单词 | mental |
释义 | mentalmen‧tal /ˈmentl/ ●●● S2 W2 AWL adjective Word Origin WORD ORIGINmental ExamplesOrigin: 1400-1500 French, Late Latin mentalis, from Latin mens ‘mind’EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES Thesaurus
Longman Language Activatora hospital for people who are mentally ill► mental hospital Collocations · Shirley spent most of her adult life in a mental hospital.· At the age of 19 Greg had a nervous breakdown and had to be admitted to a mental hospital.commit somebody to a mental hospital · Knapman was committed to a mental hospital in August. ► psychiatric hospital a hospital for mentally ill people. Psychiatric hospital is more technical than mental hospital: · Humphrey is in a state psychiatric hospital after being convicted of beating his grandmother.· The judge will decide whether Barry will be sent to prison or a psychiatric hospital. ► mental institution also institution formal a hospital for mentally ill people - use this especially when you do not think this is a good place for someone to be treated: · Sally spent several years in an institution.· Psychiatrists argue that closing down mental institutions will lead to more homeless people on our streets. mentally ill► mentally ill someone who is mentally ill has an illness of the mind which affects the way that they behave: · Many of these homeless people have been mentally ill at some time.the mentally ill (=people who are mentally ill): · He works in a hostel for the mentally ill. ► mental connected with mental illness or people who are mentally ill: mental hospital/patient/institution: · a hospital ward for non-violent mental patientsmental problem/disorder/breakdown: · We knew she had been having mental problems. ► insane formal permanently and seriously mentally ill, so that you cannot have a normal life - use this in legal contexts or in descriptions of people who lived in the past: · The man, who has attacked 13 women, was judged to be insane.go insane (=become seriously mentally ill): · Sometimes I thought I was going insane. ► mad British crazy especially American mentally ill - use this in conversations or stories, but not in formal, medical, or legal English: · We soon realized that the old man was completely mad.· There's this crazy woman in our town who eats glass.go mad/crazy: · They say she went mad after her family were killed in a fire. ► unstable if someone is unstable , their emotional state often changes very suddenly, and they are likely to become angry, violent etc: · Working with Clare every day, I began to realize how unstable she was.emotionally/mentally unstable: · He is emotionally unstable, and his aggressive attitude often culminates in violence. ► confused an old person who is confused has become mentally ill so that they cannot remember things or think clearly: · Aunt Clara had been so sharp, so witty, but now she is just a sad, confused old woman. mental illness► mental illness an illness of the mind: · Depression is a mental illness and can often be treated with drugs.· He had a history of mental illness and alcoholism.suffer from (a) mental illness: · SANELINE is the first helpline for people suffering from mental illness. ► madness especially British serious and permanent mental illness - used especially in literature, but not used in official or medical contexts: · By the end of the book, Peter's addiction has led him to madness and suicide.feign madness (=pretend to be mad): · Some prisoners feigned madness so that they would be released. ► insanity formal serious and permanent mental illness - use this especially in legal contexts or in descriptions of people who lived in the past: · Hearing voices inside your head is a common symptom of insanity.· Hodge was found not guilty by reason of insanity. ► disorder formal a mental illness - used especially by doctors: personality/mood disorder: · Children who suffer from personality disorders often receive little or no treatment until it's too late.psychiatric/mental disorder: · There was no evidence of her having a psychiatric disorder, although it was clear that she had become withdrawn since the breakup of her relationship. ► depression a mental illness which makes you so anxious and unhappy that you cannot live a normal life: suffer from depression: · He has been suffering from depression since his wife died last year.deep/severe depression: · She suffers from periods of deep depression, when she locks herself away and will speak to no one for weeks. ► senility a mental illness that affects old people and makes them unable to think clearly and become confused very easily : · Of all the associated problems to do with getting old, senility is the one she dreads most. affecting your mind► mental affecting your mind or happening in your mind: · After months of overworking, Briggs was suffering from mental and physical exhaustion.