounsic, adverbsilent, adjectivesimile, nounslang, nounsound, verbspeech, nounspeech therapy, nounspell, verbspelling, nounspoonerism, nounstandard, adjectivestem, nounstop, nounstress, nounstress, verbstressed, adjectivestress mark, nounstructuralism, nounstylistics, nounsuperlative, nounsyllabic, adjectivesyllable, nounsynonym, nounsynonymous, adjectivetechnical, adjectiveterminology, nounthesaurus, nountone, nountone language, nountoneless, adjectivetongue, nountranscribe, verbtranscription, nountrope, noununpronounceable, adjectiveunstressed, adjectiveunvoiced, adjectiveusage, nounuse, verbuse, nounvelar, adjectivevocabulary, nounvoiceless, adjectivevowel, noun Collocations COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► verbal/linguistic ability (=language skills)· The test is intended to measure the children's linguistic ability. ► technical/linguistic/managerial etc competence · There are many careers that require a high degree of linguistic competence. ► linguistic diversity (=having many different languages)· The islands are well-known for their linguistic diversity. COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADVERB► purely · In some cases the significance of the documents goes far beyond their purely linguistic importance.· So that the fabula, such as it is in this tale, is the product of certain purely linguistic devices.· There is no purely linguistic way of generally marking the intended use.· Thus it may be that children are not accustomed to relying on purely linguistic cues to the deductive mode.· In purely linguistic terms, there are two reasons for this difference between Belfast and certain other studies. NOUN► abilities · In order to handle deductive mode explanations, children require various cognitive and linguistic abilities.· It argues that they are deployed to reflect the developing cognitive and linguistic abilities of the novel's characters.· But Donaldson's results extend these previous findings by showing that young children also have considerable linguistic abilities.· Let us now look in detail at the linguistic abilities required to handle intentional mode explanations. ► ability · Alternatively, the discrepancies might be due to characteristics of the tasks used to assess the different types of linguistic ability.· Whether we get linguistic ability from our genes, or by imitating others or just from general intelligence is not known for sure.· Another source of variation comes from the interaction of the test items with the child's linguistic ability.· This test is concerned with a specific aspect of linguistic ability and does not provide either standardised or age equivalent scores.· Thus young children have both the cognitive and the linguistic ability to explain actions in terms of intentions.· For selective pressures for linguistic ability could easily reverse in ontogeny the order I maintain would be needed in phylogeny.· The need for a pragmatic component in an integrated theory of linguistic ability can be argued for in various ways.· Thus, it is assumed that a test of linguistic ability actually measures language as opposed to some other characteristic. ► analysis · For the history of linguistic analysis in the West is overwhelmingly a prescriptive and overtly a political one.· Whatever the answers to the previous questions, are they equally applicable to every level of linguistic analysis?· Dispersed through the above discussion are also elements from a kind of linguistic analysis which transcends the traditional syntactic and semantic processing.· And this is where linguistic analysis can be of assistance.· There are other conceptual similarities between network analysis and linguistic analysis.· Moreover, the linguistic analysis undertaken during the comparison provided concrete support for these observations.· This part is also characterised by minimal linguistic analysis and a tendency for barren description rather than interpretation.· Graham Trengove is similarly concerned with the pedagogic applications of the linguistic analysis of literature. ► behaviour · As well as such differences in educational attainment, there are differences in the characteristic linguistic behaviour of various groups.· This is an example of folklinguistics regulating real linguistic behaviour.· The question which hung over this whole discussion, though, was how beliefs about linguistic behaviour relate to the observable facts.· These beliefs not only explain to the ordinary language-user things she might have observed for herself, they also regulate linguistic behaviour.· It will not just be a matter of noting what linguistic behaviour it provokes. ► category · Philosophy, if it is anything, is a linguistic activity which teaches us to be critical about linguistic categories.· Genette goes on to suggest that this authorizes the use of linguistic categories in the analysis of narrative discourse.· Todorov's analysis of the Decameron tales is based on a very rigorous and literal use of linguistic categories. ► change · The principles of learning theory provide a prima-facie explanation of the linguistic changes which occur during childhood.· The data presented here suggest that social network structure is implicated in processes of linguistic change in at least two ways.· This has implications, for example, for the study of linguistic change in progress.· One fact that contradicts it immediately is that women are often in the vanguard of linguistic change towards the standard variety.· Underlying all this there is a more general question that impinges very directly on the explanation for linguistic changes.· The larger the area of a language through time, the greater the linguistic change that might be expected. ► choice · This chapter deals with the different linguistic choices that shapes women's magazine advertisements. ► communication · In linguistic communication terms have to be arranged in sequences.· Taken together, the presumptions and strategies provide the basis for an account of successful linguistic communication.· Assignment, however, has a secondary characteristic which from the point of view of linguistic communication becomes equally important.· The basic idea is quite simple: linguistic communication is a kind of problem solving.· Gellner stresses that nationalism becomes important when linguistic communication becomes vital for the State.