· It takes a lot of mental effort to understand these ideas.mental picture/image (=a picture that you have in your mind): · I'd never met Jane's boyfriend, but I had a clear mental picture of what he looked like.mental illness/problem/breakdown (=an illness, problem etc of your mind, not your body): · Rick had a complete mental breakdown after his family died in a car crash. ► psychological affecting the mind - use this especially about mental problems that influence the way someone behaves: · The cause of a physical illness can often be psychological.a psychological problem: · She works with children who have psychological problems. ► subconscious also unconscious subconscious feelings, desires, worries etc are hidden in your mind and you do not realize that you have them: · People who come to me for counselling are very often suffering from unconscious feelings of guilt. · a subconscious fear of failure ► subliminal subliminal messages and images are hidden in advertisements, pictures etc and can influence your mind without you realizing it: · Any kind of subliminal advertising is illegal on British TV.· Young people are receiving constant subliminal messages glorifying pop stars, their cars, their girlfriends. WORD SETS► Psychology/Psychiatryagoraphobia, nounagoraphobic, noun-aholic, suffixanalyse, verbanalysis, nounanalyst, nounanorexia, nounantidepressant, nounautism, nounbattle fatigue, nounbehaviourism, nounbreakdown, nounbulimia, nouncatharsis, nouncertify, verbclaustrophobia, nouncognition, nouncognitive, adjectivecomplex, nouncompulsive, adjectivecounsel, verbcounselling, nouncrazed, adjectivecrazy, adjectivedefence mechanism, noundelusion, noundemented, adjectivedementia, noundenial, noundepressed, adjectivedepression, noundepressive, adjectivedepressive, nounderanged, adjectivediminished responsibility, noundipsomaniac, noundisordered, adjectivedisturbance, noundysfunctional, adjectiveeating disorder, nouneccentricity, nounego, nounelectric shock therapy, nounemotional, adjectiveexhibitionism, nounextra-sensory perception, nounfixation, nounFreudian, adjectiveFreudian slip, noungroup therapy, nounhallucinate, verbhydrophobia, nounhypnosis, nounhypnotic, adjectivehypnotise, verbhypnotist, nounhypnotize, verbid, nouninferiority complex, nouninsane, adjectiveinsanity, nounkleptomania, nounkleptomaniac, nounlibido, nounlinear, adjectivemaladjusted, adjectivemania, nounmanic, adjectivemanic depression, nounmanic depressive, nounmental, adjectivemental age, nounmental hospital, nounmentally handicapped, adjectivemidlife crisis, nounmisogynist, nounmixed up, adjectivenerve, nounnervous, adjectivenervous breakdown, nounnervous system, nounneural, adjectiveneuro-, prefixneurology, nounneurosis, nounneurotic, adjectiveobsessive, nounoedipal, adjectiveOedipus complex, nounpadded cell, nounparanoia, nounparanoid, adjectivepathological, adjectivepathology, nounpatterning, nounphallic, adjectivephobia, noun-phobia, suffixphrenology, nounpost-traumatic stress disorder, nounprecognition, nounpsyche, nounpsychiatric, adjectivepsychiatrist, nounpsychiatry, nounpsychic, adjectivepsycho, nounpsycho-, prefixpsychoanalysis, nounpsychoanalyst, nounpsychoanalyze, verbpsychobabble, nounpsychodrama, nounpsychokinesis, nounpsychological, adjectivepsychologist, nounpsychology, nounpsychopath, nounpsychosis, nounpsychosomatic, adjectivepsychotherapy, nounpsychotic, adjectivepyromaniac, nounrepression, nounresidential treatment facility, nounRorschach test, nounsadism, nounsadist, nounsafety valve, nounsanity, nounscar, nounscar, verbschizoid, adjectiveschizophrenia, nounschizophrenic, adjectiveschizophrenic, nounscrewed up, adjectivesocialize, verbsociopath, nounsplit personality, nounsubconscious, adjectivesubconscious, nounsuggestion, nounsuperego, nountherapy, nountorment, nountrance, nountrauma, nounvoyeur, nounwell-adjusted, adjective COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRY► mental illness Phrases The centre provides help for people suffering from mental illness. ► mental health Stress has an effect on both your physical and mental health. ► mental attitude You need to develop a positive mental attitude. ► mental picture/image (=a picture that you form in your mind) I tried to get a mental picture of him from her description. COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► mental ability· The exercises are supposed to help you improve your mental ability. ► mental activity· Your mental activity starts to slow down as you grow old. ► mental attitude· There is a strong connection between health and mental attitude. ► a mental checklist (=a list you keep in your mind)· I try and keep a mental checklist of jobs I have to do. ► mental confusion· Mental confusion is one of the symptoms of the disease. ► learning/physical/mental etc disability children with severe learning disabilities ► a mental/psychiatric/psychological disorder (=affecting the mind)· He was diagnosed with a severe psychiatric disorder. ► physical/mental effort· He struggled back from two sets down to win the match, showing great physical and mental effort. ► physical/mental endurance► mental health· Poverty affects children's physical and mental health. ► a mental/psychiatric illness· We provide specialist care for young people with mental illnesses. ► mental/physical/intellectual etc incapacity Evidence of his mental incapacity was never produced in court. ► mental institution a mental institution (=for the mentally ill) ► somebody's mental outlook (=how you feel about the things in your life)· Exercise can help improve your mental outlook. ► a mental/psychiatric patient (=one with problems relating to their mind)· The drug was used in the past to treat mental patients. ► mental powers· Is it possible to enhance your mental powers? ► a mental process· Cats have different mental processes from dogs. ► psychological/mental/emotional scars· The mental scars left by the accident are still with him. ► somebody’s mental/emotional state· Whenever Ben stops his medication, his mental state deteriorates. ► the stigma of alcoholism/mental illness etc The stigma of alcoholism makes it difficult to treat. ► mental strength· He's a player who has the skill and the mental strength to win. ► mental/emotional stress· It was a time of great emotional stress for me. COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSNOUN► activity· The mental activity underlying the actions, still remains radically different.· This ability liberates the child from sensorimotor intelligence, permitting the invention of new means of solving problems through mental activity.· On the other hand, we have mental activity which enables us, second-by-second, to conceive of ourselves as mental entities.· I refer to the direction of physical and mental activity toward the accomplishment of a major task.· But learning does, of course, imply memory and mental activity.· If you concentrate hard enough, your mental activity will slow down.· It was Strongheart's manifest mental activity which opened his eyes to the mental process present in all living creatures.· Anyway, this is what Wittgenstein says: It is misleading to talk of thinking as a mental activity. ► age· A medical report estimated she had a mental age of seven years and nine months.· A.. There are some people whose physical and mental age is a whole lot younger than their nominal age.· A person of 18 with Down's syndrome and a mental age of four, living with his or her parents?· Most of the boys' mental age is about eleven.· George Mayo is sixty two, but only has a mental age of six.· Children with a mental age of 3 years and above can understand the principle and benefit from its use.· Daughter Helen, 25, needed constant attention after whooping cough left her with a mental age of just two.· The most pathetic case was that of a middle-aged man with the mental age of a child of nine. ► attitude· Once we started trekking we soon discovered that mental attitude and camaraderie were far more important than physical fitness.· Are they part of your mental attitude that might defeat you in your desire to change?· The coach was right, his mental attitude was right.· A positive mental attitude is needed by each fighter at this point.· Attention was given to planning, diet, fitness and mental attitude, the latter under the guidance of a sports psychologist.· A further factor which can have an effect on the results of an experiment is the mental attitude of the experimenter.· Such mental attitudes may be wholly unconscious and are difficult, if not impossible, to eliminate. ► block· Most of the blocks mentioned here are at the physical level, but the emotional and mental blocks are equally important.· Spring focus: 2B Chuck Knoblauch claims he received help during the offseason with his mental block on routine throws.· Beware of becoming so fixated on this one position that you acquire a mental block against progressing further.· She developed a complete mental block against her pregnancy, and concealed it until four days before she went into labour.· Their mocking faces caused a mental block - or a block somewhere else. ► capacity· A great deal of research has been carried out with respect to the effects of ageing on physical and mental capacities.· Numerous mental capacities show similar constancy.· Gen Pinochet's lawyers argued successfully that a series of minor strokes had left their client with limited mental capacity.· One of them, 33-year-old Oliver Cruz, had a mental capacity of a child.· And don't think that by developing the second half of your brain you will merely be doubling your mental capacity. ► condition· Information was required on his or her physical and mental condition, including any functional mental disorder or behavioural problems.· Riders must be in excellent physical and mental condition to absorb the shock of bouncing over the water.· Faint heart, perhaps - a mental condition.· The incident, caused by his impaired mental condition, cast a spotlight on the dearth of psychiatric facilities in the state.· The Tribunal decided that the mental condition was attributable to service and allowed the Appeal.· Others noted that his mental condition had deteriorated two years ago, when he was in a serious car accident.· This is because of a mental condition caused by being hit on the head by an intruder.· Her physical and mental condition would deteriorate. ► disability· However, a great many people with some degree of mental disability were not receiving any formal care or treatment.· Sam Bass, who specializes in investigating crimes against people with mental disabilities.