· It is not intended as an explanation of linguistic communication, a theory we might proceed to test. ► community · Corpus-Based Systems For a long time the use of probabilistic information in linguistic systems has been frowned upon by the linguistic community.· Community change we may define as the transmission and ultimate sharing of changes among speakers in a linguistic community.· We think he is a member of our linguistic community.· The use of such techniques for language processing has traditionally been frowned upon by the linguistic community.· Each linguistic community has preferred ways of organizing its various types of discourse.· On the other hand, other linguistic communities may have more relaxed norms. ► competence · In order to construct an integrated theory of linguistic competence, it is essential to discover the logical ordering of components or levels.· We are concerned, then, with more than simply linguistic competence.· Fewer assumptions are made in such dictionaries about the linguistic competence of the user.· Work should start from the pupils' own linguistic competence.· This represents a very great pool of linguistic competence.· Despite extensive research, how humans achieve their linguistic competence has still to be fully explained.· Only if this latter requirement is met can we begin to talk of linguistic competence. ► context · Writing is practice in the use of linguistic contexts as independent of immediate reference.· The implications of this fact for manipulability are great; linguistic context can be turned upside down more easily than real ones.· She argues that writing provides' practice in using linguistic context as independent of immediate reference.· We shall therefore seek to derive information about a word's meaning from its relations with actual and potential linguistic contexts. ► data · With such descriptions, actually occurring linguistic data, where they are adduced at all, serve to exemplify category types.· Students will therefore need courses that will equip them for observing, collecting and analysing linguistic data. ► description · It is the job of stylistics to relate linguistic description to interpretation in a clear and helpful way.· Tests which are not based upon adequate linguistic descriptions must be regarded as lacking in construct validity.· Clearly, just what M-tense concepts are needed for linguistic description will differ from language to language.· The interpretation of an utterance involves the integration of information across different levels of linguistic description and across time. ► diversity · Assemblies, dress requirements, school meals provision and links with parents may be insensitive to different cultural backgrounds and linguistic diversity.· I have the greatest respect for linguistic diversity.· Paradoxically, Diamond feels this loss of linguistic diversity may be our best hope.· Although linguistic diversity was considered a positive asset, bilingualism in maintained schools was not supported.· Literacy and education tend therefore to reduce linguistic diversity and to enhance major languages at the expense of minor ones. ► evidence · The argument must still confront the anthropological and linguistic evidence for intellectual development as well as capacity in different cultures.· This theory is supported by archeological as well as linguistic evidence. ► expression · We use language to talk about the meanings of linguistic expressions as well as about things that are not meanings.· I should stress again that I am here concerned with meanings qua posited objective thought-contents of linguistic expressions.· This principle is concerned with the maintenance of distinctions between linguistic expressions.· All we have is a difference in the referential relations between linguistic expressions and the world outside language. ► feature · As yet, however, no rigorous taxonomy of text types is available, let alone describable in terms of typical linguistic features.· Especially in large urban areas, a particular linguistic feature of a regional dialect might well be influenced by social factors.· How is it possible to list exhaustively all linguistic features that may be found in a text?· What I am arguing here is that the meaning of a linguistic feature can not be determined outside its context.· Thus, a regularity in discourse is a linguistic feature which occurs in a definable environment with a significant frequency. ► form · A description which deals with abstract types will present linguistic forms and their meanings as constituents of the conventional code.· Girls are simply better at linguistic forms of learning, boys at mathematical and some spatial skills.· The main point is that prose varies a great deal in the amount of aesthetic interest which attaches to linguistic form.· He will attempt to describe the linguistic forms which occur in his data, relative to the environments in which they occur. ► group · The other linguistic groups are reluctant to accept the position of Hindi as primusinterpares.· The Raj brought the different linguistic groups together under one administrative umbrella. ► information · These second generation systems employ much more linguistic information, particularly semantic, than their predecessors.· If the trail through the trie has successfully found a word then the linguistic information for the word is found there.· Integration Recognition can be improved by using additional linguistic information.· The principal reason for this is the high degree of reliance a human places on linguistic information.· Incorporation of some of the linguistic information that humans employ is necessary to improve text recognition systems.· Machine-readable dictionaries can be used as a source of linguistic information.· Sources of linguistic information required by a recognition system will also be investigated.· That is significant because dyslexia is essentially an inability to deal with linguistic information in visual form. ► knowledge · In the short term this brute force approach appears to be the best method of incorporating linguistic knowledge into computers.· In trying to summarise these findings, it may be said that linguistic knowledge does appear to be the important variable.· The second solution is to regard linguistic knowledge or competence as a characteristic of the individual child.· Both deaf and hearing people do interpret stimuli presented for memory in terms of linguistic knowledge of both the task and the stimuli themselves.