· Experts said his injuries would mean permanent physical and mental disability.· Domiciliary services can help the handicapped and their families, especially when the mental disability is accompanied by physical handicap.· It can come much earlier and lead to physical and mental disability.· The majority of people who had benefited by the use of regulation 72 have suffered some kind of physical and/or mental disability.· Most Down's people have related physical handicaps in addition to their mental disability.· More severely handicapped people often suffer from physical as well as mental disabilities. ► disorder· There needs to be a two-pronged strategy to deal with the problems of the minority of homeless people with mental disorder.· Fair enough, but do we want to equate personal helplessness and failure with mental disorder?· In just over half male and female referrals no specific mental disorder was identified.· Also patron of epileptics and runaways; she is invoked against diabolic possession and mental disorders.· Another form of mental disorder, pellagra, was associated clinically with diarrhoea and dermatitis.· Dementia is the mental disorder most usually associated with the later parts of the life cycle.· Of the forty eight-people in prisons who killed themselves in 1989, 40 percent had a history of previous mental disorder. ► element· The mental element is knowledge of the taking and dishonesty.· The mental element now definitely includes recklessness.· If such intent can not be shown, the awareness part of this mental element definition could be used.· No mental element is expressly stated in s.47. ► event· Given what has been said, a mental event can be simple or complex and of any duration.· Certainly we may feel a resistance to the idea that mental events are in space.· Mental events, like most events, are composite-they contain or are constituted of other mental events.· It is mental events that raise the questions with which we are concerned.· Given the conception we have, are mental events as we have conceived them excluded from being physical?· We are not forced to the conclusion that mental events are somehow outside of the physical world.· A mental event is individuated, first, as being within the consciousness of a given individual.· In fact, however, there are independent good reasons to suppose that mental events are physical in the given sense. ► handicap· This is especially true of elderly people in mental handicap hospitals who have lived in a closed world all their lives.· And it has been in the nature of documentary television to also exploit the subject of mental handicap in a sensational fashion.· Documentaries still seek the sensational and thus help to compound the fears of the public about mental handicap hospitals.· Mr Chance, of Nunthorpe, Cleveland, is a charity worker extraordinaire whose good deeds are mostly connected with mental handicap.· The media could also do much more to help people to understand about mental handicap.· Welfare and social services Recent research has demonstrated that people with severe mental handicaps can undertake productive work, with adequate support.· Thus, many community mental handicap teams have devised absurdly ambitious operational policies which attempt to do all things for all persons.· Within these small communities, each person with a mental handicap has a special friend. ► health· To spell out how the concept works, plans for care management in Southwark's mental health services are described.· Mrs Carter pushed for mental health legislation and regularly attended cabinet meetings.· Finally, there is mental health.· Parham marked... a pronounced turnabout in the assumptions believed to underlie juvenile mental health law.· I have had two experiences in which the mental health problems of older people have been successfully treated by a homeopath.· Is it a mental health issue?!· Increasingly, situations like the ones cited affect the mental health of carers.· It applies to homes for elderly people and homes for people with disabilities, mental health or addiction problems. ► hospital· Read in studio A Victorian mental hospital is up for sale ... and could fetch more than two million pounds.· As a result he was in a mental hospital, from which he escaped merely by strolling off the grounds.· Indeed a scenario of resources being drawn from the mental hospitals into the non-mental health budget might be readily anticipated.· Brown died April 30 at the state mental hospital.· Borocourt was a mental hospital until 3 weeks ago.· California mental hospitals continued releasing people, however, and some closed their doors.· Rocky himself, currently in a Texas mental hospital, will be released to play at the launch party!· The opening of the hospital has also reinvigorated a wider debate on the need for mental hospitals for the young. ► illness· Anxiety Another aspect of mental illness examined in community samples of the elderly is anxiety states.· Soon, Michael would be diagnosed with schizophrenia, the most chronic and disabling of the major mental illnesses.· Such groups include the elderly as well as those with mental illness or physical and/or mental handicaps.· How do we know that a Qubilah Shabazz or a Malcolm Shabazz is improving in a mental illness?· For almost two years detectives maintained that Mr Menson, who had a history of mental illness, had committed suicide.· Another member of his family, in my generation, also had to be hospitalized for mental illness.· In crude terms, the causes of mental illness seem to be of three main kinds.· We might well ask what such physical symptoms are doing in a manual of mental illness. ► image· Slowly, the process converges on a piece of art that is an expression of the user's own mental image.· Visualization / Imagery-This technique combines relaxation exercises with the creation of mental images.· In his case words and the mental images that they created were the only available means of communication with his people.· Our mental images of ourselves are tied up in our body image.· Does this mean that our mental images depend on this amine in some way?· Turning to the second problem, suppose we sharpen the notion of an idea by saying that ideas are mental images.· But not the vision as a private mental image.· Sights, smell, sounds, and touch are all included in mental images. ► institution· Recently escaped from the state mental institution.· Thornton also stars as a mildly retarded man who returns to his hometown after 25 years in a mental institution.· Subsequent investigation showed that Wingate had been interned in various mental institutions for the past seven years of his life.· What movie do Brad Pitt and Willis watch in the mental institution?· Next, we have Walter impounded in a large mental institution with other inmates, played by real mentally handicapped people.· Crazy Rita is in a mental institution.· The same goes for mental institutions and so forth. ► lexicon· The mental lexicon is also involved in the production of written or spoken language.· We have seen that a mental lexicon must contain semantic, phonological and orthographic information about words.· Considering the first issue, most psycholinguists support the existence of a mental lexicon that contains knowledge about words. ► life· In this sense of the term, my mental life contains my knowing things, and remembering things, and seeing things.· Most psychologists have virtually nothing to say about mental life, learning and growing, in our adult years.· Psychologists study mental life and behaviour; psychiatrists are doctors who specialize in treating disorders of the mind.· Lacking its tumultuously fruitful influence, our mental lives would be almost as barren as the moon.· And when we are satisfied and at peace, then we are ready for the endless joys of the mental life.· So again, laboratory techniques were affording scientists a glimpse of their subjects' mental lives. ► model· This phenomenon is explained by the fact that elements can be introduced into mental models without being explicitly mentioned.· When you hear a sentence, you have to make a mental model for what that string of sounds represents.· In the context of the mental models theory of comprehension a specific account of anaphor interpretation must be developed.· There was no mental model for pointing with more than one finger. ► note· Just make a mental note of what is around.· I made another mental note to quit smoking cigarettes and take up pipes.· He made a mental note of the number of coaches and freight cars.· Child circled the classroom, making mental notes of good or negative parenting behavior he would discuss with the adults later.· Thinking of that, he made a mental note to burn it in the morning.· He made a mental note of the byline above the Globe articles, Frank Dougherty, then sifted through the newspaper photographs.· Making a mental note not to let outside interests interfere with her work, she began to inject the puppies.· He made a mental note to buy another chair. ► patient· A lot of mental patients have a strong belief in the occult listed on their personality profiles.· The massive deinstitutionalization of mental patients in favor of community-based treatment during the 1970s was a perfect example.· There would be less deaths and murders and mental patients.· Angel Coro, an escaped mental patient with a long criminal record, was arrested.· But Beryl is an ugly duckling rapidly turning into a beautiful swan ... all through the hard work of recovering mental patients.· You are interested, for example, in the rights of mental patients -.· His trust also looks after 1,200 female mental patients and about 2,000 male ones.· Sister Lauren says it's a technique lots of mental patients learn. ► picture· This is in order to provide the reader with a mental picture of the house as the technical options are discussed.· As they crossed Park Avenue, he had a mental picture of what an ideal pair they made.· She had an acute mental picture of him.· They learn to let words create a mental picture and to then make a replica of their vision.· She had a mental picture of Samuel Roberts' fine, hard face.· Somewhere between the event and the sentence is a mental picture.