· There needed to be an interaction between cultural adjustment and linguistic knowledge.· Any linguistic knowledge the teacher can bring is a welcome bonus.· Neither the three CILT-provided course outlines nor Nott's article refer explicitly to linguistic or applied linguistic knowledge.· It meant a new way of looking at reading errors, seeing them as evidence of children's use of linguistic knowledge. ► model · Yet the design of the experiment is such that the use of alternative linguistic models is still possible.· The real question in structuralist theory is how literally the linguistic model should be applied.· What is needed is a different linguistic model. ► phenomena · The linguistic phenomena we see in the texts reflect not classical fusion of law but post-classical confusion of language.· More often than not, to account for linguistic phenomena we require diverse kinds of information from different components of a grammar.· Those interested in functional explanations of linguistic phenomena ought then to have a considerable interest in the systematics of face-to-face interaction.· First, implicature stands as a paradigmatic example of the nature and power of pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena.· That is to say, it may be possible to give powerful functionalist explanations of linguistic phenomena by reference to pragmatic principles. ► sign · The linguistic sign as type we can call the symbol.· This is a pragmatic matter of achieving meaning by using linguistic signs as evidence.· Whereas bees, of course, like frost, are not linguistic signs: they don't say what they're signs of.· And just as indirect observation in general doesn't need linguistic signs, nor does the special case of communication.· Eeyore's sigh is not a linguistic sign. ► skill · There is little doubt that their handwriting skills develop at a slower pace than their linguistic skills.· Recently, however, scholars have become aware that there are considerable difficulties in assessing Gregory's linguistic skills.· In people who had achieved entirely normal linguistic skills, brain damage can reduce or even abolish such skills.· All this requires imagination, patience, considerable linguistic skill, but above all a rigorous respect for the facts.· According to Marx, the ability to understand humour in a foreign language is a mark of the highest linguistic skill.· This supposedly reflects the different contexts in which they learn the linguistic skills - public debates versus private relationships. ► structure · Piaget does not believe that concepts take their origin from linguistic structures.· Rather they derive from associated events in experience that antedate linguistic structure both phylogenetically and, in man, in individual development.· Apart from this, its description of linguistic structures is not as exact and analytical as modern style studies tend to be.· Hence Derrida's poststructuralism challenged the modernist and autonomous science of autonomous linguistic structures of Saussure and Barthes.· But, as yet, few linguists have applied the insights from conversation analysis to functionalist studies of linguistic structure. ► study · Born in Geneva in 1857, he was introduced to linguistic studies at an early age by a philologist, Adolphe Pictet.· The Jesuits have a tradition of linguistic study. ► system · Corpus-Based Systems For a long time the use of probabilistic information in linguistic systems has been frowned upon by the linguistic community.· The symbolic meaning of a deictic term is its meaning as it functions within the linguistic system.· The other kinds of socially deictic information, however, can be encoded just about anywhere in the linguistic system. ► theory · The assumed realism of linguistic theory is problematic in literary contexts.· There remain a great many questions to answer for psychological and linguistic theories.· There we shall be dealing not so much with direct applications of linguistic theory as with extensions or analogies of it.· However, let's grant that the linguistic theory is true.· This has, inpart, been a failure of linguistic theory at two levels: semantics and discourse. ► unit · The importance of Kittay's formulation lies in her wide definition of the type of linguistic unit that can be labelled metaphoric.· They also, of course, govern linguistic units larger than words - idioms, phrases, and larger constructions.· So we can assume that analysis of prior linguistic units has two effects on subsequent processing. ► variable · The variant realizations of a linguistic variable do not encode different referential meanings. ► variation · The result of this is that linguistic variation and change can appear to be unidimensional. Phrases PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES► applied science/physics/linguistics etc If applied linguistics is left exclusively to an elite band of researchers, then the whole object of the exercise disappears. Introduction to nonlinear problems with emphasis on practical modelling, illustrative examples from pure and applied science, and use of computers. Since then, there has been a steady output of research within this branch of applied linguistics. Supported by four applied science courses covering the biology, entomology and pathology of seeds, and plant breeding. There is a very pervasive belief that it is research in theoretical and applied linguistics which provides the solutions. These four key elements are well developed and widely shared within the research communities of every natural and applied science. These will include basic skills as well as specialised competences in areas of applied physics. Why are engineering, medicine and agriculture not all grouped together as applied sciences? ► generative grammar/linguistics/phonology In generative phonology, the claim is that, at the abstract level, vowels are simply tense or lax. Instead they believe that it is Sampson's generative grammar formulation that is at fault. The rewrite rule is an effective method of representing the rules of a generative grammar. There are applications for which a generative grammar would be better suited than a probabilistic one. ► verbal/linguistic gymnastics related to language, words, or linguistics: a child’s linguistic development—linguistically /-kli/ adverb
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