· Such a mental picture, the more remarkable the more one considers it, is probably within the minds of most animals.· They make a funny mental picture because she is so short and he is so tall, just for starters. ► problem· I had never met anyone with mental problems.· There are a lot of preventive measures that would reduce the number of severe mental problems.· Jurors in the case of Dalton Prejean were unaware of his long-term mental problems when sentencing him to death.· Russell Keys was, by all accounts, a clever, amusing man with manageable mental problems.· Police said the 20-year-old had a history of mental problems.· Surely we can do better for people with mental problems and their families?· One student came to me today and said he had mental problems.· The main reasons are briefly described under the following headings: physical problems; mental problems; problems due to sensory impairment/loss. ► process· They have shown that mental processes can be correlated with specific neural changes.· Also, Piaget did infer the existence of internal mental processes.· One is a primary teacher who was interested in the mental processes of children tackling simple addition.· Pros: A great way to temporarily impair mental processes without having to take medication.· More important, the mental processes being studied are still only crudely defined.· William James viewed mental processes as a stream, or river.· I am not, for example, denying that there occur mental processes.· Doing long division is a mental process and so is making a joke. ► retardation· Yet even people with severe mental retardation show a high level of curiosity in certain circumstances.· In some cases, there is also mental retardation and soft-tissue calcifications.· In this sense the world would be a better place without mental retardation, madness, and senile dementia.· Such lipid accumulation frequently leads to mental retardation or progressive loss of central nervous system functions.· Excessive drinking during pregnancy can cause mental retardation and physical problems with the child.· Aid workers say areas that were heavily bombed now have high rates of birth defects, sterility and mental retardation.· Those born with it can develop mental retardation, epilepsy and blindness - sometimes years later.· Ohio uses local boards to manage its outpatient mental health and mental retardation services. ► scar· He still carries the mental scars.· The 250 stitches Stephen Thomas required have now been removed, but both physical and mental scars remain.· The mental scars will eventually heal!· The physical wounds are beginning to heal, but what about the mental scars?· The attack has left mental scars on Terry and his family too.· The mental scars are more insidious.· And he now enjoys a walk again ... though until the mental scars heal, nowhere near the traffic.· But the mental scars left by that head on crash are still with him, especially when he drives. ► state· What his mental state was, Giuliani had no idea.· This enables you to learn which mental states bring on tension and which ones calm it.· As we fall asleep our mental state becomes somewhat unpredictable from such gross measures.· Obviously, what the poet communicates to the reader in this poem is a complex reflection of her current mental state.· For him, if machines show outwardly intelligent behaviour, then there is bound to be some matching inner mental state.· This juggling is mostly unconscious: they automatically adjust their consumption of both drugs to maintain a desired physical or mental state.· How then are we to find a conception of mental states other than that on which the sceptical argument trades?· This is a work construct defined in terms of activities and physically identifiable consequences rather than mental states. PHRASES FROM THE ENTRY► make a mental note Word family
WORD FAMILYnounmentalityadjectivementaladverbmentally 1[only before noun] relating to the health or state of someone’s mind → psychiatric: The centre provides help for people suffering from mental illness. Stress has an effect on both your physical and mental health.2[only before noun] relating to the mind and thinking, or happening only in the mind: a child’s mental development You need to develop a positive mental attitude.mental picture/image (=a picture that you form in your mind) I tried to get a mental picture of him from her description.3make a mental note to make a special effort to remember something: Sarah made a mental note to ask Janine about it later.4mental block a difficulty in remembering something or in understanding something: I got a complete mental block as soon as the interviewer asked me a question.5go mental British English spoken informal a)to get very angry b)to start behaving in an uncontrolled or excited way6[not before noun] British English informal thinking or behaving in a way that seems crazy or strange: He must be mental!7British English informal very confused, busy, or exciting: I had a mental time at the festival – there was all sorts of crazy stuff going on!—mentally adverb: I was exhausted, both physically and mentally. |
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